25:
2031:
1687:
168:
2067:
1758:. In this case it is common to replace the load resistor with a tuned circuit. This may be done to limit the bandwidth to a narrow band centered around the intended operating frequency. More importantly it also allows the circuit to operate at higher frequencies as the tuned circuit can be used to resonate any inter-electrode and stray capacitances, which normally limit the frequency response. Common emitters are also commonly used as
82:
1786:
1658:
in the value of VB this turn will increase the base current IB and cause a corresponding increase in emitter current IE and collector current IC. As a result, the collector emitter voltage will be reduced because of the increase voltage drop across RL. The negative alternation of an AC signal will cause a decrease in IB this action then causes a corresponding decrease in IE through RL.
482:
1669:
Current gain in the common emitter circuit is obtained from the base and the collector circuit currents. Because a very small change in base current produces a large change in collector current, the current gain (β) is always greater than unity for the common-emitter circuit, a typical value is about
1657:
negatively affects the performance of the common source amplifier in the same way (and has similar solutions). When an AC signal is applied to the transistor amplifier it causes the base voltage VB to fluctuate in value at the AC signal. The positive half of the applied signal will cause an increase
1661:
It is also named common-emitter amplifier because the emitter of the transistor is common to both the input circuit and output circuit. The input signal is applied across the ground and the base circuit of the transistor. The output signal appears across ground and the collector of the transistor.
1665:
The common-emitter circuit is the most widely used of junction transistor amplifiers. As compared with the common-base connection, it has higher input impedance and lower output impedance. A single power supply is easily used for biasing. In addition, higher voltage and power gains are usually
1891:
Although it is commonly accepted that emitter ... degeneration is feedback, this is only partially true. ... it has no effect on effective bandwidth or output impedance. Harold Black invented negative feedback, not degeneration (which pre-dated his
340:
1146:
996:
890:
809:
701:
1630:
amplifier) between the transistor's collector and the load. This configuration holds the transistor's collector voltage roughly constant, thus making the base to collector gain zero and hence (ideally) removing the Miller
1497:
1706:
bias the transistor so that it will remain in active mode for the entire range of the input. The output is an inverted copy of the AC component of the input that has been amplified by the ratio
1248:, and the expressions effectively simplify to the ones given by the rightmost column (note that the voltage gain is an ideal value; the actual gain is somewhat unpredictable). As expected, when
1053:
1398:
1575:
573:
1246:
528:
1694:
common-emitter amplifier with emitter degeneration. The AC-coupled circuit acts as a level-shifter amplifier. Here, the base–emitter voltage drop is assumed to be 0.65 volts.
329:
931:
1348:
477:{\displaystyle A_{\text{v}}\triangleq {\frac {v_{\text{out}}}{v_{\text{in}}}}={\frac {-g_{m}R_{\text{C}}}{g_{m}R_{\text{E}}+1}}\approx -{\frac {R_{\text{C}}}{R_{\text{E}}}},}
1609:
1525:
1426:
1304:
1275:
1175:
179:
that may vary widely from one transistor to the next. The gain is a strong function of both temperature and bias current, and so the actual gain is somewhat unpredictable.
1203:
243:
286:
1081:
723:
744:
2008:
1966:
2146:
1096:
1857:
946:
815:
759:
651:
202:
if this limit is exceeded and the transistor ceases to behave like its small-signal model. One common way of alleviating these issues is with
1926:
117:
46:
2001:
68:
1871:
1442:
1994:
131:
In this circuit, the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the output, and the emitter is
1754:
Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency circuits, for example to amplify faint signals received by an
1980:
1002:
2115:
2037:
105:
1353:
39:
33:
1544:
50:
536:
1214:
590:
and does not reduce output impedance or increase bandwidth, as a true negative feedback amplifier would do.)
2075:
1539:
490:
144:
1849:
2125:
1913:
1638:
1635:
1314:
The bandwidth of the common-emitter amplifier tends to be low due to high capacitance resulting from the
291:
2110:
1755:
1319:
896:
1686:
579:
and stability characteristics of the circuit are thus improved at the expense of a reduction in gain.
1429:
1325:
587:
211:
136:
109:
101:
1586:
1502:
1403:
1281:
1252:
1152:
2030:
1759:
167:
1181:
221:
1791:
751:
643:
603:
332:
251:
195:
176:
171:
Figure 2: Adding an emitter resistor decreases gain, but increases linearity and stability
120:
and a high output resistance. The output of a common emitter amplifier is inverted; i.e. for a
1971:
1922:
1918:
1059:
707:
583:
215:
184:
140:
1957:
2066:
2051:
1961:
1829:
1804:
1743:
1739:
1728:
1646:
1642:
1616:
1612:
1581:
1528:
1088:
729:
246:
938:
599:
1662:
Since the emitter is connected to the ground, it is common to signals, input and output.
175:
Common-emitter amplifiers give the amplifier an inverted output and can have a very high
1432:. This large capacitor greatly decreases the bandwidth of the amplifier as it makes the
1824:
1771:
180:
156:
1879:
2140:
2084:
1908:
1904:
1819:
1654:
1433:
1315:
191:
148:
125:
183:
is another problem associated with such high-gain circuits due to any unintentional
2089:
1975:
1814:
1141:{\displaystyle r_{\text{out}}\triangleq {\frac {v_{\text{out}}}{i_{\text{out}}}}\,}
586:", as it reduces gain, raises input impedance, and reduces distortion, it predates
113:
81:
1683:
A typical example of the use of a common-emitter amplifier is shown in Figure 3.
2094:
2056:
1809:
1799:
1698:
The input capacitor C removes any DC component of the input, and the resistors R
1627:
991:{\displaystyle r_{\text{in}}\triangleq {\frac {v_{\text{in}}}{i_{\text{in}}}}\,}
885:{\displaystyle -{\frac {\beta R_{\text{C}}}{r_{\pi }+(\beta +1)R_{\text{E}}}}\,}
804:{\displaystyle A_{\text{v}}\triangleq {\frac {v_{\text{out}}}{v_{\text{in}}}}\,}
696:{\displaystyle A_{\text{i}}\triangleq {\frac {i_{\text{out}}}{i_{\text{in}}}}\,}
152:
94:
1785:
2017:
1781:
1645:
driving a grounded-base amplifier; as long as the emitter follower is truly a
1437:
576:
575:
rather than the transistor's intrinsic and unpredictable characteristics. The
199:
1770:
Common-emitter amplifiers are also used for audio amplifiers. For example, a
2020:
121:
1941:
Single-Transistor Audio
Amplifier - How the Common Emitter Amplifier Works
1626:
configuration, which inserts a low input impedance current buffer (e.g. a
533:
The voltage gain depends almost exclusively on the ratio of the resistors
1774:
or hobbyist application of the common-emitter amplifier is presented in.
207:
1986:
1942:
2120:
1623:
86:
1738:
is kept as low as possible and the amplifier is followed by a voltage
1731:
of this circuit can be prohibitively high. To alleviate this problem,
1278:
is increased, the input impedance is increased and the voltage gain
1720:
and shifted by an amount determined by all four resistors. Because
16:
Type of electronic amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor
1990:
1611:
of the signal source connected to the base (e.g., by using an
18:
190:
Other problems associated with the circuit are the low input
210:
between the emitter and the common signal source (e.g., the
1492:{\displaystyle r_{\text{s}}(1-A_{\text{V}})C_{\text{CB}}\,}
1211:
If the emitter degeneration resistor is not present, then
1534:
The problem can be mitigated in several ways, including:
1983:– Gives example common-emitter circuit with explanation.
85:
Figure 1: Basic NPN common-emitter circuit (neglecting
1917:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
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1547:
1505:
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1005:
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732:
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654:
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343:
294:
254:
224:
2103:
2074:
2036:
1958:Simulation of The Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit
1603:
1569:
1531:of the signal source connected to the ideal base.
1519:
1491:
1420:
1392:
1342:
1298:
1269:
1240:
1197:
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925:
884:
803:
738:
717:
695:
567:
522:
476:
323:
280:
237:
1962:simulation of Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier
1048:{\displaystyle r_{\pi }+(\beta +1)R_{\text{E}}\,}
588:the invention of the negative feedback amplifier
108:(BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a
1393:{\displaystyle C_{\text{CB}}(1-A_{\text{v}})\,}
124:input signal, the output signal is 180 degrees
2002:
8:
1666:obtained for common-emitter (CE) operation.
1570:{\displaystyle \left|A_{\text{v}}\right|\,}
2009:
1995:
1987:
1350:appears like a larger parasitic capacitor
598:At low frequencies and using a simplified
1600:
1594:
1588:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1488:
1482:
1469:
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684:
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568:{\displaystyle R_{\text{C}}/R_{\text{E}}}
559:
550:
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508:
498:
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259:
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229:
223:
206:. This refers to the addition of a small
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1685:
609:
166:
135:to both (for example, it may be tied to
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
1841:
1241:{\displaystyle R_{\text{E}}=0\,\Omega }
1577:(e.g., by using emitter degeneration).
523:{\displaystyle g_{m}R_{\text{E}}\gg 1}
1943:https://youtube.com/watch/QGInwQa_XEM
1850:"Common emitter configuration of BJT"
7:
582:(While this is often described as "
324:{\displaystyle g_{m}R_{\text{E}}+1}
104:is one of three basic single-stage
2147:Single-stage transistor amplifiers
1967:Basic BJT Amplifier Configurations
1235:
926:{\displaystyle -g_{m}R_{\text{C}}}
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
143:), hence its name. The analogous
2065:
2029:
1860:from the original on 2021-06-05.
1784:
606:characteristics can be derived.
23:
1679:Low-frequency voltage amplifier
1649:, the Miller effect is removed.
1343:{\displaystyle C_{\text{CB}}\,}
1604:{\displaystyle r_{\text{s}}\,}
1538:Reduction of the voltage gain
1520:{\displaystyle r_{\text{s}}\,}
1475:
1456:
1428:is negative) from the base to
1421:{\displaystyle A_{\text{v}}\,}
1386:
1367:
1299:{\displaystyle A_{\text{v}}\,}
1270:{\displaystyle R_{\text{E}}\,}
1170:{\displaystyle R_{\text{C}}\,}
1031:
1019:
865:
853:
288:of the circuit by a factor of
116:(typically 200), medium input
1:
608:
151:amplifier, and the analogous
1972:NPN Common Emitter Amplifier
1690:Figure 3: Single-ended
1198:{\displaystyle R_{\text{C}}}
238:{\displaystyle R_{\text{E}}}
2116:Complementary feedback pair
2038:Bipolar junction transistor
1322:base-collector capacitance
281:{\displaystyle G_{m}=g_{m}}
128:with respect to the input.
106:bipolar-junction-transistor
2163:
1981:ECE 327: Transistor Basics
1647:common-collector amplifier
2063:
2027:
1872:"Distortion and Feedback"
617:
614:
612:
1076:{\displaystyle r_{\pi }}
718:{\displaystyle \beta \,}
2076:Field-effect transistor
1436:of the parasitic input
53:more precise citations.
1914:The Art of Electronics
1695:
1636:differential amplifier
1605:
1571:
1521:
1493:
1422:
1394:
1344:
1300:
1271:
1242:
1199:
1171:
1142:
1077:
1049:
992:
927:
886:
805:
740:
739:{\displaystyle \beta }
719:
697:
569:
524:
478:
325:
282:
239:
172:
90:
2111:Darlington transistor
2104:Multiple transistors:
1689:
1606:
1572:
1522:
1494:
1423:
1395:
1345:
1301:
1272:
1243:
1200:
1172:
1143:
1078:
1050:
993:
928:
887:
806:
741:
720:
698:
570:
525:
479:
326:
283:
240:
198:limit; there is high
187:that may be present.
170:
84:
1854:Electrical Classroom
1760:low-noise amplifiers
1727:is often large, the
1587:
1545:
1503:
1443:
1404:
1354:
1326:
1282:
1253:
1215:
1182:
1153:
1097:
1060:
1003:
947:
897:
816:
760:
730:
708:
652:
630:degeneration; i.e.,
537:
491:
341:
292:
252:
245:reduces the overall
222:
204:emitter degeneration
163:Emitter degeneration
1792:Electronics portal
1696:
1601:
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1138:
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1045:
988:
923:
882:
801:
736:
715:
693:
565:
520:
474:
331:, which makes the
321:
278:
235:
218:). This impedance
173:
91:
2134:
2133:
1928:978-0-521-37095-0
1876:sound.whsites.net
1597:
1580:Reduction of the
1559:
1513:
1485:
1472:
1453:
1414:
1383:
1364:
1336:
1292:
1263:
1225:
1208:
1207:
1192:
1163:
1135:
1132:
1122:
1107:
1041:
985:
982:
972:
957:
920:
879:
875:
835:
798:
795:
785:
770:
690:
687:
677:
662:
584:negative feedback
562:
547:
511:
469:
466:
456:
439:
429:
407:
379:
376:
366:
351:
312:
232:
216:power supply rail
185:positive feedback
141:power supply rail
112:. It offers high
110:voltage amplifier
79:
78:
71:
2154:
2126:Long-tailed pair
2069:
2052:Common collector
2033:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1878:. Archived from
1868:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1830:Two-port network
1805:Common collector
1794:
1789:
1788:
1744:emitter follower
1729:output impedance
1643:emitter follower
1617:voltage follower
1613:emitter follower
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1582:output impedance
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1529:output impedance
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1089:Output impedance
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1015:
1014:
997:
995:
994:
989:
986:
984:
983:
980:
974:
973:
970:
964:
959:
958:
955:
932:
930:
929:
924:
922:
921:
918:
912:
911:
891:
889:
888:
883:
880:
878:
877:
876:
873:
849:
848:
838:
837:
836:
833:
823:
810:
808:
807:
802:
799:
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
783:
777:
772:
771:
768:
745:
743:
742:
737:
724:
722:
721:
716:
702:
700:
699:
694:
691:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
669:
664:
663:
660:
628:Without emitter
610:
602:, the following
574:
572:
571:
566:
564:
563:
560:
554:
549:
548:
545:
529:
527:
526:
521:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
483:
481:
480:
475:
470:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
454:
448:
440:
438:
431:
430:
427:
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420:
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405:
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398:
385:
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353:
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328:
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322:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
287:
285:
284:
279:
277:
276:
264:
263:
247:transconductance
244:
242:
241:
236:
234:
233:
230:
212:ground reference
137:ground reference
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:
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2151:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2099:
2070:
2061:
2034:
2023:
2015:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1903:
1902:
1898:
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1847:
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1676:
1590:
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1506:
1501:
1500:
1478:
1465:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1376:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1312:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1125:
1115:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1034:
1006:
1001:
1000:
975:
965:
950:
945:
944:
939:Input impedance
913:
903:
895:
894:
868:
840:
839:
828:
824:
814:
813:
788:
778:
763:
758:
757:
728:
727:
706:
705:
680:
670:
655:
650:
649:
636:
629:
624:
600:hybrid-pi model
596:
594:Characteristics
555:
540:
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494:
489:
488:
459:
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422:
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344:
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305:
295:
290:
289:
268:
255:
250:
249:
225:
220:
219:
194:imposed by the
165:
155:circuit is the
147:circuit is the
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Common emitter
2043:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1953:
1952:External links
1950:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1927:
1896:
1863:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1825:Open collector
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1779:
1776:
1772:do it yourself
1767:
1764:
1751:
1748:
1735:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
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1650:
1632:
1620:
1615:or some other
1593:
1578:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1509:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1410:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1332:
1311:
1308:
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1259:
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1233:
1230:
1221:
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1177:
1159:
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1112:
1103:
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1083:
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1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
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998:
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968:
962:
953:
942:
934:
933:
916:
910:
906:
902:
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871:
867:
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861:
858:
855:
852:
847:
843:
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827:
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791:
781:
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766:
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746:
735:
725:
713:
703:
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673:
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626:
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619:
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320:
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308:
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275:
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262:
258:
228:
164:
161:
157:common-cathode
99:common-emitter
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2159:
2148:
2145:
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2127:
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2114:
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2096:
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2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Common source
2083:
2082:
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2077:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
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2039:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:Winfield Hill
1906:
1905:Paul Horowitz
1900:
1897:
1893:
1882:on 2016-12-20
1881:
1877:
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1867:
1864:
1859:
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1820:Common source
1818:
1816:
1813:
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1808:
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1801:
1798:
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1787:
1782:
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1723:
1716:
1709:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:Miller effect
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1562:
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1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1507:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1434:time constant
1431:
1408:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1358:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1316:Miller effect
1309:
1307:
1286:
1277:
1257:
1231:
1228:
1219:
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1178:
1157:
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1126:
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1110:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
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1064:
1056:
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1022:
1016:
1011:
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999:
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941:
940:
936:
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869:
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819:
812:
789:
779:
773:
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756:
754:
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749:
748:
733:
726:
711:
704:
681:
671:
665:
656:
648:
646:
645:
641:
640:
633:
627:
625:degeneration
623:With emitter
622:
621:
611:
607:
605:
601:
593:
591:
589:
585:
580:
578:
556:
551:
541:
531:
517:
514:
505:
499:
495:
471:
460:
450:
444:
441:
435:
432:
423:
417:
413:
401:
395:
391:
387:
381:
370:
360:
354:
345:
337:
336:
335:
334:
318:
315:
306:
300:
296:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
248:
226:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:dynamic range
188:
186:
182:
178:
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
149:common-source
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
88:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:December 2008
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2090:Common drain
2046:
1976:HyperPhysics
1937:
1912:
1899:
1890:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1875:
1866:
1853:
1844:
1815:Common drain
1769:
1753:
1732:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1674:Applications
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1533:
1313:
1306:is reduced.
1249:
1210:
1087:
937:
752:Voltage gain
750:
644:Current gain
642:
631:
604:small-signal
597:
581:
532:
486:
333:voltage gain
203:
196:small-signal
189:
174:
132:
130:
126:out of phase
114:current gain
98:
92:
65:
56:
37:
2095:Common gate
2057:Common base
1892:invention).
1810:Common gate
1800:Common base
1628:common base
618:Expression
615:Definition
159:amplifier.
95:electronics
51:introducing
2021:amplifiers
2018:Transistor
1886:2016-01-27
1836:References
577:distortion
200:distortion
118:resistance
34:references
1540:magnitude
1463:−
1438:RC filter
1374:−
1320:parasitic
1310:Bandwidth
1236:Ω
1111:≜
1069:π
1023:β
1012:π
961:≜
901:−
857:β
846:π
826:β
820:−
774:≜
734:β
712:β
666:≜
515:≫
445:−
442:≈
388:−
355:≜
181:Stability
122:sine wave
102:amplifier
2141:Category
1911:(1989).
1858:Archived
1778:See also
1742:like an
1641:like an
1639:topology
1634:Using a
1622:Using a
208:resistor
89:details)
2121:Cascode
1919:102–104
1756:antenna
1631:effect.
1624:cascode
1527:is the
1400:(where
87:biasing
47:improve
1925:
1740:buffer
1499:where
1430:ground
1318:. The
487:where
133:common
36:, but
1766:Audio
1750:Radio
1702:and R
214:or a
139:or a
1923:ISBN
1907:and
1670:50.
1653:The
637:= 0
177:gain
153:tube
97:, a
1960:or
1692:npn
1131:out
1121:out
1106:out
784:out
676:out
365:out
145:FET
93:In
2143::
1974:–
1921:.
1889:.
1874:.
1856:.
1852:.
1762:.
1746:.
1619:).
1484:CB
1363:CB
1335:CB
981:in
971:in
956:in
794:in
686:in
530:.
375:in
2078::
2040::
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1931:.
1736:C
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1713:/
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1471:V
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307:R
301:m
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266:=
261:m
257:G
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66:(
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57:(
43:.
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