1141:
221:
75:
846:
31:
907:
965:
50:
419:
935:
is slender and whip-like, measuring approximately half as long as the disc. A stinging spine with strong serrations, measuring up to 35 cm (14 in) long and equipped with a venom gland at its base, is positioned about a third of the distance along the tail. A second or even third spine may
918:
disc is diamond-shaped and slightly wider than it is long, with narrowly rounded outer corners. The leading margins of the disc are almost straight and converge on a pointed, slightly protruding snout; the trailing margins of the disc are convex. The eyes are smaller than the
940:
on the leading edge of the disk; older individuals may also develop a row of bony knobs along the midline of the back. This species is a solid gray, brown, reddish, or olive-green above, and whitish below with dark fin margins. Young rays may have white spots.
936:
also be present, as the spines are regularly replaced and new spines grow in before existing ones have been shed. The tail behind the spine bears a low cutaneous fold on top and a short, deep fold underneath. The body and tail are smooth, save for a few
927:
openings), which are placed closely behind. There are 28–38 upper tooth rows and 28–43 lower tooth rows; the teeth are small and blunt, and arranged into flattened surfaces. There are five papillae (nipple-like structures) across the floor of the mouth.
1046:; cephalopods were relatively important for males, while fishes were important for females. Common stingrays have been observed closely following each other in the presence of food, possibly to take advantage of other individuals' foraging success.
1343:
Jabado, R.W.; Chartrain, E.; De Bruyne, G.; Derrick, D.; Dia, M.; Diop, M.; Doherty, P.; Leurs, G.H.L.; Metcalfe, K.; Pacoureau, N.; Pires, J.D.; Ratão, S.; Seidu, I.; Serena, F.; Soares, A.-L.; Tamo, A.; VanderWright, W.J.; Williams, A.B. (2021).
343:
disc slightly wider than long, and a whip-like tail with upper and lower fin folds. It can be identified by its plain coloration and mostly smooth skin, except for a row of tubercles along the midline of the back in the largest individuals.
1050:
1611:
1633:
1477:
881:
can be found from the shore to a depth of 200 m (660 ft), though it is not usually found deeper than 60 m (200 ft). It favors sandy or muddy bottoms in calm water, and is also sometimes encountered near rocky
1109:
at 22–32 cm (8.7–12.6 in) across, and females at 24–38 cm (9.4–15.0 in) across. The oldest known individual from the wild was ten years of age, but the species has lived up to 21 years in captivity. Known
972:
Encountered singly or in "social" groups, the common stingray appears to segregate by sex to some degree and may be more active at night, tending to bury itself in sediment during daytime. It feeds on a wide variety of
1290:. Because of its inshore habitat preferences, this ray is more susceptible to small-scale coastal fisheries than to industrial operations, such as in the Balearic Islands, where it makes up 40% of the
1101:
of four months. Various authors have generally reported birthing in summer, between May and
September or over a narrower timeframe such as July to August. Mature rays are known to aggregate off the
914:
The common stingray has been reported to reach a width of 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and a length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), though a width of 45 cm (18 in) is more typical. The flattened
339:
in coastal waters shallower than 60 m (200 ft), often burying itself in sediment. Usually measuring 45 cm (18 in) across, the common stingray has a diamond-shaped
1054:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1057:
1606:
898:, common stingrays are most abundant in summer and least abundant in winter, suggestive of a seasonal shift in range and/or depth as has been documented in other ray species.
1628:
1472:
2302:
1299:
1294:
trammel net catch. Surveys indicate that common stingrays have declined in the
Mediterranean and the northeastern Atlantic, and may have been extirpated from the
407:
2354:
1105:
from mid-June to July, possibly for reproductive purposes. Newborns measure about 8 cm (3.1 in) across and 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Males reach
1055:
2113:
2449:
762:
has long been regarded as a variant of the common stingray. However, the common stingray lacks the blue markings of the other species and differs in
2276:
2315:
2469:
1015:
found that crustaceans comprised some 99% of its diet, with fish prey becoming increasingly important with age. Another study off the coast of
2380:
2479:
1053:
1710:"Identification of Skates, Rays and Mantas Off the coast of São Miguel Island, Azores: preliminary study of potential tourist development"
743:. Many of these early accounts, including Linnaeus', also incorporated information from other species. Consequently, the designation of a
956:. Its fins had a width of 2.21 metres (7.3 ft), although its length could not be determined as the tail had been removed earlier.
2250:
2095:
2068:
1964:
1734:
1690:
1543:
1399:
1757:
1559:
Rosenberger, L.J.; Schaefer, S. A. (August 6, 2001). Schaefer, S. A. (ed.). "Phylogenetic
Relationships within the Stingray Genus
2419:
1887:
2474:
714:
280:
210:
378:
and later histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Females bear 4–9 young twice per year in shallow water, after a
2464:
2203:
2320:
1709:
2341:
246:
2211:
1201:
1896:
An
Illustrated Compendium of Sharks, Skates, Rays and Chimaera. Chapter 1: The British Isles. Part 1: Skates and Rays
695:
since at least the 18th century, is "fire-flare" or "fiery-flare", which may refer to the reddish color of its meat.
2359:
1781:
473:
74:
1576:
2038:
924:
2459:
1165:
775:
2176:
2138:
1140:
1097:
called trophonemata. Females bear two litters of 4–9 pups per year in shallow inshore waters, following a
920:
699:
382:
of four months. The common stingray can inflict a painful, though rarely life-threatening, wound with its
2216:
2406:
2085:
1303:
1067:
1042:
1024:
770:
characters, which led the latter to be definitively recognized as a separate species by Paul Cowley and
367:
265:
189:
1008:
1219:, noted that the common stingray was not eaten because of its "rank and disagreeable" flesh, and that
2424:
2185:
1368:
763:
1033:
1496:"A taxonomic re-evaluation of the blue stingray from southern Africa (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae)"
668:
387:
220:
39:
2042:
1953:
1933:
1841:
Yeldan, H.; D. Avsar & M. Manaşırlı (2008). "Age, growth and feeding of the common stingray (
1588:
1580:
1267:
953:
707:
550:
497:
391:
233:
69:
54:
2411:
1148:
Though not aggressive, the common stingray can inflict an excruciating wound with its serrated,
2307:
2454:
2393:
2224:
2091:
2064:
2015:
1960:
1730:
1686:
1654:
1539:
1395:
1231:
and other injuries. In the present day, the pectoral fins or "wings" of this species are sold
1153:
845:
783:
328:
156:
30:
1302:(IUCN) has assessed this species as Vulnerable. The common stingray is protected within five
2398:
2333:
2005:
1925:
1823:
1572:
1507:
1363:
1279:
1102:
1098:
823:
810:
802:
771:
449:
379:
317:
2190:
1640:. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (February 19, 2010). Retrieved on February 27, 2010.
1618:. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (February 19, 2010). Retrieved on February 27, 2010.
1484:. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (February 19, 2010). Retrieved on February 27, 2010.
906:
2367:
2056:
1891:
1637:
1615:
1481:
1224:
1189:
1160:
1106:
993:
964:
937:
759:
719:
403:
359:
146:
1152:
tail spine. The ancient Greeks and Romans greatly feared its venom, with authors such as
727:. There are at least 25 earlier references to this ray in literature, under various non-
1345:
1307:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1016:
874:
858:
684:
676:
390:, its sting was ascribed many mythical properties. This species is not sought after by
324:
126:
116:
1884:
1827:
1810:
Ismen, A. (January 30, 2003). "Age, growth, reproduction and food of common stingray (
1204:
with a spear tipped with a stingray spine, with which he accidentally slew his father
747:
is warranted in the interests of taxonomic stability, but this has yet to be enacted.
2443:
2328:
1753:
1354:
1295:
1283:
1038:
1029:
751:
728:
710:
692:
290:
276:
206:
59:
1592:
1536:
Field
Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea
1188:(172–210 AD) claimed that the touch of stingray venom could even dissolve stone. In
2229:
1937:
1291:
1271:
915:
878:
790:
567:
340:
2010:
1981:
1955:
Leeches, lice and lampreys: A Natural
History of Skin and Gill Parasites of Fishes
418:
968:
The common stingray forages for invertebrates and small fishes on the sea bottom.
2346:
2289:
2170:
1287:
1212:
1001:
798:
688:
1512:
1495:
1157:
1094:
985:
981:
866:
797:
species, based on morphology. The common stingray was reported to be the most
422:
The oldest published depiction of a common stingray, from Pierre Belon's 1553
351:
320:
2255:
2161:
2126:
857:. It also occurs, though in significantly lower numbers, in the northeastern
2237:
1860:
1845:, L., 1758) in the Cilician coastal basin, northeastern Mediterranean Sea".
1178:
1115:
1020:
1004:
997:
887:
854:
833:
786:
is poorly understood and may not be valid, requiring further investigation.
744:
363:
332:
86:
2019:
1078:, which is later supplemented by histotroph ("uterine milk", enriched with
2263:
2155:
1766:
1240:
1205:
1193:
1126:
1111:
977:
891:
767:
594:
399:
313:
166:
136:
106:
2372:
1144:
The serrated tail spine of the common stingray is potentially dangerous.
2281:
2268:
1929:
1584:
1538:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 68.
1275:
1263:
1079:
989:
974:
944:
The largest recorded common stingray specimen was found in 2016 in the
870:
395:
355:
348:
336:
2294:
2198:
2120:
1571:(3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 615–627.
1185:
1091:
1071:
1012:
949:
895:
862:
733:
Raja corpore glabro, aculeo longo anterius serrato in cauda apterygia
371:
96:
2132:
1156:(175–235 AD) stating that stingray wounds were incurable. The Roman
2242:
406:. Its population is apparently dwindling across its range, and the
1311:
1244:
1220:
1197:
1174:
1170:
1149:
1139:
1087:
1048:
963:
945:
910:
The common stingray has a plain coloration and mostly smooth skin.
905:
844:
417:
383:
1725:
Smith, J.L.B.; Smith, M.; Smith, M.M. & Heemstra, P. (2003).
1169:, asserted that its spine was capable of killing trees, piercing
2385:
1228:
1181:
1075:
932:
883:
375:
2136:
1019:, Turkey, found the most important dietary component to be the
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1196:
was said to have lost a finger to the bite of a stingray, and
1083:
853:
774:
in 1993. The distinction between this species and the similar
1090:) delivered by the mother through numerous extensions of the
821:
has generally been recognized as belonging to its own genus
1712:. University of the Azores. Retrieved on February 28, 2010.
1655:
http://www.ciesm.org/Guide/skatesandrays/Dasyatis-pastinaca
1577:
10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0615:PRWTSG]2.0.CO;2
849:
Sandy areas are a favored habitat for the common stingray.
661:, from Rosenberger (2001). Taxon names have been updated.
1814:
L., 1758) in
Iskenderun Bay, the eastern Mediterranean".
1306:(MPAs) in the Balearic Islands, and also benefits from a
1683:
Fishes of the Sea: The North
Atlantic and Mediterranean
2145:
2063:(third ed.). Harvey and Darton. p. 279.
1952:
1653:). Oct. 2022. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand.
1908:Chisholm, L.A. (April 1995). "A redescription of
1369:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T161453A124488102.en
347:The predominant prey of the common stingray are
1980:Ball, D.; L. Neifar & L. Euzet (Mar 2003).
1782:"Dünyanın en büyüğü tesadüfen Çeşme'de bulundu"
1314:within 5.6 km (3.5 mi) of the coast.
1994:(Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae), as type species"
1720:
1718:
1300:International Union for Conservation of Nature
408:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2090:. University of Virginia Press. p. 315.
1916:(Dasyatididae), with a neotype designation".
1879:
1877:
1413:
1411:
1066:Like other stingrays, the common stingray is
8:
1990:(Van Beneden, 1850) n. comb., a parasite of
1912:Scott, 1904 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from
1748:
1746:
831:has also been placed in a different genus,
2133:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
219:
48:
29:
20:
2009:
1704:
1702:
1511:
1367:
1239:, and it is also utilized as a source of
1805:
1803:
1801:
1649:Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays (
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
723:. It has since been placed in the genus
1986:n. gen. (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea) with
1685:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1500:South African Journal of Marine Science
1494:Cowley, P.D.; Compagno, L.J.V. (1993).
1459:The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland
1422:. Translated by Frazer, J.G. Heinemann.
1322:
1217:The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland
335:. It typically inhabits sandy or muddy
1270:across many parts of its range, using
789:In 2001, Lisa Rosenberger published a
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1392:Food in the Ancient World From A to Z
1251:, and used to prepare dishes such as
1000:. It reportedly does great damage to
7:
801:member of the genus, other than the
1435:The Naturalist's Cabinet (Volume 5)
1355:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1114:of the common stingray include the
671:, the common stingray was known as
542:
535:
513:
489:
465:
441:
434:
394:, but is taken in large numbers as
410:(IUCN) assesses it as Vulnerable.
14:
1898:. Retrieved on February 28, 2010.
1871:. Retrieved on February 28, 2009.
2450:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
706:, was authored by the father of
73:
1563:(Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae)".
1200:was said to have armed her son
1847:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
1062:The "fly" of a common stingray
1:
2470:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
1828:10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00058-9
1681:Lythgoe, J. & G. (1991).
1247:is regarded as a delicacy in
228:Range of the common stingray
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
2035:The Natural History of Pliny
1437:. J. Cundee. pp. 93–97.
952:in the course of a study on
323:, found in the northeastern
2480:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2011:10.1051/parasite/2003101p31
1074:are initially sustained by
890:, as it is tolerant of low
702:of the common stingray, as
2496:
2061:Natural History of Animals
1513:10.2989/025776193784287437
1394:. Routledge. p. 279.
691:for this species, used in
1885:ID Guide: Common Stingray
590:
564:
547:
540:
533:
518:
511:
494:
487:
474:Pteroplatytrygon violacea
470:
463:
446:
439:
239:
232:
227:
218:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1865:information and pictures
1770:. February 2009 version.
1756:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1253:beignets de foie de raie
841:Distribution and habitat
424:De Aquatilibus Libri Duo
1918:Systematic Parasitology
1910:Heterocotyle pastinacae
1708:Garcia, S.A.M. (2008).
1461:. Williams and Norgate.
1362:: e.T161453A124488102.
1119:Heterocotyle pastinacae
1007:beds. One study in the
879:bottom-dwelling species
398:and utilized for food,
354:, though it also takes
2475:Fish described in 1758
2084:Schwabe, C.W. (1979).
1304:marine protected areas
1257:foie de raie en croute
1145:
1063:
969:
911:
850:
741:Pastinaca marina lævis
737:Pastinaca marina prima
700:scientific description
667:Well-documented since
427:
414:Taxonomy and phylogeny
2465:Fish of the Black Sea
2407:Paleobiology Database
2129:on Sealife Collection
2087:Unmentionable Cuisine
1627:Eschmeyer, W.N., ed.
1605:Eschmeyer, W.N., ed.
1471:Eschmeyer, W.N., ed.
1262:Common stingrays are
1143:
1068:aplacental viviparous
1061:
1043:Charybdis longicollis
1025:Metapenaeus stebbingi
967:
909:
848:
657:Phylogenetic tree of
421:
368:aplacental viviparous
1951:Kearn, G.C. (2004).
1418:Apollodorus (1921).
1268:commercial fisheries
803:bluespotted stingray
776:Tortonese's stingray
392:commercial fisheries
1988:Scalithrium minimum
1534:Serena, F. (2005).
1298:. As a result, the
1264:caught incidentally
1243:and liver oil. The
1227:as a treatment for
1223:fishermen used its
1163:(23–79 AD), in his
1130:Scalithrium minimum
960:Biology and ecology
756:Dasyatis chrysonota
669:classical antiquity
388:classical antiquity
386:tail spine. During
40:Conservation status
2204:dasyatis-pastinaca
2191:Dasyatis_pastinaca
2177:Dasyatis pastinaca
2147:Dasyatis pastinaca
2115:Dasyatis pastinaca
1992:Dasyatis pastinaca
1930:10.1007/BF00010471
1914:Dasyatis pastinaca
1890:2011-07-26 at the
1883:SharTrust (2009).
1863:Dasyatis pastinaca
1843:Dasyatis pastinaca
1816:Fisheries Research
1812:Dasyatis pastinaca
1760:Dasyatis pastinaca
1727:Smith's Sea Fishes
1651:Dasyatis pastinaca
1636:2012-02-21 at the
1614:2012-02-21 at the
1480:2012-02-21 at the
1433:Smith, T. (1807).
1390:Dalby, A. (2003).
1348:Dasyatis pastinaca
1310:ban on the use of
1211:British zoologist
1146:
1136:Human interactions
1123:Entobdella diadema
1064:
1028:, followed by the
1009:Gulf of İskenderun
970:
912:
851:
551:Dasyatis dipterura
521:Dasyatis pastinaca
498:Pastinachus sephen
428:
312:) is a species of
309:Dasyatis pastinaca
262:Pastinaca olivacea
199:Dasyatis pastinaca
2435:
2434:
2394:Open Tree of Life
2139:Taxon identifiers
2117:, Common stingray
1059:
698:The first formal
665:
664:
651:
650:
642:
641:
633:
632:
624:
623:
615:
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606:
605:
579:
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374:are nourished by
300:
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269:
258:
250:
181:D. pastinaca
63:
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2427:
2415:
2414:
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2401:
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2347:NBNSYS0000174860
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2081:
2075:
2074:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2037:. Translated by
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1982:"Description of
1977:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1905:
1899:
1881:
1872:
1861:Common stingray
1857:
1851:
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1678:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1630:violacea, Trygon
1625:
1619:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1491:
1485:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1457:Day, F. (1884).
1454:
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1430:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1340:
1280:bottom longlines
1237:dried and salted
1103:Balearic Islands
1099:gestation period
1060:
994:polychaete worms
938:dermal denticles
865:and the western
824:Pteroplatytrygon
811:pelagic stingray
772:Leonard Compagno
675:(τρυγών) to the
543:
536:
514:
490:
466:
450:Neotrygon kuhlii
442:
435:
430:
429:
380:gestation period
360:polychaete worms
289:
275:
264:
256:
254:Pastinaca laevis
245:
223:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
24:Common stingray
21:
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2368:Observation.org
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2169:
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2159:
2154:
2141:
2127:Common stingray
2110:
2105:
2098:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:Wayback Machine
1882:
1875:
1869:Elasmodiver.com
1858:
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1474:pastinaca, Raja
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1166:Natural History
1161:Pliny the Elder
1138:
1107:sexual maturity
1049:
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827:, and recently
793:analysis of 14
760:southern Africa
720:Systema Naturae
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349:bottom-dwelling
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1754:Froese, Rainer
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1608:kuhlii, Trygon
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1215:, in his 1884
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1034:Alpheus glaber
1021:penaeid shrimp
961:
958:
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875:Canary Islands
861:from southern
859:Atlantic Ocean
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729:binomial names
704:Raja pastinaca
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677:ancient Greeks
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1184:. Greek poet
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784:Mediterranean
781:
780:D. tortonesei
777:
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761:
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752:blue stingray
748:
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715:tenth edition
712:
711:Carl Linnaeus
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190:Binomial name
187:
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2051:
2043:Riley, H. T.
2034:
2028:
2004:(1): 31–37.
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1959:. Springer.
1954:
1946:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1765:
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1682:
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1645:
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1607:
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1568:
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1535:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1391:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1359:
1353:
1347:
1288:trammel nets
1284:beach seines
1261:
1256:
1252:
1216:
1210:
1164:
1147:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1065:
1041:
1032:
1023:
996:, and small
980:, including
971:
948:province of
943:
930:
916:pectoral fin
913:
852:
832:
828:
822:
818:
817:). However,
814:
806:
794:
791:phylogenetic
788:
779:
755:
749:
740:
736:
732:
724:
718:
713:in the 1758
703:
697:
680:
672:
666:
658:
593:
591:
568:Dasyatis say
566:
565:
549:
548:
520:
519:
496:
495:
472:
471:
448:
447:
423:
362:, and small
346:
341:pectoral fin
308:
307:
303:
301:
286:
272:
261:
257:Gronow, 1854
253:
243:Dasyatis ujo
242:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
133:Superorder:
18:
2290:iNaturalist
2171:Wikispecies
2057:Bingley, W.
2045:H. G. Bohn.
2039:Bostock, J.
1984:Scalithrium
1506:: 135–149.
1420:The Library
1375:19 November
1213:Francis Day
998:bony fishes
986:cephalopods
982:crustaceans
925:respiratory
902:Description
819:D. violacea
815:D. violacea
689:common name
364:bony fishes
352:crustaceans
2444:Categories
2125:Photos of
1859:Murch, A.
1791:2016-09-21
1729:. Struik.
1318:References
1158:naturalist
1125:, and the
1095:epithelium
894:. Off the
867:Baltic Sea
855:Black Seas
333:Black Seas
321:Dasyatidae
247:Rafinesque
157:Dasyatidae
123:Subclass:
55:Vulnerable
1225:liver oil
1202:Telegonus
1179:corroding
1112:parasites
1005:shellfish
978:organisms
921:spiracles
888:estuaries
834:Neotrygon
829:D. kuhlii
807:D. kuhlii
782:) of the
745:lectotype
687:. An old
681:pastinaca
404:liver oil
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2455:Dasyatis
2308:10937415
2264:FishBase
2156:Wikidata
2121:FishBase
2059:(1880).
2020:12669347
1998:Parasite
1888:Archived
1786:Hürriyet
1767:FishBase
1634:Archived
1612:Archived
1593:85657403
1561:Dasyatis
1478:Archived
1276:gillnets
1241:fishmeal
1206:Odysseus
1194:Hercules
1173:like an
1150:venomous
1127:tapeworm
1080:proteins
1037:and the
1002:cultured
990:bivalves
954:trolling
923:(paired
892:salinity
873:and the
795:Dasyatis
768:meristic
731:such as
725:Dasyatis
708:taxonomy
659:Dasyatis
595:Dasyatis
400:fishmeal
384:venomous
366:. It is
356:molluscs
337:habitats
327:and the
314:stingray
277:Linnaeus
266:Swainson
234:Synonyms
207:Linnaeus
168:Dasyatis
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2282:2419543
2162:Q586594
1938:3143144
1585:1448284
1092:uterine
1072:embryos
877:. This
871:Madeira
683:to the
679:and as
396:bycatch
372:embryos
316:in the
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2425:105851
2412:154447
2399:849605
2386:105851
2360:673854
2334:161453
2321:160959
2256:124372
2243:DSYAPA
2217:253449
2199:ARKive
2094:
2067:
2018:
1963:
1936:
1849:: 1–5.
1733:
1689:
1591:
1583:
1565:Copeia
1542:
1398:
1312:trawls
1286:, and
1233:smoked
1186:Oppian
1177:, and
1154:Aelian
1116:flukes
1086:, and
1070:: the
1017:Tarsus
1013:Turkey
950:Turkey
896:Azores
886:or in
863:Norway
809:) and
739:, and
673:trygon
592:other
402:, and
370:: the
318:family
293:, 1827
268:, 1839
249:, 1810
2420:WoRMS
2303:IRMNG
2295:47276
2251:EUNIS
2230:347D2
1934:S2CID
1589:S2CID
1581:JSTOR
1245:liver
1229:burns
1221:Welsh
1198:Circe
1175:arrow
1171:armor
1088:mucus
946:Izmir
884:reefs
799:basal
758:) of
291:Risso
2381:OBIS
2373:2142
2355:NCBI
2329:IUCN
2316:ITIS
2277:GBIF
2269:2060
2238:EPPO
2212:BOLD
2092:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2016:PMID
1961:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1569:2001
1540:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1377:2021
1360:2021
1255:and
1182:iron
1121:and
1076:yolk
1011:off
933:tail
931:The
766:and
750:The
376:yolk
331:and
302:The
281:1758
211:1758
2342:NBN
2225:CoL
2186:ADW
2119:at
2006:doi
1926:doi
1824:doi
1573:doi
1508:doi
1364:doi
1266:by
1235:or
1084:fat
869:to
717:of
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2014:.
2002:10
2000:.
1996:.
1932:.
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1920:.
1894:.
1876:^
1867:.
1820:60
1818:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
