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ungainly on land, sliding on its belly and pushing itself forward with its legs. Its clumsiness on land is due to the legs being positioned at the rear of its body; the pelvic muscles are well developed, ideal for swimming but not well-suited for walking. When it lands on water, it skims along on its belly to slow down, rather than braking with its feet, as they are set too far back. The common loon swims and dives well, and flies competently for hundreds of kilometres in migration. It flies with its neck outstretched, usually calling a particular tremolo that can be used to identify a flying loon. Its flying speed is as much as 120 km/h (75 mph) during migration. Particularly during the breeding season, common loons frequently engage in territorial disputes against other water birds, including ducks and geese, and will attack or drive off competitors and intruders to their territory.
1632:, with more acidic aquatic environments being at the highest risk for elevated methylmercury concentrations. Once mercury enters the water, it is taken up by fish and spread throughout the food chain. Resulting from this transmission of mercury, there is a significant positive correlation between mercury levels in fish and mercury levels in male, female, and chick blood of common loons; consequently, an increase in mercury concentration in the blood of common loons and fish was seen with a decrease in local aquatic pH. Although there have been reductions in recent years in acidifying emissions, there has been limited biological recovery in these lakes most likely due to climate change. Research has shown that warmer summer temperatures can inhibit reestablishment of cold-water fish species in acidified lakes and droughts brought on by increased summer temperatures can further acidify lakes.
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1215:; breeding pairs jointly defend a territory consisting of an entire small lake or a protected bay within a large lake. A given male and female remain together throughout a breeding attempt, rear their own biological offspring, reunite each spring, and may breed together for many consecutive years. However, in the event of death or territorial eviction of one pair member by an intruding loon of the same sex, the other pair member quickly establishes a pair bond with the evicting bird. (Hence, most adult loons have two or more different mates during their lives.) Evicting individuals tend to be young males and females (5 to 9 years old), while evicted adults are often those 15 years and older.
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1857:, where the main characters—a group of children on holiday—notice a pair of divers apparently nesting there. Checking their bird book, they believe that these are great northern divers. However, these have not previously been seen to nest in northern Scotland, and so they ask for help from an ornithologist. He confirms that these birds are indeed the great northern; unfortunately, it soon transpires that he does not wish merely to observe, but wants to steal the eggs and add them to his collection; and to do this, he must first kill the birds. Published in 1947, the story is one where the conservationists are the eventual victors over the
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at an annual rate of over 90% until they reach their mid-20s, but show a survival rate of only about 75% thereafter. However, a second, finer-scaled analysis made clear that male loons begin to show higher mortality, increased territory loss and lower body condition starting at age 15. Perhaps in response to their physical decline, males 15 and older show increased rates of both territorial aggression and territorial vocalization. This age-related shift in behaviour is interpreted as terminal investment, a "go for broke" strategy seen in senescing animals that are attempting to eke out another year or two of breeding before they die.
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affected loon evolution. Many identified genes are candidate genes for positive selection since the common loon-chicken split 90 million years ago. It is theorized that these candidate genes are related to hemoglobin affinity for oxygen, solute exchange, immunoglobulin function related to immune defense, nervous system development and a number of molecular pathways related to DNA metabolic function, and G-receptor pathways potentially involved in low-light visual acuity. For example, SLC48A, and SLC20A1 are candidate genes in the Gavia lineage for maintaining homeostasis due to maybe having a role in maintaining ion and pH balance.
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the nest site from the previous year, if they hatched chicks successfully there. In contrast, pairs that lost their eggs to a predator usually shift the nest to a new location. This logical behaviour pattern appears to depend upon the male, because breeding pairs consisting of last year's male and a female not present during the preceding year continue to exhibit the behaviour; pairs composed of last year's female and a new male tend to select a new nest site, regardless of the success or failure of the previous year's attempt. Despite the lead role of males in nest site selection, both sexes contribute substantially to
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juveniles continue to beg from adults well beyond this age. The parent birds capture small fish and hold them crosswise in their bill, call and approach the chicks with their head lowered so that the chicks can grasp them. If food is scarce, the larger chick may peck its small sibling incessantly; on small lakes with limited food, only one chick often survives. Juveniles leave the breeding ground before ice formation in the fall, weeks after their parents. A pair of loons raising two chicks have been estimated to feed on 423 kg of fish during the five and a half months that they spend in their breeding territory.
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age of common loons. Male common loons were found to contain the highest blood mercury concentration likely due to the fact that they tend to consume bigger fish with higher mercury concentrations. Females contained the second highest blood mercury concentration with differences between the males likely being due to the fact that females can expel mercury into the eggs they lay. Juveniles had the lowest blood mercury concentration. Scientists found that the data from juveniles helped to best indicate the local mercury availability as they are fed exclusively from their natal territory.
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8.6 μg/g. These results are related to fish mercury levels of 0.21 μg/g and 0.41 μg/g, respectively. As mercury levels and pH are correlated, scientists have found that brood success decreases with decreasing pH such that environments with a pH at around 4.5 exhibited reproductive success below a calculated positive growth rate threshold. An association has also been observed between elevated blood methylmercury levels and aberrant incubation patterns. Adult common loons with high levels of methylmercury were found to spend less time incubating and in the nest, increasing the risks of
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through the deployment of rafts in the loon's breeding territories. In addition, artificial floating nesting platforms have been provided for the common loon in some lakes to reduce the impact of changing water levels due to dams and other human activities. The common loon abandons lakes that fail to provide suitable nesting habitat due to shoreline development. It is endangered by personal water-craft and powerboats that may drown newly born chicks, wash eggs away, or swamp nests. It is still considered an "injured" species in Alaska as a result of the
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throat are also whitish. The foreneck is whitish, usually forming wedge-shaped notch in dark neck-sides, and may sometimes reveal a shadowy trace of the neck ring or a pale collar. It has dark brownish grey upperparts with an unclear pattern of squares on the shoulders and some wing coverts spotted with white, which are usually concealed while swimming. The male and the female have similar appearances, although they exhibit sexual dimorphism in their physical dimensions with the male larger and significantly heavier than the female.
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There are about 100 territorial pairs in the northwestern U.S. states of
Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. About 2,250 territorial pairs are found in New England and New York. In winter, 3,500 to 4,500 individuals are found in the United Kingdom, and even fewer individuals are found in the western European coastline and in Iceland. Along the Pacific Coast, about 184,000 to 189,000 adults and 31,000 to 32,000 juveniles are found, and along the Atlantic Coast, 423,000 to 446,000 adults and 72,000 to 76,000 juveniles are found.
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721:) mainly by its larger size. It usually has a steeper forehead and a bulging forecrown, somewhat similar to the black-throated loon. Its bill is heavier and the back is paler than its hindneck. It is more difficult to separate from the yellow-billed loon, but its breeding plumage has more white markings on the neck and the squares on its shoulders are usually smaller; the non-breeding plumage has darker neck-sides contrasting more sharply with pale areas and bill colour.
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1275:, the yodel, the wail, and the hoot. Each of these calls communicates a distinct message. The frequency at which it vocalizes has been shown to vary based on time of day, weather, and season. It is most vocally active between mid-May and mid-June. The wail, yodel, and tremolo calls are sounded more frequently at night than during the day; calls have also been shown to occur more frequently in cold temperatures and when there is little to no rain.
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643:. The neck is encircled with a characteristic black ring and has two white necklaces of eight to ten short streaks on the upper foreneck, and a noticeable collar of white, parallel lines forming a large oval on the neck-side. The central lower foreneck is pure white, and the lower neck-sides has longitudinal white lines becoming rows of small spots and black lines becoming very narrow. The
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caught, but some larger prey are first brought to the surface. It is a visual predator, so it is essential to hunting success that the water is clear. It normally dives 4 to 10 m (13 to 33 ft), but has been recorded to dive up to 70 m (230 ft). The average diving time is 42 seconds, but the maximum duration spent underwater is about 1 min (60 s).
1327:. It also uses the tremolo to communicate its presence to other loons when they arrive at a lake, often when they are flying overhead. It is the only vocalization used in flight. The tremolo call has varying three levels of intensities that correlate with a loon's level of distress, and the types are differentiated by increasingly higher pitch frequencies added to the call.
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preceding courtship is very simple, with mutual bill-dipping and dives. The displays towards intruders, such as bow-jumping (an alternation of fencing and bill-dipping postures and rushing (running "along the surface with its wings either folded or half-extended and flapping at about the same speed as when taking off") are often misinterpreted as courtship.
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able to defend the chicks better from intruding loons and eagles, which are their main predators. Male parents defend broods consisting of two chicks more vigorously than singleton chicks, chiefly with the territorial yodel call. The chicks are capable of making shallow dives from their first day but make deeper dives as they grow.
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territorial pairs. About 2,400 individuals occur in each of the maritime provinces of Canada—Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick. British Columbia accounts for 25,000 territorial pairs. In far northern Canada, about 50,000 territorial pairs are known to occur, and 12,500 to 15,000 territorial pairs occur in the
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indicates that the highest aquatic mercury concentrations are found in the southwestern portion of the
Adirondacks, an area with lakes heavily affected by acid rain. Organizations such as the Adirondack Loon Center and the Adirondack Cooperative Loon Program spearhead loon conservation efforts in the
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and the eggs overheating/overcooling. Together, the effects of heightened methylmercury levels on parenting behaviors may contribute to lower chick survival rates. One study in Maine and New
Hampshire found that high levels of methylmercury in parents are associated with a significant decrease in the
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Considerable information on longevity and survival rates has been collected in the past two decades, owing to the implementation of an efficient capture protocol that permits marking and monitoring of large study populations. A rough preliminary analysis showed that common loons of both sexes survive
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The yodel is a long and complex call made only by the male. It is used in the establishment of territorial boundaries and in territorial confrontations, and the length of the call corresponds with the loon's level of aggression. The dominant frequencies in the yodel indicate the body mass and thereby
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with dark brown spots. Incubation is carried out jointly by male and female and lasts about 28 days. Loons often place nests along steep lake shorelines where adults can quickly dive underwater when approached by predators. The eggs are about 88 mm (3.5 in) long and 55 mm (2.2 in)
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and other indigenous plants, and formed into a mound along the vegetated coasts of lakes greater than 3.7 ha (9.1 acres). After a week of construction in late spring, one parent climbs on top to mold the interior of the nest to the shape of its body. Based on a number of studies, nesting success
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Nesting typically begins in early May. Significantly more nesting sites are found on islands than on mainland shoreline. Breeding pairs patrol their territories routinely, even at night, defending the territory both physically and vocally. Pairs that nested together the preceding year typically reuse
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Pairs do not remain together during winter; in addition, males usually precede females by a few days to a few weeks during spring migration, settling on their lake once a portion of it becomes ice-free. Copulation takes place ashore, often on the nest site, repeated daily until the eggs are laid. The
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ponds. The lakes must be large enough for flight take-off, and provide a large population of small fish. Deep lakes with warm surface waters, relatively low biological productivity and low turbidity where their fish prey are easy to see are habitats where breeding loons are more successful in raising
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With improved gene-sequencing technology, a draft genome of the common loon has assembled and identified at least 14,169 common loon genes. 80.7% of chicken genes are found in the common loon genome. The physiological costs of deep-water diving and long distance aerial migration of loons have greatly
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The scaly juvenile plumage is retained until
January or February of the year following hatching, when a lengthy moult of head and body feathers gives them a more adult-like appearance. Adults shed all their flight feathers simultaneously around this time, leaving them temporarily flightless, prior to
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A juvenile often has a dark, brownish-grey nape that may look darker than the pale-edged black feathers. It has a dark grey to black head, neck, and upperparts, with white throat, cheeks, and underparts. During the first winter, the bill shape of the young may not be as fully developed as that of the
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The heavy dagger-like bill is evenly tapered and greyish, sometimes having a black tip. The bill colour and angle distinguish this species from the yellow-billed loon. The neck is short and thick. It swims very low in the water, with sometimes only its head held above and horizontal to water. It must
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rating. It also has a large population size of 612,000 to 640,000 individuals. The estimated breeding population ranges from 1,400 to 2,600 mature individuals in Europe. Over half of the breeding population in North
America is found in Ontario with 97,000 territorial pairs, and in Quebec with 50,000
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will attack incubating birds. Attacks by sharks in winter have also been recorded. When a predator approaches (either the loon's nest or the loon itself), the common loon sometimes attacks the predator by rushing at it and trying to stab it with its dagger-like bill, aiming its attacks either at the
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and pollution, as well as lead poisoning from fishing sinkers (especially those that are about the size of the grit stones they ingest) and mercury contamination from industrial waste. Heavy metals such as mercury may be partially removed through biological processes such as excretion or deposition
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found that elevated levels of methylmercury are associated with reduced diving frequency in adult common loons. One study found that brood productivity was reduced by half when female blood mercury levels exceeded 4.3 μg/g and productivity completely failed when female blood mercury levels exceeded
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Although the common loon are able to decrease their methylmercury levels by molting and laying eggs, continued consumption of fish with raised methylmercury levels prevents these mechanisms from effectively lowering methylmercury levels. Mercury concentrations have been shown to vary by the sex and
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Newly hatched chicks are dark chocolate brown in color and have a white belly. Within hours of hatching, the young begin to leave the nest with the parents, swimming close by and sometimes riding on one parent's back. Parents and chicks initially stay in shallow, isolated bays where the parents are
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The common loon has also faced a decline in breeding range due to hunting, predation, and water-level fluctuations, or flooding. Some environmentalists attempt to increase nesting success by mitigating the effects of some of these threats, namely terrestrial predation and water-level fluctuations,
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takes 70 to 77 days. Usually, only one brood is raised. Both parents feed the chicks live prey from hatching to fledging. As they grow, chicks are able to catch an increasingly large proportion of their diet by themselves; they can feed and fend for themselves after about two months, although many
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to propel its body underwater at high speed to catch its prey, which it then swallows head-first. If the fish attempts to evade the common loon, the bird chases it down with excellent underwater manoeuvrability due to its tremendously strong legs. Most prey are swallowed underwater, where they are
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Loons exhibit a strong tendency to settle as breeders on a lake that resembles their natal one, a phenomenon termed natal habitat imprinting. This preference is based on two lake attributes: size and pH. The behaviour is puzzling, because it is as strong in loons hatched on small, acidic lakes as
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Adult non-breeding plumage is brownish with a dark neck and head marked with dark grey-brown. The eyes are surrounded with white, and the eyelids are pale. The bill is mostly pale grey, with a dark culmen and tip, but in early spring the tip may turn whitish. The underparts, lower face, chin, and
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of
Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. In the United States, the largest breeding population is present in Alaska with 3,600 to 6,000 territorial pairs. The U.S. Great Lakes region has 5,900 to 7,200 territorial pairs which accounts for over half of the breeding population in the United States.
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The hoot is a short, soft call and is another form of contact call. It is a more intimate call than the wail and is used exclusively between small family groups or flocks. The common loon hoots to let other family or flock members know where it is. This call is often heard when the adult loon is
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are particularly affected by methylmercury as the acidity of the lakes provides an environment conducive to converting environmental mercury to methylmercury. One study found that 21% of the male
Adirondack common loon and 8% of the female Adirondacks common loon sampled were at high risk for
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The common loon is an expert fisher, catching its prey underwater by diving as deep as 60 m (200 ft). With its large webbed feet, the common loon is an efficient underwater pursuit predator and adroit diver. It needs a long run-up distance to gain momentum for flight take-off and is
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through concentration of the toxic elements in organs such as the liver. Eggs shells may also contain metal contaminants, leading to low reproductive productivity. High levels of heavy metals are linked to loons being in poor condition, males being affected more because they eat larger fish.
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and vent. Non-breeding adults are brownish with a dark neck and head marked with dark grey-brown. Their upperparts are dark brownish-grey with an unclear pattern of squares on the shoulders, and the underparts, lower face, chin, and throat are whitish. The sexes look alike, though males are
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run across the water surface to get in flight. During flight, its head is slightly lower than its body, with its feet trailing behind. It has a skeletal structure made up of a number of solid bones (this is usual for the
Gaviiformes and penguins but unlike most flying birds which have
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are blackish or blackish grey, and each feather has small white spots on it. The upperwing is blackish and with small white spots on the non-primary coverts, whereas the underwing is paler with white coverts except the long black shaft-streaks on the axillaries. The
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The tremolo call—sometimes called the "laughing" call—is characterized by its short, wavering quality. It often uses this call to signal distress or alarm caused by territorial disputes or perceived threats. It emits a tremulous series of up to 10 rather high notes
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averaged 4.65 kg (10.3 lb) in females and 5.97 kg (13.2 lb) in males, essentially the same weight as the yellow-billed loon although the yellow-billed is still larger than in linear dimensions (especially bill length) than the Maine loons. In
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behavior among adult common loons, especially in higher concentrations. Studies have found that elevated levels of methylmercury are associated with lethargy and decreased time spent foraging in adult common loons. A different study carried out in the
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1384:. It uses this call to communicate its location to other loons. The call is given back and forth between breeding pairs or an adult and its chick, either to maintain contact or in an attempt to move closer together after being separated. It is a loud
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831:. They migrate in the day, starting about two hours after sunrise and flying at altitudes of 1500 to 2700 m above sea level, above the convective and turbulent layer of air. In winter they can be seen on North America coasts as far south as
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secretions as well as by visual and tactile cues. This fly is detrimental to loons, their preferred hosts, transmitting blood-borne parasites and viruses, and causing nest abandonment when numbers are high. External parasites include
615:, while westerly birds are similar or mildly larger, and loons breeding further east can appear to be significantly larger. Furthermore, males average up to nearly 27% more massive than females in some populations. Breeding loons in
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Piper, Walter H.; Mager, John N.; Walcott, Charles; Furey, Lyla; Banfield, Nathan; Reinke, Andrew; Spilker, Frank; Flory, Joel A. (2015). "Territory settlement in common loons: no footholds but age and assessment are important".
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Folk names for the common loon include "big loon", "call-up-a-storm", "greenhead", "hell-diver", "walloon", "black-billed loon", "guinea duck", "imber diver", "ring-necked loon", and "ember-goose". An old colloquial name from
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Desorbo, Christopher R; Taylor, Kate M.; Kramar, David E.; Fair, Jeff; Cooley, John H.; Evers, David C.; Hanson, William; Vogel, Harry S.; Atwood, Jonathan L. (2007). "Reproductive advantages for common loons using rafts".
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gaining breeding plumage, but second-year birds delay this substantial moult until the summer. The adult winter plumage is attained between
October and January by partial moult mainly of head, body and tail feathers.
1620:. The main contributors to elevated mercury concentrations in aquatic environments are coal burning power plants, waste incineration, and metal production. Although environmental mercury (Hg) is naturally occurring,
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Eggs from first clutches are typically laid in May or early June, the timing depending largely upon the date that lakes become ice-free and inhabitable. A clutch consists of two (occasionally one) olive-brown oval
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of 136 cm (54 in). Its weight can vary anywhere from 2.2 to 7.6 kg (4.9 to 16.8 lb). Sizes vary regionally, especially by body mass, with the smallest bodied loons on average from lower-central
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Evers, David C.; Savoy, Lucas J.; DeSorbo, Christopher R.; Yates, David E.; Hanson, William; Taylor, Kate M.; Siegel, Lori S.; Cooley, John H.; Bank, Michael S.; Major, Andrew; Munney, Kenneth (1 February 2008).
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1997:, a somewhat bedraggled and dimwitted loon named Becky is persuaded to use a bucket to help two of the main characters, Nemo and Marlin, get into a marine life institute where the titular Dory is trapped.
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They usually winter along coasts and on inland lakes, bays, inlets, and streams, with birds migrating to the nearest body of water that will not freeze over in the winter: western Canadian loons go to the
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those from large lakes of neutral pH. Hence, the former group is exhibiting active preference for lakes that have been shown to result in higher chick mortality and lower breeding success.
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Piper, Walter H.; Brunk, Kristin M.; Jukkala, Gabriella L.; Andrews, Eric A.; Yund, Seth R.; Gould, Nelson G. (2018). "Aging male loons make a terminal investment in territory defense".
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Some common loons remain in Iceland year-round, although most migrate. In North America, they winter mainly along north Atlantic and north-east Pacific coasts, many stopping off on the
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767:. During their breeding season in spring and summer, most common loons live on lakes and other waterways in the northern United States and Canada, as well as in southern parts of
1628:, has been shown to have a wide range of behavioral, reproductive, and survival effects on the common loon. Previous research has found a correlation between mercury levels and
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dead loons, lead poisoning from fishing weights accounted for about half of the deaths, and other human factors directly caused the death of 52% of the observed 522 loons.
363:; that is, a single female and male often together defend a territory and may breed together for a decade or more. Both members of a pair build a large nest out of dead
359:, and occasionally aquatic plant life. They swallow most of their prey underwater, where it is caught, but some larger items are first brought to the surface. Loons are
1491:. High levels of worms may result from feeding changes due to low availability of fish, and can lead to illness and death. Protozoal infections including one caused by
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851:. In the east, several thousand winter along western European coasts, probably originating from Iceland, Greenland, and Canada. Their range extends into northwestern
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Paruk, James D; Chickering, Michael D.; Long, Darwin; Uher-Koch, Hannah; East, Andrew; Poleschook, Daniel; Gumm, Virginia; Hanson, William; Adams, Evan M. (2015).
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the health of males. A male that occupies a new territory appears to alter its yodel to be clearly distinguishable from the call of the previous territory owner.
1546:. This is because it has a large range – more than 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi) – and because it has a stable population trend that does not warrant a
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Piper, Walter H.; Evers, David C.; Meyer, Michael W.; Tischler, Keren B.; Kaplan, Joseph D.; Fleischer, Robert C. (1997). "Genetic monogamy in the common loon (
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2339:"The family-group names "Gaviidae" Coues, 1903 and "Urinatoridae" (correction of "Urinatores)" Vieillot, 1818 (Class Aves) – "Opinion" 401 and "Direction" 75"
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in 70 to 77 days. The chicks are capable of diving underwater when just a few days old, and they fly to their wintering areas before ice forms in the fall.
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Schoch, Nina; Glennon, Michale J.; Evers, David C.; Duron, Melissa; Jackson, Allyson K.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Ozard, John W.; Sauer, Amy K. (April 2014).
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Schoch, Nina; Glennon, Michale J.; Evers, David C.; Duron, Melissa; Jackson, Allyson K.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Ozard, John W.; Sauer, Amy K. (April 2014).
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number of fledged young, with common loons in the highest risk group producing 41% fewer fledged young than common loons with low levels of methylmercury.
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The adult common loon can range from 66 to 91 cm (26 to 36 in) in length with a 127 to 147 cm (4 ft 2 in to 4 ft 10 in)
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and other plants formed into a mound along the vegetated shores of lakes. A single brood is raised each year from a clutch of one or two olive-brown oval
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factors for methylmercury were found to increase up the food chain, leaving common loons at the highest risk for detrimental effects from methylmercury.
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significantly heavier than females. During the breeding season, loons live on lakes and other waterways in Canada, the northern United States (including
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The European name "diver" comes from the bird's practice of catching fish by diving. The North American name "loon" was first recorded in this sense in
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and sporadically elsewhere in Arctic Eurasia. Common loons winter on both coasts of the US as far south as Mexico, and on the Atlantic coast of Europe.
2721:. In Papers from the 1987 Conference on Common Loon Research and Management., edited by P. I. V. Strong, 54-65. Meredith, NH: North American Loon Fund.
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Carboneras, C; Christie, D.A.; Garcia, E.F.J. (2021). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
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879:. Although wintering site fidelity is not well known, annually, adults are observed to return to the same wintering locations in the Pacific Ocean (
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Yu, Xue; Driscoll, Charles T.; Montesdeoca, Mario; Evers, David; Duron, Melissa; Williams, Kate; Schoch, Nina; Kamman, Neil C. (1 October 2011).
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Daoust, Pierre-Yves; Conboy, Gary; McBurney, Scott; Burgess, Neil (1998). "Interactive mortality factors in common loons from maritime Canada".
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: final comprehensive conservation plan, environmental impact statement, wilderness review, and wild river plans
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The common loon's breeding range has moved northward, the species breeding as far south as Iowa a century ago. It too is adversely affected by
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and a blackish tail. The legs are pale grey on the inner half and blackish on the outer half, and the webs between the toes are flesh colored.
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names representing the bird's call; others, like bishop and ember goose, were used to avoid older names for this sometimes ill-omened bird.
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has designated the common loon a species of special status because of threats from habitat loss and toxic metal poisoning in its US range.
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will eat unattended eggs. Because their nests are at the water's edge, common loon eggs are especially vulnerable if the adult is absent.
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A replicable capture method for adult and juvenile common loons on their nesting lakes. In: 1992 Conference on the Loon and Its Ecosystem
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The wailing call of the loon is widely used in film and television to evoke wilderness and suspense, and is referenced in songs such as "
1624:(MeHg) is a biologically toxic form that accumulates throughout aquatic environments in the northeastern United States. Methylmercury, a
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McIntyre, Judith W. (1983). "Nurseries: a consideration of habitat requirements during the early chick-rearing period in common loons".
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1813:, as its noisy cries supposedly foretold stormy weather. Some old Scottish names such as arran hawk and carara are corruptions of old
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Fish account for about 80% of the diet of the common loon. It forages on fish of up to 26 cm (10 in) in length, including
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is derived from a Norwegian name for the bird, similar to the modern Icelandic word "himbrimi". The word may be related to Swedish
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Burger, Joanna; Pokras, Mark; Chafel, Rebecca; Gochfeld, Michael (1994). "Heavy metal concentrations in feathers of common loons (
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Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume I: Ostrich to Ducks
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687:
with extensive pneumatization, hollow and filled with air to make the skeleton lighter), which adds weight but helps in diving.
7132:
6822:
6463:
1907:
1722:
1588:
3893:
659:
590:
4803:
3572:
Piper, Walter H.; Tischler, Keren B.; Klich, Margaret (2000). "Territory acquisition in loons: the importance of take-over".
6928:
6393:
6228:
4615:
Martinsen, Ellen S.; Sidor, Inga F.; Flint, Sean; Cooley, John; Pokras, Mark A. (2017). "Documentation of malaria parasite (
2361:
1575:), including Ireland, Svalbard, mainland Norway, Iceland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It is also a listed species in 83
41:
6962:
6731:
551:(1634) by William Wood (1580–1639); "The Loone is an ill shap'd thing like a Cormorant". It may be derived from Old Norse
4040:
Jukkala, Gabriella; Piper, Walter (2015). "Common loon parents defend chicks according to both value and vulnerability".
1422:
predator's abdomen or the back of its head or neck, which may be deadly to predators up to the size of a fox or raccoon.
6645:
6202:
2809:"Body mass and foraging ecology predict evolutionary patterns of skeletal pneumaticity in the diverse "waterbird" clade"
1584:
1291:
649:
395:
328:
67:
5718:
Sidor, Inga F.; Pokras, Mark A.; Major, Andrew R.; Poppenga, Robert H.; Taylor, Kate M.; Miconi, Rose M. (April 2003).
2242:
624:, 20 females averaged 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) and 20 males averaged 5.46 kg (12.0 lb). In contrast, in the
602:, slightly smaller than the similar yellow-billed loon. On average, it is about 81 cm (32 in) long and has a
7142:
6705:
6256:
1742:
702:
adult, and during the second winter, it much resembles the breeding adult, but with wing coverts lacking white spots.
414:
911:
loons to the Gulf of Mexico region, eastern Canadian loons to the Atlantic, and some loons to large inland lakes and
5235:"The Impact of Mercury Exposure on the Common Loon ( Gavia immer ) Population in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA"
6840:
6548:
5402:"Common Loon Conservation Status- Migratory Birds of the Great Lakes – University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute"
4271:
3765:
3731:
3190:
2293:
2238:
1902:
1434:
1022:
6980:
4972:"The Impact of Mercury Exposure on the Common Loon (Gavia immer) Population in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA"
4790:
Proceedings from the 1992 Conference on the Loon and its Ecosystem: Status, management, and environmental concerns
3403:
Birds of Ontario: Habitat Requirements, Limiting Factors, and Status: Volume 1–Nonpasserines: Loons through Cranes
2585:
7147:
6853:
5588:
Scheuhammer, Anton M.; Wong, Allan H.K.; Bond, Della (1998). "Mercury and selenium accumulation in common loons (
2514:
2459:
2425:
2272:
1794:
832:
479:
222:
5445:
5428:
3045:
Thompson, Stephanie A.; Price, J. Jordan (2006). "Water clarity and diving behavior in wintering common loons".
2708:, version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
323:
that includes a broad black head and neck with a greenish, purplish, or bluish sheen, blackish or blackish-grey
7137:
6988:
6422:
1967:
1956:
1754:
1596:
931:
have some of the highest concentrations of common loons. Occasional vagrants are recorded inland in Mexico, in
418:
4667:
3058:
5178:
Bianchini, Kristin; Tozer, Douglas C.; Alvo, Robert; Bhavsar, Satyendra P.; Mallory, Mark L. (October 2020).
110:
2519:
2464:
2430:
1576:
1205:
514:
6889:
6290:
2956:"Genomic insights into natural selection in the common loon (Gavia immer): Evidence for aquatic adaptation"
2784:
Pete Dunne's Essential Field Guide Companion: A Comprehensive Resource for Identifying North American Birds
6993:
6692:
6598:
5489:
4368:
1962:
1699:
1592:
1457:
1181:
672:
653:
652:
are pure white, but have some black on the undertail coverts and vent. It has a checkered black-and-white
7053:
1925:
1874:
1849:(in which it is referred to throughout as "great northern diver", with the then current scientific name
1539:
880:
383:
205:
6710:
5126:
Champoux, L.; Masse, D. C.; Evers, D.; Lane, O. P.; Plante, M.; Timmermans, S. T. A. (September 2006).
2075:
1587:
has designated the common loon a species of special status, and in the upper Great Lake regions of the
3290:
Garfield, Eagle; Mesa, Gunnison; Pitkin, Moffat; Routt, Rio Blanco; Colorado, Summit Counties (2002).
1504:
7127:
7084:
6783:
6674:
6656:
5641:
5546:
5298:
5191:
5069:
4885:
3943:
3665:
3538:
3292:
White River National Forest (N.F.), Land and Resource Management Plan: Environmental Impact Statement
2967:
1949:
1913:
1663:
1645:
780:
5683:
McIntyre, Judith W.; Mathisen, John E. (1977). "Artificial islands as nest sites for common loons".
5494:
4564:
Montgomery, Roy D.; Novilla, Meliton N.; Shillinger, Robert B. (1978). "Renal coccidiosis caused by
4373:
1789:(Glu-skap), the tribal hero. The tale of the loon's necklace was handed down in many versions among
6515:
6456:
6413:
6062:
2688:
1868:
1864:
1572:
1343:
1212:
815:
764:
760:
752:
706:
360:
75:
50:
7071:
6954:
4837:
6718:
6535:
6067:
6031:
5700:
5665:
5613:
5570:
5507:
5458:
5450:
5379:
5330:
5262:
5215:
5179:
5155:
4999:
4917:
4746:
4705:
4648:
4589:
4516:
4432:
4386:
4337:
4298:
4248:
4093:
4019:
3792:
3746:
3681:
3633:
3597:
3554:
3365:
3326:
3213:
3070:
3062:
2838:
2577:
2493:
2316:
2276:
1827:
until the eighteenth century, and its thick layer of fat beneath the skin was used as a cure for
1547:
635:
consists of a broad black head and neck with greenish, purplish, or bluish sheen. It has a black
461:
263:
105:
7058:
4114:
Piper, Walter H.; Grear, Jason S.; Meyer, Michael W. (2012). "Juvenile survival in common loons
932:
6915:
5405:
4535:
7040:
6941:
6744:
6530:
6372:
6353:
6329:
6094:
5994:
5969:
5944:
5914:
5889:
5847:
5822:
5797:
5772:
5749:
5741:
5657:
5562:
5515:
5371:
5322:
5314:
5254:
5207:
5147:
5128:"Assessment of mercury exposure and potential effects on common loons (Gavia immer) in Québec"
5103:
5085:
5035:
4991:
4909:
4901:
4774:
4764:
4697:
4640:
4597:
4508:
4179:
3987:
3961:
3710:
3589:
3471:
3406:
3357:
3270:
3236:
3025:
2995:
2893:
2830:
2787:
2736:
2371:
2195:
1980:
1882:
1878:
1613:
1552:
948:
920:
876:
864:
714:
667:
7045:
6636:
5883:
3436:
2527:
2472:
2438:
2189:
1241:
wide and the two eggs are laid with an interval of one to three days between them, and hatch
6489:
6023:
5731:
5692:
5649:
5605:
5554:
5499:
5440:
5361:
5306:
5246:
5199:
5139:
5093:
5077:
4983:
4893:
4736:
4687:
4632:
4581:
4500:
4424:
4378:
4329:
4290:
4219:
4169:
4161:
4127:
4085:
4049:
3951:
3872:
3839:
3784:
3673:
3625:
3581:
3546:
3507:
3318:
3266:
3260:
3205:
3169:
3054:
2985:
2975:
2820:
2642:
2569:
2308:
2163:
2070:
1973:
1841:
1690:
1672:
1227:
construction. The nest is about 56 cm (22 in) wide and is constructed out of dead
536:: the grey or blackened ashes of a fire (referring to the loon's dark plumage); or to Latin
332:
312:
6697:
4359:, communicate body mass and condition through dominant frequencies of territorial yodels".
1667:
detrimental impacts such as behavioral and reproductive abnormalities. In the Adirondacks,
1530:
is another cause of emaciation and death. Outbreaks sometimes lead to thousands of deaths.
7001:
6569:
6481:
4318:"Male common loons signal greater aggressive motivation by lengthening territorial yodels"
1943:
1814:
1668:
1564:
1509:
1465:
856:
690:
579:
3385:
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Wetland Wildlife Populations and Research Group
3346:"Interspecific Aggression in Loons (Agresión Interespecífica en Somormujos (Gavia spp.))"
2629:
2052:
1376:
A loon's wail is a long call consisting of up to three notes, and is often compared to a
5645:
5550:
5302:
5195:
5073:
4889:
3947:
3669:
3542:
2971:
2487:
1508:
is closely associated with the common loon to which it is attracted to chemicals in the
6876:
6848:
6835:
6586:
6574:
6449:
6347:
6343:
6229:"A look at why the loon's call is used as TV and movies' go-to wilderness sound effect"
5098:
4174:
4149:
2990:
2955:
1938:
1919:
1894:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1488:
1446:
1441:, with the latter being responsible for nearly 40% of all nest failures. Birds such as
1114:
1030:
1014:
916:
828:
748:
640:
625:
372:
5234:
3706:
3700:
1676:
Adirondacks by performing research, engaging the public, and informing public policy.
1271:
The common loon produces a variety of vocalizations, the most common of which are the
7116:
6936:
6317:
6233:
6182:
5286:
5219:
5127:
4768:
4692:
4317:
4131:
3956:
3931:
3113:
2825:
2808:
2216:
2150:
2061:
1790:
1762:
1621:
1527:
1496:
1461:
1450:
1430:
1426:
1150:
1078:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1018:
924:
904:
892:
884:
756:
684:
426:
95:
90:
6661:
5669:
5617:
5574:
5462:
5334:
5266:
5203:
5159:
5003:
4921:
4750:
4520:
4436:
4405:
4390:
4341:
4097:
3685:
3637:
3601:
3558:
3496:"The long shadow of senescence: age impacts survival and territory defense in loons"
3074:
2842:
1242:
58:
6749:
6562:
6525:
6283:"Review: In 'Finding Dory,' a Forgetful Fish and a Warm Celebration of Differences"
6120:
5024:"The Adirondack Cooperative Loon Program: Loon Conservation in the Adirondack Park"
5023:
4652:
3905:
3468:
The Eastman Guide to Birds: Natural History Accounts for 150 North American Species
1993:
1817:
1442:
1002:
896:
809:
629:
476:
316:
6736:
6116:"Minnesota United to donate portion of 2017 season ticket purchases to help loons"
5180:"Drivers of declines in common loon (Gavia immer) productivity in Ontario, Canada"
4811:
4709:
4428:
4382:
4148:
Piper, Walter H.; Palmer, Michael W.; Banfield, Nathan; Meyer, Michael W. (2013).
3629:
1117:. When there is either a lack of fish or they are difficult to catch, it preys on
6723:
5844:
A Pocketful of History: Four Hundred Years of America—One State Quarter at a Time
2419:
1350:
1298:
7066:
6967:
6949:
6897:
6630:
6485:
6154:
4788:
Franson, J.C.; Cliplef, David J. (1992). "Causes of mortality in common loons".
3984:
Birds of Lake, Pond, and Marsh: Water and Wetland Birds of Eastern North America
2627:
Evers, D.C.; Paruk, J.D.; McIntyre, J.W.; Barr, J.F. (2021). Poole, A.F. (ed.).
2508:
2453:
2338:
1806:
1711:
1580:
1154:
1098:
1086:
1070:
1034:
952:
908:
824:
612:
567:
457:
232:
162:
6827:
6581:
5736:
5719:
5476:
Locke, L.N.; Kerr, S.M.; Zoromski, D. (1982). "Lead poisoning in common loons (
5427:
Franson, J. Christian; Hansen, Scott P.; Pokras, Mark A.; Miconi, Rose (2001).
4504:
4355:
Mager, John N.; Walcott, Charles; Piper, Walter H. (2007). "Male common loons,
3494:
Piper, Walter H.; Brunk, Kristin M.; Flory, Joel A.; Meyer, Michael W. (2017).
2759:. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 52(5-6), 781-797.
1232:
averages about 40%, and most newly hatched young survive due to parental care.
7092:
5310:
5143:
5081:
4897:
3930:
Piper, Walter H.; Walcott, Charles; Mager, John N.; Spilker, Frank J. (2008).
3677:
2980:
1782:
1625:
1617:
1517:
1514:
1418:
1364:
1314:
1228:
1118:
1106:
848:
644:
571:
441:. (Another former name, great northern loon, was a compromise proposed by the
364:
352:
324:
7097:
6762:
6621:
6014:
McAtee, W.L (1951). "Bird names connected with weather, seasons, and hours".
5745:
5661:
5375:
5318:
5287:"Methylmercury exposure associated with reduced productivity in common loons"
5258:
5151:
5089:
5039:
4995:
4905:
4725:"Common loons respond adaptively to a black fly that reduces nesting success"
4150:"Can settlement in natal-like habitat explain maladaptive habitat selection?"
3361:
1773:
The voice and appearance of the common loon has made it prominent in several
1639:
Elevated levels of mercury have been associated with changes in foraging and
1069:
and fragments of green vegetation. The freshwater diet primarily consists of
628:, adults of both sexes reportedly averaged 4.13 kg (9.1 lb). Adult
6796:
5537:) in the northeastern United States and age differences in mercury levels".
5057:
4873:
3877:
3860:
2890:
Kaufman Field Guide to Advanced Birding: Understanding What You See and Hear
2863:
2250:
1824:
1758:
1685:
1650:
1500:
1476:
1472:
1062:
1010:
912:
868:
797:
776:
768:
472:
422:
341:
122:
6814:
5753:
5609:
5566:
5326:
5211:
5107:
4938:
4913:
4874:"Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on breeding common loons"
4701:
4666:
Weinandt, Meggin L.; Meyer, Michael; Strand, Mac; Lindsay, Alec R. (2012).
4644:
4183:
4165:
3965:
3593:
3585:
2999:
2834:
1861:, at a time when the latter hobby was not widely considered to be harmful.
1608:
Effects of mercury and acid rain pollution on health and brood productivity
17:
5519:
5250:
4987:
4512:
4224:
4203:
3844:
3823:
3550:
3174:
3153:
2757:
Prey consumption and energy transfer by marine birds in the Gulf of Alaska
2646:
2167:
6615:
4741:
4601:
2681:
Threatened, endangered, and sensitive species of the Intermountain region
1828:
1786:
1640:
1616:
deposition in aquatic environments due to its position at the top of the
1523:
1484:
1169:
1138:
1122:
1094:
1090:
1046:
1006:
936:
888:
860:
788:
772:
603:
599:
563:
368:
356:
345:
142:
6684:
4636:
3383:
Sperry, Mark L. (25 November 1986). "Common Loon Attacks on Waterfowl".
1526:, acquired by eating infected fish, can lead to paralysis and drowning.
7006:
6866:
6669:
6506:
5704:
5558:
5511:
5454:
5383:
4593:
4302:
4089:
4023:
3932:"Nestsite selection by male loons leads to sex-biased site familiarity"
3796:
3750:
3369:
3345:
3330:
3217:
3138:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7. 1988. p. 450.
3066:
2581:
2320:
1798:
1750:
1480:
1438:
1381:
1272:
1146:
1110:
1102:
1042:
940:
840:
632:
621:
575:
438:
406:
320:
6035:
4053:
3511:
3262:
A Field Guide to Mexican Birds: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador
1569:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
392:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
6407:
5653:
4333:
4272:"Graded frequency variations of the tremolo call of the common loon (
3021:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic (BWP) concise edition (2 volumes)
2755:
Hunt Jr, G. L., Drew, G. S., Jahncke, J., & Piatt, J. F. (2005).
1778:
1738:
1250:
1134:
1066:
1038:
1026:
998:
944:
915:. They appear in most of the inland waters of the United States. The
872:
852:
836:
801:
792:
784:
608:
410:
376:
337:
132:
6902:
6592:
5696:
5503:
5366:
5349:
5058:"Spatial patterns of mercury in biota of Adirondack, New York lakes"
4585:
4294:
3788:
3322:
3209:
2573:
2312:
1571:(AEWA) is applied. In Europe it appears in 20 Important Bird Areas (
6801:
6775:
6142:
6027:
3305:
Wilcox, Harry Hammond (1952). "The pelvic musculature of the loon,
3235:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 14.
375:
for about 28 days by both parents. Fed by both parents, the chicks
6770:
6493:
6441:
5869:
The Common Loon: Population Status and Fall Migration in Minnesota
2704:
Evers, D. C., J. D. Paruk, J. W. McIntyre, and J. F. Barr (2010).
1988:
1785:
saga describing Kwee-moo, the loon who was a special messenger of
1721:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1162:
1158:
1130:
1126:
1082:
1074:
988:
962:
928:
844:
814:
695:
689:
666:
658:
616:
589:
498:
460:. Its closest relative is another large black-headed species, the
450:
6788:
4245:"Loon Vocalizations: What are you hearing and what does it mean?"
4154:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
7019:
6472:
3405:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 171.
1377:
1224:
1142:
805:
791:, to the east. Their summer habitat ranges from wooded lakes to
636:
524:
was the Latin term for an unidentified seabird and the specific
446:
308:
182:
172:
152:
6596:
6445:
3822:
Radomski, Paul J.; Carlson, Kristin; Woizeschke, Kevin (2014).
1468:. The eagle in particular is a significant predator of chicks.
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
1885:
also uses the loon in its logo and name, as well as a mascot.
1871:
uses the loon in its crest and nickname, as well as a mascot.
1471:
Internal parasites of the common loon include many species of
1237:
855:
from Finland to Portugal and southern and northwestern Spain (
812:
coast. They are known to exhibit high breeding site fidelity.
4723:
Piper, Walter H.; Tischler, Keren B.; Reinke, Andrew (2018).
4316:
Mager III, John N; Walcott, Charles; Piper, Walter H (2012).
437:
The common loon is also known as the great northern diver in
5913:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 60.
5819:
Beneath the Surface: A Natural History of a Fisherman's Lake
5350:"Diving Schedules of a Common Loon and a Group of Oldsquaws"
3154:"Winter site fidelity and winter movements in common loons (
1737:
The common loon appears on Canadian currency, including the
1332:
1280:
947:
in the south. They are accidental in northern Japan and the
5446:
10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0189:scosib]2.0.co;2
4619:
spp.) infection and associated mortality in a common loon (
3828:) nesting habitat models for north-central Minnesota lakes"
2892:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 171–172.
2401:
2399:
1823:
The common loon was eaten in the Scottish Islands from the
1629:
1599:
national forests as a regional forester sensitive species.
1538:
Since 1998, the common loon has been rated as a species of
505:
attempted to clarify the nomenclature in 1956 by declaring
6063:"Totem Animals in Swallows & Amazons: Great Northern?"
4410:, change their vocalizations when they change territories"
3705:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. p.
2954:
Gayk, Z. G.; Le Duc, D.; Horn, J.; Lindsay, A. R. (2018).
2915:"Identification of divers in immature and winter plumages"
468:). There are no recognized subspecies of the common loon.
351:
Common loons eat a variety of animal prey including fish,
27:
Freshwater bird native to North America and Western Europe
6516:
Black-throated loon (Arctic loon or black-throated diver)
5991:
The Scientific Nomenclature of Birds in the Upper Midwest
5429:"Size characteristics of stones ingested by common loons"
3059:
10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[169:wcadbi]2.0.co;2
1801:
of Siberia also had creation stories involving the loon.
509:
a suppressed name unfit for further use and establishing
5720:"Mortality of Common Loons in New England, 1987 to 2000"
4404:
Walcott, Charles; Mager, John N.; Piper, Walter (2006).
3191:"The migration of common loons through eastern New York"
1839:
The bird is central to the plot of the children's novel
6430:
5993:. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. p. 63.
4035:
4033:
2913:
Appleby, R.H.; Madge, S.C.; Mullarney, Killian (1986).
2281:(in Latin). Hafnia (Copenhagen): J.C. Kall. p. 38.
1065:. The young typically eat small minnows, and sometimes
4838:"Species Conservation Assessment for the Common Loon (
6546:
5911:
Field Guide to Birds of the Northern California Coast
5769:
Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 8: Birds I
5285:
Burgess, Neil M.; Meyer, Michael W. (February 2008).
4547:
Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington
3861:"Nocturnal behaviour of the common loon, Gavia immer"
2249:. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from
875:, although only a few hundred travel as far south as
409:, and it appears on Canadian currency, including the
4770:
Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A Study of Bird Parasites
4239:
4237:
4235:
6605:
6504:
6328:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 56–61.
5888:(Annotated ed.). Jazzybee Verlag. p. 48.
4406:"Changing territories, changing tunes: male loons,
3986:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 216.
3470:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 219.
3018:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
2335:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1561:
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
1559:The common loon is listed under Appendix II of the
1520:, although these are not found on the bird's head.
562:A number of fossil loon species are known from the
503:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
4204:"Variation in the vocal behavior of common loons (
3766:"Reproductive behavior of the yellow-billed loon,
3024:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–10.
2628:
2507:
2452:
2418:
2149:
2076:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697842A132607418.en
1460:, large gulls, bald eagles and large fish such as
559:, in each case referring to the distinctive call.
456:, the only genus of the family Gaviidae and order
5943:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 306–307.
3265:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
2217:"Phylogeny of the divers, family Gaviidae (Aves)"
2194:. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. p. 13.
1563:, and in Article I under the European Union (EU)
1425:Eggs are taken by a number of mammals, including
694:Juvenile swimming in the ocean off Mcgee Island,
6180:Wolcott, James (1982). "Big frogs, small pond".
3259:Peterson, Roger Tory; Chalif, Edward L. (1999).
1900:Loons are featured prominently in the 1981 film
1417:Adult common loons have few predators, although
517:in 1788, as the valid genus name for the loons.
501:as well as loons, and remained in use until the
5867:Svingen, Peder H.; Hertzel, Anthony X. (2000).
2294:"On the oology of the North American Pygopodes"
2188:Lovette, Irby J.; Fitzpatrick, John W. (2016).
7158:Native birds of the Northwestern United States
7153:Native birds of the Northeastern United States
6155:"The birds of Hollywood: An unnatural history"
4792:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 2–12.
4454:. Meredith, NH, USA: North American Loon Fund.
4197:
4195:
4193:
1781:story of a loon that created the world, and a
1658:Mercury deposition in the Adirondack Mountains
6457:
6352:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
5871:. Minnesota Ornithologists' Union. p. 1.
5821:. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 159.
4534:Klnsella, J.M.; Forrester, Donald J. (1999).
3344:Kirkham, Ian R.; Johnson, Stephen R. (1988).
8:
5794:British Columbia: Graced by Nature's Palette
4208:): Insights from landscape-level recordings"
4072:Barr, J.F. (1996). "Aspects of common loon (
3651:
3649:
3647:
3231:Rappole, John H; Blacklock, Gene W. (1994).
3112:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2363:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1211:The common loon's mating system is serially
482:first described the common loon in 1764, as
382:The common loon is assessed as a species of
6203:"Why Hollywood loves this creepy bird call"
6093:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 201–204.
5028:Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies
4247:. Vermont Fish and Wildlife. Archived from
4076:) feeding biology on its breeding ground".
3294:. United States Forest Service. p. 62.
2866:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
1761:in 1961, and also appears on the Minnesota
1689:in feathers, but their adverse effects are
1165:. It has also been known to eat ducklings.
1089:; the saltwater diet primarily consists of
6593:
6464:
6450:
6442:
6091:Arthur Ransome & Captain Flint's Trunk
5934:
5932:
5930:
5767:Grzimek, Bernhard; Schlager, Neil (2003).
3732:"Reproductive behavior of the common loon"
3450:. Michigan State University. pp. 1–6.
2719:Variation in the Common Loon (Gavia immer)
705:The common loon is distinguished from the
231:
84:
57:
40:
31:
6257:"Why the loon's iconic call says so much"
5735:
5493:
5444:
5365:
5097:
4740:
4691:
4536:"Parasitic helminths of the common loon,
4372:
4223:
4173:
3955:
3876:
3843:
3702:The Common Loon: Spirit of Northern Lakes
3173:
2989:
2979:
2824:
2786:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 89.
2691:, Intermountain Region. pp. 115–116.
2405:
2390:
2074:
1906:. Its distinctive sound also appeared in
951:in northwestern Pacific, and Cuba in the
6048:
5989:Sandrock, James; Prior, Jean C. (2014).
3730:Sjölander, Sverre; Ågren, Greta (1972).
2700:
2698:
2540:
2160:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1933:Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
1567:. It is one of the species to which the
390:. It is one of the species to which the
6553:
6536:Yellow-billed loon (white-billed diver)
5539:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
4943:Adirondack Center for Loon Conservation
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
2883:
2881:
2685:United States Department of Agriculture
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2034:
2006:
6531:Red-throated loon (red-throated diver)
5968:. Faroe University Press. p. 53.
5598:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
5280:
5278:
5276:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5051:
5049:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4933:
4931:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4540:, on its wintering grounds in Florida"
4143:
4141:
4118:: effects of natal lake size and pH".
4109:
4107:
3977:
3975:
3925:
3923:
3489:
3487:
3104:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
1612:The common loon is a key indicator of
1362:
1312:
919:coast, the Gulf coast adjacent to the
443:International Ornithological Committee
5939:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
5909:Stallcup, Rich; Evens, Jules (2014).
5395:
5393:
5173:
5171:
5169:
4831:
4829:
4672:, for attraction to the common loon (
4067:
4065:
4063:
4005:
4003:
3809:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3396:
3394:
3254:
3252:
3147:
3145:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
2366:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1797:in the east of North America and the
1499:have been recorded in this loon. The
7:
7168:Taxa named by Morten Thrane Brünnich
6854:c54f726d-6e35-44f5-9521-9b1e0bb796aa
6255:Blaine, Valerie (17 February 2020).
5885:The Algonquin Legends Of New England
2528:participating institution membership
2473:participating institution membership
2439:participating institution membership
344:and Iceland. Small numbers breed on
7123:IUCN Red List least concern species
6371:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6201:Cascione, Marie (13 October 2021).
6114:La Vaque, David (27 October 2016).
4849:USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region
3658:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3531:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3448:Michigan Natural Features Inventory
2343:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2062:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1544:IUCN Red List of Endangered Species
555:, as are modern Swedish and Danish
388:IUCN Red List of Endangered Species
6521:Common loon (great northern diver)
5685:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2731:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
2492:. Boston: Prince Society. p.
1603:Threats to status and conservation
1168:The common loon uses its powerful
787:, to the west, and very rarely in
25:
6369:Oxford Book of British Bird Names
6061:McGinnis, Molly (February 2004).
5348:Stewart, Paul A. (January 1967).
3764:Sjölander, S.; Ågren, G. (1976).
2733:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1404:Longevity and terminal investment
923:, and the Atlantic seaboard from
800:, common loons favour lakes with
417:. In 1961, it was designated the
6890:great-northern-diver-gavia-immer
6580:
6568:
6556:
6143:https://www.milb.com/great-lakes
5882:Leland, Charles Godfrey (2012).
5184:Science of the Total Environment
4693:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00239.x
4132:10.1111/j.1600-048x.2012.05633.x
3957:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01334.x
2826:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01494.x
2555:"A review of the Pliocene loons"
1741:coin and the previous series of
1363:Problems playing this file? See
1348:
1313:Problems playing this file? See
1296:
808:. They are rare visitors to the
371:with dark brown spots which are
109:
6431:The Loon Preservation Committee
5204:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139724
5022:Schoch, Nina (1 January 2006).
3311:The American Midland Naturalist
2241:; Donsker, David, eds. (2018).
2051:BirdLife International (2018).
1897:" ("wanna laugh like a loon").
1204:Taxidermied common loon at the
639:sometimes with a pale tip, and
425:, and appears on the Minnesota
5634:Journal of Wildlife Management
4467:"About the cover. Common loon"
3110:"All About Birds: Common Loon"
2641:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1400:summoning its chicks to feed.
413:coin and a previous series of
1:
6349:Diving Birds of North America
6320:; et al., eds. (1977). "
6089:Hardyment, Christina (1984).
5796:. FriesenPress. p. 191.
4429:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.07.011
4383:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.009
4322:Wilson Journal of Ornithology
3982:Eastman, John Andrew (1999).
3630:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.03.013
3233:Birds of Texas: A Field Guide
2489:Wood's New-England's Prospect
240:Approximate distribution map
49:Adult in breeding plumage in
6526:Pacific loon (Pacific diver)
6438:at VIREO (Drexel University)
6281:Scott, A.O. (15 June 2016).
5724:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
4668:"Cues used by the black fly,
4625:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
4493:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
4270:Barklow, William E. (1979).
4012:Journal of Field Ornithology
3350:Journal of Field Ornithology
2928:(8): 365–391. Archived from
1585:USDA National Forest Service
819:Common Loon in Santa Barbara
396:United States Forest Service
68:Sunset Beach, North Carolina
4842:) in the upper Great Lakes"
4836:Tischler, Keren B. (2011).
4773:. London: Collins. p.
4465:Davies, William E. (2004).
4202:Mennill, Daniel J. (2014).
2735:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
2247:World Bird List Version 8.2
1853:). The story is set in the
1344:Male Common loon yodel call
796:young. For protection from
307:) is a large member of the
66:In non-breeding plumage in
7184:
6051:, pp. 24, 30, 39, 58.
5737:10.7589/0090-3558-39.2.306
4505:10.7589/0090-3558-34.3.524
2639:The Birds of North America
2360:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2243:"Loons, penguins, petrels"
1390:weee-wea weee-wea weee-wea
863:), as well as the western
6479:
6436:Common loon photo gallery
5817:Carlson, Bruce M (2007).
5592:) and common mergansers (
5311:10.1007/s10646-007-0167-8
5144:10.1007/s10750-006-0066-7
5082:10.1007/s10646-011-0717-y
4898:10.1007/s10646-007-0168-7
4680:Journal of Vector Ecology
4568:n. sp. in a common loon (
3936:Journal of Animal Ecology
3865:Canadian Field-Naturalist
3699:McIntyre, Judith (1988).
3678:10.1007/s00265-018-2511-9
2981:10.1186/s12862-018-1181-6
2807:Smith, Nathan D. (2012).
2706:Common Loon (Gavia immer)
2553:Brodkorb, Pierce (1953).
2515:Oxford English Dictionary
2460:Oxford English Dictionary
2426:Oxford English Dictionary
2069:: e.T22697842A132607418.
566:, and specimens from the
449:species that make up the
340:), and southern parts of
331:except some black on the
269:
262:
239:
230:
211:
204:
106:Scientific classification
104:
82:
73:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
6423:Internet Bird Collection
5792:Townsley, Frank (2016).
5596:) from Eastern Canada".
4767:; Clay, Theresa (1953).
4120:Journal of Avian Biology
4042:Journal of Avian Biology
3859:Paruk, James D. (2008).
3500:Journal of Avian Biology
3189:Kerlinger, Paul (1982).
2960:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2191:Handbook of Bird Biology
1957:Kubo and the Two Strings
1777:tales. These include an
1753:. It was designated the
1662:The common loons of the
1577:Special Protection Areas
1456:Chicks may be killed by
1292:Common loon tremolo call
747:Common loons are mainly
743:Distribution and habitat
493:. The now-defunct genus
7163:Birds described in 1764
6414:"Great Northern Diver (
6367:Lockwood, W.B. (1984).
6324:Great Northern Diver".
3878:10.22621/cfn.v122i1.548
3401:Sandilands, Al (2011).
3158:) across North America"
2717:Storer, R. W. (1988b).
2520:Oxford University Press
2486:Wood, William (1865) .
2465:Oxford University Press
2431:Oxford University Press
2292:Shufeldt, R.W. (1914).
2273:Brünnich, Morten Thrane
1727:Cassell's book of birds
1534:Status and conservation
1458:common snapping turtles
1413:Predators and parasites
1206:Milwaukee Public Museum
887:), the Atlantic Ocean (
883:), the Gulf of Mexico (
520:The current genus name
515:Johann Reinhold Forster
464:or white-billed diver (
401:The common loon is the
7133:Native birds of Alaska
5964:Bloch, Dorete (2006).
5610:10.1002/etc.5620170209
4166:10.1098/rspb.2013.0979
3892:Rodriguez, R. (2002).
3586:10.1006/anbe.1999.1295
3466:Eastman, John (2000).
2888:Kaufman, Kenn (2011).
2215:Boertmann, D. (1990).
1963:Avengers: Infinity War
1734:
1700:Exxon Valdez oil spill
1680:Breeding range decline
1337:
1285:
1208:
1197:
1189:
1185:On a nest by water in
994:
977:
847:, and rarely northern
820:
698:
675:
673:Bodega Bay, California
664:
663:Common loon stretching
595:
578:appear to represent a
480:Morten Thrane Brünnich
7054:Paleobiology Database
5771:. Gale. p. 161.
5251:10.1675/063.037.sp116
4988:10.1675/063.037.sp116
4450:Evers, David (1993).
4225:10.1675/063.037.sp105
3845:10.1675/063.037.sp113
3551:10.1007/s002650050360
3441:Brünnich Common Loon"
3435:Gibson, J.W. (2007).
3175:10.1650/CONDOR-15-6.1
2679:Spahr, Robin (1991).
2647:10.2173/bow.comloo.02
2278:Ornithologia Borealis
2168:10.2173/bow.comloo.02
1875:Minor League Baseball
1757:of the U.S. state of
1725:
1336:
1284:
1203:
1195:
1184:
992:
975:
895:), and the reservoir
871:, and off Morocco in
818:
693:
670:
662:
593:
549:New Englands Prospect
491:Ornithologia Borealis
445:.) It is one of five
6849:Fauna Europaea (new)
4742:10.1642/auk-17-239.1
4251:on 13 September 2014
3902:Animal Diversity Web
2782:Dunne, Pete (2013).
1710:In a 2003 survey of
1664:Adirondack Mountains
1646:Adirondack Mountains
582:of the common loon.
299:great northern diver
5842:Noles, Jim (2009).
5646:2007JWMan..71.1206D
5551:1994EMnAs..30....1B
5400:Wiland, L. (2007).
5303:2008Ecotx..17...83B
5196:2020ScTEn.73839724B
5074:2011Ecotx..20.1543Y
4890:2008Ecotx..17...69E
4637:10.7589/2016-08-195
3948:2008JAnEc..77..205P
3670:2018BEcoS..72...95P
3543:1997BEcoS..41...25P
2972:2018BMCEE..18...64G
2864:"The Uncommon Loon"
2518:(Online ed.).
2463:(Online ed.).
2429:(Online ed.).
1909:Conan the Barbarian
1869:Minnesota United FC
1865:Major League Soccer
1739:one-dollar "loonie"
1325:(hu)-heheheheheheha
1149:, and occasionally
759:, locally south to
707:black-throated loon
411:one-dollar "loonie"
76:Conservation status
51:Minocqua, Wisconsin
7143:Birds of Greenland
6394:Common Loon stamps
6344:Johnsgard, Paul A.
6287:The New York Times
6068:All Things Ransome
5559:10.1007/BF00546196
4939:"Threats to Loons"
4765:Rothschild, Miriam
4160:(1765): 20130979.
4090:10.1007/bf00023169
2591:on 18 January 2021
1735:
1489:spiny-headed worms
1338:
1286:
1209:
1198:
1190:
995:
978:
821:
783:in Norway; and in
699:
676:
665:
596:
540:, to immerse, and
462:yellow-billed loon
281:Colymbus glacialis
7108:
7107:
7041:Open Tree of Life
6599:Taxon identifiers
6544:
6543:
6396:– bird-stamps.org
6378:978-0-19-214155-2
6359:978-0-8032-2566-4
6335:978-0-19-857358-6
6100:978-0-224-02989-6
6000:978-1-60938-225-4
5975:978-99918-41-03-8
5950:978-0-7011-6907-7
5920:978-0-520-27616-1
5895:978-3-8496-2265-7
5853:978-0-7867-3197-8
5846:. Da Capo Press.
5828:978-0-87351-578-8
5803:978-1-4602-7773-7
5778:978-0-7876-6571-5
4814:on 16 August 2016
4054:10.1111/jav.00648
3993:978-0-8117-2681-8
3716:978-0-8166-1651-0
3512:10.1111/jav.01393
3477:978-0-8117-4552-9
3412:978-0-7748-5943-1
3276:978-0-395-97514-5
3242:978-0-89096-545-0
3031:978-0-19-854099-1
2935:on 8 October 2017
2899:978-0-547-24832-5
2793:978-0-544-13568-0
2742:978-1-4200-6444-5
2526:(Subscription or
2471:(Subscription or
2437:(Subscription or
2377:978-1-4081-2501-4
2201:978-1-118-29104-7
2162:. Lynx Edicions.
1981:Avengers: Endgame
1883:Midland, Michigan
1879:Great Lakes Loons
1553:Prairie Provinces
1353:
1303:
1258:Habitat selection
973:
949:Commander Islands
921:Florida panhandle
771:, in Iceland, in
751:, and breed from
715:red-throated loon
355:, insect larvae,
333:undertail coverts
327:, and pure white
291:
290:
257: Nonbreeding
99:
16:(Redirected from
7175:
7148:Birds of Iceland
7101:
7100:
7088:
7087:
7075:
7074:
7062:
7061:
7049:
7048:
7036:
7035:
7023:
7022:
7010:
7009:
6997:
6996:
6984:
6983:
6971:
6970:
6968:NBNSYS0000000220
6958:
6957:
6945:
6944:
6932:
6931:
6919:
6918:
6906:
6905:
6893:
6892:
6880:
6879:
6870:
6869:
6857:
6856:
6844:
6843:
6831:
6830:
6818:
6817:
6805:
6804:
6792:
6791:
6779:
6778:
6766:
6765:
6753:
6752:
6740:
6739:
6727:
6726:
6714:
6713:
6701:
6700:
6688:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6675:7E02237895784E9A
6665:
6664:
6652:
6651:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6594:
6585:
6584:
6573:
6572:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6443:
6427:
6382:
6363:
6339:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6289:. Archived from
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6227:McCarter, Reid.
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6151:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5966:Fróðskaparrit 53
5961:
5955:
5954:
5941:Birds Britannica
5936:
5925:
5924:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5739:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5654:10.2193/2006-422
5640:(4): 1206–1213.
5628:
5622:
5621:
5594:Mergus merganser
5585:
5579:
5578:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5497:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5448:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5404:. Archived from
5397:
5388:
5387:
5369:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5282:
5271:
5270:
5245:(sp1): 133–146.
5230:
5224:
5223:
5175:
5164:
5163:
5123:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5068:(7): 1543–1554.
5053:
5044:
5043:
5019:
5008:
5007:
4982:(sp1): 133–146.
4967:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4868:
4853:
4852:
4846:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4810:. Archived from
4800:
4794:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4695:
4670:Simulium annulus
4663:
4657:
4656:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4417:Animal Behaviour
4414:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4376:
4361:Animal Behaviour
4352:
4346:
4345:
4334:10.1676/11-024.1
4313:
4307:
4306:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4199:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4069:
4058:
4057:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3979:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3904:. Archived from
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3838:(sp1): 102–117.
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3774:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3653:
3642:
3641:
3618:Animal Behaviour
3612:
3606:
3605:
3574:Animal Behaviour
3569:
3563:
3562:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3506:(8): 1062–1070.
3491:
3482:
3481:
3463:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3417:
3416:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3106:
3079:
3078:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2828:
2819:(4): 1059–1078.
2804:
2798:
2797:
2779:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2676:
2651:
2650:
2636:
2624:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2584:. Archived from
2559:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2253:on 27 April 2020
2235:
2229:
2228:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2157:
2145:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2048:
2022:
2011:
1984:, among others.
1673:Spatial analysis
1505:Simulium annulus
1355:
1354:
1335:
1305:
1304:
1283:
1107:Atlantic croaker
974:
939:, as well as in
285:
277:
256:
250:
244:
235:
217:
114:
113:
93:
88:
87:
61:
44:
32:
21:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7138:Birds of Canada
7113:
7112:
7109:
7104:
7096:
7091:
7083:
7078:
7070:
7065:
7057:
7052:
7044:
7039:
7031:
7026:
7018:
7013:
7005:
7002:Observation.org
7000:
6992:
6987:
6979:
6974:
6966:
6961:
6953:
6948:
6940:
6935:
6927:
6922:
6914:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6888:
6883:
6875:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6852:
6847:
6839:
6834:
6826:
6821:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6795:
6787:
6782:
6774:
6769:
6761:
6756:
6748:
6743:
6735:
6730:
6722:
6717:
6709:
6704:
6696:
6691:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6668:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6644:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6601:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6557:
6555:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6500:
6475:
6473:Loons or divers
6470:
6412:
6390:
6385:
6379:
6366:
6360:
6342:
6336:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6125:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6016:American Speech
6013:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5938:
5937:
5928:
5921:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5697:10.2307/3800613
5682:
5681:
5677:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5504:10.2307/1590110
5495:10.1.1.514.3406
5475:
5474:
5470:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5408:on 12 July 2017
5399:
5398:
5391:
5367:10.2307/4083265
5347:
5346:
5342:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5177:
5176:
5167:
5125:
5124:
5115:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5021:
5020:
5011:
4969:
4968:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4870:
4869:
4856:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4586:10.2307/1589663
4563:
4562:
4558:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4374:10.1.1.483.1889
4354:
4353:
4349:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4295:10.2307/1367857
4278:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4233:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4071:
4070:
4061:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3908:on 14 July 2017
3891:
3890:
3886:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3789:10.2307/1367094
3772:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3739:Wilson Bulletin
3734:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3420:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3323:10.2307/2422198
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3210:10.2307/1367828
3193:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3082:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3017:
3016:
3007:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2850:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2678:
2677:
2654:
2626:
2625:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2574:10.2307/1364769
2557:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2313:10.2307/1362079
2296:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2147:
2146:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2050:
2049:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1891:
1842:Great Northern?
1837:
1835:Popular culture
1815:Scottish Gaelic
1811:call-up-a-storm
1775:Native American
1771:
1747:provincial bird
1720:
1708:
1682:
1669:bioaccumulation
1660:
1610:
1605:
1565:Birds Directive
1536:
1510:uropygial gland
1466:largemouth bass
1447:northern ravens
1415:
1406:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1269:
1260:
1179:
1157:, roots, moss,
1153:matter such as
1115:Gulf silverside
987:
963:
961:
933:San Luis Potosí
833:Baja California
745:
736:
727:
588:
580:paleosubspecies
435:
403:provincial bird
283:
275:
258:
254:
252:
251: Migration
248:
246:
242:
226:
219:
213:
200:
108:
100:
89:
85:
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7181:
7179:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7115:
7114:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7089:
7076:
7063:
7050:
7037:
7024:
7011:
6998:
6985:
6972:
6959:
6946:
6933:
6920:
6907:
6894:
6881:
6871:
6858:
6845:
6836:Fauna Europaea
6832:
6819:
6806:
6793:
6780:
6767:
6754:
6741:
6728:
6715:
6702:
6689:
6679:
6666:
6653:
6642:
6627:
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6502:
6501:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6428:
6410:
6397:
6389:
6388:External links
6386:
6384:
6383:
6377:
6364:
6358:
6340:
6334:
6318:Cramp, Stanley
6313:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6293:on 11 May 2017
6273:
6247:
6219:
6193:
6172:
6161:. 14 June 2002
6146:
6135:
6106:
6099:
6081:
6053:
6041:
6028:10.2307/453005
6022:(4): 268–278.
6006:
5999:
5981:
5974:
5956:
5949:
5926:
5919:
5901:
5894:
5874:
5859:
5852:
5834:
5827:
5809:
5802:
5784:
5777:
5759:
5730:(2): 306–315.
5710:
5691:(2): 317–319.
5675:
5623:
5604:(2): 197–201.
5580:
5525:
5488:(2): 392–396.
5482:Avian Diseases
5468:
5439:(1): 189–191.
5419:
5389:
5360:(1): 122–123.
5340:
5272:
5225:
5165:
5138:(1): 263–274.
5113:
5045:
5009:
4955:
4927:
4854:
4825:
4795:
4780:
4756:
4735:(3): 788–797.
4715:
4686:(2): 359–364.
4658:
4631:(4): 859–863.
4607:
4580:(4): 809–814.
4574:Avian Diseases
4566:Eimeria gaviae
4556:
4526:
4499:(3): 524–531.
4483:
4457:
4442:
4423:(3): 673(11).
4396:
4367:(4): 683–690.
4347:
4308:
4262:
4231:
4218:(sp1): 26–36.
4189:
4137:
4126:(3): 280–288.
4103:
4084:(2): 119–144.
4059:
4048:(6): 551–558.
4029:
4018:(3): 247–253.
3999:
3992:
3971:
3942:(2): 205–210.
3919:
3898:(common loon)"
3884:
3851:
3824:"Common loon (
3814:
3802:
3783:(4): 454–463.
3756:
3745:(3): 296–308.
3722:
3715:
3691:
3643:
3607:
3580:(2): 385–394.
3564:
3517:
3483:
3476:
3453:
3418:
3411:
3390:
3375:
3336:
3317:(3): 513–573.
3297:
3282:
3275:
3248:
3241:
3223:
3181:
3168:(4): 485–493.
3141:
3127:
3116:on 25 May 2017
3080:
3053:(2): 169–175.
3037:
3030:
3005:
2946:
2905:
2898:
2877:
2848:
2799:
2792:
2761:
2748:
2741:
2723:
2710:
2694:
2689:Forest Service
2652:
2630:"Common Loon (
2602:
2545:
2533:
2499:
2478:
2444:
2410:
2408:, p. 107.
2406:Johnsgard 1987
2395:
2391:Johnsgard 1987
2383:
2376:
2352:
2326:
2307:(4): 169–180.
2284:
2264:
2230:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2151:"Common Loon (
2089:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1939:Rick and Morty
1903:On Golden Pond
1895:Old Devil Moon
1890:
1887:
1855:Outer Hebrides
1851:Colymbus immer
1847:Arthur Ransome
1836:
1833:
1770:
1767:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1706:Lead poisoning
1704:
1681:
1678:
1659:
1656:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1589:Huron-Manistee
1535:
1532:
1493:Eimeria gaviae
1451:American crows
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1360:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1243:asynchronously
1178:
1175:
1031:brown bullhead
986:
983:
960:
957:
917:South Carolina
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
626:Gulf of Alaska
587:
584:
434:
431:
319:adults have a
289:
288:
287:
286:
284:Linnaeus, 1766
278:
276:Brunnich, 1764
273:Colymbus immer
267:
266:
260:
259:
253:
247:
245: Breeding
241:
237:
236:
228:
227:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
102:
101:
83:
80:
79:
74:
71:
70:
63:
62:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7180:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7111:
7099:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6564:
6554:
6550:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6462:
6460:
6455:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6400:Common loon (
6398:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6274:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6248:
6236:
6235:
6234:The A.V. Club
6230:
6223:
6220:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6183:Texas Monthly
6176:
6173:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6139:
6136:
6124:. Minneapolis
6123:
6122:
6117:
6110:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6082:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6049:Lockwood 1984
6045:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5420:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5291:Ecotoxicology
5288:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5132:Hydrobiologia
5129:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5062:Ecotoxicology
5059:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4878:Ecotoxicology
4875:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4484:
4480:(3): 202–204.
4479:
4475:
4474:Bird Observer
4468:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4409:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4263:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:Hydrobiologia
4075:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3815:
3812:, p. 61.
3811:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3768:Gavia adamsii
3760:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:(1): 97–100.
3203:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:British Birds
2916:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:(4): 211–14.
2567:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2543:, p. 97.
2542:
2541:Lockwood 1984
2537:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:, p. 94.
2392:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2019:British Birds
2016:
2013:For example,
2010:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:Out of Africa
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1881:, located in
1880:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:egg collector
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:peoples. The
1792:
1791:Pacific Coast
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:State Quarter
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:methylmercury
1619:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:network. The
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:least concern
1533:
1531:
1529:
1528:Aspergillosis
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:avian malaria
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:northern pike
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:herring gulls
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:striped skunk
1428:
1427:American mink
1423:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:ooo-aaah-éééé
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1345:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1293:
1276:
1274:
1267:Vocalizations
1266:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1229:marsh grasses
1226:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1161:, seeds, and
1160:
1159:willow shoots
1156:
1152:
1151:aquatic plant
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:insect larvae
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:rainbow smelt
1056:
1055:black crappie
1052:
1051:white crappie
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:northern pike
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
991:
984:
982:
958:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Massachusetts
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
898:
894:
893:Massachusetts
890:
886:
885:Barataria Bay
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:Mediterranean
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:during their
826:
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:and north to
762:
758:
757:Arctic Circle
754:
750:
742:
740:
733:
731:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
697:
692:
688:
686:
680:
674:
669:
661:
657:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
592:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545:
544:, submerged.
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
513:, created by
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
478:
474:
469:
467:
466:Gavia adamsii
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
430:
428:
427:State Quarter
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
394:applies. The
393:
389:
385:
384:least concern
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:marsh grasses
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
282:
279:
274:
271:
270:
268:
265:
261:
238:
234:
229:
224:
218:
216:
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
197:G. immer
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
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154:
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138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
103:
97:
92:
91:Least Concern
81:
77:
72:
69:
64:
60:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7110:
6606:
6520:
6505:
6497:
6492:: Gaviidae,
6421:
6415:
6401:
6368:
6348:
6325:
6321:
6295:. Retrieved
6291:the original
6286:
6276:
6264:. Retrieved
6261:Daily Herald
6260:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6232:
6222:
6210:. Retrieved
6206:
6196:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6158:
6149:
6138:
6126:. Retrieved
6121:Star-Tribune
6119:
6109:
6090:
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6066:
6056:
6044:
6019:
6015:
6009:
5990:
5984:
5965:
5959:
5940:
5910:
5904:
5884:
5877:
5868:
5862:
5843:
5837:
5818:
5812:
5793:
5787:
5768:
5762:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5436:
5432:
5422:
5410:. Retrieved
5406:the original
5357:
5353:
5343:
5297:(2): 83–91.
5294:
5290:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5187:
5183:
5135:
5131:
5065:
5061:
5031:
5027:
4979:
4975:
4946:. Retrieved
4942:
4884:(2): 69–81.
4881:
4877:
4848:
4839:
4816:. Retrieved
4812:the original
4805:
4798:
4789:
4783:
4769:
4759:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4628:
4624:
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4573:
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4565:
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4477:
4473:
4460:
4451:
4445:
4420:
4416:
4407:
4399:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4328:(1): 73–80.
4325:
4321:
4311:
4289:(1): 53–64.
4286:
4282:
4273:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:the original
4215:
4211:
4205:
4157:
4153:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4045:
4041:
4015:
4011:
3983:
3939:
3935:
3910:. Retrieved
3906:the original
3901:
3895:
3887:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3817:
3805:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3759:
3742:
3738:
3725:
3701:
3694:
3661:
3657:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3537:(1): 25–31.
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3503:
3499:
3467:
3447:
3438:
3402:
3384:
3378:
3353:
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3314:
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3306:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3261:
3232:
3226:
3201:
3197:
3184:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3135:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3114:the original
3050:
3046:
3040:
3020:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2930:the original
2925:
2921:
2908:
2889:
2868:. Retrieved
2816:
2812:
2802:
2783:
2756:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2680:
2638:
2631:
2593:. Retrieved
2586:the original
2565:
2561:
2548:
2536:
2513:
2502:
2488:
2481:
2458:
2447:
2424:
2413:
2386:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2329:
2304:
2300:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2246:
2233:
2224:
2221:Steenstrupia
2220:
2210:
2190:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2159:
2152:
2080:. Retrieved
2066:
2060:
2054:
2018:
2009:
1994:Finding Dory
1992:
1987:In the 2016
1986:
1979:
1974:
1969:Pet Sematary
1968:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1873:
1863:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1822:
1818:onomatopoeic
1810:
1803:
1772:
1745:. It is the
1736:
1730:
1726:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1661:
1638:
1634:
1611:
1558:
1537:
1522:
1518:feather lice
1503:
1492:
1475:, including
1470:
1455:
1437:, foxes and
1424:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1324:
1321:
1270:
1261:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1167:
1007:gizzard shad
996:
979:
901:
897:Lake Pateros
822:
746:
737:
728:
718:
710:
704:
700:
681:
677:
597:
561:
556:
552:
548:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
510:
506:
494:
490:
486:
483:
477:mineralogist
470:
465:
453:
436:
400:
381:
350:
311:, or diver,
303:
302:
298:
294:
292:
280:
272:
214:
212:
196:
195:
183:
35:Common loon
29:
7128:Gaviiformes
7098:Gavia-immer
7067:SeaLifeBase
7033:common-loon
6989:Neotropical
6950:NatureServe
6898:iNaturalist
6877:common-loon
6763:gavia-immer
6662:Gavia_immer
6637:Gavia immer
6631:Wikispecies
6607:Gavia immer
6486:Gaviiformes
6416:Gavia immer
6402:Gavia immer
6322:Gavia immer
6128:8 September
5590:Gavia immer
5535:Gavia immer
5478:Gavia immer
4840:Gavia immer
4806:Gavia immer
4674:Gavia immer
4621:Gavia immer
4570:Gavia immer
4538:Gavia immer
4408:Gavia immer
4357:Gavia immer
4274:Gavia immer
4206:Gavia immer
4116:Gavia immer
4074:Gavia immer
3896:Gavia immer
3826:Gavia immer
3624:: 155–163.
3527:Gavia immer
3439:Gavia immer
3307:Gavia immer
3156:Gavia immer
2632:Gavia immer
2595:4 September
2337:(1957–58).
2257:12 November
2239:Gill, Frank
2227:(3): 21–36.
2153:Gavia immer
2082:19 November
2055:Gavia immer
1807:New England
1712:New England
1581:Natura 2000
1515:ischnoceran
1419:bald eagles
1187:Maine, U.S.
1119:crustaceans
1035:pumpkinseed
953:West Indies
909:Great Lakes
843:, southern
839:, northern
825:Great Lakes
781:Bear Island
719:G. stellata
613:Great Lakes
586:Description
568:Pleistocene
458:Gaviiformes
353:crustaceans
304:Gavia immer
295:common loon
215:Gavia immer
163:Gaviiformes
18:Common Loon
7117:Categories
7093:Xeno-canto
6266:13 October
6240:13 October
6212:13 October
6165:13 October
5545:(1): 1–7.
5433:The Condor
5239:Waterbirds
5190:: 139724.
4976:Waterbirds
4617:Plasmodium
4283:The Condor
4212:Waterbirds
3832:Waterbirds
3810:Cramp 1977
3777:The Condor
3356:(1): 3–6.
3198:The Condor
3162:The Condor
3047:Waterbirds
2530:required.)
2475:required.)
2441:required.)
2301:The Condor
2173:7 November
2029:References
1755:state bird
1743:$ 20 bills
1718:In culture
1626:neurotoxin
1618:food chain
1579:in the EU
1548:vulnerable
1365:media help
1315:media help
1213:monogamous
913:reservoirs
849:Tamaulipas
713:) and the
711:G. arctica
650:underparts
645:upperparts
572:California
497:contained
419:state bird
415:$ 20 bills
361:monogamous
329:underparts
325:upperparts
315:of birds.
6297:14 August
6190:(1): 120.
5746:0090-3558
5662:0022-541X
5490:CiteSeerX
5376:0004-8038
5319:0963-9292
5259:1524-4695
5220:219620784
5152:0018-8158
5090:1573-3017
5040:1075-0436
4996:1524-4695
4906:1573-3017
4553:(1): 1–6.
4369:CiteSeerX
4255:27 August
3871:: 70–72.
3664:(6): 95.
3362:0273-8570
2966:(1): 64.
2939:8 October
2813:Evolution
2349:: 147–48.
1927:Guinevere
1825:Neolithic
1759:Minnesota
1691:magnified
1686:acid rain
1651:predation
1501:black fly
1485:nematodes
1481:tapeworms
1477:flatworms
1170:hind legs
1099:sea trout
1091:rock fish
1063:killifish
1023:whitefish
1011:rock bass
959:Behaviour
881:Morro Bay
869:Catalonia
829:migration
798:predators
779:, and in
777:Jan Mayen
769:Greenland
594:In flight
473:zoologist
423:Minnesota
373:incubated
342:Greenland
191:Species:
129:Kingdom:
123:Eukaryota
6955:2.100554
6942:22697842
6916:10190144
6789:45508998
6698:22697842
6693:BirdLife
6682:BioLib:
6616:Wikidata
6418:) media"
6346:(1987).
6074:26 March
5754:12910757
5670:85992979
5618:85336567
5575:24178181
5567:24213705
5463:86704804
5335:40571426
5327:18038272
5267:85674745
5212:32531589
5160:10621451
5108:21691858
5004:85674745
4922:17769869
4914:17909967
4751:90934731
4702:23181860
4645:28665230
4521:24447180
4437:43750841
4391:43610342
4342:85216811
4184:23804619
4098:32804759
3966:17976165
3686:46956208
3638:53404673
3602:23085958
3594:10675261
3559:33036050
3120:6 August
3075:86267739
3000:29703132
2843:42793145
2835:22486689
2275:(1764).
1951:Godzilla
1945:Watchmen
1829:sciatica
1795:Delaware
1787:Glooscap
1769:Folklore
1641:brooding
1597:Hiawatha
1524:Botulism
1439:raccoons
1251:Fledging
1177:Breeding
1155:pondweed
1147:annelids
1139:molluscs
1123:crayfish
1095:flounder
1047:bluegill
993:Foraging
976:Swimming
937:Coahuila
889:Maryland
861:Asturias
789:Scotland
773:Svalbard
749:Nearctic
734:Genomics
641:red eyes
630:breeding
611:and the
604:wingspan
600:wingspan
564:Pliocene
542:immersus
507:Colymbus
495:Colymbus
484:Colymbus
433:Taxonomy
357:molluscs
346:Svalbard
317:Breeding
264:Synonyms
223:Brünnich
173:Gaviidae
169:Family:
143:Chordata
139:Phylum:
133:Animalia
119:Domain:
96:IUCN 3.1
7046:1057518
6867:2481962
6670:Avibase
6622:Q190342
6587:Biology
6575:Animals
6549:Portals
6507:Species
6310:Sources
5705:3800613
5642:Bibcode
5547:Bibcode
5520:7103895
5512:1590110
5455:1369696
5412:12 July
5384:4083265
5354:The Auk
5299:Bibcode
5192:Bibcode
5099:3175042
5070:Bibcode
4948:7 March
4886:Bibcode
4851:: 1–59.
4818:12 July
4808:| AEWA"
4729:The Auk
4653:4391165
4594:1589663
4513:9706561
4303:1367857
4175:3712445
4024:4512827
3944:Bibcode
3912:14 July
3797:1367094
3751:4160227
3666:Bibcode
3539:Bibcode
3370:4513284
3331:2422198
3218:1367828
3067:4132565
2991:5921391
2968:Bibcode
2582:1364769
2420:"Diver"
2370:, 203.
2321:1362079
2021:article
1921:Platoon
1799:Buryats
1783:Mi'kmaq
1751:Ontario
1614:mercury
1542:on the
1273:tremolo
1131:leeches
1111:haddock
1103:herring
1079:sunfish
1067:insects
1043:walleye
1015:alewife
1003:suckers
999:minnows
985:Feeding
941:Chiapas
905:Pacific
857:Galicia
841:Sinaloa
802:islands
755:to the
633:plumage
622:Ontario
576:Florida
538:immergo
489:in his
471:Danish
439:Eurasia
407:Ontario
386:on the
321:plumage
225:, 1764)
179:Genus:
159:Order:
149:Class:
94: (
7085:137187
7072:165324
7059:133768
7020:137187
6994:comloo
6929:174469
6874:GNAB:
6823:EURING
6802:GAVIIM
6776:comloo
6724:comloo
6650:comloo
6490:Family
6408:ARKive
6375:
6356:
6332:
6097:
6036:453005
6034:
5997:
5972:
5947:
5917:
5892:
5850:
5825:
5800:
5775:
5752:
5744:
5703:
5668:
5660:
5616:
5573:
5565:
5518:
5510:
5492:
5461:
5453:
5382:
5374:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5265:
5257:
5218:
5210:
5158:
5150:
5106:
5096:
5088:
5038:
5002:
4994:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4749:
4710:768681
4708:
4700:
4651:
4643:
4602:749899
4600:
4592:
4519:
4511:
4435:
4389:
4371:
4340:
4301:
4182:
4172:
4096:
4022:
3990:
3964:
3795:
3749:
3713:
3684:
3636:
3600:
3592:
3557:
3474:
3409:
3368:
3360:
3329:
3273:
3239:
3216:
3073:
3065:
3028:
2998:
2988:
2896:
2870:2 June
2841:
2833:
2790:
2739:
2580:
2562:Condor
2509:"Loom"
2454:"Loon"
2374:
2319:
2198:
1991:movie
1779:Ojibwe
1595:, and
1593:Ottawa
1435:otters
1127:snails
1113:, and
1085:, and
1061:, and
1039:burbot
1027:sauger
945:Oaxaca
877:Iberia
873:Africa
853:Europe
837:Sonora
810:Arctic
793:tundra
785:Alaska
654:mantle
609:Canada
499:grebes
377:fledge
338:Alaska
313:family
255:
249:
243:
7080:WoRMS
6981:37039
6911:IRMNG
6841:96568
6810:EUNIS
6771:eBird
6750:3FFP6
6737:bob40
6563:Birds
6498:Gavia
6494:Genus
6482:Order
6159:Salon
6032:JSTOR
5701:JSTOR
5666:S2CID
5614:S2CID
5571:S2CID
5508:JSTOR
5459:S2CID
5451:JSTOR
5380:JSTOR
5331:S2CID
5263:S2CID
5216:S2CID
5156:S2CID
5034:(2).
5000:S2CID
4918:S2CID
4845:(PDF)
4747:S2CID
4706:S2CID
4649:S2CID
4590:JSTOR
4543:(PDF)
4517:S2CID
4470:(PDF)
4433:S2CID
4413:(PDF)
4387:S2CID
4338:S2CID
4299:JSTOR
4279:(PDF)
4094:S2CID
4020:JSTOR
3793:JSTOR
3773:(PDF)
3747:JSTOR
3735:(PDF)
3682:S2CID
3634:S2CID
3598:S2CID
3555:S2CID
3444:(PDF)
3366:JSTOR
3327:JSTOR
3214:JSTOR
3194:(PDF)
3071:S2CID
3063:JSTOR
2933:(PDF)
2918:(PDF)
2839:S2CID
2589:(PDF)
2578:JSTOR
2558:(PDF)
2524:
2469:
2435:
2317:JSTOR
2297:(PDF)
2017:1951
2001:Notes
1989:Pixar
1889:Films
1877:team
1867:club
1473:worms
1392:, or
1163:algae
1143:frogs
1083:trout
1075:perch
929:Maine
845:Texas
806:coves
775:, in
765:78° N
761:40° N
753:48° N
725:Moult
696:Maine
685:bones
617:Maine
534:emmer
530:immer
526:immer
522:Gavia
511:Gavia
487:immer
454:Gavia
451:genus
184:Gavia
7028:ODNR
7015:OBIS
6976:NCBI
6937:IUCN
6924:ITIS
6903:4626
6862:GBIF
6815:1062
6797:EPPO
6711:9525
6706:BOLD
6685:8333
6373:ISBN
6354:ISBN
6330:ISBN
6299:2017
6268:2021
6242:2021
6214:2021
6167:2021
6130:2017
6095:ISBN
6076:2010
5995:ISBN
5970:ISBN
5945:ISBN
5915:ISBN
5890:ISBN
5848:ISBN
5823:ISBN
5798:ISBN
5773:ISBN
5750:PMID
5742:ISSN
5658:ISSN
5563:PMID
5516:PMID
5480:)".
5414:2017
5372:ISSN
5323:PMID
5315:ISSN
5255:ISSN
5208:PMID
5148:ISSN
5104:PMID
5086:ISSN
5036:ISSN
4992:ISSN
4950:2022
4910:PMID
4902:ISSN
4820:2017
4698:PMID
4641:PMID
4623:)".
4598:PMID
4572:)".
4509:PMID
4257:2017
4180:PMID
3988:ISBN
3962:PMID
3914:2017
3711:ISBN
3590:PMID
3529:)".
3472:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3387:: 5.
3358:ISSN
3271:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3122:2017
3026:ISBN
2996:PMID
2941:2017
2894:ISBN
2872:2013
2831:PMID
2788:ISBN
2737:ISBN
2597:2017
2372:ISBN
2259:2018
2196:ISBN
2175:2016
2084:2021
2067:2018
2015:this
1978:and
1975:1917
1809:was
1733:1875
1573:IBAs
1495:and
1487:and
1464:and
1449:and
1386:aaoo
1382:howl
1378:wolf
1238:eggs
1225:nest
1087:bass
1071:pike
943:and
935:and
891:and
867:off
859:and
804:and
637:bill
574:and
553:lómr
532:and
475:and
447:loon
369:eggs
309:loon
293:The
153:Aves
7007:263
6963:NBN
6885:IBC
6784:EoL
6758:CMS
6745:CoL
6732:BTO
6719:BOW
6657:ADW
6646:ABA
6207:Vox
6024:doi
5732:doi
5693:doi
5650:doi
5606:doi
5555:doi
5500:doi
5441:doi
5437:103
5362:doi
5307:doi
5247:doi
5200:doi
5188:738
5140:doi
5136:567
5094:PMC
5078:doi
4984:doi
4894:doi
4775:153
4737:doi
4733:135
4688:doi
4633:doi
4582:doi
4501:doi
4425:doi
4379:doi
4330:doi
4326:124
4291:doi
4220:doi
4170:PMC
4162:doi
4158:280
4128:doi
4086:doi
4082:321
4050:doi
3952:doi
3873:doi
3869:122
3840:doi
3785:doi
3674:doi
3626:doi
3622:104
3582:doi
3547:doi
3508:doi
3319:doi
3309:".
3206:doi
3170:doi
3166:117
3055:doi
2986:PMC
2976:doi
2821:doi
2643:doi
2570:doi
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