765:
757:
863:
964:
389:
51:
381:
988:
976:
644:
940:
100:
928:
75:
952:
715:
834:, which she mentioned in her diary and which survived until August 2010, when a heavy wind blew it over. Eleven young specimens, sprouted from seeds from this tree, were transported to the United States. After a long quarantine in Indianapolis, each tree was shipped off to a new home at a notable museum or institution in the United States, such as the
636:, which was then used in military armaments. Weizmann's process could use any source of starch, but the government chose to ask for conkers to avoid causing starvation by depleting food sources. But conkers were found to be a poor source, and the factory only produced acetone for three months; however, they were collected again in the
703:. To further protect the cellars from the summer heat, they would plant horse chestnut trees, which have spreading, dense canopies but shallow roots which would not intrude on the caverns. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the modern beer garden.
336:
are usually white with a yellow to pink blotch at the base of the petals; they are produced in spring in erect panicles 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall with about 20–50 flowers on each panicle. Its pollen is not poisonous for honey bees. Usually only 1–5
327:
compound, with 5–7 leaflets 13–30 cm (5–12 in) long, making the whole leaf up to 60 cm (24 in) across, with a 7–20 cm (3–8 in) petiole. The leaf scars left on twigs after the leaves have fallen have a distinctive
768:
Remainders of two horse chestnut flower spikes - one 27 cm long - with two chestnuts found on the ground under the tree. The chestnuts themselves have separated with their burs from the small branches shown.
764:
780:. The phenomenon was dose dependent as no alteration in kidney function was recorded with 340 μg/kg, mild kidney function impairment developed with 360 μg/kg and acute kidney injury with 510 μg/kg".
838:, Central H.S. in Little Rock, and two Holocaust Centers. One of them was planted outdoors in March 2013 in front of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis, where they were originally quarantined.
672:
Though the seeds are said to repel spiders there is little evidence to support these claims. The presence of saponin may repel insects but it is not clear whether this is effective on spiders.
618:, there was a campaign to ask for everyone (including children) to collect the seeds and donate them to the government. The conkers were used as a source of starch for fermentation using the
535:
The compact native population of horse chestnut in
Bulgaria is distinct from the horse chestnut forests of northern Greece, western North Macedonia and Albania. It is limited to an area of 9
1864:
756:
319:
is a large tree, growing to about 39 metres (128 ft) tall with a domed crown of stout branches. On old trees, the outer branches are often pendulous with curled-up tips. The
1701:
2515:
1727:
862:
2603:
2194:
2136:
963:
760:
Remainders of horse chestnut flower spikes found on the ground below. The chestnuts themselves have separated with their burs from the small branches shown.
706:
An inexpensive detergent for washing clothes can be made at home from conkers, and this is said to be an environmentally benign ('eco-friendly') detergent.
2858:
1016:
2164:
2798:
2453:
1264:
909:, a leaf mining moth. The larvae of this moth species bore through the leaves of the horse chestnut, causing premature colour changes and leaf loss.
2863:
2528:
2466:
1233:
1061:
2698:
2626:
1973:
1164:
575:, where they are commonly found in parks, streets and avenues. Cultivation for its spectacular spring flowers is successful in a wide range of
2868:
2833:
1564:
1443:
662:. Although not dangerous to touch, they cause sickness when eaten; consumed by horses, they can cause tremors and lack of coordination.
2414:
2223:
880:. Half of all horse-chestnuts in Great Britain are now showing symptoms to some degree of this potentially lethal bacterial infection.
551:
horse chestnut forests are critically endangered at the national level and protected as part of the
Dervisha Managed Nature Reserve.
2843:
2823:
1678:
1429:
1387:
912:
877:
1813:"Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency"
1770:
2828:
1755:
Lees, D.C.; Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Augustin, S. 2009. Taxon page for
Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic 1986. In: EOLspecies,
2502:
31:
927:
2848:
2569:
1950:
1775:
1484:
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1705:
1501:
2533:
2073:
776:, "when patients, who had undergone cardiac surgery were given high doses of horse chestnut extract i.v. for postoperative
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1199:
987:
803:
1735:
1343:
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1198:
Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, et al.
939:
620:
465:
2608:
1612:
50:
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2321:
99:
1297:(Common Horsechestnut, European Horsechestnut, Horsechestnut) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
2853:
2818:
2631:
504:. It has been introduced and planted around the world. It can be found in many parts of Europe as far north as
2716:
2096:
1641:
2440:
2172:
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2432:
2354:
413:
The common name horse chestnut originates from the similarity of the leaves and fruits to sweet chestnuts,
2427:
2246:
975:
380:
2344:
1043:(European chestnut, Spanish Chestnut, Sweet chestnut) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
423:), together with the alleged observation that the fruit or seeds could help panting or coughing horses.
216:
1241:
951:
2471:
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2618:
2388:
2004:
1069:
729:
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suggested that horse chestnut seed extract may be an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for
680:
64:
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2380:
2020:
1842:
897:
94:
79:
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and should not be ingested. Horse chestnut seed is classified by the FDA as an unsafe herb. The
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1946:
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1834:
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500:
restricted the native distribution to the Balkan area: Albania, Bulgaria, mainland Greece and
2117:"Thujoy Khreshchatyk". Why Kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital
1995:
Wagner, J. (1961). "Quercetin-3,4?-diglukosid, ein
Flavonolglykosid des Roßkastaniensamens".
1458:
1292:
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climatic conditions provided summers are not too hot, with trees being grown as far north as
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2012:
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137:
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1942:
1936:
651:
The seeds, especially those that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing
524:
as well as in many parks and cities around the northern United States and Canada such as
2690:
2008:
1550:
1010:
2685:
1969:
1912:
1887:
1128:
815:
625:
540:
517:
457:
427:
397:
124:
1829:
1812:
1590:"Forests of Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) :: Red Data Book of Bulgaria"
1038:
2792:
2541:
1624:
1137:
1005:
807:
588:
576:
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560:
509:
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232:
84:
17:
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2024:
1846:
2775:
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1903:
1375:
835:
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493:
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1324:
592:
2556:
699:. Prior to the advent of mechanical refrigeration, brewers would dig cellars for
2762:
2595:
2577:
2479:
2278:
2065:
1085:
783:
Raw horse chestnut seed, leaf, bark and flower are toxic due to the presence of
692:
572:
346:
267:
183:
2729:
2295:
1938:
1211:
1589:
485:
275:
173:
2419:
1860:
688:
where the species was discovered in 1984 but took 18 years to reach
Britain.
2401:
1347:
890:
831:
788:
659:
439:
329:
271:
2742:
2269:
1921:
610:
In
Britain and Ireland, the seeds are used for the popular children's game
1838:
1759:. First Created: 2009-06-22T13:47:37Z. Last Updated: 2009-08-10T12:57:23Z.
684:, whose larvae feed on horse chestnut leaves. The moth was described from
2737:
2263:
784:
652:
477:
444:
420:
377: in) in diameter, glossy nut-brown with a whitish scar at the base.
305:
259:
193:
150:
2331:
714:
298:. It is not to be confused with the sweet chestnut or Spanish chestnut,
2458:
2375:
2016:
1477:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
851:
792:
696:
655:
633:
629:
611:
600:
596:
564:
536:
505:
473:
469:
324:
2484:
2316:
777:
725:
718:
666:
604:
584:
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529:
521:
513:
489:
481:
333:
263:
163:
2240:
2507:
2406:
1756:
1268:
861:
806:, a flavonol glycoside can also be found in horse chestnut seeds.
763:
755:
713:
700:
642:
547:, in the valleys of the Dervishka and Lazarska rivers. Bulgaria's
379:
338:
255:
111:
1623:
Højgaard, A., Jóhansen, J., & Ødum, S. (1989). A century of
1210:. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Archived from
847:
733:
431:
350:
320:
279:
2393:
2244:
1382:(Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
1009:
353:
called conkers or horse-chestnuts. Each conker is 2–4 cm (
1888:"Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency"
1798:"How to Make Laundry Detergent from Conkers (Horse Chestnuts)"
1811:
Diehm, C.; Trampisch, H. J.; Lange, S.; Schmidt, C. (1996).
559:
It is widely cultivated in streets and parks throughout the
563:
world, and has been particularly successful in places like
2195:"Other common pest and disease problems of horse chestnut"
464:
given by different sources varies. As of March 2023,
2137:"Extent of the bleeding canker of horse chestnut problem"
2040:"Anne Frank's 'beautiful' tree felled by Amsterdam storm"
1865:
1179:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1444:"The Discovery and Rediscovery of the Horse Chestnut"
341:
develop on each panicle. The shell is a green, spiky
30:"Horse-chestnut" redirects here. For other uses, see
1702:"Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Aesculus hippocastanum"
2253:
724:The seed extract standardized to around 20 percent
1479:(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 541.
2222:. Royal Horticultural Society. 11 November 2009.
2159:
2157:
2097:"Saplings from Anne Frank's tree take root in US"
1404:"Bee Trees - Horse Chestnut | Beespoke Info"
846:The horse chestnut tree is one of the symbols of
2066:"Anne Frank tree falls over in heavy wind, rain"
889:Wood rotting fungi, e.g. such as Armillaria and
748:had not been conducted to confirm the efficacy.
27:Species of tree in the lychee family Sapindaceae
1642:"Conkers - collected for use in two world wars"
1344:"Why we love conkers and horse chestnut trees"
826:A fine specimen of the horse-chestnut was the
665:The horse-chestnut is a favourite subject for
883:Guignardia leaf blotch, caused by the fungus
396:. The light green structure denotes nectary.
8:
1020:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1025:Leach, M (2001). "Aesculus hippocastanum".
895:Horse chestnut scale, caused by the insect
632:for use as a solvent for the production of
2241:
2165:"Horse chestnut pest and disease problems"
1728:"Spiders vs conkers: the definitive guide"
73:
49:
38:
1911:
1828:
691:In Germany, they are commonly planted in
2197:. UK Forestry Commission. Archived from
2139:. UK Forestry Commission. Archived from
1964:
1962:
1265:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
387:
332:shape, complete with seven "nails". The
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1319:
1317:
1114:
1027:Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism
923:
430:, for the resemblance of the seed to a
1974:Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
1122:
1120:
1118:
1062:"Horse Chestnut | Winchester Hospital"
1773:[120 minutes aren't enough].
1511:. Washington Park Arboretum Bulletin.
1177:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
818:can also be found in horse chestnut.
345:containing one (rarely two or three)
304:, which is a tree in another family,
7:
2619:ba262756-b9b3-40cb-b51e-5fbb07ce0db4
2226:from the original on 16 January 2010
2064:Gray-Block, Aaron (23 August 2010).
678:is affected by the leaf-mining moth
2076:from the original on 24 August 2010
1138:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
933:Planted as a feature tree in a park
795:constituents are considered toxic.
419:(a tree in a different family, the
2859:Trees of humid continental climate
468:considered it to be native to the
426:Although it is sometimes known as
25:
2038:Sterling, Toby (24 August 2010).
2799:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2717:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:781594-1
1127:Allen, D.J.; Khela, S. (2018) .
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
98:
1769:Schäffer, Albert (2012-05-21).
1757:http://www.eol.org/pages/306084
32:Horse chestnut (disambiguation)
2864:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2095:Pamela Engel (24 March 2013).
1904:10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4
1776:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1771:"120 Minuten sind nicht genug"
1704:. Ma-Ke Bonsai. Archived from
1380:New Flora of the British Isles
728:(escin) is possibly useful in
58:Botanical illustration (1885)
1:
1886:Pittler MH, Ernst E. (2012).
1830:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90467-5
1670:Feeding and care of the horse
872:) tree damage in Parma, Italy
1532:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
913:Phytophthora bleeding canker
746:randomized controlled trials
742:chronic venous insufficiency
647:A selection of fresh conkers
496:. A 2017 assessment for the
2869:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1475:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
1422:Trees of Britain and Europe
903:Horse-chestnut leaf miner,
866:Horse-chestnut leaf miner (
2885:
2834:Medicinal plants of Europe
1935:Parfitt, Kathleen (1999).
1892:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1732:Royal Society of Chemistry
1530:Plants of the World Online
1066:www.winchesterhospital.org
804:Quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside
621:Clostridium acetobutylicum
466:Plants of the World Online
438:is more commonly used for
278:(hermaphroditic-flowered)
29:
2169:www.suffolkcoastal.gov.uk
1629:Ann. Soc. Sci. Faeroensis
222:
215:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
57:
48:
41:
2844:Plants described in 1753
2824:Flora of North Macedonia
452:Distribution and habitat
2829:Garden plants of Europe
2106:– via Yahoo News.
1997:Die Naturwissenschaften
1017:Encyclopædia Britannica
2668:Aesculus hippocastanum
2655:Aesculus_hippocastanum
2322:aesculus-hippocastanum
2285:Aesculus hippocastanum
2255:Aesculus hippocastanum
1667:Lewis, Lon D. (1995).
1627:on the Faroe Islands.
1525:Aesculus hippocastanum
1420:Rushforth, K. (1999).
1295:Aesculus hippocastanum
1236:Aesculus hippocastanum
1202:Aesculus hippocastanum
1171:Aesculus hippocastanum
1131:Aesculus hippocastanum
873:
769:
761:
721:
676:Aesculus hippocastanum
648:
543:Mountain north of the
462:Aesculus hippocastanum
405:
385:
317:Aesculus hippocastanum
288:European horsechestnut
243:Aesculus hippocastanum
226:Aesculus hippocastanum
43:Aesculus hippocastanum
2849:Plants used in bonsai
1726:Edwards, Jon (2010).
1145:: e.T202914A122961065
915:, a fungal infection.
865:
767:
759:
717:
646:
640:for the same reason.
442:members of the genus
391:
383:
208:A. hippocastanum
18:Common horse-chestnut
2175:on 23 September 2011
730:traditional medicine
710:Traditional medicine
282:. It is also called
2009:1961NW.....48Q..54W
1673:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1502:"The Many Faces of
1457:(4). Archived from
1301:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
1208:data.canadensys.net
1047:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
993:Germination on lawn
969:Close-up of flowers
957:Foliage and flowers
906:Cameraria ohridella
869:Cameraria ohridella
774:acute kidney injury
681:Cameraria ohridella
65:Conservation status
2017:10.1007/BF00603428
898:Pulvinaria regalis
885:Guignardia aesculi
874:
836:9/11 Memorial Park
770:
762:
732:for its effect on
722:
695:, particularly in
649:
624:method devised by
406:
392:Floral diagram of
386:
250:, is a species of
2814:Flora of Bulgaria
2786:
2785:
2640:Open Tree of Life
2247:Taxon identifiers
2220:"Bleeding Canker"
2121:Ukrayinska Pravda
1442:Lack, H. Walter.
1090:| Index of Herbs"
850:, the capital of
830:in the centre of
772:There is risk of
744:, but definitive
581:Edmonton, Alberta
434:'s eye, the term
400:: ↘ K5 C2:2 A5+2
323:are opposite and
270:. It is a large,
239:
238:
88:
16:(Redirected from
2876:
2839:Ornamental trees
2809:Flora of Albania
2779:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2596:NBNSYS0000004580
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2371:
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2358:
2357:
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2347:
2335:
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2325:
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2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2287:
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2272:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2171:. Archived from
2161:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1970:"Horse chestnut"
1966:
1957:
1956:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1898:(11): CD003230.
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:. 1 October 2020
1861:"Horse chestnut"
1857:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1734:. Archived from
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:Supplementum 14.
1621:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1325:"Horse Chestnut"
1321:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1267:. Archived from
1262:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1124:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1094:indexofherbs.com
1081:
1079:
1077:
1068:. Archived from
1057:
1055:
1053:
1034:
1021:
1013:
1011:"Chestnut"
990:
978:
966:
954:
945:Leaves and trunk
942:
930:
812:leucodelphinidin
638:Second World War
545:Balkan Mountains
460:distribution of
394:A. hippocastanum
376:
375:
371:
368:
362:
361:
357:
228:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
53:
39:
21:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2854:Trees of Europe
2819:Flora of Greece
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2554:MichiganFlora:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1976:. 29 March 2022
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1823:(8997): 292–4.
1810:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1565:"Holowach Tree"
1563:
1562:
1558:
1551:"Hestekastanje"
1549:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1342:Coles, Jeremy.
1341:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1238:: Reproduction"
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1098:
1096:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1041:Castanea sativa
1037:
1024:
1004:
1001:
994:
991:
982:
979:
970:
967:
958:
955:
946:
943:
934:
931:
922:
878:Bleeding canker
860:
844:
828:Anne Frank tree
824:
822:Anne Frank tree
801:
799:Other chemicals
754:
738:Cochrane Review
712:
686:North Macedonia
616:First World War
557:
502:North Macedonia
488:), but also to
454:
416:Castanea sativa
411:
373:
369:
366:
364:
359:
355:
354:
314:
301:Castanea sativa
252:flowering plant
235:
230:
224:
211:
97:
89:
78:
74:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:wfo-0000522287
2767:
2757:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2672:
2659:
2649:
2636:
2623:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2551:
2538:
2525:
2512:
2499:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2349:
2336:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2290:
2275:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2211:
2186:
2153:
2128:
2125:(in Ukrainian)
2123:(29 May 2019)
2109:
2087:
2056:
2030:
1987:
1958:
1951:
1927:
1878:
1852:
1803:
1789:
1761:
1748:
1718:
1700:D'Cruz, Mark.
1692:
1679:
1659:
1646:Making history
1633:
1616:
1605:
1594:e-ecodb.bas.bg
1581:
1556:
1542:
1514:
1500:Wott, John A.
1492:
1485:
1467:
1464:on 2010-07-27.
1434:
1413:
1395:
1388:
1360:
1334:
1313:
1284:
1257:BSBI List 2007
1247:
1244:on 2015-01-30.
1225:
1190:
1156:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1088:Horse Chestnut
1082:
1058:
1035:
1022:
1008:, ed. (1911).
1006:Chisholm, Hugh
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
985:
983:
980:
973:
971:
968:
961:
959:
956:
949:
947:
944:
937:
935:
932:
925:
921:
918:
917:
916:
910:
901:
893:
887:
881:
859:
856:
843:
842:Symbol of Kyiv
840:
823:
820:
816:procyanidin A2
800:
797:
753:
750:
711:
708:
626:Chaim Weizmann
556:
553:
453:
450:
410:
407:
398:Floral formula
313:
310:
284:horse-chestnut
248:horse chestnut
237:
236:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2881:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2201:on 2009-12-09
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2143:on 2009-12-09
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1738:on 2013-09-06
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1708:on 2012-03-15
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1682:
1680:9780683049671
1676:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:tree planting
1620:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1571:on 2023-09-23
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:0-00-220013-9
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1408:beespoke.info
1405:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1389:9780521707725
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1274:on 2015-06-26
1270:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1226:
1214:on 2018-02-17
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1072:on 2021-06-05
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:Other sources
998:
989:
984:
977:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
941:
936:
929:
924:
919:
914:
911:
908:
907:
902:
900:
899:
894:
892:
888:
886:
882:
879:
876:
875:
871:
870:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
808:Leucocyanidin
805:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
766:
758:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
716:
709:
707:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
670:
668:
663:
661:
657:
654:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
614:. During the
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Faroe Islands
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Great Britain
566:
562:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Arctic Circle
508:north of the
507:
503:
499:
498:IUCN Red List
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
417:
408:
403:
399:
395:
390:
384:Inflorescence
382:
378:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
234:
229:
227:
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81:
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2254:
2228:. Retrieved
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:the original
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:the original
2168:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2131:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2044:The Scotsman
2043:
2033:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1937:
1930:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1855:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1669:
1662:
1652:27 September
1650:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1559:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1529:
1524:
1517:
1503:
1495:
1476:
1470:
1459:the original
1454:
1450:
1437:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1379:
1376:Stace, C. A.
1351:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1294:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1256:
1250:
1242:the original
1235:
1228:
1218:26 September
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1207:
1201:
1193:
1183:26 September
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
1170:
1159:
1149:27 September
1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1136:
1130:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1087:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:the original
1065:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1015:
904:
896:
884:
867:
845:
825:
802:
782:
771:
723:
705:
693:beer gardens
690:
679:
675:
674:
671:
664:
650:
619:
609:
558:
534:
494:Turkmenistan
461:
455:
443:
435:
425:
414:
412:
401:
393:
316:
315:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
247:
242:
241:
240:
225:
223:
207:
206:
194:
157:
144:
131:
118:
42:
36:
2691:kew-2624517
2578:NatureServe
2480:iNaturalist
2279:Wikispecies
1941:. pp.
1779:(in German)
1099:28 December
628:to produce
573:New Zealand
518:Gästrikland
484:and former
312:Description
296:conker tree
268:Sapindaceae
184:Sapindaceae
138:Angiosperms
2793:Categories
2686:Plant List
2352:Calflora:
2230:2010-01-09
2205:2010-01-09
2179:15 January
2147:2010-01-09
1980:27 October
1952:085369429X
1871:27 October
1783:2016-10-11
1742:2013-09-09
1712:2011-07-05
1686:2011-10-21
1599:2023-02-10
1575:2023-10-07
1536:2023-03-28
1486:0394507614
1424:. Collins
1278:2014-10-17
1165:USDA, NRCS
1109:References
660:glucosides
486:Yugoslavia
276:synoecious
174:Sapindales
80:Vulnerable
2446:200013160
2433:200013160
2080:24 August
2049:24 August
2003:(2): 54.
1348:BBC Earth
1204:Linnaeus"
891:Ganoderma
832:Amsterdam
789:glycoside
593:Reykjavík
577:temperate
561:temperate
440:New World
409:Etymology
330:horseshoe
325:palmately
272:deciduous
260:soapberry
202:Species:
108:Kingdom:
2804:Aesculus
2760:VASCAN:
2743:15500008
2738:Tropicos
2652:PalDat:
2583:2.149458
2521:11283880
2508:781594-1
2329:BioLib:
2264:Wikidata
2224:Archived
2074:Archived
2025:29060667
1922:23152216
1847:20408233
1613:Edmonton
1504:Aesculus
1451:Arnoldia
1378:(2010).
1353:23 March
1306:24 March
1167:(n.d.).
1076:24 March
1052:24 March
858:Diseases
785:aesculin
736:tone. A
701:lagering
656:saponins
653:alkaloid
526:Edmonton
478:Bulgaria
445:Aesculus
421:Fagaceae
306:Fagaceae
195:Aesculus
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
2565:MoBotPF
2459:3189815
2376:Ecocrop
2102:26 July
2070:Reuters
2005:Bibcode
1913:7144685
1839:8569363
920:Gallery
852:Ukraine
793:saponin
697:Bavaria
634:cordite
630:acetone
612:conkers
601:Harstad
597:Iceland
565:Ireland
541:Preslav
539:in the
506:Harstad
474:Albania
470:Balkans
436:buckeye
428:buckeye
372:⁄
358:⁄
343:capsule
334:flowers
292:buckeye
266:family
254:in the
190:Genus:
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
2753:456210
2750:uBio:
2699:PLANTS
2645:404238
2616:NZOR:
2570:281047
2547:202914
2420:174982
2394:582243
2345:126487
2317:ARKive
2309:216063
2270:Q26899
2023:
1949:
1943:1543–4
1920:
1910:
1845:
1837:
1817:Lancet
1677:
1483:
1428:
1386:
778:oedema
752:Safety
734:venous
726:aescin
719:Aescin
667:bonsai
605:Norway
587:, the
585:Canada
549:relict
530:Canada
522:Sweden
516:, and
514:Norway
490:Turkey
482:Greece
458:native
349:-like
339:fruits
321:leaves
294:, and
264:lychee
246:, the
164:Rosids
2675:PFI:
2627:NZPCN
2609:43364
2534:28721
2516:IRMNG
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