732:
printed on or applied to utilitarian articles such as textile fabrics, wallpaper, containers, and the like. The same is true when a statue or carving is used to embellish an industrial product or, as in the Mazer case, is incorporated into a product without losing its ability to exist independently as a work of art. On the other hand, although the shape of an industrial product may be aesthetically satisfying and valuable, the
Committee's intention is not to offer it copyright protection under the bill. Unless the shape of an automobile, airplane, ladies' dress, food processor, television set, or any other industrial product contains some element that, physically or conceptually, can be identified as separable from the utilitarian aspects of that article, the design would not be copyrighted under the bill.
1009:). Frames are 3-dimensional objects, so the photo may be copyrighted. Remember: Always provide the original creator's name, birth and death date and the time of creation, if you can! If you do not know, give as much source information as possible (source link, place of publication etc.). Other volunteers must be able to verify the copyright status. Furthermore, the moral rights of the original creator—which include the right to be named as the author—are perpetual in some countries. In either case you need permission from the author to create a derivative work. Without such permission any art you create based on their work is legally considered an unlicensed copy owned by the original author (taking from another web site is not allowed without their permission).
644:, which is also included in the book, the copyright to which is owned by the Tolkien Estate. The original Estate copyright still holds, and then the annotations also acquire a new and independent copyright of their own. Likewise, the corporation that holds the copyright to Darth Vader (i.e., Walt Disney) has the exclusive right to create or authorize any derivative works of that character, including photographs or drawings of him which portray him in novel and creative ways, since (as court decisions put it) that is one aspect of the copyright holder's work that they might want to exploit commercially. In the same manner, anyone can make a movie based on The Bible, and may make their own movie called "The Ten Commandments" based on the Biblical chapter
394:
copyright protected, the original copyright holder must also license the underlying work for reuse. In other words, a derivative work is not merely a work that is "based on" another work, a derivative work is considered a new work because of some significant amount of additional creativity that went into its production— all subsequent works based on another, previous work but lacking substantial new creative content are merely considered copies of that work and are entitled to no new copyright protection as a result and should not be referred to as "derivative works", as this has a very specific meaning in copyright law.
384:
841:. Indeed, some countries, such as Japan, generally consider toys to be utilitarian objects and therefore ineligible for copyright. Other countries, such as the United States, however, do not consider toys to be utilitarian objects. Accordingly, paintings, statues and toys are all works subject to copyright whose photographs would require permission of the original creator to be hosted on the Commons. Just as you cannot upload pictures of a sculpture by Picasso, you cannot upload photographs of post-1928 Mickey Mouse or Pokémon figures.
614:"A 'derivative work' is a work based upon one or more pre-existing works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications, which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a 'derivative work'".
759:
object had artistic elements that were "physically or conceptually" separable from the object's functional aspects and therefore copyrightable. The whitepaper suggested a consideration for determining if specific elements of a utilitarian object are copyrightable under US law: if an object has non-functional elements, then those elements are more likely to be copyrightable if the design of the elements was not influenced by utilitarian pressures.
409:
if you added substantial creative new material to the storyline, because the movie requires the original book author's permission— if such permission were obtained, however, the movie would likely then be considered a derivative work entitled to its own novel copyright protection. "Derivative", in this sense, does not simply mean "derived from", it means, "derived from and including new creative content which is entitled to a new copyright."
592:
270:
215:
755:
portray the appearance of an airplane in a manner similar to that of a painting of an airplane. On the other hand, ordinary alarm clocks, dinner plates, gaming consoles— as well as actual, full-scale planes— are not generally copyrightable... though any design painted on the dinner plate would likely be subject to copyright protection, as would an alarm clock in the shape of Snoopy the dog.
1708:
960:
736:
separately from the useful article as such are copyrightable. And, even if the three-dimensional design contains some such element (for example, a carving on the back of a chair or a floral relief design on silver flatware), copyright protection would extend only to that element, and would not cover the overall configuration of the utilitarian article as such.
845:
portrayal of a real airplane, a toy airplane, like a painting, has no intrinsic utilitarian function." Additional rulings have found, for example, "it is no longer subject to dispute that statues or models of animals or dolls are entitled to copyright protection" and "There is no question but that stuffed toy animals are entitled to copyright protection."
245:
723:"the design of a useful article shall be considered a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article."
849:
shown that Mickey Mouse or
Asterix have to be treated as works of art, which means they are subject to copyright, while a common spoon or a table are not works of art. Artistic elements of these items could be copyrighted, but only if it's separable from the utilitarian elements. Some toys are also too simple to meet the
678:
interested in the girl and the frozen treat rather than the oversized rodent, and you may even market that image commercially (though you must be sure that Mickey really is "de minimis" and his presence must not make that image more useful, more interesting, or more marketable than it would be without him).
954:) enter the public domain. Only aspects of the character that appear in the public domain work may be used to create a new derivative work. Aspects of the character that appear in works under an active copyright are still protected. For instance in Warner Bros. v. AVELA a promotional poster for the movie
1016:
Photographs of buildings and artworks in public spaces: Those are derivative works, but they may be OK, if the artwork is permanently installed (which means, it is there to stay, not to be removed after a certain time), and in some countries if you are on public ground while taking the picture. Check
1012:
Cave paintings: Cave walls are usually not flat, but three-dimensional. The same goes for antique vases and other uneven or rough surfaces. This could mean that photographs of such media can be copyrighted, even if the cave painting is in the public domain. (We are looking for case studies here!) Old
900:
Admittedly, it may be difficult or even impossible to illustrate such articles. However, the articles can still be written. Their lack of illustrations will not affect the vitality of
Wikimedia's projects, and there are plenty of topics with opportunities to create illustrations which do not violate
758:
It is possible for utilitarian objects to have aspects which are copyrightable, but there is no clear line in US law between works which are copyrightable and objects which are not. A white paper on copyright and 3D printing mentioned several US court rulings that were each about whether a functional
727:
A "useful article" is defined as "an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information." This part of the amendment is an adaptation of language added to the
Copyright Office Regulations in the mid-1950's in an effort
848:
Similarly, dolls' clothing has been found to be copyrightable in the US on the grounds that it does not have a utilitarian function of providing protection from the elements or preserving modesty in the manner that clothing for humans does (the latter is a "useful article.") Numerous lawsuits have
660:
It does not matter if a drawing of a copyrighted character's likeness is created entirely by the uploader without any other reference than the uploader's memory. A non-free copyrighted work simply cannot be rendered free without the consent of the copyright holder, not by photographing, nor drawing,
656:
By taking a picture with a copyrighted cartoon character on a T-shirt as its main subject, for example, the photographer creates a new, copyrighted work (the photograph), but the rights of the cartoon character's creator still affect the resulting photograph. Such a photograph could not be published
408:
In summary: you cannot trace someone else's copyrighted creative drawing and upload that tracing to
Commons under a new, free license because a tracing is a copy without new creative content; likewise, you cannot make a movie version of a book you just read without the permission of the author, even
770:
required for copyright protection. In the vast majority of national jurisdictions, the level of originality required for copyright protection of works of applied arts does not differ from the one for the fine arts. It is higher in
Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Slovenia, and Switzerland. There is
731:
In adopting this amendatory language, the
Committee is seeking to draw as clear a line as possible between copyrightable works of applied art and non-copyrighted works of industrial design. A two-dimensional painting, drawing, or graphic work is still capable of being identified as such when it is
686:
No. Disney does not hold the copyright on the photo. There are two different copyrights to be taken into account, that of the photographer (concerning the photo) and that of Disney (the toy). You have to keep those apart. Ask yourself: Can the photo be used as an illustration for "Winnie the Pooh"?
1032:
Images of characters/objects/scenes in books: subject to any copyright on the book itself. You cannot freely create and distribute a drawing of Albus
Dumbledore any more than you could distribute your own Harry Potter movie. In either case you need permission from the author to create a derivative
958:
was never copyrighted. A t-shirt company combined the public domain images from the poster with catchphrases from the 1939 film that was still under an active copyright. The court ruled that only the images were public domain and that combining them with the copyrighted catchphrases created a new
844:
The legal rationale in the United States has been established in numerous cases. "Gay Toys, Inc. versus Buddy L Corporation", for example, found "a toy airplane is to be played with and enjoyed, but a painting of an airplane, which is copyrightable, is to be looked at and enjoyed. Other than the
833:
Although the scope of copyright varies between countries, it is a misconception that copyright applies solely to "art". Instead, copyright typically applies to a larger variety of works; to use the United States, where WMF servers are located, as an example: copyright protection is available to
754:
Sculptures, paintings, action figures, and (in many cases) toys and models do not have utilitarian aspects and therefore in the United States (where
Commons is hosted) such objects are generally considered protected as copyrighted works of art. A toy airplane, for example, is mainly intended to
735:
The test of separability and independence from "the utilitarian aspects of the article" does not depend upon the nature of the design—that is, even if the appearance of an article is determined by aesthetic (as opposed to functional) considerations, only elements, if any, which can be identified
393:
Many creative works are derivative works of something else, entitled to their own copyright. A derivative work is one which is not only based on a previous work, but which also contains sufficient new, creative content to entitle it to its own copyright. However, if the underlying work is still
618:
In short, all transfers of a creative, copyrightable work into a new medium (i.e., from book to movie) as well as all other modifications of a work whose outcome is a new, creatively original work (e.g., from
Shakespearean play into a modern rendition of a Shakespearean play with new wording or
778:, which, depending on jurisdiction, may limit commercial use of depictions. However, patents and copyright are separate areas of law, and works uploaded to Commons are only required to be free with respect to copyright. Therefore, patents of this kind are not a matter of concern for Commons.
690:
Be aware, though, that Disney's protection strategy both relies on author's right (artistic property) and trade mark (extended to protect a design). The actual legal analysis would be more subtle in that case. While Disney does not hold a copyright on the photo, there may be an infringement on
677:
can apply in such a setting: if the subject of your theme park photograph is your daughter eating an ice cream but someone in a Mickey Mouse costume can be seen in the background, this is not considered infringement nor a derivative work so long as it is clear from the photograph that you are
631:
Unlike an exact copy or minor variation of a work (e.g. the same book with a different title), which would be considered a mere copy and would not result in a new copyright, a derivative work creates a new copyright on all original aspects of the new version. Thus, for example, the creator of
668:
Locations such as theme parks usually allow photography and sometimes even encourage it even though items of copyrighted artwork will almost certainly be included in visitors' photos. Such policies, however, do not automatically mean that such photos can be distributed under a public domain
1024:
Replicas of artworks: Exact replicas (even poor ones) of public domain works, like tourist souvenirs of the Venus de Milo, cannot attract any new copyright as they do not have the required originality. Hence, photographs of such items can be treated just like photographs of the artwork
976:
Actually, no. Photographs of, say, modern art statues or paintings cannot be uploaded either, and people accept that. If we accept the legal standard that comic figures and action figures can be considered as art and thus are copyrighted, we are just applying the standard rule here.
1028:
Photographs of three-dimensional objects: always copyrighted, even if the object itself is in the public domain. If you did not take the photograph yourself, you need permission from the owner of the photographic copyright (unless of course the photograph itself is in the public
795:
It is prohibited to copy text from non-free media like copyrighted books, articles or similar works. Information itself, however, is not copyrightable, and you are free to rewrite it in your own words. Quotations are allowed if they are limited in size and mention the source.
871:
When uploading a picture of a toy, you must show that the toy is in the public domain in both the United States and in the source country of the toy. In the United States, copyright is granted for toys even if the toy is ineligible for copyright in the source country.
963:
for additional court rulings. Derivative representations of characters are protected by copyright law in the United States until the original work that created the character is no longer copyrighted. This protection is separate from trademark protection. See
691:
Disney's copyright of Pooh by virtue of copying via the photograph. As virtually all photography is considered to involve at least a modicum of creativity on the part of the photographer, in fact you may have created a derivative work without permission.
834:“original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression” Indeed, toys generally are original (owe their origin to an author), have authors (human creators), and are fixed in a tangible medium (wood, fabric, etc.)
2129:
1264:
857:. "A toy model that is an exact replica of an automobile, airplane, train, or other useful article where no creative expression has been added to the existing design" is not eligible for copyright protection in the United States.
383:
669:
dedication or a free content license; the intent of a venue allowing photography may be to facilitate photography for personal usage and/or non-commercial sharing on social networking sites, for example. (See
865:
434:
257:
Unless you have authorization from the copyright holder, or in situations where this does not apply as described below, do not upload works derived from other non-free works onto Commons, or they will be
1021:. If your country has a liberal policy on this exception and learn more about freedom of panorama. Note that in most countries, freedom of panorama does not cover two-dimensional artworks such as murals.
911:
provisions. The situations in which this is permitted are strictly limited. It is vital to consult the policies and guidelines of the project in question before attempting to invoke fair use claims.
1074:
Adapting works licensed under CC BY-SA version 2 or higher can be re-licensed under the same or higher version of CC BY-SA (e.g. a derivative of a CC BY-SA 3 work could be either 3, 4, or both).
648:, but may not make a new version of the 1956 film, "The Ten Commandments", even with substantial new creative input, without getting permission of Paramount Pictures (the copyright holder).
749:
Note that while the commentary above was apparently written while some language was an amendment which had not then been enacted, it was subsequently enacted and can be found in 17 USC 101.
1836:
892:. "Fair use" is a difficult legal exception that exists only for pictures that are used in a certain limited context; it is never applicable to entire databases of copyrighted material.
627:"(T)he owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following: (...) (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work".
652:
If I take a picture of an object with my own camera, I hold the copyright to the picture. Can't I license it any way I choose? Why do I have to worry about other copyright holders?
439:
If I take a picture of an object with my own camera, I hold the copyright to the picture. Can't I license it any way I choose? Why do I have to worry about other copyright holders?
1578:
444:
156:
1081:
599:
is a derivative work (the statue of Venus de Milo is considered the underlying work): the artist is known to have died more than 100 years ago, so the statue is in the
998:
Comic figures and action figures: No photographs, drawings, paintings or any other copies/derivative works of these are allowed (as long as the original is not in the
1091:
your earlier upload under more licenses. (So if you had a version 1 CC license, you can just go back and add a version 4 license, which simplifies things greatly.)
861:
230:
It illustrates standards or behaviors which most editors agree with in principle and generally follow. Feel free to update the page as needed, but please use the
1573:
1506:
1002:). No pictures are allowed of items which are derivatives from copyrighted figures themselves, like dolls, action figures, T-shirts, printed bags, ashtrays etc.
126:
61:
161:
141:
81:
1678:
1568:
56:
1066:, but also any related work that modifies it) are usually allowed. However, there must be compatible licensing used. For Creative Commons licenses, see
166:
76:
2220:
1999:
1753:
1558:
1088:
2215:
682:
If I take a photograph of a kid who is holding a stuffed Winnie the Pooh toy, does Disney own the copyright in the photo since they own the Pooh design?
449:
If I take a photograph of a kid who is holding a stuffed Winnie the Pooh toy, does Disney own the copyright in the photo since they own the Pooh design?
131:
91:
1154:
603:— no copyright problems here provided that the author of the photograph (which is the derivative work) releases the copyright under a suitable license.
176:
101:
86:
1978:
1900:
1683:
987:
782:
282:
116:
106:
66:
2156:
136:
121:
111:
96:
51:
1499:
373:
171:
151:
146:
829:
474:
402:
1585:
1013:
frescoes and other paintings on flat surfaces in the public domain should be fine, as long as they are reproduced as two-dimensional artworks.
186:
2151:
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the
1905:
1826:
1630:
1049:
1033:
work. Without such permission any art you create based on their work is legally considered an unlicensed copy owned by the original author.
289:
1080:
Adapting works licensed under CC BY licenses can either use the original version or later versions of CC BY, or included in CC BY-SA (see
181:
1988:
1763:
1673:
1063:
837:
The question, then, is whether toys are to be treated as vehicles and furniture: exempt from copyright protection on the basis of being
1198:
1176:
1788:
1738:
1618:
1371:
687:
Am I trying to get around restrictions for two-dimensional pictures of Pooh by using a photo of a toy? If so, then it is not allowed.
619:
characters) are considered derivative works entitled to their own, new copyrights. Who is allowed to create such works? According to
1327:
2132:
2060:
2164:
1960:
1933:
850:
741:
359:
2160:
2108:
2025:
1870:
1793:
1523:
1454:(Eric D. Gorman: How to determine whether appropriation art is transformative “fair use” or morely an unauthorized derivative?)
405:), the original creator of the work must explicitly authorize the copy/ derivative work before it can be uploaded to Commons.
223:
38:
2131:
2152:
1875:
1563:
2065:
1469:
1419:
1067:
961:
Commons:Deletion requests/File:"Appreciate America. Come On Gang. All Out for Uncle Sam" (Mickey Mouse)" - NARA - 513869.tif
715:
No. There are special provisions in US copyright law to exempt utility articles to a wide degree from copyright protection:
904:
955:
670:
454:
231:
1479:
1251:
800:
I know that I can't upload photos of copyrighted art (like paintings and statues), but what about toys? Toys are not art!
479:
I know that I can't upload photos of copyrighted art (like paintings and statues), but what about toys? Toys are not art!
2207:
1831:
1513:
965:
767:
1448:(Citing a court case in which Warner Bros was accused of copyright infringement for filming a statue inside a building)
2015:
1955:
1733:
1716:
1018:
662:
338:
799:
868:
has found that sex dolls are copyrightable, as their design elements are separable from their utilitarian function.
401:
or there is evidence that the underlying work has been freely licensed for reuse (for example, under an appropriate
2010:
1886:
1798:
1548:
310:
1821:
1816:
1773:
1668:
1635:
1531:
884:
requires that every single file be licensed for possible commercial reuse and be free of third-party copyrights.
366:
1082:"Can I include a work licensed with CC BY in a Knowledge (XXG) article even though they use a CC BY-SA license?"
2079:
345:
1094:
Adapting public domain or CC0 material means you have full freedom in picking a license for a derivative work.
763:
634:
1895:
1693:
1663:
1640:
1625:
273:
694:
388:
Decision tree for derivative works on Wikimedia Commons. Note: incomplete simplification; exceptions exist.
2037:
1910:
1841:
514:
296:
1392:
1315:
2187:
1783:
1553:
881:
1221:
2020:
1293:
901:
third-party copyrights. Even your own drawing of Pikachu cannot be published under a free license.
651:
2030:
1983:
1948:
1778:
1110:
607:
1439:
1265:
Commons:Deletion requests/Images of costumes tagged as copyvios by AnimeFan#Comment by Mike Godwin
785:
for more information. These should be decided on a case-by-case basis using the separability test.
2102:
1943:
1688:
1645:
1608:
926:
695:
Isn't every product copyrighted by someone? What about cars? Or kitchen chairs? My computer case?
674:
494:
459:
Isn't every product copyrighted by someone? What about cars? Or kitchen chairs? My computer case?
324:
2202:
1442:(Citing a court case in which photographs of Beanie Baby dolls are treated as derivative works)
994:
How does this guideline concern the selection of images that are allowed on Wikimedia Commons?
638:
holds a copyright on all of the notes and commentary he wrote, but not on the original text of
1846:
1768:
1603:
1404:
1202:
1180:
1006:
999:
919:
804:
775:
699:
600:
398:
194:
2172:
1340:
R. Dakin & Co. v. A & L Novelty Co., Inc., 444 F. Supp. 1080, 1083-84 (E.D.N.Y. 1978)
1222:
Summary Report: The Interplay Between Design and Copyright Protection for Industrial Products
971:
205:
1915:
1851:
1613:
1491:
1351:
1339:
1158:
1104:
1087:
If you're making a derivative of something else you yourself made, you can simplify this by
951:
943:
933:
907:
allow non-free works (including derivatives of non-free works) to be uploaded locally under
889:
854:
811:
771:
no legal definition for this threshold, so one must use common sense and existing case law.
317:
818:
781:
Photos of people in costumes of copyrighted characters may or may not be copyrighted. See
1743:
1037:
1005:
Paintings with frames: Paintings that are in the public domain are generally allowed (see
706:
199:
1451:
1234:
484:
504:
1856:
1748:
640:
352:
303:
2140:
2127:
2086:
1130:
947:
620:
596:
657:
without the consent of both copyright holders: the photographer and the cartoonist.
610:, according to the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101, are defined as follows:
591:
1077:
Adapting works licensed under CC BY-SA version 1 must be re-licensed as CC BY-SA 1.
908:
885:
1276:
972:
I've never heard about this before! Is this some kind of creative interpretation?
762:
Different countries may have different definitions: German law has a term called
519:
I've never heard about this before! Is this some kind of creative interpretation?
33:
2182:
1475:
US Copyright Office Circular 14 - Copyright in Derivative Works and Compilations
1048:
If you come across derivative works of non-free works on Commons, tag them with
774:
Instead of copyright protection, utilitarian objects are generally protected by
24:
1445:
1474:
1155:
IP Frontiers: From planes to dolls: Copyright challenges in the toy industry
896:
But how can we illustrate topics like Star Wars or Pokémon without pictures?
499:
But how can we illustrate topics like Star Wars or Pokémon without pictures?
1707:
1464:
959:
work that infringed Warner Bros. active copyright for the film. See also:
786:
412:
1405:
HASBRO BRADLEY, INC. v. SPARKLE TOYS, INC., 780 F.2d 189 (2nd Cir. 1985)
2197:
2130:
942:
Sometimes individual works featuring copyrighted characters (such as
2159:; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the
1328:
Blazon, Inc. v. DeLuxe Game Corp., 268 F. Supp. 416 (S.D.N.Y. 1965)
1316:
Gay Toys, Inc. v. Buddy L Corporation, 703 F.2d 970 (6th Cir. 1983)
915:
What about images of copyrighted characters in public domain works?
509:
What about images of copyrighted characters in public domain works?
2177:
2051:
590:
418:
411:
1482:(What's copyrightable and what's not in the area of visual arts)
1107:
are combinations of multiple images arranged into a single image
968:
for information on the copyright status of specific characters.
876:
But Wikimedia Commons isn't commercial! And what about fair use?
489:
But Wikimedia Commons isn't commercial! And what about fair use?
1495:
1485:
1465:
Derivative Works :: Topics :: Lumen (formerly Chilling Effects)
1440:
https://casetext.com/case/ty-inc-v-publications-international-5
1492:
783:
Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter#Costumes and cosplay
728:
to implement the Supreme Court's decision in the Mazer case.
1062:
In general, derivatives of free works (such as described in
1488:
has many downloadable guides covering aspects of copyright.
1277:
17 U.S. Code § 102. Subject matter of copyright: In general
860:
In other cases, the "separability" test may be needed (see
1486:
Australian Copyright Council's Online Information Centre
1480:
Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices - Chapter 500
1252:
Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices - Chapter 500
880:
Wikimedia Commons is not a commercial project, but the
1452:
http://lawspace.stmarytx.edu/files/original/Gorman.pdf
534:
2148:
This page was last edited on 5 August 2024, at 00:27.
746:; content primarily taken from a U.S. Government work
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In either case, unless the underlying work is in the
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1145:
1143:
875:
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2050:
1997:
1969:
1924:
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1807:
1724:
1715:
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1539:
1530:
1837:User-specific galleries, templates and categories
1399:
18:From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
1322:
1170:
2157:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
2155:; all unstructured text is available under the
1415:
1413:
1199:What's the Deal with Copyright and 3D Printing?
1177:What's the Deal with Copyright and 3D Printing?
424:
2219:
1294:"Farby" doll is judged not to be a work of art
1192:
1125:
544:
211:
1507:
1470:L.H.O.O.Q.--Internet-Related Derivative Works
1366:
719:The second part of the amendment states that
1446:http://www.benedict.com/visual/batman/batman
1309:
1254:. University of New Hampshire School of Law.
1229:
1334:
1271:
862:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
2145:
1881:
1721:
1536:
1514:
1500:
1346:
1246:
988:Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter
1288:
1217:
1215:
1131:U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101
1122:
830:Category:Toys related deletion requests
621:U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 106
49:
5:
42:which are not marked for translation.
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