537:) about the Common Heritage of Humanity principle: "The preservation of the world's heritage must not be looked at in isolation but as part of the co-operation between nations which is calculated to achieve intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind and so reinforce the bonds between people which promote peace and displace those of narrow nationalism and alienation which promote war ... he encouragement of people to think internationally, to regard the culture of their own country as part of world culture, to conceive a physical, spiritual and intellectual world heritage, is important in the endeavour to avoid the destruction of humanity."
106:. The common heritage principle was developed under different names, including common "heritage", common "property", and common "patrimony" of mankind. These terms have at times described different concepts; for instance, in 1813 the "property of mankind" might mean the arts and sciences, rather than items or areas. By the early 20th century, "common heritage" and similar terms usually referred to areas and the resources in them, while other referents had become known under terms like "cultural heritage of all mankind", such as in the preamble to the 1954
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31:
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conceptual area on behalf of all since a commons area is considered to belong to everyone; this practically necessitating a special agency to coordinate shared management. Third, all nations must actively share with each other the benefits acquired from exploitation of the resources from the commons heritage region, this requiring restraint on the profit-making activities of private corporate entities; this linking the concept to that of
613:'The present generations have the responsibility to bequeath to future generations an Earth which will not one day be irreversibly damaged by human activity. Each generation inheriting the Earth temporarily should take care to use natural resources reasonably and ensure that life is not prejudiced by harmful modifications of the ecosystems and that scientific and technological progress in all fields does not harm life on Earth.'
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and Other
Celestial Bodies, Jan. 27, 1967, 610 U.N.T.S. 205 (entered into force 10 October 1967), 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, Mar. 29, 1972, 24 U.S.T. 2389, 961 U.N.T.S. 187 (entered into force Sept. 1, 1972) and the 1975 Convention on Registration of Objects Launched Into Outer Space, Jan. 14, 1975, 28 U.S.T. 695, 1023 U.N.T.S. 15 (entered into force Sept. 15, 1976)
627:'With due respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, the present generations should take care to preserve the cultural diversity of humankind. The present generations have the responsibility to identify, protect and safeguard the tangible and intangible cultural heritage and to transmit this common heritage to future generations.'
180:
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present time that exploration of outer space is unlikely to initially proceed under the jurisdiction of a supranational organization, but rather through the coordination of national space programs. It has been argued that photosynthesis in its natural or artificial forms should be considered the common heritage of humanity.
1052:
UNGA Res 1962 (XVIII), 'Declaration of Legal
Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space' UN Doc A/RES/1962(XVIII) (13 December 1963), The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon
722:
Kemal Baslar has stated that the Common
Heritage of Mankind principle "is a philosophical idea that questions the regimes of globally important resources regardless of their situation, and requires major changes in the world to apply its provisions. In other words, the application and enforcement of
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Thus, the following things are by natural law common to all—the air, running water, the sea, and consequently the seashore. No one therefore is forbidden access to the seashore, provided he abstains from injury to houses, monuments, and buildings generally; for these are not, like the sea itself,
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in 1968. The article critically analyzes a dilemma in which multiple individuals, acting independently after rationally consulting self-interest, ultimately destroy a shared limited resource even when each acknowledges that outcome is not in anyone's long-term interest. Hardin's conclusion that
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often see the principle as a means of protecting critical resources from exploitation by capitalist nations and their corporations. As world oil, coal and mineral reserves are depleted there will be increasing pressure to commercially exploit Common
Heritage of Mankind areas. It appears at the
284:
Jennifer Frakes has identified five core components of the Common
Heritage of Humanity concept. First, there can be no private or public appropriation; no one legally owns common heritage spaces. Second, representatives from all nations must manage resources contained in such a territorial or
559:
underlies the fundamental unity of all members of the human family, as well as the recognition of their inherent dignity and diversity. In a symbolic sense, it is the heritage of humanity." Article 4 states: "The human genome in its natural state shall not give rise to financial gains." Such
263:
concept under international law, has claimed that it challenges the "structural relationship between rich and poor countries" and represents a "revolution not merely in the law of the sea, but also in international relations". One of the main architects of the principle under international
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2. The present generations should spare future generations the scourge of war. To that end, they should avoid exposing future generations to the harmful consequences of armed conflicts as well as all other forms of aggression and use of weapons, contrary to humanitarian
107:
761:
commons areas are practicably achievable only in conditions of low population density and so their continuance requires state restriction on the freedom to breed, created controversy particularly through his deprecation of the role of
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claimed that the expansion of hospitality with regard to "use of the right to the earth's surface which belongs to the human race in common" would "finally bring the human race ever closer to a cosmopolitan constitution".
268:
has claimed that it is "the most important legal principle achieved by man throughout thousands of years during which law has existed as the regulating element of social exchange". This praise relates to the fact that
921:
League of
Nations Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930-05-02). "3". Final Act of the Conference for the Codification of International Law (Report). Vol. 5. League of Nations. p. 15.
123:, which described items or areas that anyone could access or use, but none could own. Common heritage instead described areas or items that were owned by humanity as a collective. For example, in his essay
289:. Fourth, there can be no weaponry or military installations established in territorial commons areas. Fifth, the commons should be preserved for the benefit of future generations, and to avoid a "
1019:
Immanuel Kant. 'Toward
Perpetual Peace' in Practical Philosophy-Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Gregor MJ (trans.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1999. p 329 (8:358).
655:'1. The present generations should ensure that both they and future generations learn to live together in peace, security, respect for international law, human rights and fundamental freedoms.
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546:
198:
In 1982, the Common
Heritage of Mankind concept was stated to relate to "the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction" under Article 136 of the
293:" scenario. Academic claims have been made that where the principle requires the establishment of an international resource management regime, prior to establishment of such a regime a
1730:
Faunce TA. (2011) Will international trade law promote or inhibit global artificial photosynthesis. Asian
Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy (AJWH) 6: 313–347
1278:
Frakes, Jennifer (2003). "The Common
Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise?".
1390:
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853:
168:
247:, in his address entitled Upholding the Common Heritage of Humankind," emphasized the importance of safeguarding the ocean from exploitation and modern-day colonialism.
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641:'The present generations may use the common heritage of humankind, as defined in international law, provided that this does not entail compromising it irreversibly.'
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in achieving justice and equality in society. Hardin's views have been noted by scholars and policy-makers supporting privatization of common spaces and suggesting
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on resource exploitation should be enforced. Such a position does not appear to have been supported by most states during the respective drafting negotiations.
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Nicholson G (2002). "The Common Heritage of Mankind and Mining: An Analysis of the Law as to the High Seas, Outer Space, the Antarctic, and World Heritage".
195:, was adopted by 108 nation states and stated that the deep seabed should be preserved for peaceful purposes and is the "Common Heritage of Mankind."
1784:
695:
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1119:
Payoyo PB. Cries of the Sea. World Inequality, Sustainable Development and the Common Heritage of Humanity. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. 1997
1102:
Payoyo PB. Cries of the Sea. World Inequality, Sustainable Development and the Common Heritage of Humanity. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. 1997
159:, and mentions of 'mankind' appear across the space treaties. 'Mankind' as a subject in international law also appears in the Preamble of the
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937:"Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention"
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the common heritage of mankind require a critical reexamination of many well-established principles and doctrines of classical
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principle is seeking to protect, respect and fulfill the interests of human beings independently of any politically motivated
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229:
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Declaring the "riches of the sea" and the "immense wealth of the Antarctic region" "the patrimony of the whole human race.
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is an international agreement (potentially part of international customary law) which includes provisions related to the
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Suarez, José León; League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law (1926).
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140:
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Cocca A. Introduction to the Study of the Legal Framework for Economic Activity in Space. Cordoba, 1982. p159 cited in
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In tracing the origins of the common heritage principle, it is important to distinguish its history as a term from its
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in establishing it, and not merely in some transient 'affirmative action' manner. He claims, however, that the 1994
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The extent to which the Common Heritage of Mankind principle does or should control the activities of private
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732:
533:
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and natural heritage (as nominated for listing by nation states) must be protected by states parties to the
391:
378:
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Byk C (June 1998). "A map to a new treasure island: the human genome and the concept of common heritage".
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should be regarded as part of the Common Heritage of Mankind. Equatorial countries have proposed that the
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1552:. Bagota 3 Dec 1976. ITU Doc. WARC-BS (17 Jan 1977) 81-E. Reproduced: Journal of Space Law 1978; 6:193.
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea art. 1, para. 1, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397
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UNESCO Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generations Towards Future Generations
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Cries of the Sea: World Inequality, Sustainable Development and the Common Heritage of Humanity,
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Scott James Shackelford. 2008. "The Tragedy of the Common Heritage of Mankind" Available at:
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Danilenko GM (1988). "The Concept of the "Common Heritage of Mankind" in International Law".
1229:
Danilenko GM (1988). "The Concept of the "Common Heritage of Mankind" in International Law".
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Justinian, Caesar Flavius (2009-04-11) . "2.1". In Sauertieg, Howard; Widger, David (eds.).
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319:
294:
79:
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1566:. Developments in International Law. Vol. 30. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
1502:"Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generations Towards Future Generations"
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and has been advocated by academics that global communication between individuals over the
281:; the concept covering all humans wherever they are living, as well as future generations.
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368:
278:
148:
17:
1685:
Joyner CC (1986). "Legal Implications of the Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind".
1656:. Working Paper 8. Phillips, ME: Social Transformation and Adaptation Research Institute.
603:
Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generations Towards Future Generations
155:
in 1958. The role of 'mankind' as a legal subject was mentioned in negotiations for the
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808:
751:
528:
199:
108:
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
44:
1316:
Sehgal N (1986). "The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind and the Moon Treaty".
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Vereshchetin VS, Kamenetskaya EP (1987). "On the Way to a World Space Organization".
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that holds the defined territorial areas and elements of humanity's common heritage (
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1177:"Tuvalu calls for deep sea mining precautionary pause at ISA conference in Jamaica"
587:
579:
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513:
447:
119:
91:
1355:"Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage"
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In July 2024, during the International Seabed Authority’s 29th General Assembly,
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Miskolc Journal of International Law (Miskolci Nemzetközi Jogi Közlemények)
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1152:"Deep sea mining, una scienziata ambientale a capo dell'organo regolatore"
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Gyula Gál (2004). "Some Remarks to General Clauses of Treaty Space Law".
838:
699:
683:
329:
152:
48:
1594:, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (December 13, 1968), pp. 1243–1248. Also available
1391:"Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights: UNESCO SHS"
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974:
911:
891:
233:
1452:"The human genome as common heritage: common sense or legal nonsense?"
1297:
Narayana RK (1981). "Common Heritage of Mankind and the Moon Treaty".
1138:"Nations join ranks to delay deep-sea mining approval by UN regulator"
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principle in international law has been viewed as one solution to the
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dilemma described in an influential article by that name written by
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G.A. Res. 2749 (XXV), ¶ 1, U.N. Doc. A/RES/25/2749 (Dec. 12, 1970).
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Hardin's Myth of the Commons: The Tragedy of Conceptual Confusions
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The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in International Law
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that Indigenous Peoples contribute to humanity's common heritage.
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311:
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179:
178:
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UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights
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and inhibiting constructive dialogue on sustainable development.
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A case study in the use of these provisions was provided by the
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A similar principle of international law holds that the world's
315:
40:
465: international jurisdiction per common heritage of mankind
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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
301:
Limits of national (territorial) jurisdiction and sovereignty
193:
Declaration of Principles Governing the Seabed and Ocean Floor
139:
by a state representative in the United Nations, constituting
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Calling maritime resources the "common patrimony of mankind"
1250:
Common Heritage of Mankind: A Bibliography of Legal Writing
880:, 483 (Vice-Admiralty Court of Halifax 1813-04-21).
459: restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty
113:
Conceptually, the common heritage arose in response to the
553:
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights
547:
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights
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will be problematic. Whether the principle prohibits the
232:(ISA), allowing access by the private sector to the deep
1550:
Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries
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to provide a valid basis for legislation protecting the
299:
228:
facilitated control by industrialised countries of the
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should favour developing states who were the voice of
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Declarations do not create binding obligations under
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854:List of territories governed by the United Nations
169:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
86:and be protected from exploitation by individual
1527:Public International Computer Network Law Issues
804:Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities
966:. Translated by Moyle, J.B. Project Gutenberg.
678:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
653:
639:
625:
611:
519:campaign against the construction of a dam of
8:
1201:Pardo A (1984). "Ocean, Space and Mankind".
531:. Justice Lionel Murphy wrote in that case (
1687:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
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1271:
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665:Declaration on Future Generations Article 9
648:Declaration on Future Generations Article 8
634:Declaration on Future Generations Article 7
620:Declaration on Future Generations Article 4
523:'s last wild river; they being held by the
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1059:
1030:"Official document of the United Nations"
979:The American Journal of International Law
892:"Exploitation of the Products of the Sea"
145:First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea
1668:New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law
570:and state practise to make them part of
864:
696:World Summit on the Information Society
486:- UNESCO World Heritage listed site in
975:"Justinian and the Freedom of the Sea"
590:is contested by the corporate sector.
574:) so the impact of such principles of
564:(unless over time there is sufficient
39:, photographed during an orbit of the
1775:International sustainable development
896:American Journal of International Law
598:Proclaimed on November 12, 1997, the
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7:
1318:Indian Journal of International Law
1299:Indian Journal of International Law
1280:Wisconsin International Law Journal
1248:Taylor, Prue; Stroud, Lucy (2013).
784:activities, remains controversial.
25:
1732:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1935748
1612:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1407332
1380:(1983) 46 ALR 625 at 733 and 734.
718:Controversies about the principle
555:declares in Article 1 that: "The
1468:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00165.x
739:and international personality."
1785:1967 in international relations
769:on such social and ecosystems.
682:The declaration affirms in its
360:Exclusive Economic Zone surface
189:United Nations General Assembly
969:subject to the law of nations.
780:, particularly with regard to
230:International Seabed Authority
82:) should be held in trust for
27:Principle of international law
1:
1525:Henrik Spang-hanssen (2006).
1252:. Malta: Fondation de Malte.
363:international waters surface
259:, one of the founders of the
1628:The evolution of cooperation
1588:"The Tragedy of the Commons"
1393:. 2009-03-02. Archived from
1359:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
216:principle in Part XI of the
64:common heritage of humankind
1714:Annals of Air and Space Law
1624:Axelrod, Robert M. (1984).
1337:Annals of Air and Space Law
1231:Annals of Air and Space Law
973:Fenn, Percy Thomas (1925).
963:The Institutes of Justinian
898:. Special Supplement: 236.
744:common heritage of humanity
572:international customary law
334:territorial waters airspace
275:common heritage of humanity
261:common heritage of humanity
214:common heritage of humanity
56:Common heritage of humanity
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1429:10.1076/jmep.23.3.234.2589
774:multinational corporations
712:common heritage of mankind
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607:common heritage of mankind
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472:
469:World Heritage Conventions
425:extended continental shelf
403:extended continental shelf
354:territorial waters surface
255:Former Maltese Ambassador
251:Core conceptual components
137:Common Heritage of Mankind
60:common heritage of mankind
18:Common Heritage of Mankind
1734:accessed 25 November 2011
1632:. New York: Basic Books.
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183:Map of the world's oceans
68:common heritage principle
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226:Implementation Agreement
1765:United Nations treaties
1699:10.1093/iclqaj/35.1.190
1378:Commonwealth v Tasmania
1237:: 247–63 at p 250 fn11.
786:Least developed nations
710:should be declared the
534:Commonwealth v Tasmania
379:Exclusive Economic Zone
357:contiguous zone surface
351:internal waters surface
340:international airspace
212:Payoyo argues that the
135:The first known use of
1652:Appell, G. N. (1993).
1156:www.renewablematter.eu
748:tragedy of the commons
690:Potential applications
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291:tragedy of the commons
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163:, the Preamble of the
161:United Nations Charter
149:Prince Wan Waithayakon
125:Toward Perpetual Peace
52:
1614:accessed 30 Oct 2009.
1562:Kemal Baslar (1997).
1203:Third World Quarterly
799:Cultural property law
694:It was argued at the
525:Australian High Court
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475:cultural property law
218:Law of the Sea Treaty
203:Law of the Sea Treaty
191:Resolution 2749, the
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175:Law of the Sea Treaty
165:North Atlantic Treaty
33:
1529:. Djoef Publishing.
767:economic rationalism
490:, showing destroyed
446: full national
431:international seabed
411:international seabed
384:international waters
157:outer space treaties
70:) is a principle of
1450:Ossorio PN (2007).
844:Earth jurisprudence
834:Adverse abandonment
824:World Heritage Site
737:resource allocation
704:geostationary orbit
517:non-violent protest
322:, and their orbits)
302:
245:Surangel Whipps Jr.
208:In his book titled
1343:: 247–63 at p 259.
814:Global public good
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374:territorial waters
300:
287:global public good
185:
104:conceptual history
84:future generations
53:
1790:International law
1780:Environmental law
1770:Cultural heritage
1639:978-0-465-02121-5
1573:978-90-411-0505-9
1536:978-87-574-1486-8
1259:978-1-291-57725-9
819:Space archaeology
725:international law
576:commercialisation
562:international law
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310:(including Earth
271:international law
72:international law
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631:
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390:land territory
369:internal waters
279:sovereign state
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177:
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115:Roman civil law
100:
28:
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1755:Law of the sea
1752:
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1741:
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1490:on 2013-01-06.
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545:Main article:
542:
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529:Franklin River
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243:'s President
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117:principle of
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1395:the original
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1183:. 2024-07-31
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1158:(in Italian)
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580:human genome
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551:The UNESCO
488:Afghanistan
452:sovereignty
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421:underground
392:underground
307:Outer space
257:Arvid Pardo
1744:Categories
1511:2020-11-14
1401:2020-11-14
1364:2020-11-14
1187:2024-08-13
1162:2024-08-13
1039:2020-11-14
946:2020-11-14
860:References
763:conscience
473:See also:
318:and other
295:moratorium
222:conscience
205:(UNCLOS).
1750:Space law
1074:(1): 1–8.
999:0002-9300
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706:over the
584:patenting
521:Australia
328:national
266:space law
187:In 1970,
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793:See also
733:equality
700:internet
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616:—
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241:Palau
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