66:
1154:
design model, CORBA provides the means to level the field and allow disparate teams to develop systems and unit tests that can later be joined together into a whole system. This does not rule out the need for basic system engineering decisions, such as threading, timing, object lifetime, etc. These issues are part of any system regardless of technology. CORBA allows system elements to be normalized into a single cohesive system model.
436:
4652:
25:
1263:
much political fighting within the committee and frequent releases of revisions of the CORBA standard that some ORB implementors ensured were difficult to use without proprietary extensions. Less ethical CORBA vendors encouraged customer lock-in and achieved strong short-term results. Over time the ORB vendors that encourage portability took over market share.
1278:
never tested for usefulness or implementability. Implementations were further hindered by the general tendency of the standard to be verbose, and the common practice of compromising by adopting the sum of all submitted proposals, which often created APIs that were incoherent and difficult to use, even if the individual proposals were perfectly reasonable.
128:
419:. Generated code classes are the result of compiling the user IDL code, which translates the high-level interface definition into an OS- and language-specific class base for use by the user application. This step is necessary in order to enforce CORBA semantics and provide a clean user process for interfacing with the CORBA infrastructure.
1257:. There was no process to arbitrate between conflicting proposals or to decide on the hierarchy of problems to tackle. Thus the standard was created by taking a union of the features in all proposals with no regard to their coherence. This made the specification complex, expensive to implement entirely, and often ambiguous.
432:
compiler that translates the IDL interface into the target language for use in that part of the system. A traditional compiler then compiles the generated code to create the linkable-object files for use in the application. This diagram illustrates how the generated code is used within the CORBA infrastructure:
1165:
can have its database schema change for the sake of improved disk usage or performance (or even whole-scale database vendor change), without affecting the external interfaces. At the same time, C++ legacy code can talk to C/Fortran legacy code and Java database code, and can provide data to a web interface.
845:. The object is exposed for the remote invocations, while the servant contains the methods that are actually handling the requests. The servant for each object can be chosen either statically (once) or dynamically (for each remote invocation), in both cases allowing the call forwarding to another server.
876:
Object references are lightweight objects matching the interface of the real object (remote or local). Method calls on the reference result in subsequent calls to the ORB and blocking on the thread while waiting for a reply, success or failure. The parameters, return data (if any), and exception data
885:
The CORBA Interface
Definition Language provides the language- and OS-neutral inter-object communication definition. CORBA Objects are passed by reference, while data (integers, doubles, structs, enums, etc.) are passed by value. The combination of Objects-by-reference and data-by-value provides the
810:
can be set or found "once and forever" (servant activation) or dynamically chosen each time the method on that object is invoked (servant location). Both servant locator and servant activator can forward the calls to another server. In total, this system provides a very powerful means to balance the
431:
In order to build a system that uses or implements a CORBA-based distributed object interface, a developer must either obtain or write the IDL code that defines the object-oriented interface to the logic the system will use or implement. Typically, an ORB implementation includes a tool called an IDL
423:
Some IDL mappings are more difficult to use than others. For example, due to the nature of Java, the IDL-Java mapping is rather straightforward and makes usage of CORBA very simple in a Java application. This is also true of the IDL to Python mapping. The C++ mapping requires the programmer to learn
1277:
CORBA is a comprehensive standard with many features. Few implementations attempt to implement all of the specifications, and initial implementations were incomplete or inadequate. As there were no requirements to provide a reference implementation, members were free to propose features which were
1262:
A design committee composed of a mixture of implementation vendors and customers created a diverse set of interests. This diversity made difficult a cohesive standard. Standards and interoperability increased competition and eased customers' movement between alternative implementations. This led to
1241:
are treated the same as objects residing elsewhere (different processes on the same machine, or different machines). This is a fundamental design flaw, as it makes all object access as complex as the most complex case (i.e., remote network call with a wide class of failures that are not possible in
1191:
When handling low-level connection and threading, CORBA provides a high level of detail in error conditions. This is defined in the CORBA-defined standard exception set and the implementation-specific extended exception set. Through the exceptions, the application can determine if a call failed for
1164:
in the web server and various CORBA servers containing the business logic and wrapping the database accesses. This allows the implementations of the business logic to change, while the interface changes would need to be handled as in any other technology. For example, a database wrapped by a server
1051:
Each standard CORBA exception includes a minor code to designate the subcategory of the exception. Minor exception codes are of type unsigned long and consist of a 20-bit "Vendor Minor
Codeset ID" (VMCID), which occupies the high order 20 bits, and the minor code proper which occupies the low order
305:
CORBA enables communication between software written in different languages and running on different computers. Implementation details from specific operating systems, programming languages, and hardware platforms are all removed from the responsibility of developers who use CORBA. CORBA normalizes
1055:
Minor codes for the standard exceptions are prefaced by the VMCID assigned to OMG, defined as the unsigned long constant CORBA::OMGVMCID, which has the VMCID allocated to OMG occupying the high order 20 bits. The minor exception codes associated with the standard exceptions that are found in Table
825:
is the act of associating a servant with a CORBA object so that it may service requests. Incarnation provides a concrete servant form for the virtual CORBA object. Activation and deactivation refer only to CORBA objects, while the terms incarnation and etherealization refer to servants. However,
1216:
Much of the criticism of CORBA stems from poor implementations of the standard and not deficiencies of the standard itself. Some of the failures of the standard itself were due to the process by which the CORBA specification was created and the compromises inherent in the politics and business of
1283:
Robust implementations of CORBA have been very difficult to acquire in the past, but are now much easier to find. The SUN Java SDK comes with CORBA built-in. Some poorly designed implementations have been found to be complex, slow, incompatible and incomplete. Robust commercial versions began to
826:
the lifetimes of objects and servants are independent. You always incarnate a servant before calling activate_object(), but the reverse is also possible, create_reference() activates an object without incarnating a servant, and servant incarnation is later done on demand with a
Servant Manager.
1153:
One of the main implicit benefits is that CORBA provides a neutral playing field for engineers to be able to normalize the interfaces between various new and legacy systems. When integrating C, C++, Object Pascal, Java, Fortran, Python, and any other language or OS into a single cohesive system
452:
or (to balance the load) to the other servers. The CORBA specification (and thus this figure) leaves various aspects of distributed system to the application to define including object lifetimes (although reference counting semantics are available to applications), redundancy/fail-over, memory
1135:
CORBA was designed to free engineers from limitations of coupling their designs to a particular software language. Currently there are many languages supported by various CORBA providers, the most popular being Java and C++. There are also C++11, C-only, Smalltalk, Perl, Ada, Ruby, and Python
848:
On the server side, the POAs form a tree-like structure, where each POA is responsible for one or more objects being served. The branches of this tree can be independently activated/deactivated, have the different code for the servant location or activation and the different request handling
1173:
CORBA provides flexible data typing, for example an "ANY" datatype. CORBA also enforces tightly coupled data typing, reducing human errors. In a situation where Name-Value pairs are passed around, it is conceivable that a server provides a number where a string was expected. CORBA Interface
1321:
connections as well. At one time, it was difficult even to force implementations to use a single standard port – they tended to pick multiple random ports instead. As of today, current ORBs do have these deficiencies. Due to such difficulties, some users have made increasing use of
978:
The interceptors can attach the specific information to the messages being sent and IORs being created. This information can be later read by the corresponding interceptor on the remote side. Interceptors can also throw forwarding exceptions, redirecting request to another target.
1346:
also support bidirectional GIOP, which gives CORBA the advantage of being able to use callback communication rather than the polling approach characteristic of web service implementations. Also, most modern firewalls support GIOP & IIOP and are thus CORBA-friendly
1119:" formats. The semantics of these is that they provide details of how to download a stringified IOR (or, recursively, download another URL that will eventually provide a stringified IOR). Some ORBs do deliver additional formats which are proprietary for that ORB.
443:
This figure illustrates the high-level paradigm for remote interprocess communications using CORBA. The CORBA specification further addresses data typing, exceptions, network protocols, communication timeouts, etc. For example: Normally the server side has the
1182:
Many implementations (e.g. ORBexpress (Ada, C++, and Java implementation) and OmniORB (open source C++ and Python implementation)) have options for tuning the threading and connection management features. Not all ORB implementations provide the same
1056:
3–13 on page 3-58 are or-ed with OMGVMCID to get the minor code value that is returned in the ex_body structure (see
Section 3.17.1, "Standard Exception Definitions", on page 3-52 and Section 3.17.2, "Standard Minor Exception Codes", on page 3-58).
1192:
reasons such as "Small problem, so try again", "The server is dead" or "The reference does not make sense." The general rule is: Not receiving an exception means that the method call completed successfully. This is a very powerful design feature.
945:. These are the most-used services any distributed system requires, and, by moving the implementation of these services from the software components to the component container, the complexity of the components is dramatically reduced.
922:(EJB)", it is a more general form of EJB, providing four component types instead of the two that EJB defines. It provides an abstraction of entities that can provide and accept services through well-defined named interfaces called
428:(STL). By contrast, the C++11 mapping is easier to use, but requires heavy use of the STL. Since the C language is not object-oriented, the IDL to C mapping requires a C programmer to manually emulate object-oriented features.
917:
CORBA Component Model (CCM) is an addition to the family of CORBA definitions. It was introduced with CORBA 3 and it describes a standard application framework for CORBA components. Though not dependent on "language dependent
3978:
306:
the method-call semantics between application objects residing either in the same address-space (application) or in remote address-spaces (same host, or remote host on a network). Version 1.0 was released in
October 1991.
1224:
The initial specifications of CORBA defined only the IDL, not the on-the-wire format. This meant that source-code compatibility was the best that was available for several years. With CORBA 2 and later this issue was
1144:
CORBA's design is meant to be OS-independent. CORBA is available in Java (OS-independent), as well as natively for Linux/Unix, Windows, Solaris, OS X, OpenVMS, HPUX, Android, LynxOS, VxWorks, ThreadX, INTEGRITY, and
1246:
latency and guaranteed return will be used very differently from a call with 1 s latency with possible transport failure, in which the delivery status is potentially unknown and might take 30 s to time
1127:
CORBA's benefits include language- and OS-independence, freedom from technology-linked implementations, strong data-typing, high level of tunability, and freedom from the details of distributed data transfers.
898:
define the concept of the OBV and
Valuetypes. The code inside the methods of Valuetype objects is executed locally by default. If the OBV has been received from the remote side, the needed code must be either
1271:
Through its history, CORBA has been plagued by shortcomings in poor ORB implementations. Unfortunately many of the papers criticizing CORBA as a standard are simply criticisms of a particularly bad CORBA ORB
929:
The CCM has a component container, where software components can be deployed. The container offers a set of services that the components can use. These services include (but are not limited to)
38:
1070:
The VMCID 0 and 0xfffff are reserved for experimental use. The VMCID OMGVMCID (Section 3.17.1, "Standard
Exception Definitions", on page 3-52) and 1 through 0xf are reserved for OMG use.
1242:
local calls). It also hides the inescapable differences between the two classes, making it impossible for applications to select an appropriate use strategy (that is, a call with 1
435:
3490:
286:(OMG) designed to facilitate the communication of systems that are deployed on diverse platforms. CORBA enables collaboration between systems on different operating systems,
1334:
via port 80, which is normally left open or filtered through a HTTP proxy inside the organization, for web browsing via HTTP. Recent CORBA implementations, though, support
4676:
905:
known for both sides or dynamically downloaded from the sender. To make this possible, the record, defining OBV, contains the Code Base that is a space-separated list of
3485:
290:, and computing hardware. CORBA uses an object-oriented model although the systems that use the CORBA do not have to be object-oriented. CORBA is an example of the
2990:
2368:
400:
The CORBA specification dictates there shall be an ORB through which an application would interact with other objects. This is how it is implemented in practice:
44:
4681:
1059:
Within a vendor assigned space, the assignment of values to minor codes is left to the vendor. Vendors may request allocation of VMCIDs by sending email to
3212:
297:
While briefly popular in the mid to late 1990s, CORBA's complexity, inconsistency and high licensing costs have relegated it to being a niche technology.
1784:
1565:
464:(RPC) specification, CORBA defines commonly needed services such as transactions and security, events, time, and other domain-specific interface models.
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3998:
3993:
3839:
4005:
785:
2359:
1204:
have worked on an extension to the CORBA standard that delivers compression. This extension is called ZIOP and this is now a formal OMG standard.
4538:
1746:
2900:
1296:) is not tied to any particular communications transport. A specialization of GIOP is the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol or IIOP. IIOP uses raw
453:
management, dynamic load balancing, and application-oriented models such as the separation between display/data/control semantics (e.g. see
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4691:
4607:
4408:
3931:
3314:
2905:
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2128:
1515:
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138:
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means to enforce great data typing while compiling clients and servers, yet preserve the flexibility inherent in the CORBA problem-space.
87:
4252:
3582:
3379:
1827:
857:
The following describes some of the most significant ways that CORBA can be used to facilitate communication among distributed objects.
1284:
appear but for significant cost. As good quality free implementations became available the bad commercial implementations died quickly.
1174:
Definition
Language provides the mechanism to ensure that user-code conforms to method-names, return-, parameter-types, and exceptions.
2703:
1432:
3779:
2803:
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2270:
2247:
2224:
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2182:
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2140:
2118:
2095:
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2003:
1982:
1959:
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1890:
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170:
109:
52:
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3515:
3359:
1509:
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1411:
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to mediate the most important functions of the CORBA system. The CORBA standard defines the following types of interceptors:
938:
454:
374:
1313:
connections to the outside through port 80, communication may be impossible, unless the proxy server in question allows the
1094:". The purpose of these is to provide a human readable and editable way to specify a location where an IOR can be obtained.
1009:
Internet InterORB Protocol (IIOP) – The
Internet Inter-Orb Protocol is an implementation of the GIOP for use over the
4232:
3562:
3495:
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2723:
1481:
1377:
378:
362:
310:
397:(ORBs) written for those languages. Versions of IDL have changed significantly with annotations replacing some pragmas.
1559:
1543:
1213:
While CORBA delivered much in the way code was written and software constructed, it has been the subject of criticism.
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4055:
2352:
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80:
74:
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3187:
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Corba
Location (CorbaLoc) refers to a stringified object reference for a CORBA object that looks similar to a URL.
994:
988:
326:
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interceptors mediate the creation of the new references to the remote objects, presented by the current server.
906:
866:
769:
330:
837:(POA) is the CORBA object responsible for splitting the server side remote invocation handler into the remote
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1002:
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Illustration of the autogeneration of the infrastructure code from an interface defined using the CORBA IDL
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1503:
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1233:
CORBA's notion of location transparency has been criticized; that is, that objects residing in the same
998:
919:
461:
394:
1681:
967:
Client interceptors usually mediate the remote method calls on the client (caller) side. If the object
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3901:
3339:
3142:
3015:
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1335:
1021:
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load, distributing requests between several machines. In the object-oriented languages, both remote
756:
Note that IDL changes have progressed with annotations (e.g. @unit, @topic) replacing some pragmas.
4443:
4182:
1750:
1254:
930:
1451:(Cross Platform Component Object Model) – developed by Mozilla for applications based on it (e.g.
4388:
4323:
2663:
1841:
1538:
1314:
974:
Server interceptors mediate the handling of the remote method calls on the server (handler) side.
870:
409:
291:
313:(IDL) to specify the interfaces that objects present to the outer world. CORBA then specifies a
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1306:
1703:
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798:, or the same servant can support several (possibly all) objects, associated with the given
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449:
279:
1602:
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exists on the same server where the method is invoked, they also mediate the local calls.
1573:
opensource automatic interfaces bindings generator from many languages to many languages
1518:(SCA) – components for embedded systems, cross-language, cross-transport, cross-platform
1200:
CORBA marshals its data in a binary form and supports compression. IONA, Remedy IT, and
772:. In the newer CORBA versions, the remote object (on the server side) is split into the
4686:
3849:
3597:
3409:
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3262:
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1971:
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1238:
1234:
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1845:
1042:
Zipped IOP (ZIOP) – A zipped version of GIOP that reduces the bandwidth usage.
877:
are marshaled internally by the ORB according to the local language and OS mapping.
4498:
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Hartman, Bret; Beznosov, hartman; Vinoski, Steve; Flinn, Donald (20 April 2001).
1948:
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1001:(ORBs) communicate. Standards associated with the protocol are maintained by the
909:
whence this code should be downloaded. The OBV can also have the remote methods.
4473:
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4165:
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2633:
2069:
Enterprise Application Integration with CORBA: Component and Web-Based Solutions
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2027:
1201:
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412:, object (and reference) instantiation policies, and object lifetime policies.
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1005:(OMG). The GIOP architecture provides several concrete protocols, including:
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1074:
The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification (CORBA 2.3)
370:
1414:– deprecated KDE interprocess and software componentry communication system
1338:
and can be easily configured to work on a single port. Some ORBS, such as
1253:
The creation of the CORBA standard is also often cited for its process of
1064:. A list of currently assigned VMCIDs can be found on the OMG website at:
4267:
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3749:
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3404:
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2009:
1493:
1010:
954:
895:
16:
Standard to facilitate communication between systems on diverse platforms
338:
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4333:
4130:
4120:
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1498:
460:
In addition to providing users with a language and a platform-neutral
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2449:
1297:
1772:
Waldo, Jim; Geoff Wyant; Ann Wollrath; Sam Kendall (November 1994).
3906:
2317:
819:
are objects from the viewpoint of the object-oriented programming.
334:
318:
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4150:
4035:
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1448:
1399:
1393:
1318:
1243:
1217:
writing a common standard sourced by many competing implementors.
342:
2332:
2109:
The Essential Corba: System Integration Using Distributed Objects
1717:
1435:(Distributed COM) – extension making COM able to work in networks
4100:
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3956:
3622:
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3167:
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1992:
Korthaus, Axel; Schader, Martin; Aleksy, Markus (22 June 2005).
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1331:
1310:
1036:
382:
354:
2341:
2312:
2150:
Brose, Gerald; Vogel, Andreas; Duddy, Keith (25 January 2001).
1035:
HyperText InterORB Protocol (HTIOP) – HTIOP is IIOP over
4587:
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3329:
1470:
1417:
1408:
1327:
404:
The application initializes the ORB, and accesses an internal
386:
121:
59:
18:
1102:
corbaloc::160.45.110.41:38693/StandardNS/NameServer-POA/_root
768:
is the invocation target containing methods for handling the
472:
This table presents the history of CORBA standard versions.
434:
1020:
SSL InterORB Protocol (SSLIOP) – SSLIOP is IIOP over
1429:(COM) – Microsoft Windows-only cross-language object model
873:(DNS)), or passed-in as a method parameter during a call.
1591:
https://cacm.acm.org/practice/the-rise-and-fall-of-corba/
1396:– current open cross-language cross-platform object model
953:
Portable interceptors are the "hooks", used by CORBA and
865:
This reference is either acquired through a stringified
415:
The Object Adapter is used to register instances of the
2169:
Schettino, John; Hohman, Robin S.; O'Hara, Liz (1998).
1305:
If the client is behind a very restrictive firewall or
1086:
All CORBA products must support two OMG-defined URLs: "
1013:, and provides a mapping between GIOP messages and the
145:
1995:
Implementing Distributed Systems with Java and CORBA
317:
from IDL to a specific implementation language like
259:
4570:
4296:
3448:
2397:
2257:Orfali, Robert; Harkey, Dan; Edwards, Jeri (1997).
1946:Slama, Dirk; Garbis, Jason; Russell, Perry (1999).
1900:Orfali, Robert; Harkey, Dan; Edwards, Jeri (1996).
254:
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1901:
1465:SOM and DSOM – component systems from IBM used in
635:Second major update of the standard, also dubbed
2234:Mowbray, Thomas J.; Malveau, Raphael C. (1997).
1904:The Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide
539:First major update of the standard, also dubbed
1740:
1738:
448:(POA) that redirects calls either to the local
1405:– deprecated GNOME cross-language object model
2353:
1927:Client/Server Programming with JAVA and CORBA
8:
1107:A CORBA product may optionally support the "
185:
1807:
1805:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2360:
2346:
2338:
1882:The Essential Client/Server Survival Guide
1566:Comparison of application virtual machines
1445:cross-language cross-platform object model
1326:instead of CORBA. These communicate using
1066:http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?vendor-tags
184:
4677:Common Object Request Broker Architecture
2328:Corba: Gone But (Hopefully) Not Forgotten
1835:
894:Apart from remote objects, the CORBA and
272:Common Object Request Broker Architecture
186:Common Object Request Broker Architecture
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2105:Mowbray, Thomas J.; Zahavi, Ron (1995).
1221:Initial implementation incompatibilities
1039:, providing transparent proxy bypassing.
706:Adopted as 2012 edition of ISO/IEC 19500
474:
73:This article includes a list of general
1969:Henning, Michi; Vinoski, Steve (1999).
1704:"ORBexpress : Real-time CORBA ORB"
1583:
1136:implementations, just to mention a few.
1097:An example of corbaloc is shown below:
777:(that is exposed to remote invocations)
2323:Comparing IDL to C++ with IDL to C++11
2133:Integrating CORBA and COM Applications
2088:Enterprise Security with EJB and CORBA
2050:CORBA 3 - Fundamentals and Programming
1300:connections in order to transmit data.
869:(URL), NameService lookup (similar to
2318:Unofficial CORBA Component Model page
1385:Component-based software technologies
7:
4682:Component-based software engineering
1923:Orfali, Robert; Harkey, Dan (1998).
1790:from the original on 10 October 2022
1516:Software Communications Architecture
1363:Component-based software engineering
1309:server environment that only allows
2131:; Curtis, David (13 October 1998).
1973:Advanced CORBA Programming with C++
1828:Association for Computing Machinery
2313:Official OMG CORBA Components page
1749:. davidchappel.com. Archived from
1188:Freedom from data-transfer details
373:. Non-standard mappings exist for
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1774:"A Note on Distributed Computing"
1554:Application programming interface
1488:Java Platform, Enterprise Edition
997:is an abstract protocol by which
148:and remove advice or instruction.
34:This article has multiple issues.
4651:
4650:
1510:Windows Communication Foundation
983:General InterORB Protocol (GIOP)
126:
64:
23:
2196:Teach Yourself CORBA in 14 Days
2192:Rosenberger, Jeremy L. (1998).
1812:Henning, Michi (30 June 2006).
1718:"omniORB : Free CORBA ORB"
1250:Design and process deficiencies
1047:VMCID (Vendor Minor Codeset ID)
424:datatypes that predate the C++
42:or discuss these issues on the
2287:The Object Technology Casebook
1476:Internet Communications Engine
1439:Common Language Infrastructure
408:, which maintains things like
325:. Standard mappings exist for
1:
2283:; Morrissey, William (1996).
2048:Siegel, Jon (27 April 2000).
1482:Java remote method invocation
1378:Service-oriented architecture
1268:Problems with implementations
1237:and accessible with a simple
1156:For example, the design of a
512:Interoperability, C++ mapping
311:interface definition language
1814:"The Rise and Fall of CORBA"
1781:Sun Microsystem Laboratories
1560:Application binary interface
1544:Dynamic Invocation Interface
4702:Object-oriented programming
4692:Inter-process communication
2152:Java Programming with CORBA
1745:Chappel, David (May 1998).
1678:"The CORBA Component Model"
913:CORBA Component Model (CCM)
640:CORBA Component Model (CCM)
212:; 33 years ago
4718:
2215:Siegel, Jon (7 May 2001).
1534:Foreign function interface
989:General Inter-ORB Protocol
986:
784:(to which the former part
232:; 3 years ago
4646:
2379:
2291:. John Wiley & Sons.
2265:. John Wiley & Sons.
2242:. John Wiley & Sons.
2219:. John Wiley & Sons.
2154:. John Wiley & Sons.
2135:. John Wiley & Sons.
2113:. John Wiley & Sons.
2090:. John Wiley & Sons.
2071:. John Wiley & Sons.
2052:. John Wiley & Sons.
1931:. John Wiley & Sons.
1908:. John Wiley & Sons.
1885:. John Wiley & Sons.
1453:Mozilla Application Suite
1423:– KDE component framework
1150:Freedom from technologies
1079:Corba Location (CorbaLoc)
770:remote method invocations
483:
480:
426:Standard Template Library
867:Uniform Resource Locator
498:First version, C mapping
486:
477:
2025:Bolton, Fintan (2001).
1879:Orfali, Robert (1996).
1837:10.1145/1142031.1142044
1657:Object Management Group
1653:"OMG IDL Corba Version"
1632:Object Management Group
1607:Object Management Group
1463:IBM System Object Model
1292:CORBA (more precisely,
1003:Object Management Group
833:Portable Object Adapter
800:Portable Object Adapter
446:Portable Object Adapter
284:Object Management Group
249:Object Management Group
94:more precise citations.
1427:Component Object Model
1209:Problems and criticism
1158:multitier architecture
999:Object request brokers
943:transaction processing
890:Objects By Value (OBV)
440:
417:generated code classes
395:object request brokers
2333:OMG XMI Specification
2238:CORBA Design Patterns
1504:Remote procedure call
1368:Distributed computing
1230:Location transparency
1160:is made simple using
1132:Language independence
949:Portable interceptors
920:Enterprise Java Beans
462:remote procedure call
455:Model–view–controller
438:
288:programming languages
2067:Zahavi, Ron (2000).
1747:"Trouble with CORBA"
1357:Software engineering
861:Objects By Reference
146:rewrite this article
2200:. Sams Publishing.
2033:. Sams Publishing.
1255:design by committee
187:
2373:by standard number
2012:on 31 October 2005
1977:. Addison-Wesley.
1753:on 3 December 2012
1684:. 1 September 2004
1682:Dr. Dobb's Journal
1628:"History of CORBA"
1603:"History of CORBA"
1539:Calling convention
871:Domain Name System
487:Corba IDL Version
441:
410:reference counting
292:distributed object
230:February 2021
4664:
4663:
2387:ISO romanizations
2173:CORBA For Dummies
1954:. Prentice Hall.
1870:. Specification.
1523:Language bindings
1307:transparent proxy
788:the method calls)
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252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
226:
225:Latest version
222:
221:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
179:
178:
161:
160:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4714:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:ISO standards
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
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4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
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4450:
4447:
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4437:
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4430:
4427:
4425:
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4417:
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4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
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4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
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4196:
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4181:
4179:
4176:
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4159:
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4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
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4102:
4099:
4097:
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4079:
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4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
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4052:
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4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
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3915:
3913:
3910:
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3905:
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3900:
3898:
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3893:
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3808:
3806:
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3801:
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3728:
3724:
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3716:
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3711:
3709:
3706:
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3701:
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3674:
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3659:
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3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
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3631:
3629:
3626:
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3621:
3619:
3616:
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3611:
3609:
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3571:
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3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
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3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:IEC standards
2388:
2384:
2383:ISO standards
2378:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2298:0-471-14717-6
2294:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2272:0-471-18333-4
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:Instant CORBA
2255:
2251:
2249:0-471-15882-8
2245:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2226:0-471-38935-8
2222:
2218:
2217:Quick CORBA 3
2213:
2209:
2207:0-672-31208-5
2203:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2184:0-7645-0308-1
2180:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2161:0-471-37681-7
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2142:0-471-19827-7
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:0-471-10611-9
2116:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2097:0-471-40131-5
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2078:0-471-32720-4
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2059:0-471-29518-3
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2040:0-672-31812-1
2036:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2011:
2007:
2005:3-540-24173-6
2001:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1984:0-201-37927-9
1980:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1961:0-13-083963-9
1957:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1938:0-471-24578-X
1934:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1915:0-471-12993-3
1911:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1892:0-471-15325-7
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Name mangling
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1239:function call
1236:
1235:address space
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:Java Servlets
1159:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
982:
980:
973:
970:
966:
963:
960:
959:
958:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
912:
910:
908:
904:
903:
897:
889:
887:
881:Data By Value
880:
878:
874:
872:
868:
860:
858:
852:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
827:
824:
820:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
759:
757:
749:
746:
744:February 2021
743:
740:
739:
735:
732:
730:November 2012
729:
726:
725:
721:
719:
717:November 2011
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
694:
692:
689:
686:
685:
681:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
664:December 2002
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:
651:November 2002
650:
647:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
619:December 2001
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
566:February 1998
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
523:December 1993
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
509:February 1992
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
481:Version Date
476:
473:
467:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
447:
437:
433:
429:
427:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
402:
401:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Object Pascal
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
300:
298:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
227:
223:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
175:
172:
157:
147:
142:
140:
135:This article
133:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:February 2009
93:
89:
83:
82:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4509:27000 series
4207:
2286:
2281:Harmon, Paul
2260:
2237:
2216:
2195:
2172:
2151:
2132:
2108:
2087:
2068:
2049:
2028:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
1998:. Springer.
1994:
1972:
1949:
1926:
1903:
1881:
1867:
1823:
1817:
1792:. Retrieved
1780:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1597:
1586:
1324:web services
1315:HTTP CONNECT
1215:
1212:
1126:
1106:
1096:
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569:Java mapping
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495:October 1991
471:
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430:
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314:
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207:Year started
191:Abbreviation
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144:Please help
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97:
78:
50:
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37:
36:Please help
33:
4297:20000–29999
3449:10000–19999
1197:Compression
1170:Data-typing
939:persistence
823:Incarnation
794:per remote
747:Annotations
703:August 2011
593:August 2000
553:August 1997
536:August 1996
484:Highlights
92:introducing
4671:Categories
4076:16949 (TS)
3673:11941 (TR)
2371:standards
2029:Pure Corba
1794:4 November
1662:4 December
1578:References
1484:(Java RMI)
1441:– Current
1347:firewalls.
1317:method or
1202:Telefónica
1092:corbaname:
1026:encryption
849:policies.
677:March 2004
294:paradigm.
154:April 2023
75:references
39:improve it
4031:15926 WIP
3395:9592/9593
3320:9000/9001
3208:8805/8806
1830:: 28–34.
1819:ACM Queue
1727:9 January
1490:(Java EE)
1457:SeaMonkey
1289:Firewalls
1225:resolved.
1183:features.
1088:corbaloc:
1052:12 bits.
806:for each
632:July 2002
580:June 1999
371:Smalltalk
202:Published
45:talk page
4656:Category
2381:List of
1846:12103742
1785:Archived
1757:15 March
1688:13 March
1612:12 March
1494:JavaBean
1352:See also
1123:Benefits
1011:Internet
955:RMI-IIOP
902:a priori
896:RMI-IIOP
853:Features
841:and its
815:and its
786:forwards
760:Servants
478:Version
457:), etc.
450:servants
301:Overview
280:standard
4557:29199-2
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4424:23094-1
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4283:19794-5
4278:19775-1
4066:16612-2
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3745:13406-2
3703:12234-2
3471:10118-3
2016:23 June
1868:Current
1864:"CORBA"
1499:OpenAIR
1145:others.
1115:" and "
1090:" and "
969:Servant
843:servant
817:servant
804:servant
792:servant
781:servant
766:servant
637:CORBA 3
541:CORBA 2
315:mapping
278:) is a
255:Website
237:2021-02
235: (
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88:improve
4571:30000+
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1298:TCP/IP
1017:layer.
1015:TCP/IP
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813:object
808:object
802:. The
796:object
774:object
379:Erlang
363:Python
199:Status
77:, but
4687:GNOME
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4633:56000
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4618:45001
4613:42010
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