919:
1619:
518:
1543:
1583:
532:
1429:, Glückel recalls having had a craving for medlars when she was pregnant with her son Joseph, but ignoring the desire. When the baby was born, he was sickly and too weak to be breastfed. Remembering a superstition about the dangers of pregnant women not fulfilling their cravings, Glückel asked for someone to fetch her some medlars for the baby. As soon as the fruit touched the baby's lips, he ate all the pulp given to him, and was then able to be breastfed. (Book 4, Section 14)
1607:
1234:
100:
1571:
51:
1555:
1531:
1595:
75:
1307:, Apemantus forces an apple upon Timon: "The middle of humanity thou never knewest, but the extremity of both ends. When thou wast in thy gilt and perfume, they mock'd thee for too much curiosity; in thy rags thou know'st none, but art despised for the contrary. There's a medlar for thee; eat it", perhaps including a pun on "meddler", one who meddles in affairs, as well as on rottenness. (IV.iii.300–305).
1325:, Rosalind makes a complicated pun involving grafting her interlocutor with the trees around her which bear love letters and with a medlar: "I'll graff it with you, and then I shall graff it with a medlar. Then it will be the earliest fruit i' th' country; for you'll be rotten ere you be half ripe, and that's the right virtue of the medlar." (III.ii.116–119).
660:
that are grown for their fruit include 'Hollandia', 'Nottingham', and 'Russian', the large-fruited variety 'Dutch' (also known as 'Giant' or 'Monstrous'), 'Breda giant', 'Large
Russian', 'Royal' with very high yield, 'Early medlar' with early ripening and high quality fruits, 'Seedless' with seedless
2248:
Dipartimento di
Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Cristofori, V.; Silvestri, C.; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Pica, A.L.; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli
335:
is mostly a thorny, more shrub-like than tree-like plant, which is between 1.5 and 4 m (5 and 13 ft) high. In the cultivated forms, the thorns are usually reduced or even completely absent. In general, the medlar is a small, deciduous tree with an overhanging, almost round crown. The trunk
765:
climate conditions with warm summers and mild winters. Air temperatures of 18 to 20 °C (64 to 68 °F) are mentioned as favourable for growth, cold of as low as −20 °C (−4 °F) is tolerated and late frosts hardly cause any damage. The wild form was observed in dry areas with annual
1447:, which often play on the decay of Edwardian society. In "The Peace of Mowsle Barton", the outwardly quiet farmstead features a medlar tree and corrosive hatred. In "The Boar Pig", the titular animal, Tarquin Superbus, is the point of contact between society ladies cheating to get into
683:
diversity was ascribed to the lack of economic interest for this fruit species in the last centuries. However, current findings show that natural populations of medlar are diverse with a high genetic potential, which could be used to improve production by using specific genotypes.
1013:
with about 40% are main constituents of the extracted oil. The physical properties of the produced biodiesel allows an alternative for diesel fuels without any modification to the conventional engines. Leaves of medlar fruit were used to produce activated carbon to remove
909:
Grafting on medlar seedlings is not recommended because of the slow growth of the grafts. Irrigation and fertilization can stimulate growth in plantations. If the fruit-bearing shoots are cut back after the harvest, the formation of new fertile short shoots is encouraged.
905:
to improve the performance in different soils. Cultivars reach full fruit set 6 to 7 years after grafting and they keep it for 20 to 25 years. The fruit production varies between 30 and 70 kilograms (70 and 150 pounds) per tree and year, depending on the variety and age.
327:
plant grows up to 8 metres (26 feet) tall. Generally, it is shorter and more shrub-like than tree-like. With a lifespan of 30–60 years, the tree is rather short-lived. Its bark is grayish brown with deep vertical cracks forming rectangular plates that tend to lift off.
2249:
Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Bertazza, G.; Istituto di
Biometeorologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy; Bignami, C.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy (2019-12-29).
1399:, the blood of the just saturated the Earth, causing enormous medlars to grow. Humans who ate these medlars grew to great proportions. Those whose bodies grew longer became giants, and were the ancestors of Gargantua and Pantagruel.
1454:
of the season and a not entirely honest young schoolgirl who lures him away by strategically throwing well-bletted medlars: "Come, Tarquin, dear old boy; you know you can't resist medlars when they're rotten and squashy."
388:
inch) long. The leaves are dark green and elliptic, 8–15 centimetres (3–6 in) long and 3–5 cm (1–2 in) wide. The leaves are densely hairy (pubescent) below, and turn red in autumn before falling.
2711:
766:
precipitation of 700 mm (28 in) and at altitudes from 0 to 1,100 m (0 to 3,600 ft). The species grows in a wide range of soil types and prefers fresh, well-drained loamy soils with a
866:
about 200 BC. It was an important fruit plant during Roman and medieval times. By the 17th and 18th centuries, however, it had been superseded by other fruits, and is little cultivated today.
446: in) diameter, with wide-spreading persistent sepals around a central pit, giving a 'hollow' appearance to the fruit. In cultivated forms the diameter is even between 3 and 8 cm (
368:
is usually between 20 and 25 cm (8 and 10 in), but in exceptional cases it can be up to 50 cm (20 in). The roots are heavily branched and far-ranging, with a somewhat
770:
that is between 6 and 8. It is found across southern Europe where it is generally rare. It is reported to be naturalized in some woods in southeast
England, but is found in few gardens.
2539:
2903:
Foroohimanjili, Fatemeh; Mirzaie, Amir; Hamdi, Seyed
Mohammad Mehdi; Noorbazargan, Hassan; Hedayati Ch, Mojtaba; Dolatabadi, Aghigh; Rezaie, Hossein; Bishak, Faezeh M. (2020-01-29).
2626:
Rop, Otakar; Sochor, Jiri; Jurikova, Tunde; Zitka, Ondrej; Skutkova, Helena; Mlcek, Jiri; Salas, Petr; Krska, Boris; Babula, Petr; Adam, Vojtech; Kramarova, Daniela (2010-12-28).
1744:
1618:
1411:: "I scarce know her, for the beauty of her cheek hath, like the moon, suffered strange eclipses since I beheld it: women are like medlars, no sooner ripe but rotten."
3067:
2994:
2290:
1360:
In the 16th and 17th centuries, medlars were bawdily called "open-arses" because of the shape of the fruits, inspiring boisterous or humorously indecent puns in many
3341:
2715:
2772:
2169:
2045:
3406:
940:
Once softening begins, the skin rapidly takes on a wrinkled texture and turns dark brown, and the inside reduces to the consistency and flavour reminiscent of
3568:
375:
The wood has a fine texture, but is very hard. It has a white, slightly pink-tinted sapwood. The core is brownish. The annual rings are clearly visible.
1422:
in the character of Widow Medler, impersonated by a courtesan, hence the following pun: "Who? Widow Medler? She lies open to much rumour." (II, 2, 59).
3289:
807:
952:
Once bletted, the fruit can be eaten raw, sometimes with sugar and cream—it has been described as being an "acquired taste"—or used to make medlar
3354:
3302:
605:
are distinguished, also compromising wild or semi-wild forms, ornamental and of different origin. Among them there are the following varieties:
3491:
3052:
2748:
2021:
1924:
1896:
3588:
3263:
2811:"Heterogeneous aluminum oxide/calcium oxide catalyzed transesterification of Mespilus germanica triglyceride for biodiesel production"
2423:"The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe, by Alan Mitchell and John Wilkinson Collins Pocket Guides, £6.95 hardback, £3.95 paperback"
1606:
418:
occurs in this plant. The flower then develops flattened, reddish-brown, hairy fruits with juicy flesh. The reddish-brown fruit is a
3583:
1717:
1542:
1380:
the eponymous hero and Sancho Panza "stretch themselves out in the middle of a field and stuff themselves with acorns or medlars."
1594:
3328:
402:–2 in) in diameter, have a short stalk and are terminal and single on short side shoots. They have five elongated, narrow
3578:
3385:
1709:
Popular Names of
Flowers, Fruits, &C: As Used in the County of Somerset and the Adjacent Parts of Devon, Dorset and Wilts
1582:
1316:, Lucio excuses his denial of past fornication because "they would else have married me to the rotten medlar." (IV.iii.171).
3470:
3359:
1554:
484:
capacity lasting from 18 to 20 months. The seeds are distributed by various animals such as birds, squirrels and deer. Some
2591:
Glew, Robert H.; Ayaz, Faik A.; Sanz, Carlos; VanderJagt, D.J.; Huang, H.-S.; Chuang, L.-T.; Strnad, M. (1 November 2003).
3393:
3110:
1689:
799:
can be a problem. It causes brown blemishes on the fruit and continues to spread until the fruit becomes entirely rotten.
477:
2905:"Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiquorum sensing activities of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles fabricated from
1963:"Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history"
410:. Compared to other fruit trees in the European latitudes, the medlar flowers very late (May or June). The flowers are
586:, but was once thought to be closely related, and is still sometimes called the 'Chinese medlar' or 'Japanese medlar'.
3198:
2858:"Adsorption of Nickel(II) Ions from Synthetic Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Mespilus germanica Leaf"
1361:
665:
2787:
2198:
1057:
varying between genotypes, fruit ripeness, harvest time and storage conditions. The fruits are particularly rich in
3504:
2049:
1570:
3411:
3380:
548:
was the only known species of medlar. However, in 1990, a new species was discovered in North
America, now named
365:
99:
3011:. Proc. workshop „Lampone mirtillo ed altri piccoli frutti", Trento, 1987, 189–197 (Zitiert nach Schuck et al.:
1388:
3509:
3179:
31:
3281:
1876:
1047:
In general, the medlar fruits were found to be rich in potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron.
3593:
3276:
3141:
3203:
2284:
1246:
A fruit which is rotten before it is ripe, the medlar is used figuratively in literature as a symbol of
1225:
were the major amino compounds, but also total amino acid composition changed during fruit development.
1035:
918:
762:
669:
286:
216:
3307:
1745:"The Essential Guide to probably everything you need to know about Growing Medlar – Mespilus germanica"
1666:
1530:
822:
The medlar is, like other species of the rosacea family which are used for propagation, susceptible to
707:
3598:
3421:
3237:
2628:"Effect of Five Different Stages of Ripening on Chemical Compounds in Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.)"
2483:
2379:
2317:
1977:
1806:
1496:
1426:
1402:
1384:
1077:
795:
2969:
D., Ercisli, S. Sengul, M. Yildiz, H. Sener, D. Duralija, B. Voca, S. Dujmovic Purgar (2012-10-16).
3455:
3009:
Variabilità di alcune componenti e caratteri biometrici dei frutti di 6 specie arboree ed arbustive
2223:
1875:
Minotta, Gianfranco (2014), Stimm, Bernd; Roloff, Andreas; Lang, Ulla M; Weisgerber, Horst (eds.),
1373:
1312:
1298:
1252:
944:. This process can confuse those new to medlars, as its softened fruit looks as if it has spoiled.
739:
369:
64:
2470:
Khadivi, Ali; Rezaei, Mehdi; Heidari, Parviz; Safari-Khuzani, Amir; Sahebi, Mohammad (June 2019).
517:
3540:
3496:
3229:
2988:
2948:
2885:
2838:
2766:
2592:
2507:
2452:
2403:
2395:
2341:
2272:
2163:
2136:
2094:
2039:
1993:
1830:
1561:
719:
616:
550:
94:
3460:
3092:
1772:
3346:
531:
3573:
3442:
3372:
3211:
3061:
3048:
2976:
2940:
2932:
2877:
2830:
2754:
2744:
2667:
2649:
2499:
2472:"Morphological and fruit characterizations of common medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) germplasm"
2444:
2333:
2086:
2027:
2017:
1892:
1822:
1723:
1713:
964:
872:
pomes are one of the few fruits that become edible in winter, making it an important tree for
840:
The species may have been cultivated for as long as 3,000 years. The ancient Greek geographer
676:
963:
Unripe fruits have a relatively high tannin content of about 2.6% and are therefore used for
3532:
3447:
2924:
2869:
2822:
2657:
2639:
2608:
2491:
2434:
2387:
2325:
2262:
2128:
2076:
1985:
1884:
1814:
1661:
1415:
1407:
1338:, when Mercutio laughs at Romeo's unrequited love for his mistress Rosaline (II, 1, 34–38):
1334:
1260:'s character laments his old age, comparing himself to the medlar, which he names using the
1257:
485:
415:
2560:
937:
content and fruit acids, increasing sugar content, and changes in the content of minerals.
925:
begins on one side of the fruit. Bletted flesh is brown; ripe but unbletted flesh is white.
3429:
1303:
1233:
1094:
953:
137:
1962:
1643:
1391:, medlars play a role in the origin of giants, including the eponymous characters. After
679:
and therefore subject to high risks of genetic erosion, whereby the limited evolution of
2487:
2383:
2321:
1981:
1810:
929:
The fruits are hard and acidic even when ripe, but become edible after being softened, "
303:. In the southwest of England it historically had a number of vulgar nicknames, such as
50:
3478:
2662:
2627:
1479:
1459:
1321:
812:
793:
can cause damage. Furthermore, especially in years with high precipitation, the fungus
124:
2972:
Phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of medlar fruits (Mespilus germanica L.)
2612:
2251:"Evaluation of four medlar cultivars: agronomical, pomological and qualitative traits"
2115:
Schmid, Rudolf; Phipps, James B.; O'Kennon, Robert J.; Lance, Ron W. (November 2003).
2065:"Evaluation of four medlar cultivars: agronomical, pomological and qualitative traits"
3562:
3367:
2952:
2889:
2842:
2511:
2276:
2098:
1652:
1508:
1444:
1222:
1214:
1054:
1006:
411:
296:
232:
84:
79:
2456:
2407:
2345:
1997:
1961:
Campbell, C.S.; Evans, R.C.; Morgan, D.R.; Dickinson, T.A.; Arsenault, M.P. (2007).
1834:
3545:
3483:
3216:
3080:
2471:
2063:
Cristofori, V.; Silvestri, C.; Pica, A.L.; Bertazza, G.; Bignami, C. (2019-12-29).
1473:
1451:
1247:
1062:
1022:
1015:
968:
894:
863:
735:
489:
2809:
Qasemi, Zeinab; Jafari, Dariush; Jafari, Kourosh; Esmaeili, Hossein (2021-08-23).
2495:
3398:
3315:
3173:
2857:
2267:
2250:
2081:
2064:
1377:
1329:
1261:
1058:
941:
880:
858:
829:
582:
576:
570:
496:
481:
300:
3027:
Les Arbres & Leurs Fruits, Usage
Medicaux Pharmaceutiques & Dietetiques
2873:
862:, Book 16, Chapter 4. The medlar was introduced to Greece around 700 BC and to
3130:
2644:
2439:
2422:
1989:
1073:
1010:
957:
715:
3268:
3164:
2980:
2936:
2881:
2834:
2758:
2653:
2503:
2448:
2337:
2090:
2031:
1826:
1727:
1482:
describes Sir
Charles Latrom's perfume as "rotted like a medlar" in his book
17:
3250:
2904:
1502:
1218:
1109:
1002:
992:
984:
972:
889:
758:
743:
564:
324:
281:
263:
3522:
2944:
2928:
2671:
3043:
Steffen Guido
Fleischhauer, Jürgen Guthmann, Roland Spiegelberger (2015),
2738:
2011:
1888:
1707:
933:", by frost, or naturally in storage if given sufficient time by reducing
3517:
3190:
3158:
1202:
1104:
1083:
In 1984 and 1985, the following values were given for homogenized fruit:
1069:
980:
976:
930:
922:
884:
873:
747:
723:
653:
275:
267:
259:
193:
183:
150:
3434:
2305:
262:. The fruit of this tree, also called medlar, has been cultivated since
3294:
3224:
2399:
2391:
2329:
2306:"The medlar (Mespilus germanica, Rosaceae) from antiquity to obscurity"
2140:
2116:
1818:
1795:"The medlar (Mespilus germanica, Rosaceae) from antiquity to obscurity"
1206:
1114:
1099:
1030:
995:, or goji, which is sometimes inaccurately translated as "red medlar."
824:
767:
595:
173:
3093:"The House by the Medlar Tree | novel by Verga | Britannica"
2810:
2016:
Georg Schramayr, Verein Regionale Gehölzvermehrung. St. Pölten. 2013.
3320:
2970:
2826:
2689:
1794:
1624:
Medlar tree in late autumn with ripe fruits (Switzerland, ETH Zurich)
1515:
1210:
934:
902:
841:
751:
727:
555:
407:
403:
336:
is irregularly shaped. The tree has a height between 1 and 6 m (
163:
3135:
2132:
480:
is the norm in wild forms of the medlar. The resulting seeds have a
698:
means 'German', although the species is indigenous to other areas.
3333:
3255:
1232:
917:
602:
312:
255:
111:
1881:
Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse: Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie
815:, which can lead to the wilting of leaves and buds as well as by
2856:
Khedri, Ali; Jafari, Dariush; Esfandyari, Morteza (2021-07-27).
1440:
1396:
1392:
898:
789:
In plantations, the larvae of the leaf-mining butterfly species
731:
419:
3242:
3139:
364: ft), but can become significantly larger in culture. The
3115:
1437:
In modern literature, some writers have mentioned this fruit:
1364:. The name survived in common use well into the 20th century.
562:, is more distantly related to the medlar than genera such as
2593:"Changes in sugars, organic acids and amino acids in medlar (
1205:
content increases steadily during fruit development, whereas
851:
845:
714:
is only in the southeastern part of the Balkan peninsula, in
1332:
until modern editions accepted it, appears in Shakespeare's
983:
is made from the fruit of the medlar, which is refined with
675:
For a time it was assumed that it was a species with narrow
378:
The winter buds are pointed, ovoid and up to 5 millimetres (
3047:(in German) (17. Auflage ed.), AT Verlag, p. 69,
706:
From an extensive study of literature and plant specimens,
1250:
or premature destitution. For example, in the Prologue to
786:
is only rarely attacked by diseases or harmed by insects.
1948:
A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
1209:
content increases for 4 months and decreases afterwards.
1065:. Amino acids, sugars, and organic acids affect flavor.
270:. It may be eaten raw and in a range of cooked dishes.
3045:
Essbare Wildpflanzen 200 Arten bestimmen und verwenden
1476:'s detective Reggie Fortune is very fond of medlars.
1217:, decreases during fruit development. In ripe fruit,
956:. It is used in "medlar cheese", which is similar to
2229:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 64
1883:(in German), American Cancer Society, pp. 1–6,
510:
The flower has long sepals that remain on the fruit.
3148:
2366:Baird, J. R.; Thieret, J. W. (1989). "The Medlar (
1667:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T79920045A109616278.en
1001:kernel oil was used for the first time to produce
3111:"The forgotten medieval fruit with a vulgar name"
1773:""Mespilus germanica Medlar PFAF Plant Database""
1600:Bletted (left) and unbletted (right) medlar fruit
876:who wish to have fruit available all year round.
649:with yellow variegated leaves as ornamental plant
488:are sterile and can therefore only be propagated
1712:. United Kingdom: Forgotten Books. p. 209.
639:with white variegated leaves as ornamental plant
266:, is usually available in winter and eaten when
2815:Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
2156:The complete book of fruit growing in Australia
1793:Baird, John R.; Thieret, John W. (1989-07-01).
1690:The forgotten medieval fruit with a vulgar name
1340:
1266:
2975:. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality.
2304:Baird, John R.; Thieret, John W. (July 1989).
960:, made with the fruit pulp, eggs, and butter.
2714:. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from
2683:
2681:
1349:As maids call medlars, when they laugh alone.
1346:And wish his mistress were that kind of fruit
30:"Medlar" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
3066:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2993:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2597:L.) during fruit development and maturation"
2555:
2553:
2289:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1328:The most famous reference to medlars, often
971:of proteins, enabling its use to reduce the
2862:Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
1693:, BBC Future, March 25, 2021 lots of images
1213:content and fruit acid content, especially
1033:activities against multidrug resistance of
693:
3136:
2771:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2370:, Rosaceae) from antiquity to obscurity".
2168:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2044:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1941:
1939:
1937:
73:
49:
38:
2661:
2643:
2438:
2266:
2255:European Journal of Horticultural Science
2080:
2069:European Journal of Horticultural Science
1665:
664:The cultivar 'Nottingham' has gained the
2909:extract against multidrug resistance of
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
1278:That ilke fruyt is ever lenger the wers,
1272:Myn herte is mowled also as myne heris —
1085:
987:. "Medlar tea" usually is not made from
1634:
1526:
1352:O Romeo, that she were, O that she were
1269:This white top writeth myne olde yeris;
3131:Medlar and the making of Medlar Cheese
3059:
2986:
2764:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2282:
2161:
2037:
1612:Ripe (bletted) and unripe medlar fruit
1281:Til it be roten in mullok or in stree.
1076:effects, the fruits have been used in
3038:
3036:
2964:
2962:
2110:
2108:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1767:
1765:
1355:An open-arse and thou a pop'rin pear!
311:, due to the appearance of its large
7:
3422:1c6a54f1-a4da-4f83-8198-9e5e04845985
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1739:
1737:
1706:MacMillan, Alexander Stuart (1922).
1701:
1699:
1405:also draws a comparison in his play
1368:Other 16th- and 17th-century authors
1343:Now will he sit under a medlar tree,
1287:Til we be roten, kan we nat be rype;
710:concluded that the true homeland of
3569:IUCN Red List least concern species
2563:. Royal Horticultural Society. 2011
1950:(2 ed.). Collins. p. 277.
1749:The Permaculture Research Institute
1653:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1275:But if I fare as dooth an open-ers.
879:Cultivated forms are propagated by
828:, the parasitic causative agent of
2788:"Goji berries: The new superfruit"
2740:Das saarländische Geheichnis Bd. 1
2692:. British Broadcasting Corporation
1414:Another reference can be found in
414:and pollinated by bees. Normally,
406:and five free, white or pale pink
25:
2786:McAdam, Diana (12 October 2007).
1642:Petrova, A.; Barstow, M. (2017).
1284:We olde men, I drede, so fare we:
1264:term for the fruit, "open-arse":
629:Kirchn. with fruits without seeds
258:or small tree in the rose family
3510:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726564-1
3109:Gorvett, Zaria (25 March 2021).
2421:Clarke, Richard (October 1982).
2013:Die Asperl Mespilus germanica L.
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1029:extract and show antibacterial,
1018:like Ni from aqueous solutions.
530:
516:
499:is given as 2n = 32 or 2n = 34.
392:Medlar flowers are 2–5 cm (
98:
1970:Plant Systematics and Evolution
323:Under ideal circumstances, the
1362:Elizabethan and Jacobean plays
887:on various substrates such as
1:
2917:Journal of Basic Microbiology
2613:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00097-9
2496:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.03.014
2712:"Nigel Slater on... medlars"
2528:. Schütt et al. p. 337.
1470:in the English translation.
1468:The House by the Medlar Tree
1420:A Trick to Catch the Old One
1043:Nutrients and phytochemicals
852:
3589:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2158:. Port Melbourne, Victoria.
666:Royal Horticultural Society
3615:
3013:Enzyklopädie der Laubbäume
2874:10.1007/s13369-021-06014-7
2526:Enzyklopädie der Laubbäume
2185:Enzyklopädie der Laubbäume
1925:"Erhaltungskonzept Mispel"
1025:could be synthesized from
846:
791:Lithocolletis blancardella
29:
2645:10.3390/molecules16010074
2440:10.1017/S0030605300018226
2268:10.17660/eJHS.2019/84.6.4
2224:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2082:10.17660/ejhs.2019/84.6.4
1990:10.1007/s00606-007-0545-y
1660:: e.T79920045A109616278.
366:diameter at breast height
279:is included in the genus
222:
215:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
57:
48:
41:
3584:Plants described in 1753
2737:Lehnert, Charly (2014).
2540:"Perseus Search Results"
2154:Lothian, Thomas (1991).
1462:'s naturalist narrative
1389:Gargantua and Pantagruel
819:that causes leaf spots.
805:can also be infected by
702:Distribution and habitat
619:. with very large fruits
3007:G. Bounous, E. Zanini:
2790:. The (Daily) Telegraph
2117:"Hawthorns and Medlars"
1946:Mitchell, Alan (1978).
808:Podosphaera clandestina
734:, and possibly also in
661:fruits of low quality.
32:Medlar (disambiguation)
2929:10.1002/jobm.201900511
2476:Scientia Horticulturae
1548:Illustration of medlar
1358:
1290:
1238:
926:
738:. It is also found in
694:
27:Fruit tree, the medlar
3579:Flora of Western Asia
2911:Klebsiella pneumoniae
2544:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2048:) CS1 maint: others (
1889:10.1002/9783527678518
1236:
1036:Klebsiella pneumoniae
921:
817:Entomosporium mespili
757:The species requires
670:Award of Garden Merit
1877:"Mespilus germanica"
1497:Chaenomeles speciosa
1443:uses medlars in his
1078:traditional medicine
967:. The tannin causes
893:(hawthorn) species,
796:Monilinia fructigena
289:for this species is
3180:Crataegus germanica
2488:2019ScHor.252...38K
2384:1989EcBot..43..328B
2322:1989EcBot..43..328B
2199:"RHS Plantfinder –
1982:2007PSyEv.266..119C
1811:1989EcBot..43..328B
1576:Bark of medlar tree
1374:Miguel de Cervantes
1313:Measure for Measure
1299:William Shakespeare
1237:A basket of medlars
1087:
740:southeastern Europe
560:Eriobotrya japonica
478:Sexual reproduction
370:fibrous root system
292:Crataegus germanica
65:Conservation status
3461:Mespilus germanica
3150:Mespilus germanica
2907:Mespilus germanica
2718:on 13 October 2012
2595:Mespilus germanica
2392:10.1007/BF02858732
2368:Mespilus germanica
2330:10.1007/bf02858732
2201:Mespilus germanica
1819:10.1007/BF02858732
1646:Mespilus germanica
1560:Medlar growing on
1425:In the Memoirs of
1239:
1086:
1039:clinical strains.
999:Mespilus germanica
927:
811:, the pathogen of
720:Armenian highlands
643:Mespilus germanica
637:argenteo-variegata
633:Mespilus germanica
623:Mespilus germanica
610:Mespilus germanica
243:Mespilus germanica
226:Mespilus germanica
58:Foliage and fruit
43:Mespilus germanica
3556:
3555:
3443:Open Tree of Life
3142:Taxon identifiers
3054:978-3-03800-886 6
2913:clinical strains"
2750:978-3-939286-18-9
2690:"Medlars recipes"
2023:978-3-901542-41-1
1898:978-3-527-67851-8
1458:Italian novelist
1433:Modern literature
1427:Glückel of Hameln
1385:François Rabelais
1200:
1199:
1053:contains various
825:Erwinia amylovora
763:sub-mediterranean
742:, especially the
712:M. germanica
708:Kazimierz Browicz
681:M. germanica
677:genetic resources
551:M. canescens
331:The wild form of
239:
238:
208:M. germanica
88:
16:(Redirected from
3606:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3513:
3512:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3399:NBNSYS0000003436
3389:
3388:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2868:(5): 6155–6166.
2853:
2847:
2846:
2827:10.1002/ep.13738
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2647:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2588:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2270:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2035:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1976:(1–2): 119–145.
1967:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1872:
1839:
1838:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1703:
1694:
1687:Gorvett, Zaria,
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1639:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1588:Flower of medlar
1585:
1573:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1484:The Subtle Knife
1416:Thomas Middleton
1408:The Honest Whore
1335:Romeo and Juliet
1258:Geoffrey Chaucer
1253:The Reeve's Tale
1190:60,50 mg/l
1187:60,30 mg/l
1170:35,70 mg/l
1167:43,50 mg/l
1150:70,06 mg/l
1147:61,74 mg/l
1130:37,31 mg/l
1127:53,75 mg/l
1088:
855:
849:
848:
697:
544:Until recently,
534:
520:
473:
472:
468:
465:
459:
458:
454:
451:
445:
444:
440:
437:
431:
430:
426:
416:self-pollination
401:
400:
396:
387:
386:
382:
363:
362:
358:
355:
349:
348:
344:
341:
228:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
53:
39:
21:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3495:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3430:Observation.org
3428:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3144:
3121:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3075:
3058:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3006:
3002:
2985:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2763:
2751:
2743:. Saarbrücken.
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2688:Martin, James.
2687:
2686:
2679:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2590:
2589:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2372:Economic Botany
2365:
2364:
2353:
2310:Economic Botany
2303:
2302:
2298:
2281:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2133:10.2307/3647377
2114:
2113:
2106:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2036:
2024:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1874:
1873:
1842:
1799:Economic Botany
1792:
1791:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1613:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1492:
1435:
1370:
1304:Timon of Athens
1295:
1244:
1231:
1184:1,41 mg/l
1164:2,64 mg/l
1144:1,54 mg/l
1124:1,64 mg/l
1095:L-ascorbic acid
1045:
950:
916:
838:
781:
776:
704:
692:The Latin name
690:
647:aureo-variegata
592:
542:
541:
540:
539:
538:
535:
526:
525:
524:
521:
512:
511:
505:
470:
466:
463:
461:
456:
452:
449:
447:
442:
438:
435:
433:
428:
424:
423:
422:, 2–3 cm (
398:
394:
393:
384:
380:
379:
360:
356:
353:
351:
346:
342:
339:
337:
321:
309:monkey's bottom
273:When the genus
246:, known as the
235:
230:
224:
211:
97:
89:
78:
74:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:wfo-0001010802
3537:
3527:
3514:
3501:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3351:
3338:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3185:
3170:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3104:
3103:External links
3101:
3099:
3098:
3084:
3073:
3053:
3032:
3025:Peyre (1945).
3017:
3000:
2958:
2923:(3): 216–230.
2895:
2848:
2801:
2778:
2749:
2729:
2703:
2677:
2618:
2607:(3): 363–369.
2601:Food Chemistry
2574:
2549:
2531:
2517:
2462:
2413:
2378:(3): 328–372.
2351:
2316:(3): 328–372.
2296:
2261:(6): 350–358.
2240:
2215:
2190:
2187:. p. 336.
2175:
2146:
2104:
2075:(6): 350–358.
2055:
2022:
2003:
1953:
1933:
1909:
1897:
1840:
1805:(3): 328–372.
1778:
1761:
1733:
1718:
1695:
1680:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1488:
1480:Philip Pullman
1460:Giovanni Verga
1434:
1431:
1369:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1322:As You Like It
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1055:phytochemicals
1044:
1041:
949:
946:
915:
912:
837:
834:
813:powdery mildew
780:
777:
775:
772:
703:
700:
689:
686:
651:
650:
640:
630:
620:
591:
588:
536:
529:
528:
527:
522:
515:
514:
513:
509:
508:
507:
506:
504:
501:
495:The number of
320:
317:
237:
236:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3611:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Edible fruits
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
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1220:
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1215:ascorbid acid
1212:
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1195:
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1068:Due to their
1066:
1064:
1063:organic acids
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:nanoparticles
1019:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:linoleic acid
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:, Germany, a
978:
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961:
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861:
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519:
502:
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498:
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475:
421:
417:
413:
412:hermaphrodite
409:
405:
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373:
371:
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329:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
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278:
277:
271:
269:
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261:
257:
254:, is a large
253:
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245:
244:
234:
229:
227:
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
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126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
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117:
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113:
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2716:the original
2706:
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2543:
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1753:. Retrieved
1751:. 2021-05-24
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1657:
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1452:garden party
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1371:
1359:
1333:
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1309:
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1248:prostitution
1245:
1201:
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1067:
1059:monoterpenes
1051:M. germanica
1050:
1049:
1046:
1034:
1027:M. germanica
1026:
1020:
1016:heavy metals
998:
997:
989:M. germanica
988:
975:of wine. In
969:flocculation
962:
951:
939:
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895:mountain ash
888:
878:
870:M. germanica
869:
868:
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802:
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658:M. germanica
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613:
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598:
593:
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563:
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546:M. germanica
545:
543:
494:
490:vegetatively
476:
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374:
333:M. germanica
332:
330:
322:
308:
304:
291:
290:
287:correct name
280:
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272:
251:
247:
242:
241:
240:
225:
223:
207:
206:
194:
157:
144:
131:
118:
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3599:Fruit trees
3316:iNaturalist
3174:Wikispecies
1673:19 November
1536:Medlar tree
1378:Don Quixote
1330:bowdlerized
1293:Shakespeare
1262:Old English
1161:Early 1985
1121:Early 1984
1091:Time Frame
1031:antibiofilm
991:, but from
948:Product use
942:apple sauce
881:inoculation
859:Geographica
836:Cultivation
830:fire blight
730:, northern
594:Within the
590:Systematics
583:Malacomeles
577:Peraphyllum
571:Amelanchier
537:Open flower
497:chromosomes
482:germination
474: in).
319:Description
264:Roman times
138:Angiosperms
3563:Categories
3479:Plant List
2433:(5): 457.
2127:(4): 884.
1904:2021-11-14
1755:2021-11-14
1630:References
1466:is titled
1181:Late 1985
1173:48,90 ppm
1153:43,00 ppm
1133:47,20 ppm
1074:astringent
1011:oleic acid
1005:, whereby
958:lemon curd
746:coasts of
722:), on the
716:Asia Minor
523:Flower bud
3282:220008472
2989:cite book
2981:825218272
2953:210949728
2937:0233-111X
2890:237723962
2882:2193-567X
2843:238740226
2835:1944-7442
2767:cite book
2759:892065284
2654:1420-3049
2632:Molecules
2512:146091508
2504:0304-4238
2482:: 38–47.
2449:0030-6053
2338:0013-0001
2277:214450102
2164:cite book
2099:214450102
2091:1611-4426
2040:cite book
2032:967971863
1827:1874-9364
1728:978686284
1564:rootstock
1503:Crabapple
1223:aspartate
1219:glutamate
1196:5,00 ppm
1193:46,1 ppm
1176:5,20 ppm
1156:4,50 ppm
1141:End 1984
1136:4,70 ppm
1110:Potassium
1003:biodiesel
993:wolfberry
973:turbidity
890:Crataegus
874:gardeners
759:temperate
744:Black Sea
736:Turkmenia
695:germanica
688:Etymology
654:Cultivars
565:Crataegus
486:varieties
325:deciduous
305:open-arse
282:Crataegus
202:Species:
108:Kingdom:
3574:Mespilus
3523:27804454
3518:Tropicos
3373:79920045
3347:10965905
3334:726564-1
3188:BioLib:
3159:Wikidata
3122:28 March
3062:citation
2945:31994223
2672:21189456
2561:"Medlar"
2457:84855677
2408:40866174
2346:40866174
2183:Schütt.
1998:13639534
1835:40866174
1562:Hawthorn
1490:See also
1203:Fructose
1105:Fructose
1070:diuretic
985:hawthorn
981:schnapps
977:Saarland
923:Bletting
885:grafting
853:mespilon
847:μέσπιλον
748:Bulgaria
724:Caucasus
627:abortiva
614:gigantea
503:Taxonomy
276:Mespilus
260:Rosaceae
195:Mespilus
184:Rosaceae
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
3381:MoBotPF
3295:3031774
3225:Ecocrop
3165:Q146186
2663:6259355
2484:Bibcode
2400:4255177
2380:Bibcode
2318:Bibcode
2233:4 April
2208:4 April
2141:3647377
1978:Bibcode
1807:Bibcode
1523:Gallery
1395:killed
1242:Chaucer
1207:sucrose
1115:Calcium
1100:Glucose
1021:Silver
965:tanning
931:bletted
883:and by
774:Ecology
596:species
469:⁄
455:⁄
441:⁄
427:⁄
397:⁄
383:⁄
359:⁄
345:⁄
268:bletted
190:Genus:
174:Rosales
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
3533:477009
3530:uBio:
3492:PLANTS
3484:rjp-51
3448:941737
3419:NZOR:
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3269:180357
3243:633332
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903:quince
842:Strabo
752:Turkey
728:Crimea
617:Kirchn
580:, and
556:loquat
554:. The
408:petals
404:sepals
301:Kuntze
285:, the
248:medlar
164:Rosids
3497:MEGE4
3468:PFI:
3412:36616
3342:IRMNG
3321:56059
3308:24182
3264:EUNIS
3256:MSPGE
3217:6RBGS
3191:39586
2949:S2CID
2886:S2CID
2839:S2CID
2821:(2).
2508:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2404:S2CID
2396:JSTOR
2342:S2CID
2273:S2CID
2227:(PDF)
2137:JSTOR
2121:Taxon
2095:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1966:(PDF)
1928:(PDF)
1831:S2CID
954:jelly
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645:var.
635:var.
625:var.
612:var.
313:calyx
256:shrub
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
3505:POWO
3471:2205
3456:PfaF
3435:7060
3407:NCBI
3368:IUCN
3355:ITIS
3329:IPNI
3303:GRIN
3290:GBIF
3251:EPPO
3230:7735
3199:BOLD
3124:2021
3068:link
3049:ISBN
2995:link
2977:OCLC
2941:PMID
2933:ISSN
2878:ISSN
2831:ISSN
2796:2013
2773:link
2755:OCLC
2745:ISBN
2724:2013
2698:2013
2668:PMID
2650:ISSN
2569:2013
2500:ISSN
2445:ISSN
2427:Oryx
2334:ISSN
2291:link
2235:2018
2210:2018
2170:link
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2028:OCLC
2018:ISBN
1893:ISBN
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1724:OCLC
1714:ISBN
1675:2021
1658:2017
1441:Saki
1397:Abel
1393:Cain
1221:and
1072:and
1061:and
1009:and
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864:Rome
761:and
750:and
732:Iran
603:taxa
460:and
420:pome
350:and
307:and
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3394:NBN
3277:FNA
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2925:doi
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