2254:
one-third of the population and was the most viable of all
Salishan languages" (Kennedy and Bouchard, 443). Czaykowska-Higgins and Kinkade (1990) reported in the same year that the number of Island Comox speakers was one, while the mainland Sliammon maintained less than 400 (64). Today, Ethnologue estimates that there are roughly 40 speakers of Catlotlq, the majority of whom are L2 speakers. Ethnologue also lists Catlotlq as being ranked at an 8 on the Fishman scale of language loss severity, which reads: "most vestigial users of Xish are socially isolated old folks and Xish needs to be reassembled from their mouths and memories and taught to demographically unconcentrated adults" (Hinton, 49).
2307:
1337:"Control may be seen as marking the subject of the verb as a prototypical agent: the subject wants the event to occur and has the capabilities that would normally ensure that (s)he could bring about the desired event. Noncontrol signals that the subject departs in some way from prototypical agentivity; the event occurs accidentally or is something that the subject did only with difficulty."
1531:(1999) confirms this information and expounds upon it by stating, "in all Salish languages, the predicate is most often clause-initial, followed by nominal expressions and prepositional phrases coding participants in the event" (37). He further notes that prepositional phrases generally represent obliques, leaving subjects and objects unmarked (38).
2114:
Lexical suffixes in
Salishan languages have referential meaning. That is, "they refer to things as body parts, shapes and concrete objects, and are part of the semantic derivation of a stem" (116). In the next two sections of examples, suffix referents to body parts and objects will be presented. The
1597:
in these examples is semantically similar though grammatically contrasted. The suffixation present in the first instance marks the word as a verb and also indicates person, in this case the second. The prefix and suffix in the latter instance nominalize the word, possession designated as seen earlier
2253:
As of 1983, only two L1 speakers of the Island Comox were surviving, an aunt and niece, the aunt born in 1900. (Kennedy and
Bouchard, 23). In a later publication, Kennedy and Bouchard (1990), stated that, whether as an L1 or L2, "in the 1980s, Mainland Comox continued being spoken fluently by about
317:
Many
Sliammon, Klahoose and Homalco do not identify as Comox, and Comox is seen by many separate and more closely linked to the kwakwaka'wakw people as Comox people speak this language. Island Comox became very rare in the late 1800s as Lekwiltok became the more common language spoken by the island
2105:
Harris concludes his treatment of tense by stating, "the present in Comox is the unmarked tense although it is not clear that every unmarked predicate has the force of the present as an explicit factor of meaning" (76). That is, the lack of marking presents a certain amount of ambiguity as to the
1829:
Transitivity in
Catlotlq has several suffix paradigms. With respect to one of these paradigms, Harris states, "object suffixes preced subject suffixes" (50). He offers first a list of object pronouns as they appear with transitive roots and then gives examples of each of them in their respective
1530:
As is the case for all Salish languages, Comox is predicate-initial. Czaykowski-Higgins and
Kinkade (1998) state, "VSO (verb-subject-object) is most commonly said to be the preferred word order in most Salish languages, with postpredicate word order nevertheless being fairly free" (37). Kroeber
1539:
In addition to the loss of derivational prefixes, Comox has also lost the nominalizer prefix in many of its uses. Further, there is extant ambiguity as to the ability – or need – to classify certain words as 'noun' or 'verb' within the Salish family. An example of the uncertainty is the word
290:
A community accord was signed in 2003 between
Sliammon First Nation and the municipality of Powell River. The municipality of Powell River has started to place the traditional Sliammon names in addition to the settler names on signs found throughout the district.
1247:"Reduplicated counting forms with explicit reference to 'people' can be found in a large number of different Salish languages. All the basic formal shapes of reduplication in Salish (CVC-, CV-, and –VC) may be used to create the 'people' counting forms." (412).
1708:
In the
Catlotlq example, the negating predicate assumes the same person and number as the subject. Conversely, the Squamish negating predicate remains unmarked. The difference between Squamish and Coast Salish languages in this case, is the irrealis marker
1820:
Interestingly, the oblique marker in these examples also serves a locative purpose, identifying where the object was dropped and the individual's original orientation. The subjects and objects in both phrases are, true to form, unmarked by preposition.
1172:"Salishan languages are highly polysynthetic, employing numerous suffixes and reduplication patterns; prefixes and infixes are less numerous. Words often include lexical suffixes referring to concrete physical objects or abstract extensions from them."
271:
is not a Comox word, but rather a Kwak'wala term meaning "plenty", "abundance", or "wealth”. So Comox is not an ʔayajuθəm term, but is
Wakashan based. ʔayajuθəm means “the language of our people” in Sliammon, Klahoose, and Homalco languages.
249:
and adjoining inlets and islands. More specifically, ʔayajuθəm was traditionally spoken in Bute Inlet (also known as Church House), in
Squirrel Cove (also known as Cortez Island), and in Sliammon, located in the area now known as Powell River.
1465:"The durative is used for activities carried out over an extended period or habitually, such as a means of employment" (Mithun 168). Thus, duratives demonstrate intervallic aspect. Here is an example of a durative in Comox:
1202:
In his review of Hagège's grammar of the language, Paul D. Kroeber states, "After diminutive CV reduplication, all CVC roots lose their vowel, regardless of what the vowel is." Kroeber gives the following example:
1500:"An inceptive prefix can mark the gradual, beginning stages of an event or state" (Mithun 169). In Comox, this is largely achieved through –VC reduplication. The following example illustrates this process:
302:. In addition to the First Voices site, there are ʔayajuθəm dictionaries from Sliammon and Homalco, CD's containing ʔayajuθəm and children's books containing The ʔayajuθəm language are available throughout
1610:
In Coast Salish languages, all but Squamish feature subject-predicate mirroring – a sort of clausal concord – in person and number. To illustrate this point, here are examples from Catlotlq and Squamish:
1046:), non-glottalized consonants; between such a consonant and a final word boundary. There are also a certain number of grammatical environments where the tense form of the high front vowel is required.
1969:
Mithun (1999) explains: "A benefactive applicative allows beneficiaries to be cast as direct objects" (247). Thus, the transitivity not only denotes direction, but a benefactor and the recipient.
3705:
2202:
In the case of object reference, some lexical suffixes have the single affix form, though many also derive from a root. The former is the case for identification of containers with the suffix
265:, and Homalco peoples speak ʔayajuθəm, which is referred to by some as "Mainland Comox dialect". As of 2012, the Island Comox dialect has no remaining speakers. The term
275:
Powell River, Campbell River, and Cortez island have started projects to help save ʔayajuθəm. Children in daycare and preschool are being taught ʔayajuθəm in schools on
1982:
Harris (1981) states, "there are three explicit tenses in Comox: the past, the present, and the future" (72). He first looks at the future tense marked by the morpheme
2375:
287:). ʔayajuθəm is also being accepted as a second language that fulfills graduation requirements. In Powell River, ʔayajuθəm is taught from daycare through grade 12.
3047:
2733:
3710:
1191:
occur in circumspection. Kroeber is wary to support the finding, but offers the following: "This would appear to be a complex of the nominalizing prefix
2997:
1544:, which can appear as both a noun and a verb, and is identified through the results of its affixation. Kroeber (1999) provides the following example:
1928:(Harris, 52). Following the objective pronouns given in the previous example, the next set of data (Harris, 53) illustrates the benefactive suffix:
464:
3674:
718:
491:
826:
1175:
Comox has essentially lost all derivational prefixes. It is the only language in the Salish family to have lost the nominalizing prefix
807:
586:
596:
105:
91:
3040:
2437:
246:
1183:
interestingly serves as a marker for 3rd person possession (Kroeber 111). Hagège has found certain cases where both the prefixive
2726:
1199:; that is, the third person form of the sort of nominalized construction widely used for subordination in Salish."(Kroeber 115).
728:
501:
307:
280:
2046:, the latter occurring after consonants (73). The following list shows the past tense in its various phonological environments:
1214:
The affixes representing possession in Comox are much different than those of their Salishan counterparts. 1st person singular (
3700:
3125:
1008:
3605:
303:
284:
3173:
2812:
992:
668:
327:
159:
3509:
3529:
3033:
976:
711:
481:
215:
3651:
3415:
2719:
967:
768:
576:
1017:
814:
750:
702:
474:
457:
283:(the current city where many of the Homalco people have resettled) and is now being taught in school district #47 (
254:
3075:
2982:
2941:
738:
556:
2019:
Harris continues by stating that if the future morpheme occurs after , the becomes and the is dropped (73).
523:
330:
alphabet devised by H. R. Harris II and D. I. Kennedy. The multiple vowel letters are not all distinct sounds.
298:
app was released in March 2012. An online dictionary, phrasebook, and language learning portal is available at
3489:
3425:
3372:
3183:
2987:
2901:
2894:
2858:
511:
3670:
3657:
3636:
2766:
2306:
1110:
1088:
1074:
1060:
1031:
885:
875:
867:
857:
847:
759:
744:
633:
615:
566:
546:
529:
517:
335:
128:
798:
789:
262:
258:
238:
3238:
3130:
3641:
3453:
3342:
3198:
3165:
3092:
2369:
1452:
678:
624:
3715:
3646:
3610:
3286:
3155:
3056:
2843:
694:
606:
2664:"Le comox lhaamen de Colombie Britannique: Présentation d'une langue amérindienne . Claude Hagège"
3620:
3555:
3397:
3334:
3319:
3188:
3110:
3105:
2926:
2852:
2742:
1399:'get big'. Control is then marked by further affixation: "The CTr suffix regularly has the form
539:
405:
370:
123:
352:
The consonants of Comox are depicted below in IPA and in orthography where it differs from IPA.
1924:
In relation to transitivity, Catlotlq also demonstrates the benefactive suffix with the suffix
3600:
3550:
3405:
3387:
3382:
3362:
3357:
3309:
3243:
2992:
2966:
2956:
2908:
2863:
2806:
2683:
2564:
2501:
2433:
1391:
The inceptive reduplication of Comox is closely tied to the marking of control. In words like
412:
398:
390:
375:
3595:
3585:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3435:
3377:
3324:
3271:
3233:
3178:
3140:
3100:
3070:
2961:
2887:
2827:
2792:
2675:
2556:
2493:
2432:. Amerindia. Vol. numéro spécial. Paris: Association d'Ethnolinguistique Amérindienne.
2425:
2355:
651:
450:
385:
365:
360:
76:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3534:
3443:
3410:
3367:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3253:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3193:
3145:
3135:
2822:
2756:
380:
115:
3203:
2652:
336:
aæawayɔčč̓eɛəəwəyggʸhiɩjkk̓kʷk̓ʷkʸk̓ʸll̓ɬƛƛ̓mm̓nn̓oɔypp̓qq̓qʷq̓ʷsštt̓θtᶿt̓ᶿuʊww̓ꭓꭓʷxʷyy̓ʔ
257:, and Mainland Comox. Whereas there Comox speaks (Vancouver Island) Island dialect, the
3524:
3474:
3448:
3208:
3150:
3016:
2869:
2832:
2663:
2544:
2481:
841:
444:
242:
152:
2430:
Le Comox lhaamen de Colombie britannique : présentation d'une langue amérindienne
207:
201:
195:
3694:
3514:
3120:
3115:
2817:
1432:
1179:
from its morphological inventory (Kroeber 11). However, the morphologically mirrored
949:
436:
424:
311:
276:
3615:
3519:
3276:
642:
299:
87:
3420:
3261:
2799:
2706:
1721:
Like its fellow Coast Salish languages, Catlotlq utilizes a single preposition,
961:
944:
220:
17:
3352:
2786:
2299:
2275:
2270:
1002:
954:
2687:
2568:
2505:
2294:
3266:
1374:
984:
188:
172:
1315:
Comox uses CV reduplication to mark its 'people' counting forms (419–420).
2584:
Salish languages and linguistics: Theoretical and descriptive perspectives
2334:. Vol. 7 Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Institution. 1990. p. 441.
1986:, noting that "if the preceding pronoun ends in a the is dropped" (73).
910:
The stops and affricates are grouped together for simplification purposes.
179:
782:
776:
3025:
2701:
2360:
2319:
1436:
1412:
1351:
104:
47 in 3 of 4 communities, unknown number in 4th community (2018,
2711:
295:
245:
region, spanning the east coast of Vancouver Island and the northern
66:
2392:. Vol. 7: Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Institution. p. 33.
2679:
2560:
2497:
2654:
Noun reduplication in Comox, a Salish language of Vancouver island
2038:
The underlying form of the past tense is marked by the morpheme,
3029:
2715:
1734:
2612:
2223:
The object referential suffix for canoe derives from the root
1742:
1796:
1725:, to mark the oblique (Kroeber, 45). Below are two examples:
1683:
1638:
930:
Occur probably only in borrowings and/or onomatopoetic words.
1792:
1746:
1738:
1627:
253:
It has two main dialects, Island Comox, associated with the
2119:
is 'foot, leg' but the referential suffix is the truncated
1713:
on the subject, a common feature of non-Salish languages.
2179:, bears no orthographic semblance to its root (118–119):
1780:
1750:
1642:
1623:
2545:"Inceptive Reduplication in Comox and Interior Salishan"
2451:
2449:
1341:
CTR:control (volitional) NTR:noncontrol (nonvolitional)
27:
Endangered Salishan language spoken in British Columbia
1813:
go‿1p.SU.CL‿FUT return-TR-2s.OB OBL‿ART‿2s.PO‿be.from
1395:'big', -VC reduplicates to create the inceptive form
3706:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
3629:
3543:
3502:
3462:
3434:
3396:
3333:
3285:
3252:
3164:
3091:
3084:
3063:
2975:
2949:
2940:
2918:
2879:
2774:
2765:
2749:
214:
186:
170:
165:
149:
112:
98:
82:
72:
62:
32:
2042:, with surface forms including that mentioned and
2412:The Salish language family: Reconstructing syntax
1833:The objective pronouns on transitive roots are:
1387:'he shot it (accidentally), managed to shoot it'
1135:following a velar rounded consonant (except for
2582:Czaykowski-Higgins, E.; Kinkade, M. D. (1998).
1226:) appear as prefixes, while 2nd person plural (
2707:OLAC resources in and about the Comox language
2628:Hinton, L. (2003). "Language revitalization".
1816:'We will send you back to where you came from'
266:
3041:
2727:
2668:International Journal of American Linguistics
2549:International Journal of American Linguistics
2486:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
2414:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
2374:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1364:'he shot it (on purpose), tried to shoot it'
53:
45:
3088:
3048:
3034:
3026:
2946:
2771:
2734:
2720:
2712:
2345:
2343:
2341:
29:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2359:
2480:Anderson, Gregory D. S. (October 1999).
2123:, which appears in the following (117):
1835:
938:
354:
2530:
2518:
2467:
2455:
2263:
1767:enter.water-LV-TR-3.TR.SU OBL‿ART‿water
2617:(unknown ed.). SIL International.
2367:
2657:. Ottawa: Government Printing Office.
2290:
2288:
357:
7:
2636:. Cambridge University Press: 44–57.
2630:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
2354:(PhD thesis). University of Kansas.
2350:Harris, Herbert Raymond, II (1981).
241:historically spoken in the northern
2175:('nose') whose referential suffix,
2614:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
2597:Kennedy, D.; Bouchard, R. (1983).
2390:handbook of North American Indians
2332:Handbook of North American Indians
2154:or 'neck' in the following (117):
1810:hu‿št‿əm xapj-a-mi (ʔə)‿kʷə‿θ‿tuwa
1606:Complements of negative predicates
1451:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
25:
3711:First Nations languages in Canada
2662:Kroeber, Paul D. (January 1989).
2482:"Reduplicated Numerals in Salish"
1446:tell-CTR-Past 1sSb big-VC-CTR-3Sb
1016:
1007:
991:
975:
966:
825:
813:
806:
797:
788:
767:
749:
737:
727:
717:
710:
701:
677:
667:
641:
623:
605:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
545:
522:
510:
500:
490:
480:
473:
463:
456:
3687:CJ:conjunctive LV:linking vowel
2305:
2192:I'm going to hit you on the nose
1659:not‿1s.SU.CL still-1s.CJ.SU work
1195:and the third person possessive
2543:Kroeber, Paul D. (April 1988).
1701:not IRR‿1s.CJ.SU‿work ART‿today
1128:, palatal or velar (except for
1099:, palatal or velar (except for
1042:, palatal or velar (except for
2213:bottle (liquor(rum)-container)
2150:similarly assumes the role of
1883:Applied to the root 'called':
1491:'he dug clams for a long time'
1053:, uvular or glottal consonant.
920:Contrasts only on the surface.
1:
2599:Sliammon life, Sliammon lands
2352:A grammatical sketch of Comox
2171:Lastly, here are examples of
90:in 3 of 4 communities (2018,
3530:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2586:. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
1770:'He dropped it in the water'
1250:Comox numbers for 'people':
1156:or uvular rounded consonant.
3652:Plains Indian Sign Language
1449:'I told him to make it big'
1222:) and 2nd person singular (
1081:in the same conditions as .
1067:in the same conditions as .
3732:
3503:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
2079:xanaseʔoɫč ʔɪšɪms č'aʔʌnuʔ
1698:háw q‿ʔan‿c'ic'áp ti‿scíʔs
925:
915:
905:
46:
3667:
3010:
1443:xʷah-at-uɫ č tih-ih-at-as
775:
693:
443:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
42:
37:
3510:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2702:Sliammon at First Voices
2601:. Vancouver: Talonbooks.
2320:Sliammon at First Voices
1959:He dug it for you (pl.).
1764:pəqʷs-a-t-as ʔə‿tə‿qaʔya
1488:long.time-very dig.clams
1211:'bend it a little bit'.
2410:Kroeber, P. D. (1999).
2281:(subscription required)
2022:
2005:sɪqʔʌmčʌpsʌm ʌkʷ qaʔʌya
1662:'I'm not still working'
1656:xʷaʔ‿č qəjiy-an p'ap'im
267:
54:
3701:Coast Salish languages
3675:Canadian dictionaries
3658:Maritime Sign Language
3637:American Sign Language
3126:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
2651:Sapir, Edward (1915).
2106:designation of tense.
2068:We were playing cards.
1998:hojoth čtʌm tʌms qaɫʌm
1994:You'll feed the horse.
1991:tahathčxwsʌm tʌ kyutʌn
1238:Grammatical categories
1234:) appear as suffixes.
3671:Canadian style guides
2967:Thompson River Salish
2244:right side of a canoe
2186:to have an itchy nose
2054:Have you bought that?
2028:I'll paint the house.
2012:yaqašsʌm tʌ cɪxcɪk
2001:We'll finish the job.
1806:OBL‿ART‿2s.PO‿be.from
1704:'I do not work today'
1161:⟨w, w̓⟩
1154:⟨w, w̓⟩
1051:⟨w, w̓⟩
239:Coast Salish language
3642:Quebec Sign Language
3085:Indigenous languages
2238:left side of a canoe
2086:soʔoɫč ʌkʷʰ ʔahkʷtʰ
2025:mat' atʰcʌm tʌ λ'ʌms
2015:He'll use the wagon.
1163:or uvular consonant.
255:K'ómoks First Nation
221:Éy7á7juuthem (Comox)
3611:Pennsylvania German
3057:Languages of Canada
2521:, pp. 155–156.
2219:jar (jam-container)
2082:I gave you our dog.
2008:You'll dig the well
1965:He dug it for them.
1535:Word classification
1113:may be pronounced:
1091:may be pronounced:
1077:may be pronounced:
1063:may be pronounced:
1034:may be pronounced:
637:⟨q̓ʷ⟩
619:⟨k̓ʷ⟩
561:⟨t̓ᶿ⟩
55:q̓yʔq̓yʔɛmixʷq̓ɛnəm
3647:Inuk Sign Language
3606:Newfoundland Irish
3571:Tagalog (Filipino)
3544:Minority languages
3416:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
3174:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
3064:Official languages
2743:Salishan languages
2115:English gloss for
2089:I went downstream.
1947:He dug it for him.
1941:He dug it for you.
1230:) and 3rd person (
1187:and the suffixive
1159:stressed before a
889:⟨w̓⟩
879:⟨y̓⟩
871:⟨l̓⟩
861:⟨n̓⟩
851:⟨m̓⟩
763:⟨ꭓʷ⟩
629:⟨q̓⟩
611:⟨k̓⟩
601:⟨č̓⟩
591:⟨ƛ̓⟩
581:⟨c̓⟩
571:⟨t̓⟩
551:⟨p̓⟩
469:⟨tᶿ⟩
3683:
3682:
3601:Doukhobor Russian
3498:
3497:
3023:
3022:
3017:extinct languages
3006:
3005:
2993:Colville-Okanagan
2936:
2935:
2303:(21st ed., 2018)
2279:(18th ed., 2015)
2142:Crane(one-legged)
2061:Did you meet him?
1953:He dug it for us.
1935:He dug it for me.
1881:
1880:
1591:
1590:
1568:
1567:
1147:⟨w⟩
1137:⟨w⟩
1130:⟨w⟩
1126:⟨ɫ⟩
1119:⟨y⟩
1101:⟨w⟩
1097:⟨ɫ⟩
1044:⟨w⟩
1040:⟨ɫ⟩
1024:
1023:
900:
899:
844:
819:⟨y⟩
785:
755:⟨ꭓ⟩
733:⟨š⟩
723:⟨ɬ⟩
673:⟨j⟩
654:
542:
506:⟨č⟩
496:⟨ƛ⟩
486:⟨c⟩
453:
439:
432:
427:
420:
415:
408:
401:
328:Americanist-based
226:
225:
16:(Redirected from
3723:
3596:Hutterite German
3089:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3027:
2947:
2813:Northern Straits
2772:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2691:
2658:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2268:
2227:and surfaces as
2110:Lexical suffixes
2075:You startled me.
2058:kʷačxʷ kʌmgyxʷoɫ
1836:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1685:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1625:
1573:
1572:
1550:
1549:
1485:xʷuxʷ-mut ʔuɫqʷu
1456:
1438:
1434:
1414:
1376:
1353:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1076:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1020:
1011:
995:
979:
970:
939:
929:
919:
909:
890:
887:
880:
877:
872:
869:
862:
859:
852:
849:
840:
829:
820:
817:
810:
801:
792:
781:
771:
764:
761:
756:
753:
746:
741:
734:
731:
724:
721:
714:
705:
681:
674:
671:
650:
645:
638:
635:
630:
627:
620:
617:
612:
609:
602:
599:
592:
589:
582:
579:
572:
569:
562:
559:
552:
549:
538:
531:
526:
519:
514:
507:
504:
497:
494:
487:
484:
477:
470:
467:
460:
449:
435:
430:
423:
418:
411:
404:
397:
355:
337:
270:
210:
204:
198:
182:
175:
155:
118:
77:British Columbia
57:
49:
48:
30:
21:
18:Comox (language)
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3663:
3625:
3591:Canadian Gaelic
3539:
3494:
3490:Coast Tsimshian
3458:
3430:
3392:
3329:
3281:
3248:
3160:
3080:
3059:
3054:
3024:
3019:
3002:
2971:
2942:Interior Salish
2932:
2914:
2875:
2761:
2745:
2740:
2698:
2661:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2366:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2161:I burnt my neck
2130:I burnt my foot
2112:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2072:xʌypʌnomsoɫčaxʷ
2067:
2060:
2053:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1980:
1975:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1803:(ʔə)‿kʷə‿θ‿tuwa
1800:
1785:
1772:
1762:
1754:
1719:
1706:
1696:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1654:
1646:
1631:
1608:
1587:'his/her food'
1537:
1528:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1475:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1425:
1417:
1389:
1379:
1366:
1356:
1343:
1335:
1245:
1240:
1170:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1100:
1096:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1029:
937:
923:
913:
903:
888:
878:
870:
860:
850:
818:
762:
754:
732:
722:
672:
636:
628:
618:
610:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
505:
495:
485:
468:
350:
345:
324:
206:
205:
200:
199:
194:
178:
171:
156:
151:
145:
119:
116:Language family
114:
101:
100:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3630:Sign languages
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:Chinook Jargon
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3426:Nuu-chah-nulth
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2998:Montana Salish
2995:
2990:
2988:Columbia-Moses
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2902:Upper Chehalis
2898:
2895:Lower Chehalis
2891:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2696:External links
2694:
2693:
2692:
2680:10.1086/466109
2674:(1): 106–116.
2659:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2620:
2604:
2589:
2574:
2561:10.1086/466080
2555:(2): 141–167.
2535:
2533:, p. 159.
2523:
2511:
2498:10.1086/466401
2492:(4): 412–420.
2472:
2470:, p. 111.
2460:
2458:, p. 109.
2445:
2438:
2426:Hagège, Claude
2417:
2395:
2381:
2337:
2323:
2312:
2284:
2271:Comox language
2262:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2051:kʷačxʷi yʌqtoɫ
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1951:sɪqʔʌmtulmoɫas
1948:
1942:
1936:
1922:
1921:
1920:I called them.
1915:
1914:He called you.
1909:
1903:
1897:
1896:He called you.
1891:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1830:environments.
1826:
1823:
1801:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1755:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1689:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1647:
1632:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1598:by the suffix
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1497:
1494:
1476:
1473:long.time-very
1468:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1426:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1368:
1367:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1218:) and plural (
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
989:
987:
981:
980:
973:
971:
964:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
933:
932:
931:
921:
911:
898:
897:
895:
893:
891:
883:
881:
873:
865:
863:
855:
853:
845:
837:
836:
834:
832:
830:
823:
821:
811:
804:
802:
795:
793:
786:
779:
773:
772:
765:
757:
747:
742:
735:
725:
715:
708:
706:
699:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
675:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
647:
646:
639:
631:
621:
613:
603:
593:
583:
573:
563:
553:
543:
535:
534:
532:
527:
520:
515:
508:
498:
488:
478:
471:
461:
454:
447:
441:
440:
433:
428:
421:
416:
409:
402:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
326:Comox uses an
323:
320:
308:Campbell River
281:Campbell River
247:Sunshine Coast
243:Georgia Strait
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
192:
184:
183:
176:
168:
167:
166:Language codes
163:
162:
157:
153:Writing system
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
122:
120:
113:
110:
109:
102:
99:
96:
95:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
63:Native to
60:
59:
43:Éyɂáɂjuuthem,
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3728:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Broken Slavey
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3018:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Coeur d’Alene
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:9782903801014
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:λʌsseʌqʷsɪcʌm
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2096:You were big.
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:kyakyačoɫčʌtʰ
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:sɪqʔʌmtanapɪs
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:He called us.
1907:
1904:
1902:I called him.
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:He called me.
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:OBL‿ART‿water
1758:
1753:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1679:q‿ʔan‿c'ic'áp
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1384:shoot-NTR-3Sb
1382:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1361:shoot-CTR-3Sb
1359:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1103:) consonants.
1094:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
974:
972:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:
934:
928:
927:
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
894:
892:
884:
882:
874:
866:
864:
856:
854:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
833:
831:
828:
824:
822:
816:
812:
809:
805:
803:
800:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
752:
748:
743:
740:
736:
730:
726:
720:
716:
713:
709:
707:
704:
700:
698:
696:
692:
689:
687:
685:
683:
680:
676:
670:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
653:
649:
648:
644:
640:
632:
626:
622:
614:
608:
604:
598:
594:
588:
584:
578:
574:
568:
564:
558:
554:
548:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
528:
525:
521:
516:
513:
509:
503:
499:
493:
489:
483:
479:
476:
472:
466:
462:
459:
455:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
347:
342:
338:
333:
332:
331:
329:
321:
319:
315:
313:
312:Cortez Island
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:Cortez Island
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
222:
219:
217:
213:
209:
203:
197:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
174:
169:
164:
161:
158:
154:
148:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
121:
117:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
56:
50:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3686:
3669:
3656:
3616:Plautdietsch
3347:
3277:Inuvialuktun
3012:
2925:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2868:
2851:
2842:
2837:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2781:
2767:Coast Salish
2671:
2667:
2653:
2645:Bibliography
2633:
2629:
2623:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2531:Kroeber 1989
2526:
2519:Kroeber 1989
2514:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2468:Kroeber 1989
2463:
2456:Kroeber 1989
2429:
2420:
2411:
2389:
2384:
2351:
2331:
2326:
2315:
2298:
2274:
2266:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2146:A truncated
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1968:
1963:sɪqʔʌmtasewʔ
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1906:yáɫatulmoɫʌs
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1832:
1828:
1825:Transitivity
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1787:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1733:enter.water-
1732:
1730:pəqʷs-a-t-as
1729:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1636:
1633:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1579:tə‿ʔiɬtən-s
1569:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:'get numb' (
1504:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1428:tih-ih-at-as
1427:
1422:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1403:after –VC".
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:tʼuçʼ-əxʷ-as
1380:
1372:
1370:tʼuçʼ-əxʷ-as
1369:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1328:('2 people')
1325:
1322:('1 person')
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1132:) consonant.
1109:
1087:
1073:
1059:
1030:
924:
914:
904:
351:
334:
325:
316:
304:Powell River
300:First Voices
293:
289:
285:Powell River
274:
252:
234:Éyɂáɂjuuthem
233:
232:
228:
227:
187:
136:
129:Coast Salish
88:Comox people
52:
44:
3454:Assiniboine
3343:Bella Coola
3262:Inuinnaqtun
2800:Lushootseed
2750:Bella Coola
2370:cite thesis
2242:ʔaʔʌjumʌqɪɫ
2184:čaʔʌjeʌmɛqʷ
1918:yáɫatewʔčan
1912:yáɫatanapɪs
1871:3rd person
1860:2nd person
1849:1st person
1757:ʔə‿tə‿qaʔya
1666:Squamish –
1614:Catlotlq –
1556:ʔiɬtən‿čxʷ
1517:'get big' (
1358:tʼuçʼ-ut-as
1347:tʼuçʼ-ut-as
1207:'bend it',
842:glottalized
294:A Sliammon
3695:Categories
3353:Halkomelem
3166:Athabaskan
3156:Potawatomi
3093:Algonquian
2787:Halkomelem
2361:1808/22181
2300:Ethnologue
2276:Ethnologue
2258:References
1564:'you eat'
1408:xʷah-at-uɫ
1209:wo-wt'-o-t
1168:Morphology
1142:elsewhere.
348:Consonants
3621:Ukrainian
3556:Cantonese
3421:Kwakʼwala
3320:Tuscarora
3287:Iroquoian
3267:Inuktitut
3239:Tsuutʼina
3189:Chipewyan
3184:Chilcotin
3111:Blackfoot
3106:Algonquin
3015:indicate
2927:Tillamook
2919:Tillamook
2853:Pentlatch
2838:Semiahmoo
2688:0020-7071
2569:0020-7071
2506:0020-7071
2093:tihʔoɫčxʷ
1945:sɪqʔʌmtas
1939:sɪqʔʌmsɪs
1933:sɪqʔʌmsas
1900:yáɫatʰčan
1877:-t(ʌw?)-
1866:-tanapi-
1855:-tulmoɫ-
1841:singular
1788:xapj-a-mi
1694:ART‿today
1637:still-1s.
1602:(34–35).
1593:The word
1496:Inceptive
1481:dig.clams
1470:xʷuxʷ-mut
1461:Duratives
1145:before a
1117:before a
1106:elsewhere
1084:elsewhere
1070:elsewhere
1056:elsewhere
1027:Allophony
695:Fricative
343:Phonology
189:Glottolog
173:ISO 639-3
83:Ethnicity
47:ʔayajuθəm
3551:Mandarin
3406:Ditidaht
3398:Wakashan
3388:Thompson
3383:Squamish
3373:shíshálh
3363:Okanagan
3358:Lillooet
3335:Salishan
3310:Onondaga
3244:Tutchone
3199:Gwichʼin
2976:Southern
2957:Lillooet
2950:Northern
2909:Quinault
2880:Tsamosan
2864:Squamish
2859:shíshálh
2844:T'Sou-ke
2828:Songhees
2807:Nooksack
2428:(1981).
2236:qʌxʷʌqɪɫ
2198:big nose
2167:Necklace
2165:totxʷɫaɫ
2159:qʷasɫaɫč
2128:qʷasšɪnč
1776:hu‿št‿əm
1691:ti‿scíʔs
1686:.SU‿work
1634:qəjiy-an
1205:wot'-o-t
1152:after a
1124:after a
1095:between
1049:after a
1038:between
777:Sonorant
540:ejective
406:sibilant
371:Alveolar
322:Alphabet
263:Klahoose
259:Sliammon
208:slia1241
202:isla1276
196:como1259
124:Salishan
38:Sliammon
3716:K'omoks
3586:Italian
3566:Spanish
3561:Punjabi
3485:Tlingit
3480:Kutenai
3470:Beothuk
3378:Shuswap
3368:Saanich
3325:Wyandot
3272:Inupiaq
3234:Tahltan
3179:Carrier
3141:Naskapi
3131:Miꞌkmaq
3101:Abenaki
3071:English
3013:Italics
2962:Shuswap
2888:Cowlitz
2823:Saanich
2793:Klallam
2775:Central
2231:(120):
2206:(119):
2196:tihhɛqʷ
2140:paʔašɪn
2101:Present
1894:yáɫasɪs
1888:yáɫasʌs
1844:plural
1791:return-
1783:.CL‿FUT
1717:Oblique
1682:IRR‿1s.
1649:p'ap'im
1622:not‿1s.
1511:'numb')
1333:Control
1326:sí-saʔa
1320:pí-paʔa
1304:tígyixw
1292:c'oʔčis
1280:síyačix
950:Central
413:lateral
399:central
391:Glottal
376:Palatal
318:Comox.
133:Central
3581:German
3576:Arabic
3535:Michif
3520:Bungee
3444:Stoney
3436:Siouan
3411:Haisla
3315:Seneca
3305:Oneida
3300:Mohawk
3295:Cayuga
3229:Tagish
3224:Slavey
3219:Sekani
3214:Nicola
3194:Dogrib
3151:Ottawa
3146:Ojibwe
3136:Munsee
3076:French
2833:Samish
2757:Nuxálk
2686:
2567:
2504:
2436:
2249:Status
2225:nʌxʷíɫ
2217:jamayi
2211:lamayi
2173:mʎqsɪn
2152:sáyɫaɫ
2134:λ'ešɪn
1978:Future
1779:go‿1p.
1619:xʷaʔ‿č
1595:ʔiɬtən
1584:'food'
1576:ʔiɬtən
1570:noun:
1553:ʔiɬtən
1547:verb:
1542:ʔiɬtən
1526:Syntax
1521:'big')
1515:tih-ih
1505:pəs-əs
1478:ʔuɫqʷu
1397:tih-ih
1373:shoot-
1350:shoot-
1298:táʔčis
1286:t'áxam
1243:Number
935:Vowels
652:voiced
437:labial
425:labial
386:Uvular
366:Dental
361:Labial
310:, and
296:iPhone
86:2,037
73:Region
67:Canada
3475:Haida
3463:other
3449:Sioux
3348:Comox
3254:Inuit
3209:Kaska
2870:Twana
2818:Lummi
2782:Comox
2295:Comox
2229:-ʌgɪɫ
2117:jɪšɪn
1973:Tense
1561:'eat'
1415:-Past
1411:tell-
1308:10 –
1268:čálas
962:Close
945:Front
783:plain
451:plain
431:plain
419:plain
381:Velar
268:comox
237:is a
229:Comox
137:Comox
33:Comox
3121:Innu
3116:Cree
2684:ISSN
2565:ISSN
2502:ISSN
2434:ISBN
2376:link
2204:-ayi
2177:-ɛqʷ
2148:-ɫaɫ
2136:Fast
2121:-šɪn
2034:Past
1984:-sʌm
1863:-sɪ-
1795:-2s.
1652:work
1453:help
1439:-3Sb
1431:big-
1423:1sSb
1377:-3Sb
1354:-3Sb
1310:úpan
1302:9 –
1296:8 –
1290:7 –
1284:6 –
1278:5 –
1272:4 –
1266:3 –
1262:sáʔa
1260:2 –
1256:páʔa
1254:1 –
1003:Open
955:Back
597:t͜ʃʼ
587:t͜ɬʼ
577:t͜sʼ
557:t͜θʼ
445:Stop
160:NAPA
106:FPCC
92:FPCC
3204:Hän
2676:doi
2557:doi
2494:doi
2356:hdl
2297:at
2273:at
2040:ʔoɫ
1926:ʔʌm
1874:-t-
1852:-s-
1674:not
1671:háw
1519:tih
1509:pəs
1437:CTR
1413:CTR
1401:-at
1393:tih
1375:NTR
1352:CTR
1274:mus
1228:-ap
1220:ms-
1111:/ʌ/
1089:/a/
1075:/u/
1061:/e/
1032:/i/
985:Mid
669:d͜ʒ
634:qʷʼ
616:kʷʼ
502:t͜ʃ
492:t͜ɬ
482:t͜s
465:t͜θ
231:or
216:ELP
180:coo
3697::
3673:-
2682:.
2672:55
2670:.
2666:.
2634:23
2632:.
2563:.
2553:54
2551:.
2547:.
2500:.
2490:65
2488:.
2484:.
2448:^
2398:^
2372:}}
2368:{{
2340:^
2287:^
2044:oɫ
1797:OB
1793:TR
1781:SU
1751:SU
1747:TR
1739:TR
1735:LV
1723:ʔə
1711:q-
1684:CJ
1643:SU
1639:CJ
1628:CL
1624:SU
1600:-s
1455:);
1433:VC
1232:-s
1224:θ-
1216:ç-
1197:-s
1193:s-
1189:-s
1185:s-
1181:-s
1177:s-
1139:).
926:^3
916:^2
906:^1
886:wˀ
876:jˀ
868:lˀ
858:nˀ
848:mˀ
760:χʷ
745:xʷ
625:qʼ
607:kʼ
567:tʼ
547:pʼ
530:qʷ
518:kʷ
314:.
306:,
279:,
261:,
94:).
51:,
3677:
3049:e
3042:t
3035:v
2735:e
2728:t
2721:v
2690:.
2678::
2571:.
2559::
2508:.
2496::
2442:.
2378:)
2364:.
2358::
1749:.
1745:.
1743:3
1741:-
1737:-
1641:.
1626:.
1435:-
1420:č
1149:.
1121:.
1018:a
1009:e
993:ʌ
977:o
968:i
827:w
815:j
808:l
799:n
790:m
769:h
751:χ
739:x
729:ʃ
719:ɬ
712:s
703:θ
679:ɡ
643:ʔ
524:q
512:k
475:t
458:p
108:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.