756:
75:
477:("spotted") comes from the pattern of dark-mottled, leopard-like spots on an olive-brown background along their upper bodies. This pattern ranges from very subtle to quite bold. Common galaxias have slightly forked tails, unlike other most other galaxiids, which have square tails. Adults typically range from 8–11 cm (3.1–4.3 in) in length, with an average of 10 cm (4 in). The maximum reported length 19 cm (7.5 in).
639:
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produce no eggs or larvae, a gap is created during marine dispersal. No opportunities exist for the exchange of larvae from these sink populations with other populations. However, these sink populations can receive larvae that were born in different rivers. They will not be able to successfully reproduce and the sink cycle continues.
799:
are produced and that each river is a source of larvae. Exclusion of livestock and fencing of the bank-side vegetation is also an effective method to encourage regrowth of suitable vegetation. Restoration of the spawning habitat helps to maintain connectivity between larvae from different rivers during marine dispersal.
543:, they can jump out of the water (emerse) and take up oxygen through their skin as a last resort. They need access to riparian vegetation for spawning, and usually live in river systems with access to the sea, as their larval stage is marine. They tend to be found in lower-elevation streams as unlike other species of
794:
In parts of New
Zealand, this species spawning habitat has become degraded due to activities related to agriculture, urbanisation, and land use change. This creates sink populations in rivers as adult fish have nowhere suitable to lay their eggs and the majority of eggs die. Because these sink rivers
766:
Galaxiid species are, in general, threatened by human activities such as intensive agriculture and land change use. These activities have removed vegetation from stream banks that are needed for spawning to protect eggs from the sun. The increased nutrient input into streams from farming can lead to
798:
Innovative methods to restore the riparian spawning habitat include using straw bales as a temporary replacement for vegetation. Straw bales provide the same conditions and physical structure as natural vegetation, enabling the eggs to develop successfully. This method ensures that eggs and larvae
738:
while moving upstream and are much valued as a delicacy, leading to their protection with controlled fishing seasons to preserve adult populations. They are fished commercially in New
Zealand, Chile, and Argentina, but the last Australian commercial fishery closed in Tasmania in the 1970s.
654:
are swept out to sea and spend 3–6 months in the marine environment. This phase of their lifecycle is little understood, as the larvae are small, transparent, and difficult to locate. The speed and direction of ocean currents play an important role in their dispersal; temperature and food
625:
Eggs (about 1 mm diameter) develop at the base of vegetation for 2–4 weeks. Environmental conditions in the vegetation (particularly temperature and humidity) are critical for successful egg development. Egg mortality occurs from excess exposure to sunlight,
786:, which not only compete for food, but also readily eat them. In areas where trout have become naturalised, common galaxias are scarce. Common galaxias, therefore, are mostly found in stretches of streams and rivers that are less suitable for introduced trout.
655:
availability are also important in determining how long they spend at sea. This marine dispersal phase is a critical part of the common galaxias's lifecycle, because it gives larvae from different populations or rivers the opportunity to 'connect'.
1048:
Urbina M.A, Foster M.E, Glover C.N. 2011. Leap of faith: Voluntary emersion behaviour and physiological adaptations to aerial exposure in a non-aestivating freshwater fish in response to aquatic hypoxia. Physiology and
Behavior 103,
679:
Following metamorphosis, adult spend around 6 months in fresh water, where they gain sufficient growth and energy to begin investing in reproduction. Males generally reach sexual maturity earlier and at a smaller size than females.
538:
Adults are mainly found in still or slow-moving water in the lower parts of coastal streams and rivers, or around the edges of lagoons; they can tolerate a wide range of natural conditions. If oxygen levels are low as a result of
662:
are sufficiently grown, about 30–55 mm in length, they migrate back into fresh water. The juveniles form large shoals as they move through estuaries. Some of their life is spent in the lower reaches of rivers, where they
742:
Some jurisdictions permit fishing of the adults, but again under regulation or licence to preserve the adult population, but others ban it altogether unless the fisher belongs to an indigenous people (e.g., New
Zealand
1158:
Stevens, J. C. B.; Hickford, M. J. H.; Schiel, D. R. (2016-10-01). "Evidence of iteroparity in the widely distributed diadromous fish inanga
Galaxias maculatus and potential implications for reproductive output".
609:. Eggs remain attached to the vegetation as the tide recedes. Two types of reproductive strategy occur: the most common is a 'boom bust' strategy whereby spawning occurs in one event and is followed by death (
469:
Common galaxias have iridescent silver eyes, undersides, and gill covers, and some have an iridescent green stripe along the top of their bodies which can be intermittently seen as they swim. Their
630:
from mice and spiders, grazing and trampling by livestock, mowing of bankside vegetation in urban areas, and flooding. The following spring tide floods the eggs stimulating them to hatch.
1284:
Hickford, Michael J.H.; Schiel, David R. (2016). "Otolith microchemistry of the amphidromous
Galaxias maculatus shows recruitment to coastal rivers from unstructured larval pools".
1397:
Hickford, Michael J. H.; Schiel, David R. (2013-11-01). "Artificial
Spawning Habitats Improve Egg Production of a Declining Diadromous Fish, Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)".
582:
Adult fish typically reach sexual maturity at one year and spawning is triggered by changes in day length and temperature. Unless landlocked within a lake, the common galaxias
1039:
Urbina M.A, Glover C.N., Foster M.E. 2012. A novel oxyconforming response in the freshwater fish
Galaxias maculatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 161, 301- 06.
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include cowfish, jollytail, common jollytail, eel gudgeon, inaka, native trout, pulangi, puye, slippery tarki, spotted minnow, Falklands minnow and whitebait.
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453:. It is a slim, narrow fish with a forked tail and a mottled, spotty pattern, typically about 10 cm (4 in) long when fully grown. It lives in
1696:
1853:
1735:
1443:
1212:"Synergistic interactions within disturbed habitats between temperature, relative humidity and UVB radiation on egg survival in a diadromous fish"
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882:. Copies available from D.E. McAllister, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada. 2661 p. plus 1270 p. Index.
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Common galaxias can become land-locked (such as in five lakes in
Northland, New Zealand), feeding and breeding in large beds of reeds.
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1108:
1321:"Otolith microchemistry of the amphidromous Galaxias maculatus shows recruitment to coastal rivers from unstructured larval pools"
1016:
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747:). For instance, in Tasmania, the adult common galaxias may only be caught using a pole of a specified maximum size (1 m).
667:, before spending their adult life in suitable freshwater habitat. Some individuals return to the river they were born in (
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in the tidally influenced reaches of rivers and streams but spawning in winter and spring has occurred. The eggs are laid
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eutrophication. In New
Zealand, their conservation status is declining, mostly because of habitat loss and degradation.
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457:, but spawns at river mouths and spends the first six months of its life at sea, returning en masse in spring. Its
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816:
Bice, C.; Raadik, T.; David, B.; West, D.; Franklin, P.; Allibone, R.; Ling, N.; Hitchmough, R.; Crow, S. (2019).
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https://web.archive.org/web/20081015114538/http://www.niwascience.co.nz/rc/freshwater/fishatlas/species/inanga
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926:. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p.
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1126:"The National Inanga Spawning Database : trends and implications for spawning site management"
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Common galaxias are one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish in the world. They inhabit
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McDowall, Robert (2007). "On amphidromy, a distinct form of diadromy in aquatic organisms".
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meaning that reproduction occurs in fresh water and larval growth occurs in the sea.
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Common galaxias video on Youtube showing young fish trying to negotiate a barrier
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and numerous waterfilled cenotes and caves in south-eastern South Australia.
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or shoals in slow-moving water, but can be more solitary in swifter streams.
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Etchegoin, Jorge A.; Cremonte, Florencia & Escalante, Alicia H. (2002):
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The milky white colour of the water is from male sperm following spawning.
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Diadromy in fishes: Migrations between marine and freshwater environments
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has been reported from this species' Argentinian population. These are
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613:), or much more rarely spawning occurs in multiple years before death
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New Zealand ecology – Native freshwater galaxiid fish, Inanga
922:
Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley (1989)
1101:
New Zealand Freshwater Fishes: A Natural History and Guide
671:), but most return to rivers other than their birth site.
1319:
Hickford, Michael J. H.; Schiel, David R. (2016-04-21).
986:
A Photographic Guide to Freshwater FIshes of New Zealand
602:
into the water and the eggs are fertilised externally.
939:. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey.
1565:
1461:n. sp. (Digenea: Zoogonidae) from the relict fish
956:. New Zealand: Wet Sock Publications. p. 31.
1210:Hickford, Michael.J.H.; Schiel, David.R. (2011).
841:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T197279A129040788.en
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598:vegetation by females. Male fish then release
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954:The New Zealand Native Freshwater Aquarium
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1465:(Osteichthyes: Characidae) in Argentina.
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710:) of the common galaxias. Similarly, the
1459:Steganoderma (Steganoderma) valchetensis
1444:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
808:
782:. This is the same diet as introduced
1373:"Common Galaxias, Galaxias maculatus"
988:. Auckland: New Holland. p. 37.
924:Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae
880:A working list of fishes of the world
7:
1777:882c22d0-2676-4b38-a919-c8cb4c6c609b
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1839:IUCN Red List least concern species
827:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
566:This species is usually considered
547:they cannot climb past waterfalls.
520:, coastal streams in south-eastern
14:
480:They are commonly found in small
1081:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00232.x
605:This type of spawning is called
73:
770:As adults, common galaxias eat
1854:Freshwater fish of New Zealand
1325:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1286:Marine Ecology Progress Series
937:Freshwater fishes of Australia
650:After hatching, the 7-mm-long
1:
1371:Gomon, Martin; Bray, Dianne.
1864:Freshwater fish of Argentina
1849:Freshwater fish of Australia
1237:10.1371/journal.pone.0024318
1103:. Auckland: Heinemann Reed.
734:The juveniles are caught as
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1539:TerraNature, Auckland 2010
1269:McDowall, Robert (1988).
759:Inanga on the drawing of
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70:Scientific classification
68:
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37:
28:
23:
1859:Freshwater fish of Chile
1505:Juvenile Common Galaxias
1133:Science for Conservation
1029:. February 2017 version.
1015:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
984:McQueen, Stella (2013).
952:McQueen, Stella (2010).
878:McAllister, D.E. (1990)
586:mainly in autumn during
488:Distribution and habitat
1479:10.1023/A:1014098732668
1467:Systematic Parasitology
1161:Journal of Fish Biology
1099:McDowall, R.M. (1990).
834:: e.T197279A129040788.
570:, a particular type of
445:) is a very widespread
763:
696:Limnoderetrema minutum
647:
563:
1526:Native Fish Australia
1516:Common Galaxias video
1463:Gymnocharacinus bergi
1273:. London: Croom Helm.
1124:Taylor, M.J. (2002).
758:
641:
561:
323:Galaxias pseudoscriba
1440:"Galaxias maculatus"
716:Steganoderma szidati
365:Galaxias punctulatus
309:Galaxias waterhousei
302:Galaxias waterhousei
262:Galaxias delicatulus
252:Galaxias cylindricus
1544:Critter of the Week
1411:2013ResEc..21..686H
1399:Restoration Ecology
1377:Fishes of Australia
1337:2016MEPS..548..197H
1298:2016MEPS..548..197H
1228:2011PLoSO...624318H
1173:2016JFBio..89.1931S
1073:2007AqFF....8....1M
935:Allen, G.R. (1989)
761:Frank Edward Clarke
712:intestinal parasite
691:Deretrema philippae
449:fish in the family
447:Southern Hemisphere
351:Mesites gracillimus
316:Galaxias waterhousi
292:Galaxias versicolor
245:Galaxias coppingeri
228:Galaxias variegatus
40:Conservation status
1637:galaxias-maculatus
1624:Galaxias_maculatus
1611:Galaxias_maculatus
1597:Galaxias maculatus
1567:Galaxias maculatus
1542:Inanga on RadioNZ
1061:Fish and Fisheries
1019:Galaxias maculatus
820:Galaxias maculatus
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431:Galaxias maculatus
410:Mesites attenuatus
375:Valenciennes, 1846
344:Galaxias punctatus
214:Galaxias maculatus
179:Galaxias maculatus
1826:
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1798:Open Tree of Life
1559:Taxon identifiers
1481:
1419:10.1111/rec.12008
1345:10.3354/meps11701
1306:10.3354/meps11701
1181:10.1111/jfb.13083
995:978-1-86966-386-5
963:978-0-473-17935-9
533:Western Australia
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161:G. maculatus
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688:In New Zealand,
642:A newly hatched
594:amongst flooded
506:Falkland Islands
459:vernacular names
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1487:External links
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1472:(2): 149–153.
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217:Stokell, 1966
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170:Binomial name
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55:Least Concern
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751:Conservation
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708:gall bladder
695:
689:
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669:natal homing
665:metamorphose
657:
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644:G. maculatus
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607:polygynandry
604:
591:
588:spring tides
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578:Reproduction
568:amphidromous
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554:Life history
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1710:iNaturalist
1591:Wikispecies
1548:13 May 2016
1357:(Etchegoin
1331:: 197–207.
1292:: 197–207.
1067:(1): 1–13.
847:12 November
790:Restoration
776:crustaceans
634:Marine life
615:iteroparity
611:semelparity
518:New Zealand
496:(35–55°S),
465:Description
455:fresh water
326:McCoy, 1867
312:Kreft, 1868
1833:Categories
803:References
700:parasitise
451:Galaxiidae
438:(from the
333:Kner, 1867
286:Klunzinger
137:Galaxiidae
1427:1526-100X
1382:30 August
1189:1095-8649
736:whitebait
724:flatworms
704:intestine
684:Parasites
660:juveniles
658:When the
628:predation
530:southwest
522:Australia
502:Argentina
498:Patagonia
475:maculatus
296:Castelnau
276:Castelnau
266:Castelnau
256:Castelnau
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1844:Galaxias
1728:10580593
1684:FishBase
1676:46563117
1576:Wikidata
1449:18 April
1256:21931680
1216:PLOS ONE
1197:27470074
1049:240–247.
1026:FishBase
780:molluscs
721:digenean
596:riparian
592:en masse
572:diadromy
545:Galaxias
526:Tasmania
512:such as
471:specific
208:McDowall
196:Synonyms
148:Galaxias
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1702:5214265
1521:YouTube
1510:YouTube
1499:YouTube
1407:Bibcode
1333:Bibcode
1294:Bibcode
1247:3169581
1224:Bibcode
1169:Bibcode
1069:Bibcode
772:insects
730:Fishing
508:, some
482:schools
406:, 1842)
232:Lahille
189:, 1842)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1816:280811
1790:280811
1774:NZOR:
1754:197279
1741:162129
1715:321994
1632:ARKive
1582:Q44229
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1359:et al.
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1143:29 May
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652:larvae
584:spawns
528:, and
504:, the
443:īnanga
436:inanga
416:, 1842
414:Jenyns
404:Jenyns
395:, 1842
393:Jenyns
385:, 1842
383:Jenyns
298:, 1872
288:, 1872
278:, 1872
268:, 1872
258:, 1872
234:, 1923
210:, 1967
187:Jenyns
1811:WoRMS
1803:77073
1767:61620
1723:IRMNG
1663:6K7RV
1650:27314
1129:(PDF)
784:trout
745:Māori
646:larva
600:sperm
494:Chile
473:name
440:Māori
434:) or
1785:OBIS
1762:NCBI
1749:IUCN
1736:ITIS
1697:GBIF
1689:7579
1645:BOLD
1451:2006
1423:ISSN
1384:2014
1252:PMID
1193:PMID
1185:ISSN
1145:2016
1105:ISBN
990:ISBN
958:ISBN
849:2021
832:2019
702:the
424:The
1671:EoL
1658:CoL
1619:AFD
1606:ADW
1519:on
1508:on
1497:on
1475:doi
1415:doi
1341:doi
1329:548
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1242:PMC
1232:doi
1177:doi
1137:188
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