Knowledge (XXG)

Combe Hay Locks

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31: 470: 268: 436: 388: 294: 248: 489: 409: 395: 348: 328: 275: 229: 402: 362: 321: 597: 463: 456: 369: 355: 654:, proved unsuitable for the caisson chambers—in May 1799 the masonry of the lock chamber bulged under pressure and the caisson was immovable. Repairs were quoted at £16,000—equivalent to £1,985,594 in 2023—which was in addition to the £75,167 (£9,328,196) already invested in the caisson project. In January 1800, the caissons were abandoned and an alternative sought. 429: 301: 641:
The same publication wrote the following year that the system was so simple that a boat could traverse the caisson in just 10 minutes under the operation of a 12-year-old boy. The report identified problems with the caisson's ability to remain watertight, and hypothesized that the only solution would
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opened through the Cam valley, crossing the lock flight at lock 16. Like many canals, the arrival of rail transport began the decline of the waterway's use. The canal was put up for sale in 1894. The backpumps on the flight ceased operation in November 1898; transport would continue to operate until
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The deviation of a few hundred yards from the road to Combhay, leads us to the hydrostatical lock, called the caisson, the bason of which now alone remains the machine was consigned to destruction, but not to oblivion, since it will ever remain a memorable proof of the superior mechanical abilities
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The precise location of the caisson locks (or their intended location) is in doubt. General consensus is that the completed caisson lock was accessed east of the basin near Caisson House. The second caisson was likely a short distance to the east, with the third a considerable distance downstream
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In addition to the three extant locks below the inclined plane, a further 19 locks were built to supersede the plane. Fundraising began in February 1800, initially via shareholder donations totalling £20,000 (equivalent to £2,039,673 in 2023). In 1802, a fund established by the canal company
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to transfer cargo, although this method for climbing the hill proved slow. The inclined plane was only ever intended to avoid further delays to the canal's construction, and would only be in operation while the flight of locks was built. To reduce the length (and gradient) of the inclined plane,
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Construction of the first caisson lock began in 1796. The masonry chamber, known as the cistern, was 81 feet (25 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) at its widest, and had a depth of 61 feet 6 inches (18.75 m). The wooden caisson—the moving box within the cistern—was 80 feet
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A building near the summit of the flight, Caisson House, is named for its proximity to the first caisson lock. The building is likely a former terrace of cottages built for the canal company in the 1830s (and therefore the removal of the caisson lock predates the cottages' construction).
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It is a pleasure to reflect that the hydrostatical contrivance for conveying of boats from upper to lower levels and vice versa, is completed, and may now be esteemed one of the greatest discoveries of the age; every scrupulous objection to the practability of its operation being
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of 7 feet (2.1 m), and a length to fit a 70-foot (21 m) narrowboat. These locks were half as wide as those on the connecting Kennet and Avon Canal, thus two vessels from the Somerset Coal Canal could fit side by side in the broad Kennet and Avon locks.
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Construction began on the flight in November 1802, with the first lock (lock 19) being completed in June 1804. During the works, the caisson lock was demolished and it is likely that the significant amount of masonry was reclaimed for use on the lock flight as
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General restoration work began on the lower lock flight (below the Bull's Nose) in 2000. This work was expanded to cover the upper flight in 2011, as landowner permission needed to be sought. This work was undertaken alongside the
542:, England. Twenty two locks raised the canal 134 feet (41 m) over approximately 1.6 miles (2.6 km). The lock flight was predated in the immediate area by two other methods of canal lifts—first by a series of 691:
The canal company investigated alternatives to the caisson locks, and a lock flight was chosen as the appropriate method. To achieve this, in June 1800 the company made the decision to build a temporary
623:(24 m) long, 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) wide and 11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m) tall. Each of the three caisson locks was planned to provide a lift of 46 feet (14 m). 796:
is extant near Lock 4, although its cast iron plaque (reading "4/MILES") is missing. It was identified that four locks in the 1805 flight of 19 had been buried or otherwise destroyed.
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To achieve the climb in the available area, the lock flight diverted north of the caisson and inclined plane routes, before turning 170° and rejoining the route to the south. This
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After the abandonment of the canal in 1899, the flight was left to become derelict. The chamber of lock 16, beneath a railway arch of the Camerton railway branch, was infilled.
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survive to a height of 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 m), and some of the lower lock gates were still in situ. In 1984, a further five locks of the flight—those in
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Trials of this first lock took place between November 1797 and June 1798. These showed that it could be traversed in 7 minutes; on 9 June 1798, a reporter for the
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parish—were also listed as Grade II. This survey found similar survival of the retaining walls, although it described some as being in a poor condition. A
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and culverts were made as large as practicable to empty and fill the locks as quickly as possible. To avoid damage to the locks caused by carelessness,
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follows the flight as it rises from Lock 16 to the Bull's Nose; Locks 1–10 are therefore in Combe Hay CP and Locks 11–22 are in South Stoke CP
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about plans with her uncle to "take the long-planned walk to the Cassoon"; the short trip was a popular excursion at the time. The same year,
2141: 2061: 1902: 1833: 47: 725:. The flight of 22 locks fully opened in April 1805. These all had the same specification—a rise of approximately 6 feet (1.8 m), a 2545: 2514: 2353: 762: 1988: 582:, the steep valley required the canal to climb a significant height—134 feet (41 m)—over a distance of 1.6 miles (2.6 km). 1806: 185: 2604: 2540: 2509: 2348: 600: 1680: 1640: 1600: 1560: 1520: 1480: 1440: 1360: 1320: 1240: 1200: 1160: 1120: 1080: 1040: 1000: 960: 880: 840: 642:
be to rebuild the chamber. A second caisson was started and construction of the third was probably never begun. Surveyor
2619: 1400: 1280: 920: 810: 178: 2599: 666: 722: 643: 210: 2451:"An Educational Guide to the History, Geography, Engineering and Archæology of the Somersetshire Coal Canal" 2396:"An Educational Guide to the History, Geography, Engineering and Archæology of the Somersetshire Coal Canal" 2283:"An Educational Guide to the History, Geography, Engineering and Archæology of the Somersetshire Coal Canal" 2247:"An Educational Guide to the History, Geography, Engineering and Archæology of the Somersetshire Coal Canal" 2022:"An Educational Guide to the History, Geography, Engineering and Archæology of the Somersetshire Coal Canal" 1924:"An Educational Guide to the History, Geography, Engineering and Archæology of the Somersetshire Coal Canal" 697:
three pound locks were built to the east of Combe Hay. The inclined plane began operation in November 1801.
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Strata: How William Smith Drew the First Map of the Earth in 1801 & Inspired the Science of Geology
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and Kennet and Avon canals sought to raise a further £45,000 (equivalent to £5,075,035 in 2023).
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became known as the "Bull's Nose". Speed of traversing the flight was a priority, and the
726: 527: 1858: 616: 2593: 608: 571: 567: 2450: 2395: 2349:"Flight of 5 Locks on the Former Somersetshire Coal Canal (Grade II) (1232613)" 2282: 2246: 2021: 1923: 1730: 742: 734: 612: 591: 543: 2376: 2131: 2051: 1892: 2541:"Caisson House, Course of Disused Somerset Coal Canal (Grade II) (1115371)" 738: 658: 2161: 2077: 596: 1695: 1682: 1655: 1642: 1615: 1602: 1575: 1562: 1535: 1522: 1495: 1482: 1455: 1442: 1415: 1402: 1375: 1362: 1335: 1322: 1295: 1282: 1255: 1242: 1215: 1202: 1175: 1162: 1135: 1122: 1095: 1082: 1055: 1042: 1015: 1002: 975: 962: 935: 922: 895: 882: 855: 842: 62: 49: 1734: 793: 777:
In 1982, 10 of the extant locks—those in the parish of Combe Hay—were given
746: 579: 575: 535: 2567: 2078:"Jane Austen -- Letters -- Brabourne Edition -- Letters to Cassandra, 1801" 619:
periodicals in January 1796 to recruit stonemasons for building the locks.
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August 1899 when the water levels became insufficient for navigation.
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slabs were installed on the lock flight. In 1805, the locks opened.
550:. The lock flight opened in 1805, and was in operation until 1899. 1799:
Bradshaw's canals and navigable rivers : of England and Wales
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In May 1801, having moved to Bath upon her father's retirement,
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status. The survey for the listing found that the locks'
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visited the site at least twice, in 1798 and 1799. The
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and possibly on the later building of Caisson House.
2390: 2388: 2155: 2153: 669:wrote of the then-state of the caisson lock in his 574:. At Midford, the canal followed the valley of the 158: 146: 138: 130: 122: 114: 106: 96: 88: 78: 23: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2241: 2239: 2320:Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society Journal 2191:Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society Journal 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1989:"A Brief History of the Somersetshire Coal Canal" 1966:Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society Journal 1918: 1916: 1914: 1774:Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society Journal 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1822:Leveson Francis Vernon-Harcourt (2 July 2015). 675: 634: 2460:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society. p. 17 2405:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society. p. 18 1793: 1791: 607:The first proposed solution to overcoming the 2292:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society. p. 8 2256:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society. p. 7 2031:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society. p. 6 1933:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society. p. 5 186: 8: 2212: 2210: 2208: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 2625:Grade II listed buildings in Bath, Somerset 2313:"THE SOMERSETSHIRE COAL CANAL CAISSON LOCK" 2184:"THE SOMERSETSHIRE COAL CANAL CAISSON LOCK" 1959:"THE SOMERSETSHIRE COAL CANAL CAISSON LOCK" 1828:. Cambridge University Press. p. 378. 1767:"THE SOMERSETSHIRE COAL CANAL CAISSON LOCK" 2339: 2337: 820: 650:of the area, with substantial deposits of 603:engraving of the caisson lock at Combe Hay 218: 193: 179: 29: 20: 2486:. Bath & North East Somerset Council 1952: 1950: 1948: 1760: 1758: 721:The engineer of the flight was probably 2480:"Maps – Council and Democracy – Parish" 1754: 1722: 176: 2218:"The Coal Canal Way: A Walker's Guide" 562:, after leaving its junction with the 2050:Paula Hollingsworth (21 April 2017). 469: 7: 2162:"Possible locations of the Caissons" 683:(near the site of Locks 19 and 20). 267: 2105:"Down the K&A with Jane Austen" 35:The chambers of locks 14, 13 and 12 2574:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society 2546:National Heritage List for England 2515:National Heritage List for England 2431:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society 2354:National Heritage List for England 2224:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society 1865:. Somersetshire Coal Canal Society 763:Bristol and North Somerset Railway 706:along with the proprietors of the 14: 2615:1899 disestablishments in England 435: 293: 247: 570:, roughly parallels that of the 488: 487: 468: 461: 454: 434: 427: 408: 407: 400: 394: 393: 386: 367: 360: 353: 346: 327: 326: 319: 299: 292: 273: 266: 246: 228: 227: 16:Lock flight in Somerset, England 2130:Jane Austen (20 October 2011). 2053:The Spirituality of Jane Austen 401: 387: 361: 2610:1805 establishments in England 678:of its very ingenious inventor 347: 320: 274: 1: 462: 455: 368: 354: 813:'s Waterway Recovery Group. 811:Inland Waterways Association 428: 300: 2375:Bryan D. G. Little (1969). 2136:. OUP Oxford. p. 391. 2641: 2056:. Lion Books. p. 97. 1801:. Old House. p. 359. 615:. Adverts were printed in 589: 166:6.25 miles (10.06 km) 2484:isharemaps.bathnes.gov.uk 496: 481: 477: 448: 443: 421: 416: 380: 376: 340: 335: 313: 308: 286: 282: 260: 255: 240: 236: 221: 44: 40: 28: 2425:"The History of the SCC" 611:was by the use of three 2605:Lock flights of England 1891:John L. Morton (2001). 154:3.5 miles (5.6 km) 126:1.6 miles (2.6 km) 2311:Torrens, Hugh (1975). 2182:Torrens, Hugh (1975). 1957:Torrens, Hugh (1975). 1897:. Tempus. p. 22. 1765:Torrens, Hugh (1975). 1733:(CP) boundary between 1696:51.341626°N 2.358357°W 1656:51.341045°N 2.359728°W 1616:51.340735°N 2.361297°W 1576:51.340737°N 2.363065°W 1536:51.341318°N 2.364664°W 1496:51.341851°N 2.366118°W 1456:51.342476°N 2.366732°W 1416:51.343160°N 2.367006°W 1376:51.343555°N 2.367693°W 1336:51.343826°N 2.368688°W 1296:51.344094°N 2.369670°W 1256:51.344412°N 2.370614°W 1216:51.344003°N 2.370496°W 1176:51.343471°N 2.369441°W 1136:51.342896°N 2.369334°W 1096:51.342422°N 2.370514°W 1056:51.342095°N 2.371101°W 1016:51.341324°N 2.372289°W 976:51.340657°N 2.372686°W 936:51.340030°N 2.373713°W 896:51.339779°N 2.374577°W 856:51.340005°N 2.375833°W 680: 639: 604: 2133:Jane Austen's Letters 599: 564:Kennet and Avon Canal 417:Site of caisson lock 150:Kennet and Avon Canal 2378:Portrait of Somerset 1701:51.341626; -2.358357 1661:51.341045; -2.359728 1621:51.340735; -2.361297 1581:51.340737; -2.363065 1541:51.341318; -2.364664 1501:51.341851; -2.366118 1461:51.342476; -2.366732 1421:51.343160; -2.367006 1381:51.343555; -2.367693 1341:51.343826; -2.368688 1301:51.344094; -2.369670 1261:51.344412; -2.370614 1221:51.344003; -2.370496 1181:51.343471; -2.369441 1141:51.342896; -2.369334 1101:51.342422; -2.370514 1061:51.342095; -2.371101 1021:51.341324; -2.372289 981:51.340657; -2.372686 941:51.340030; -2.373713 901:51.339779; -2.374577 861:51.340005; -2.375833 671:Excursions from Bath 661:wrote to her sister 142:134 feet (41 m) 2620:History of Somerset 2381:. Hale. p. 23. 1692: /  1652: /  1612: /  1572: /  1532: /  1492: /  1452: /  1412: /  1372: /  1332: /  1292: /  1252: /  1212: /  1172: /  1132: /  1092: /  1052: /  1012: /  972: /  932: /  892: /  852: /  560:Somerset Coal Canal 532:Somerset Coal Canal 134:7 feet (2.1 m) 83:Somerset Coal Canal 59: /  2600:Canals in Somerset 2160:Stevens, Richard. 1987:Stevens, Richard. 605: 601:John Billingsley's 63:51.3443°N 2.3702°W 2572:www.coalcanal.org 2429:www.coalcanal.org 2222:www.coalcanal.org 2143:978-0-19-957607-4 2109:www.jim-shead.com 2063:978-0-7459-6861-2 1904:978-0-7524-1992-3 1863:www.coalcanal.org 1835:978-1-108-08060-6 1825:Rivers and Canals 1714: 1713: 558:The route of the 520: 519: 516: 515: 170: 169: 2632: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2537:Historic England 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2506:Historic England 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2400: 2392: 2383: 2382: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2345:Historic England 2341: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2287: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2251: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2188: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2026: 2018: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1991:. 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Retrieved 1773: 1731:civil parish 1725: 807: 798: 776: 773: 756: 743:wrought iron 739:lock paddles 735:hairpin bend 732: 720: 712: 704: 690: 681: 676: 670: 656: 640: 635: 632:wrote that: 627: 625: 621: 606: 592:caisson lock 557: 523: 521: 256:Locks 20–22 159:Distance to 147:Distance to 18: 2578:25 February 2552:25 February 2521:25 February 2490:25 February 2464:25 February 2435:25 February 2409:25 February 2360:25 February 2326:25 February 2296:25 February 2260:25 February 2197:25 February 2167:25 February 2115:26 February 2111:. Jim Shead 2088:25 February 2084:. Pemberley 2035:25 February 1972:25 February 1937:25 February 1869:25 February 1780:25 February 1739:South Stoke 1699: / 1659: / 1619: / 1579: / 1539: / 1499: / 1459: / 1419: / 1379: / 1339: / 1299: / 1259: / 1219: / 1179: / 1139: / 1099: / 1059: / 1019: / 979: / 939: / 899: / 859: / 827:Coordinates 804:Restoration 790:South Stoke 745:plates and 701:Lock flight 659:Jane Austen 629:Bath Herald 309:Locks 6–19 66: / 2594:Categories 1749:References 1684:51°20′30″N 1644:51°20′28″N 1604:51°20′27″N 1564:51°20′27″N 1524:51°20′29″N 1484:51°20′31″N 1444:51°20′33″N 1404:51°20′35″N 1364:51°20′37″N 1324:51°20′38″N 1284:51°20′39″N 1244:51°20′40″N 1204:51°20′38″N 1164:51°20′36″N 1124:51°20′34″N 1084:51°20′33″N 1044:51°20′32″N 1004:51°20′29″N 964:51°20′26″N 924:51°20′24″N 884:51°20′23″N 844:51°20′24″N 444:Locks 1–5 51:51°20′39″N 2228:7 January 1999:7 January 1735:Combe Hay 1717:Footnotes 1687:2°21′30″W 1647:2°21′35″W 1630:Infilled 1607:2°21′41″W 1567:2°21′47″W 1550:Infilled 1527:2°21′53″W 1510:Infilled 1487:2°21′58″W 1470:Infilled 1447:2°22′00″W 1407:2°22′01″W 1367:2°22′04″W 1327:2°22′07″W 1287:2°22′11″W 1247:2°22′14″W 1207:2°22′14″W 1167:2°22′10″W 1127:2°22′10″W 1087:2°22′14″W 1047:2°22′16″W 1007:2°22′20″W 967:2°22′22″W 927:2°22′25″W 887:2°22′28″W 847:2°22′33″W 817:Locations 794:milestone 747:cast iron 663:Cassandra 580:Combe Hay 576:Cam Brook 536:Combe Hay 107:Operation 54:2°22′13″W 759:Camerton 637:removed. 609:gradient 540:Somerset 101:Somerset 79:Waterway 1675:Lock 22 1635:Lock 21 1595:Lock 20 1555:Lock 19 1515:Lock 18 1475:Lock 17 1435:Lock 16 1430:Extant 1395:Lock 15 1390:Extant 1355:Lock 14 1350:Extant 1315:Lock 13 1310:Extant 1275:Lock 12 1270:Extant 1235:Lock 11 1230:Extant 1195:Lock 10 1190:Extant 1150:Extant 1110:Extant 1070:Extant 1030:Extant 990:Extant 950:Extant 910:Extant 870:Extant 830:Status 824:Feature 753:Decline 648:geology 554:History 530:on the 89:Country 2322:(8): 6 2193:(8): 9 2140:  2060:  1968:(8): 5 1901:  1832:  1805:  1776:(8): 4 1155:Lock 9 1115:Lock 8 1075:Lock 7 1035:Lock 6 995:Lock 5 955:Lock 4 915:Lock 3 875:Lock 2 835:Lock 1 783:ashlar 770:Legacy 211:Legend 123:Length 110:Manual 97:County 2454:(PDF) 2399:(PDF) 2316:(PDF) 2286:(PDF) 2250:(PDF) 2187:(PDF) 2025:(PDF) 1962:(PDF) 1927:(PDF) 1770:(PDF) 578:. At 534:near 131:Width 2580:2020 2554:2020 2523:2020 2492:2020 2466:2020 2437:2020 2411:2020 2362:2020 2328:2020 2298:2020 2262:2020 2230:2020 2199:2020 2169:2020 2138:ISBN 2117:2020 2090:2020 2058:ISBN 2037:2020 2001:2020 1974:2020 1939:2020 1899:ISBN 1871:2020 1830:ISBN 1803:ISBN 1782:2020 1737:and 1729:the 727:beam 617:Bath 522:The 139:Fall 118:1805 566:at 2596:: 2570:. 2543:. 2539:. 2512:. 2508:. 2482:. 2456:. 2427:. 2401:. 2387:^ 2351:. 2347:. 2336:^ 2318:. 2288:. 2270:^ 2252:. 2238:^ 2220:. 2207:^ 2189:. 2152:^ 2107:. 2080:. 2027:. 2009:^ 1964:. 1947:^ 1929:. 1913:^ 1879:^ 1861:. 1844:^ 1790:^ 1772:. 1757:^ 673:: 538:, 2582:. 2556:. 2525:. 2494:. 2468:. 2439:. 2413:. 2364:. 2330:. 2300:. 2264:. 2232:. 2201:. 2171:. 2146:. 2119:. 2092:. 2066:. 2039:. 2003:. 1976:. 1941:. 1907:. 1873:. 1838:. 1811:. 1784:. 194:e 187:t 180:v

Index

A view up three derelict canal locks. The canal is dry and the channel overgrown with grass and weeds. Deciduous woodland is in the distance
51°20′39″N 2°22′13″W / 51.3443°N 2.3702°W / 51.3443; -2.3702
Somerset Coal Canal
Somerset
Kennet and Avon Canal
Timsbury Basin
v
t
e
Legend
flight of locks
Somerset Coal Canal
Combe Hay
Somerset
caisson locks
inclined plane
Somerset Coal Canal
Kennet and Avon Canal
Limpley Stoke
Midford Brook
Cam Brook
Combe Hay
caisson lock

John Billingsley's
gradient
caisson locks
Bath
Bath Herald
William Smith

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