51:
31:
492:, made from thin twigs and roots, coarse leaves and mosses, is some 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) high and nearly 10 cm (3.9 in) wide. The nest cup, lined with fine leaves and fibers, is almost 5 cm (2.0 in) wide and deep. The nest may be placed over 20 m (66 ft) up in a tree, but usually is located 15 m (49 ft) high or less; in most populations nests are occasionally built less than 1 m (3.3 ft) above and sometimes even right on the ground.
228:
106:
81:
1136:. It is not known exactly how these birds relate to the taxa higher up in the Andes; they are generally little-studied. They have a tendency to build their nests uncharacteristically high up in trees; for this reason, it is unknown whether one-egg clutches are as commonly seen in this population as they seem to occur in the
594:
in the
Mexican populations alone. These were subsequently confirmed by morphological comparisons. A formal splitting-up of this species into several seems to be the eventual outcome, pending data from the populations south of Mexico. In addition, it would be interesting to determine whether there are
956:
Meanwhile, ecological data shows some interesting differences between southern populations too. Several subspecies appear to be well distinct, and there is much evidence suggesting they are distinct species. These birds are generally duskier and more indistinctly marked on the head than the northern
487:
There is apparently no dedicated nesting season at least in the hottest parts of its range, but in general it seems that the common chlorospingus prefers to breed mainly between
October and May. These birds hide their nest below vegetation on a bank or slope, in a hollow or tree trunk, amongst
511:
spots mainly on the blunt end. They are about 20 mm (0.79 in) long and weigh about 2.4 g (0.085 oz) on average, though eggs in one-egg clutches of Andean birds may measure almost 24 mm (0.94 in) in length and normally weigh around 3 g (0.11 oz), but
326:
and a white spot behind the eye and a light throat. The upperparts are olive and the underparts yellow, becoming white on the belly. Coloration, especially of the cheeks, throat and eye region, is very variable across the wide range, giving weight to the theory that these birds form a
1638:
1048:
being of unclear assignment as to subspecies group. If there is little intergradation in this region, the case for the southern Andean populations being a distinct species is rather robust. In fact, they have time and again been treated as a good species
1060:
group contains larger birds which lack a pronounced brown tinge on the crown; many members have this area purely gray to blackish. The white throat is almost devoid of spotting, and there is no white ear spot. This group includes taxa such as
611:
These populations are characterized by a crown which is more brownish than gray, and in some even a pure hue of more or less reddish brown. The head markings are usually conspicuous and contrasting. Their song is a high thin
512:
occasionally more than 3.5 g (0.12 oz) . The female incubates for much of the day, while both parents provide the young with food. As the nestlings near fledging, they are fed every 15 minutes or so on average.
886:
Crown olive. Throat almost white, speckled and with indistinct "whiskers". Breast-band chartreuse yellow shading to olive green. Ear region dark. Eyestreak thick. Conspicuous incomplete white spectacles. Forehead spots
595:
geographical variations in the song that would further strengthen the case for species status of the taxa. The morphological variation, though recognizable, is rather inconspicuous and probably more the consequence of
919:
Crown olive. Throat whitish-gray, speckled and with indistinct "whiskers". Breast-band yellow to chartreuse yellow. Ear region dark. Eyestreak thin. Thin but distinct incomplete white spectacles. White forehead spots
1515:(2004) is very thorough and considers many lines of evidence, all indicating that these dates are indeed rather close approximations. It is possible, these authors point out, that there is an extremely "fast" ATP8
984:
are included here. They might be most closely related to those around the
Isthmus of Panama, or constitute a group distinct from the Central American forms. An undetermined and possibly new subspecies is found in
1140:
group. It does not seem to like nesting less than 10 m (33 ft) above the ground, but considering the high rate of failed nesting attempts (more than 35% abandoned nests in one study in
1335:
GarcĂa-Moreno, Jaime; Navarro-SigĂĽenza, Adolfo G.; Peterson, A. Townsend; Sánchez-González, Luis A. (2004). "Genetic variation coincides with geographic structure in the common bush-tanager (
1576:
Weir, J. T.; Bermingham, E.; Miller, M. J.; Klicka, J.; González, M.A. (2008). "Phylogeography of a morphologically diverse
Neotropical montane species, the Common Bush-Tanager (
503:
group one-egg clutches might be frequent or even the norm. This species is regularly double-brooded at least in part of its range. The eggs are off-white and marked with larger
1232:
545:. Hence, as a common name "chlorospinguses" would arguably better than that the widely used "bush tanagers", as the former is equally well suited to either placement.
1284:
1493:
789:. Throat almost white, speckled, no "whiskers". Breast-band yellow. Ear region whitish. Eyestreak thin, broader behind eye but no spectacles. Forehead unspotted.
1865:
1970:
1945:
1980:
1985:
1113:, have an even more complex dawn song, in which the middle part is replaced by a first trill at constant volume, breaking up into a few shorter trills
1800:
1839:
568:
were considered distinct, but they were eventually all lumped together. More recent results suggest that the common chlorospingus is actually a
1511:
These dates are uncorroborated by material (fossil) evidence and hence only somewhat rough estimates. However, the discussion by GarcĂa-Moreno
1231:
Cadena, Carlos Daniel; CĂłrdoba-CĂłrdoba, Sergio; Londoño, Gustavo A.; CalderĂłn-Franco, Diego; Martin, Thomas E.; Baptiste, MarĂa Piedad (2007).
1566:
1341:
1960:
322:
The adult is 13.5 cm (5.3 in) long and weighs 20 g (0.71 oz) on average. They have a brown head with a (usually) thin
499:
is two eggs in most of the range. The northernmost populations, however, sometimes produce clutches of three eggs, while in the southern
50:
30:
1813:
1259:
1955:
1017:-white speckled throat, and – like the birds further north – a white ear region. Their dawn song consists of a monotonous series of
668:
changes and, less frequently, accidental dispersal (such as to the Sierra de los
Tuxtlas and, earlier, to Mesoamerica in general).
1965:
1548:. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club: Number 7. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club. pp. 167–178.
961:
1844:
1308:
1283:
Losada-Prado, Sergio; González-Prieto, Ana MarĂa; Carvajal-Lozano, AngĂ©lica MarĂa; Molina-Martinez, Yair
Guillermo (2005).
1990:
1818:
1706:
1975:
1428:"Genetic variation and differentiation in Mexican populations of Common Bush-tanagers and Chestnut-capped Brush Finches"
763:
105:
217:
1751:
1523:
so high as to be quite unlikely indeed considering the data from other passerine birds with comparable life histories.
438:
1390:
Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), with descriptions of 18 new species"
1870:
1644:
1287:[Endemic and threatened species recorded in the Rìo Coello watershed (Tolima) during rapid surveys in 2003]
1285:"Especies endĂ©micas y amenazadas registradas en la cuenca del RĂo Coello (Tolima) durante estudios rápidos en 2003"
624:
350:
331:. Immatures are browner above, darker below, and have a duller olive eye spot. Hatchlings are covered in dark gray
1427:
1625:
369:
973:
944:
warrants thorough study, as these three taxa appear to be rather intermediate between the main northern and the
1878:
1630:
849:. Ear region dark. Eyestreak thin, merging into incomplete white spectacles and hence shaped like a horizontal
990:
1483:
Sánchez-González, Luis A.; Navarro-SigĂĽenza, Adolfo G.; Peterson, A. Townsend; GarcĂa-Moreno, Jaime (2007).
1033:
1013:; it seems to be the most southerly representative of this group. These birds have a grayish-brown crown, a
969:
831:
806:
755:
297:
1883:
1950:
1738:
1668:
1129:
643:
640:
468:
1756:
910:
691:
636:
200:
1188:
1787:
1720:
1589:
1350:
1141:
1029:
1006:
1002:
819:
549:
365:
70:
1148:
or other reasons for brood failure does not seem to be a very good explanation for this behavior.
759:
1462:
998:
707:
649:
Notably, the divergence between the northern clades seems to have occurred far too early for the
235:
100:
729:. Ear region dark. Eyestreak thin. Thin, incomplete white spectacles. Forehead spots indistinct.
695:
227:
1101:
s and often accelerating further but descending in pitch again to fade out in a churring trill
1904:
1857:
1605:
1562:
1366:
1300:
1251:
1117:
before ending with the fading lower trill. These populations also tend to give long series of
726:
628:
620:
167:
1909:
627:, by island-hopping across the emerging mountain ranges that now make up the isthmus, some 6
1597:
1554:
1537:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1406:
1358:
1183:
846:
665:
528:
389:
1922:
1743:
1891:
1516:
477:
405:
1165:
376:
they are common found at altitudes of 2,000–3,500 m (6,600–11,500 ft) ASL. Its
1593:
1354:
1385:
508:
980:, a group of subspecies occurs that resembles the northerly birds; subspecies such as
725:. Throat whitish-gray, speckled and with indistinct "whiskers". Breast-band yellow to
1939:
1852:
1174:
1014:
945:
802:
786:
722:
600:
596:
557:
536:
496:
464:
310:
177:
90:
85:
1541:
1484:
660:
in and was always confined to montane cloud forest. Given its sedentary habits, the
308:. Some populations in fact appear to be more distinct than several other members of
1650:
1426:
Peterson, A. Townsend; Escalante P., Patricia; Navarro-SigĂĽenza, Adolfo G. (1992).
842:
742:
664:
seems to be a result of a combination of habitat expanding and constricting due to
587:
569:
381:
332:
328:
1766:
635:
are the southernmost
Mesoamerican group, as is to be expected. Some 5.5 mya, the
1826:
1700:
1601:
1362:
650:
632:
461:
437:
The common chlorospingus is usually encountered in small groups or as part of a
431:
413:
401:
385:
358:
323:
1691:
364:
This bird is typically found from 400 to 2,300 m (1,300 to 7,500 ft)
1917:
1411:
986:
930:
703:
656:
to have played a major part. Rather, it appears that the common chlorospingus
541:
532:
480:
to date. The
Venezuelan population of the common chlorospingus would, if this
397:
393:
301:
42:
1304:
1255:
1133:
977:
880:
875:
Found in the mountains of north
Chiapas and easternmost Oaxaca, west to the
838:
771:
661:
657:
531:, Thraupidae. More recent research suggests that they are actually aberrant
473:
426:
409:
289:
274:
157:
117:
1730:
1609:
1370:
388:
and adjacent bushy clearings – is dominated by trees and shrubs from such
1896:
1685:
1657:
1520:
1145:
1010:
965:
914:
876:
823:
576:
489:
417:
137:
1805:
1715:
1466:
1397:
1074:
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711:
653:
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421:
377:
373:
305:
285:
1831:
1457:
938:
699:
583:
500:
454:
446:
442:
281:
127:
62:
1779:
1662:
1448:
579:
data found pronounced divergences between the northern populations.
1774:
850:
591:
580:
481:
450:
1792:
1082:
561:
504:
277:
147:
1666:
1036:
and
Santander departments, a complex situation exists, with
845:
with conspicuous "whiskers" and speckled sides. Breast-band
631:(mya). The direct descendants of the original colonizers of
1478:
1476:
280:. It is a resident breeder in the highlands from central
774:. If considered a separate species, includes subspecies
1233:"Nesting and singing behavior of Common Bush-tanagers (
948:
groups, with whitish ears but a fairly brownish crown.
1330:
1328:
770:
slope of the Central American mountains, probably to
304:
recognized in recent times are likely to be distinct
1561:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. pp. 439–440.
1028:
Between Norte de Santander and the border region of
639:
population originated. The other groups west of the
1675:
826:and Oaxaca. May contain several subspecies such as
441:, and is rather sedentary. This passerine feeds on
1189:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22722162A138464447.en
476:specimen of this bird; it is not known from other
1647:at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
1546:Life Histories of Central American Highland Birds
1226:
883:and probably the western Sierra Madre de Chiapas.
1519:in this taxon, but this would require a rate of
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
484:is split up, be assigned to a distinct species.
1819:common-bush-tanager-chlorospingus-ophthalmicus
1384:Price, Roger D.; Dagleish, Robert C. (2006).
346:. Songs vary widely between the populations.
8:
1494:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1663:
1093:. Their dawn song consists of a series of
646:rather synchronously between 3 and 4 mya.
226:
79:
49:
29:
20:
1456:
1410:
1187:
738:Chlorospingus (ophthalmicus) postocularis
677:Chlorospingus (ophthalmicus) ophthalmicus
614:whichis whichis witchery tsee tseep seeur
1124:In the far south of the species' range,
623:originated before the final bout of the
619:It appears as if the group north of the
1489:in Mexico and northern Central America"
1156:
357:) has a blacker head with a bold white
1097:notes, accelerating to higher-pitched
798:Chlorospingus (ophthalmicus) albifrons
488:epiphytes, or up in a tree. The bulky
1582:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1342:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
927:Chlorospingus ophthalmicus regionalis
896:Chlorospingus (ophthalmicus) wetmorei
714:) is unknown, but these are probably
59:Chlorospingus flavopectus punctulatus
7:
1645:Common chlorospingus species account
862:Chlorospingus (ophthalmicus) dwighti
39:Chlorospingus flavopectus regionalis
1971:Birds of the Southern Andean Yungas
1946:IUCN Red List least concern species
1175:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1069:from central to southern Colombia,
603:than a cause for their separation.
248:
1981:Birds of the Sierra Madre Oriental
1559:A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica
853:. Forehead with round white spots.
706:. The status of birds from around
560:for many decades. Initially, many
296:in the loose sense is a notorious
14:
1986:Birds of the Sierra Madre del Sur
1639:Common bush-tanager photo gallery
548:The wide range and considerable
104:
1164:BirdLife International (2020).
754:Found in the extreme southeast
671:The five northern clades are:
335:and have bright yellow bills.
300:, and several of the up to 25
1:
989:in Venezuela, for example in
796:White-fronted chlorospingus,
1641:at VIREO (Drexel University)
736:Dusky-headed chlorospingus,
675:Brown-headed chlorospingus,
1961:Birds of the Northern Andes
1626:"Common bush-tanager media"
1602:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.004
1363:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.007
1121:calls between their songs.
766:) and southwards along the
681:(Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847)
439:mixed-species feeding flock
2007:
1653:Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
1578:Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
1487:Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
1337:Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
1295:(in Spanish and English).
1235:Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
933:. Its relationship to the
625:Great American Interchange
539:and particularly close to
351:sooty-capped chlorospingus
244:Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
1923:Chlorospingus-flavopectus
1707:Chlorospingus flavopectus
1677:Chlorospingus flavopectus
1651:Interactive range map of
1412:10.11646/zootaxa.1174.1.1
1182:: e.T22722162A138464447.
1168:Chlorospingus flavopectus
900:Lowery & Newman, 1949
894:Wetmore's chlorospingus,
564:presently united in this
520:Traditionally, the genus
361:rather than an eye spot.
266:Chlorospingus flavopectus
241:
234:
225:
210:Chlorospingus flavopectus
206:
199:
101:Scientific classification
99:
77:
68:
57:
48:
37:
28:
23:
1956:Birds of Central America
1631:Internet Bird Collection
1339:) complex from Mexico".
860:Dwight's chlorospingus,
516:Systematics and taxonomy
1966:Birds described in 1840
756:Sierra Madre de Chiapas
575:A preliminary study of
556:has been a problem for
552:variation displayed by
318:Description and ecology
298:cryptic species complex
269:), also referred to as
1293:OrnitologĂa Colombiana
1244:OrnitologĂa Colombiana
702:. May contain several
641:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
616:with many variations.
590:data found five major
338:The call is a squeaky
1542:"Common bush-tanager"
1115:trrrrrrrr tr tr tr...
1087:C. o. cinereocephalus
991:YacambĂş National Park
968:, extending into the
911:Sierra de los Tuxtlas
692:Sierra Madre Oriental
637:Sierra de los Tuxtlas
472:was described from a
24:Common chlorospingus
1991:Fauna of Los Tuxtlas
1555:Skutch, Alexander F.
1538:Skutch, Alexander F.
1142:El Rey National Park
970:Cordillera de MĂ©rida
960:In the north of the
832:Sierra de Miahuatlán
820:Sierra Madre del Sur
599:in freshly isolated
524:was placed with the
469:Myrsidea ophthalmici
261:common chlorospingus
1976:Birds of the Yungas
1594:2008MolPE..47..650W
1355:2004MolPE..33..186G
1237:) in South America"
1107:C. o. phaeocephalus
1071:C. o. phaeocephalus
982:C. o. venezuelensis
974:SerranĂa del Perijá
962:Cordillera Oriental
762:; probably west to
271:common bush tanager
192:C. flavopectus
71:Conservation status
1658:IUCN Red List maps
999:Norte de Santander
698:south to northern
694:, from south-east
1933:
1932:
1905:Open Tree of Life
1669:Taxon identifiers
1568:978-0-8014-9600-4
1553:Stiles, F. Gary;
1063:C. o. flavopectus
901:
867:
810:
746:
727:chartreuse yellow
682:
629:million years ago
621:Isthmus of Panama
257:
256:
252:
94:
1998:
1926:
1925:
1913:
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1721:5F80B24D527A729F
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1414:
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1381:
1375:
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1332:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1307:. Archived from
1290:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1258:. Archived from
1241:
1228:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1161:
1132:of northwestern
1128:is found in the
1126:C. o. argentatus
1091:C. o. hiaticolus
1079:C. o. peruvianus
899:
865:
847:tangerine yellow
801:
741:
680:
666:Pliocene climate
246:
230:
212:
109:
108:
88:
83:
82:
53:
33:
21:
2006:
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1892:Observation.org
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1536:
1532:
1530:Further reading
1527:
1517:molecular clock
1510:
1506:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1449:10.2307/1368813
1430:
1425:
1424:
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1392:
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1326:
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1266:
1262:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1111:C. o. nigriceps
1067:C. o. nigriceps
1009:departments in
954:
866:Underdown, 1931
841:. Throat light
696:San Luis PotosĂ
609:
554:C. ophthalmicus
518:
406:Melastomataceae
320:
221:
214:
208:
195:
103:
95:
84:
80:
73:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
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2002:
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1620:
1619:External links
1617:
1615:
1614:
1588:(2): 650–664.
1573:
1567:
1550:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1504:
1472:
1443:(1): 244–253.
1418:
1376:
1349:(1): 186–196.
1324:
1275:
1202:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1051:C. flavopectus
1042:C. o. exitelus
995:C. o. jacqueti
953:
952:Southern group
950:
946:South American
942:C. o. novicius
937:group and the
924:
923:
922:
921:
917:
904:
903:
891:
890:
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783:
780:schistaceiceps
749:
748:
733:
732:
731:
730:
719:
685:
684:
608:
607:Northern group
605:
601:subpopulations
558:ornithologists
517:
514:
370:Middle America
319:
316:
294:C. flavopectus
288:and northwest
255:
254:
239:
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197:
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97:
96:
78:
75:
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69:
66:
65:
55:
54:
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45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Chlorospingus
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
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1518:
1514:
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1505:
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1496:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1485:"Taxonomy of
1479:
1477:
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1468:
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1454:
1450:
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1442:
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1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1331:
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1325:
1314:on 2014-07-27
1310:
1306:
1302:
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1294:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1265:on 2014-07-27
1261:
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1104:
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1080:
1076:
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1059:
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1038:C. o. eminens
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1024:
1020:
1016:
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1001:and possibly
1000:
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958:
957:populations.
951:
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909:Found in the
908:
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893:
892:
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863:
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836:
833:
829:
825:
822:mountains in
821:
818:Found in the
817:
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815:
814:
808:
804:
799:
795:
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788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:Volcán Tacaná
757:
753:
752:
751:
750:
744:
739:
735:
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724:
720:
717:
713:
710:(westernmost
709:
705:
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693:
690:Found in the
689:
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597:genetic drift
593:
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582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:morphological
546:
544:
543:
538:
537:Passerellidae
534:
533:brush finches
530:
527:
523:
522:Chlorospingus
515:
513:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:
466:
465:chewing louse
463:
458:
456:
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444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:cloud forests
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
333:down feathers
330:
325:
317:
315:
313:
312:
311:Chlorospingus
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
273:, is a small
272:
268:
267:
262:
253:
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237:
233:
229:
224:
219:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
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188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:Chlorospingus
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:Passerellidae
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:Passeriformes
156:
153:
152:
149:
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133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
98:
92:
87:
86:Least Concern
76:
72:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1676:
1652:
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1581:
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1492:
1486:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1379:
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1340:
1336:
1316:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1296:
1292:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1247:
1243:
1234:
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1179:
1173:
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1159:
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1137:
1125:
1123:
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1110:
1106:
1103:trrrrrrrr...
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1046:C. o. trudis
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:Cundinamarca
1027:
1022:
1018:
994:
981:
959:
955:
941:
935:postocularis
934:
929:is found in
926:
925:
895:
861:
827:
797:
779:
775:
737:
715:
676:
670:
648:
618:
613:
610:
574:
570:superspecies
553:
547:
540:
521:
519:
507:and smaller
494:
486:
467:
459:
436:
425:
363:
354:
349:The related
348:
343:
339:
337:
329:superspecies
321:
309:
293:
270:
265:
264:
260:
258:
243:
242:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
58:
38:
18:
1879:Neotropical
1827:iNaturalist
1701:Wikispecies
1501:(1): 34–49.
1195:20 November
1138:flavopectus
1058:flavopectus
887:indistinct.
776:honduratius
708:Montserrate
651:Pleistocene
633:Mesoamerica
495:The normal
432:Orchidaceae
414:Winteraceae
402:Cyatheaceae
386:undergrowth
384:with ample
372:; near the
359:supercilium
355:C. pileatus
324:supercilium
1940:Categories
1918:Xeno-canto
1458:1808/16634
1318:2014-07-23
1269:2014-07-23
1152:References
1032:, Boyacá,
997:occurs in
987:Lara state
939:Panamanian
931:Costa Rica
828:persimilis
764:El Triunfo
704:subspecies
542:Arremonops
474:Venezuelan
398:Clusiaceae
394:Asteraceae
302:subspecies
218:Lafresnaye
43:Costa Rica
1521:mutations
1305:1794-0915
1299:: 72–76.
1256:1794-0915
1250:: 54–63.
1146:predators
1134:Argentina
1030:Antioquia
1007:Santander
978:Venezuela
920:V-shaped.
881:Guatemala
879:slope of
772:Nicaragua
662:phylogeny
462:menoponid
427:Anthurium
418:epiphytes
410:Rubiaceae
290:Argentina
284:south to
275:passerine
247:(but see
186:Species:
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
1858:22722162
1793:45511955
1744:22722162
1739:BirdLife
1728:BioLib:
1692:Q2630970
1686:Wikidata
1610:18378470
1557:(1989).
1540:(1967).
1405:: 1–25.
1388:Myrsidea
1371:15324847
1011:Colombia
966:Colombia
915:Veracruz
877:Atlantic
851:teardrop
839:cinnamon
824:Guerrero
654:ice ages
644:radiated
588:sequence
577:allozyme
490:cup nest
390:families
236:Synonyms
164:Family:
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
91:IUCN 3.1
1910:3597308
1884:cobtan1
1871:2690796
1806:2488710
1780:cobtan1
1767:cobtan1
1731:1004051
1716:Avibase
1590:Bibcode
1467:1368813
1398:Zootaxa
1351:Bibcode
1099:chit-it
1075:Ecuador
1025:notes.
830:of the
768:Pacific
743:Cabanis
716:dwighti
712:Chiapas
658:evolved
566:species
535:in the
526:tanager
447:spiders
443:insects
422:Araceae
420:of the
378:habitat
374:Equator
306:species
286:Bolivia
220:, 1840)
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
1845:729241
1832:339893
1757:745483
1608:
1565:
1513:et al.
1465:
1436:Condor
1369:
1303:
1254:
1130:Yungas
1003:Boyacá
837:Crown
809:, 1889
807:Godman
805:&
803:Salvin
785:Crown
745:, 1866
721:Crown
700:Oaxaca
592:clades
584:ATPase
529:family
509:maroon
501:Andean
497:clutch
455:nectar
451:fruits
449:small
430:) and
424:(e.g.
416:, and
340:tseeet
282:Mexico
63:Panama
1897:78656
1775:eBird
1764:BOW:
1463:JSTOR
1431:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1263:(PDF)
1240:(PDF)
1085:, or
1081:from
1073:from
1015:buffy
787:sepia
723:olive
581:mtDNA
482:taxon
478:hosts
1866:NCBI
1853:IUCN
1840:ITIS
1801:GBIF
1752:BOLD
1606:PMID
1580:)".
1563:ISBN
1403:1174
1367:PMID
1301:ISSN
1252:ISSN
1197:2021
1180:2020
1119:chit
1109:and
1095:chit
1089:and
1083:Peru
1065:and
1056:The
1044:and
1023:chup
1019:chit
1005:and
972:and
843:buff
778:and
562:taxa
505:puce
460:The
453:and
412:and
344:chit
278:bird
259:The
249:text
148:Aves
1814:IBC
1788:EoL
1656:at
1598:doi
1499:127
1453:hdl
1445:doi
1407:doi
1359:doi
1184:doi
1021:or
976:of
964:of
392:as
368:in
366:ASL
342:or
1942::
1920::
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