Computer virus - Knowledge (XXG)

817:, where each byte in a virus is with a constant so that the exclusive-or operation had only to be repeated for decryption. It is suspicious for a code to modify itself, so the code to do the encryption/decryption may be part of the signature in many virus definitions. A simpler older approach did not use a key, where the encryption consisted only of operations with no parameters, like incrementing and decrementing, bitwise rotation, arithmetic negation, and logical NOT. Some viruses, called polymorphic viruses, will employ a means of encryption inside an executable in which the virus is encrypted under certain events, such as the virus scanner being disabled for updates or the computer being 792:. Different antivirus programs will employ different search methods when identifying viruses. If a virus scanner finds such a pattern in a file, it will perform other checks to make sure that it has found the virus, and not merely a coincidental sequence in an innocent file, before it notifies the user that the file is infected. The user can then delete, or (in some cases) "clean" or "heal" the infected file. Some viruses employ techniques that make detection by means of signatures difficult but probably not impossible. These viruses modify their code on each infection. That is, each infected file contains a different variant of the virus. 239: 1058:, ensuring that they would be run when the user booted the computer from the disk, usually inadvertently. Personal computers of the era would attempt to boot first from a floppy if one had been left in the drive. Until floppy disks fell out of use, this was the most successful infection strategy and boot sector viruses were the most common in the "wild" for many years. Traditional computer viruses emerged in the 1980s, driven by the spread of personal computers and the resultant increase in 864:

the virus. The advantage of using such slow polymorphic code is that it makes it more difficult for antivirus professionals and investigators to obtain representative samples of the virus, because "bait" files that are infected in one run will typically contain identical or similar samples of the virus. This will make it more likely that the detection by the virus scanner will be unreliable, and that some instances of the virus may be able to avoid detection.

217:". The work of von Neumann was later published as the "Theory of self-reproducing automata". In his essay von Neumann described how a computer program could be designed to reproduce itself. Von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical "father" of computer virology. In 1972, Veith Risak directly building on von Neumann's work on 1178: 1513:, or connecting the hard drive to another computer and booting from the second computer's operating system, taking great care not to infect that computer by executing any infected programs on the original drive. The original hard drive can then be reformatted and the OS and all programs installed from original media. Once the system has been restored, precautions must be taken to avoid reinfection from any restored 5839: 808:

module, which would (for example) be appended to the end. In this case, a virus scanner cannot directly detect the virus using signatures, but it can still detect the decrypting module, which still makes indirect detection of the virus possible. Since these would be symmetric keys, stored on the infected host, it is entirely possible to decrypt the final virus, but this is probably not required, since

63: 1607:'s character summarizes the problem by stating that "...there's a clear pattern here which suggests an analogy to an infectious disease process, spreading from one...area to the next." To which the replies are stated: "Perhaps there are superficial similarities to disease" and, "I must confess I find it difficult to believe in a disease of machinery." 1425:.com—allow users to upload one or more suspicious files to be scanned and checked by one or more antivirus programs in one operation. Additionally, several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the Internet (usually restricted to non-commercial use). Microsoft offers an optional free antivirus utility called 1131:(COM) interface. Some old versions of Microsoft Word allow macros to replicate themselves with additional blank lines. If two macro viruses simultaneously infect a document, the combination of the two, if also self-replicating, can appear as a "mating" of the two and would likely be detected as a virus unique from the "parents". 1007:, packaging tools, etc., which means that malicious code targeting any of these systems will only affect a subset of all users. Many Windows users are running the same set of applications, enabling viruses to rapidly spread among Microsoft Windows systems by targeting the same exploits on large numbers of hosts. 1344:

of known virus "signatures". Virus signatures are just strings of code that are used to identify individual viruses; for each virus, the antivirus designer tries to choose a unique signature string that will not be found in a legitimate program. Different antivirus programs use different "signatures"

984:. The drives may be left in a parking lot of a government building or other target, with the hopes that curious users will insert the drive into a computer. In a 2015 experiment, researchers at the University of Michigan found that 45–98 percent of users would plug in a flash drive of unknown origin. 669:

The most common way of transmission of computer viruses in boot sector is physical media. When reading the VBR of the drive, the infected floppy disk or USB flash drive connected to the computer will transfer data, and then modify or replace the existing boot code. The next time a user tries to start

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dialing capability, randomly dials phone numbers until it hits a modem that is answered by another computer, and then attempts to program the answering computer with its own program, so that the second computer will also begin dialing random numbers, in search of yet another computer to program. The

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to all the contacts (e.g., friends and colleagues' e-mail addresses) stored on an infected machine. If the recipient, thinking the link is from a friend (a trusted source) follows the link to the website, the virus hosted at the site may be able to infect this new computer and continue propagating.

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Damage is due to causing system failure, corrupting data, wasting computer resources, increasing maintenance costs or stealing personal information. Even though no antivirus software can uncover all computer viruses (especially new ones), computer security researchers are actively searching for new

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Some viruses employ polymorphic code in a way that constrains the mutation rate of the virus significantly. For example, a virus can be programmed to mutate only slightly over time, or it can be programmed to refrain from mutating when it infects a file on a computer that already contains copies of

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The virus starts propagating, which is multiplying and replicating itself. The virus places a copy of itself into other programs or into certain system areas on the disk. The copy may not be identical to the propagating version; viruses often "morph" or change to evade detection by IT professionals

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and critical system files to a previous checkpoint. Often a virus will cause a system to "hang" or "freeze", and a subsequent hard reboot will render a system restore point from the same day corrupted. Restore points from previous days should work, provided the virus is not designed to corrupt the

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to determine program associations (such as Microsoft Windows), the extensions may be hidden from the user by default. This makes it possible to create a file that is of a different type than it appears to the user. For example, an executable may be created and named "picture.png.exe", in which the

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or by disguising itself within a trusted process. In the 2010s, as computers and operating systems grow larger and more complex, old hiding techniques need to be updated or replaced. Defending a computer against viruses may demand that a file system migrate towards detailed and explicit permission

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A dormant virus moves into this phase when it is activated, and will now perform the function for which it was intended. The triggering phase can be caused by a variety of system events, including a count of the number of times that this copy of the virus has made copies of itself. The trigger may

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module. In the case of polymorphic viruses, however, this decryption module is also modified on each infection. A well-written polymorphic virus therefore has no parts which remain identical between infections, making it very difficult to detect directly using "signatures". Antivirus software can

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Other commonly used preventive measures include timely operating system updates, software updates, careful Internet browsing (avoiding shady websites), and installation of only trusted software. Certain browsers flag sites that have been reported to Google and that have been confirmed as hosting

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is proprietary. This leaves antivirus software little alternative but to send a "read" request to Windows files that handle such requests. Some viruses trick antivirus software by intercepting its requests to the operating system. A virus can hide by intercepting the request to read the infected

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The virus program is idle during this stage. The virus program has managed to access the target user's computer or software, but during this stage, the virus does not take any action. The virus will eventually be activated by the "trigger" which states which event will execute the virus. Not all

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than using signatures. False positives can be disruptive, especially in a commercial environment, because it may lead to a company instructing staff not to use the company computer system until IT services have checked the system for viruses. This can slow down productivity for regular workers.

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which does not change from one infection to the next. In this case, the virus consists of a small decrypting module and an encrypted copy of the virus code. If the virus is encrypted with a different key for each infected file, the only part of the virus that remains constant is the decrypting

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The payload is the body of the virus that executes the malicious activity. Examples of malicious activities include damaging files, theft of confidential information or spying on the infected system. Payload activity is sometimes noticeable as it can cause the system to slow down or "freeze".

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copy is one solution—restoring an earlier backup disk "image" is relatively simple to do, usually removes any malware, and may be faster than "disinfecting" the computer—or reinstalling and reconfiguring the operating system and programs from scratch, as described below, then restoring user

1693:" and attempt to hide themselves—the defining characteristic of viruses is that they are self-replicating computer programs that modify other software without user consent by injecting themselves into the said programs, similar to a biological virus which replicates within living cells. 636:. While not opening attachments in e-mails from unknown persons or organizations can help to reduce the likelihood of contracting a virus, in some cases, the virus is designed so that the e-mail appears to be from a reputable organization (e.g., a major bank or credit card company). 1274:(an optional download in the case of Windows XP). Additionally, several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the Internet (usually restricted to non-commercial use). Some such free programs are almost as good as commercial competitors. Common 753:

of the actual operating system files that would handle the read request. Thus, an antivirus software attempting to detect the virus will either not be permitted to read the infected file, or, the "read" request will be served with the uninfected version of the same file.

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And there's a clear pattern here which suggests an analogy to an infectious disease process, spreading from one resort area to the next." ... "Perhaps there are superficial similarities to disease." "I must confess I find it difficult to believe in a disease of

1035:, except to install or configure software; as a result, even if a user ran the virus, it could not harm their operating system. The Bliss virus never became widespread, and remains chiefly a research curiosity. Its creator later posted the source code to 911:, rather than maximum power, and a power virus could cause the system to overheat if it does not have logic to stop the processor. This may cause permanent physical damage. Power viruses can be malicious, but are often suites of test software used for 812:

is such a rarity that finding some may be reason enough for virus scanners to at least "flag" the file as suspicious. An old but compact way will be the use of arithmetic operation like addition or subtraction and the use of logical conditions such as

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The only reliable method to avoid "stealth" viruses is to boot from a medium that is known to be "clear". Security software can then be used to check the dormant operating system files. Most security software relies on virus signatures, or they employ

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environment without permission, Windows users are generally not prevented from making these changes, meaning that viruses can easily gain control of the entire system on Windows hosts. This difference has continued partly due to the widespread use of

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This is the actual work of the virus, where the "payload" will be released. It can be destructive such as deleting files on disk, crashing the system, or corrupting files or relatively harmless such as popping up humorous or political messages on

1228:, for example). Some antivirus software blocks known malicious websites that attempt to install malware. Antivirus software does not change the underlying capability of hosts to transmit viruses. Users must update their software regularly to 1345:

to identify viruses. The disadvantage of this detection method is that users are only protected from viruses that are detected by signatures in their most recent virus definition update, and not protected from new viruses (see "

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A computer virus generally contains three parts: the infection mechanism, which finds and infects new files, the payload, which is the malicious code to execute, and the trigger, which determines when to activate the payload.

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Many websites run by antivirus software companies provide free online virus scanning, with limited "cleaning" facilities (after all, the purpose of the websites is to sell antivirus products and services). Some websites—like

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CD can be used to start the computer if the installed operating systems become unusable. Backups on removable media must be carefully inspected before restoration. The Gammima virus, for example, propagates via removable

221:, published his article "Selbstreproduzierende Automaten mit minimaler Informationsübertragung" (Self-reproducing automata with minimal information exchange). The article describes a fully functional virus written in 743:

While some kinds of antivirus software employ various techniques to counter stealth mechanisms, once the infection occurs any recourse to "clean" the system is unreliable. In Microsoft Windows operating systems, the

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and embedded into these documents so that when users open the file, the virus code is executed, and can infect the user's computer. This is one of the reasons that it is dangerous to open unexpected or suspicious

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is the most commonly used), harvest email addresses from various sources, and may append copies of themselves to all email sent, or may generate email messages containing copies of themselves as attachments.

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numbers, phone numbers, names, email addresses, passwords, bank information, house addresses, etc.), corrupting data, displaying political, humorous or threatening messages on the user's screen,

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is a deception in which the malicious individual pretends to be a friend, computer security expert, or other benevolent individual, with the goal of convincing the targeted individual to reveal

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for every kind of file access. In addition, only a small fraction of known viruses actually cause real incidents, primarily because many viruses remain below the theoretical epidemic threshold.

766:" for Windows OS files, so the security software can identify altered files, and request Windows installation media to replace them with authentic versions. In older versions of Windows, file 5670: 343:

professionals do not accept the concept of "benevolent viruses", as any desired function can be implemented without involving a virus (automatic compression, for instance, is available under

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Different micro-architectures typically require different machine code to hit their maximum power. Examples of such machine code do not appear to be distributed in CPU reference materials.

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program rapidly spreads exponentially through susceptible computers and can only be countered by a second program called VACCINE. His story was based on an actual computer virus written in

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on file changes. Some viruses can infect files without increasing their sizes or damaging the files. They accomplish this by overwriting unused areas of executable files. These are called

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were first reported in 2002, and were academically demonstrated in 2005. There have been multiple instances of the cross-site scripting viruses in the "wild", exploiting websites such as

1661:(BHOs), and other malicious software. The majority of active malware threats are trojan horse programs or computer worms rather than computer viruses. The term computer virus, coined by 1054:, many users regularly exchanged information and programs on floppies. Some viruses spread by infecting programs stored on these disks, while others installed themselves into the disk 323:

wrote his paper "Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments". It was the first paper to explicitly call a self-reproducing program a "virus", a term introduced by Cohen's mentor

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applications are similar programs which have the same effect as power viruses (high CPU usage) but stay under the user's control. They are used for testing CPUs, for example, when

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To avoid being detected by emulation, some viruses rewrite themselves completely each time they are to infect new executables. Viruses that utilize this technique are said to be in

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in length, did not add to the size of the file. Some viruses try to avoid detection by killing the tasks associated with antivirus software before it can detect them (for example,

4102: 1027:". Bliss, however, requires that the user run it explicitly, and it can only infect programs that the user has the access to modify. Unlike Windows users, most Unix users do not 4636: 347:

at the choice of the user). Any virus will by definition make unauthorised changes to a computer, which is undesirable even if no damage is done or intended. The first page of

1496:(improved in Windows 7 and later) can be used to check for, and repair, corrupted system files. Restoring an earlier "clean" (virus-free) copy of the entire partition from a 277:

operating system. Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message, "I'M THE CREEPER. CATCH ME IF YOU CAN!" was displayed. The

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based on common virus behaviors. This method can detect new viruses for which antivirus security firms have yet to define a "signature", but it also gives rise to more

108:. The virus writes its own code into the host program. When the program runs, the written virus program is executed first, causing infection and damage. By contrast, a 4293: 3808: 549:

Computer viruses infect a variety of different subsystems on their host computers and software. One manner of classifying viruses is to analyze whether they reside in

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preferences. Reinstalling the operating system is another approach to virus removal. It may be possible to recover copies of essential user data by booting from a

604:(or "non-resident virus"), when executed, scans the disk for targets, infects them, and then exits (i.e. it does not remain in memory after it is done executing). 5733: 2665: 673:

Email viruses are viruses that intentionally, rather than accidentally, use the email system to spread. While virus infected files may be accidentally sent as

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into those programs. If this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus, a metaphor derived from biological

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platform, make sure that the "last modified" date of a host file stays the same when the file is infected by the virus. This approach does not fool antivirus

288:" was the first personal computer virus to appear "in the wild"—that is, outside the single computer or computer lab where it was created. Written in 1981 by 5129: 3114: 6515: 4121: 3782: 5344: 5248: 3572: 3028: 6277: 2898: 774:

would report that altered system files are authentic, so using file hashes to scan for altered files would not always guarantee finding an infection.

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to virus scanners. Just like regular encrypted viruses, a polymorphic virus infects files with an encrypted copy of itself, which is decoded by a

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of data (and the operating systems) on different media, that are either kept unconnected to the system (most of the time, as in a hard drive),

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As software is often designed with security features to prevent unauthorized use of system resources, many viruses must exploit and manipulate

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virus would be activated, infecting the personal computer and displaying a short poem beginning "Elk Cloner: The program with a personality."

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and most likely is safe, yet when opened, it runs the executable on the client machine. Viruses may be installed on removable media, such as

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file, handling the request itself, and returning an uninfected version of the file to the antivirus software. The interception can occur by

4610: 4523: 1384:. This way, if data is lost through a virus, one can start again using the backup (which will hopefully be recent). If a backup session on 1340:) and the files stored on fixed or removable drives (hard drives, floppy drives, or USB flash drives), and comparing those files against a 1279: 596:, and when the operating system attempts to access the target file or disk sector, the virus code intercepts the request and redirects the 5382: 5266: 5036: 2552: 1305:. Ransomware is a virus that posts a message on the user's screen saying that the screen or system will remain locked or unusable until a 5087: 4484: 4416: 4362: 4331: 4000: 3873: 3733: 6670: 6285: 4916: 4595: 4564: 4098: 3907: 3472: 3447: 3386: 3292: 3206: 2530: 2381: 5613: 4502: 3267: 963:

To replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory. For this reason, many viruses attach themselves to

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is closed, it becomes read-only and can no longer be affected by a virus (so long as a virus or infected file was not copied onto the

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is an example of software, free for personal use, that will check a PC for vulnerable out-of-date software, and attempt to update it.

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Sometimes payloads are non-destructive and their main purpose is to spread a message to as many people as possible. This is called a

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have become common since the mid-1990s. Most of these viruses are written in the scripting languages for Microsoft programs such as

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occur when an employee is terminated from their employment or after a set period of time has elapsed, in order to reduce suspicion.

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Yu, Wei; Zhang, Nan; Fu, Xinwen; Zhao, Wei (October 2010). "Self-Disciplinary Worms and Countermeasures: Modeling and Analysis".

1778: 222: 3400: 871:. To enable metamorphism, a "metamorphic engine" is needed. A metamorphic virus is usually very large and complex. For example, 6520: 6267: 5404: 5074:

Advanced Data Mining and Applications: 4th International Conference, ADMA 2008, Chengdu, China, October 8-10, 2008, Proceedings

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in 1985, is a misnomer. Viruses often perform some type of harmful activity on infected host computers, such as acquisition of

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programs to be embedded in documents or emails, so that the programs may be run automatically when the document is opened. A

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of Windows OS files stored in Windows—to allow file integrity/authenticity to be checked—could be overwritten so that the

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As of 2013, computer viruses caused billions of dollars' worth of economic damage each year. In response, an industry of

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that is updated as part of the regular Windows update regime, and an older optional anti-malware (malware removal) tool

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ways to enable antivirus solutions to more effectively detect emerging viruses, before they become widely distributed.

142:), desire to send a political message, personal amusement, to demonstrate that a vulnerability exists in software, for 38: 6272: 6193: 5993: 4662: 3532:

Dave Jones. 2001 (December 2001). "Building an e-mail virus detection system for your network. Linux J. 2001, 92, 2-".

957: 767: 584:(or simply "resident virus") installs itself as part of the operating system when executed, after which it remains in 4244:"Virus Notice: Network Associates' AVERT Discovers First Virus That Can Infect JPEG Files, Assigns Low-Profiled Risk" 2662: 4385: 3225: 378:, reportedly to deter unauthorized copying of the software they had written. The first virus to specifically target 130:

to initially infect systems and to spread the virus. Viruses use complex anti-detection/stealth strategies to evade

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does not need a host program, as it is an independent program or code chunk. Therefore, it is not restricted by the

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Ganesan, Karthik; Jo, Jungho; Bircher, W. Lloyd; Kaseridis, Dimitris; Yu, Zhibin; John, Lizy K. (September 2010).

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Engineering Information Security: The Application of Systems Engineering Concepts to Achieve Information Assurance

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Most modern antivirus programs try to find virus-patterns inside ordinary programs by scanning them for so-called

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Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques - PACT '10

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There are two common methods that an antivirus software application uses to detect viruses, as described in the

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for viruses on BBSs. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a

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users. The diversity of software systems on a network limits the destructive potential of viruses and malware.

616: 274: 147: 3021: 238: 6484: 6183: 6135: 5798: 1773: 1670: 1580: 1377: 904: 703: 677:, email viruses are aware of email system functions. They generally target a specific type of email system ( 73:

virus, generally regarded as the first computer virus for the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) and compatibles

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Gunn, J.B. (June 1984). "Use of virus functions to provide a virtual APL interpreter under user control".

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While Linux and Unix in general have always natively prevented normal users from making changes to the

401:. A few years later, in February 1996, Australian hackers from the virus-writing crew VLAD created the 4618: 6642: 6637: 6596: 6525: 6383: 6244: 6156: 6105: 6050: 5918: 5891: 5873: 5838: 5771: 5742: 5529: 5211: 4884: 4047: 3605: 2466: 1630: 1333: 1291: 1182: 1148: 1144: 1016: 1004: 996: 953: 908: 429: 5675: 5442:(film). 201 S. Kinney Road, Tucson, Arizona, USA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Event occurs at 32 minutes. 3161: 2307: 1625:. "Malware" encompasses computer viruses along with many other forms of malicious software, such as 262:, in the early 1970s. Creeper was an experimental self-replicating program written by Bob Thomas at 6591: 6028: 5803: 5761: 5701: 5605: 4072: 4014: 2997: 2785: 1919:

Piqueira, Jose R.C.; de Vasconcelos, Adolfo A.; Gabriel, Carlos E.C.J.; Araujo, Vanessa O. (2008).

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is activated. This condition may be a particular date, time, presence of another program, size on

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made an early mention of the concept of a computer virus, being a central plot theme that causes

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The first known description of a self-reproducing program in fiction is in the 1970 short story

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and thermal testing of computer components during the design phase of a product, or for product

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The first academic work on the theory of self-replicating computer programs was done in 1949 by

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article. The first, and by far the most common method of virus detection is using a list of

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to encipher (encode) the body of the virus, leaving only the encryption module and a static

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from the time the computer is booted up to when it is shut down. Resident viruses overwrite

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programming language for a SIEMENS 4004/35 computer system. In 1980, Jürgen Kraus wrote his

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which describes a computer program called VIRUS which, when installed on a computer with

1235:("holes"). Antivirus software also needs to be regularly updated to recognize the latest 374:, created in 1986 and was released in 1987 by Amjad Farooq Alvi and Basit Farooq Alvi in 1689:, or even rendering the computer useless. However, not all viruses carry a destructive " 1177: 670:

the desktop, the virus will immediately load and run as part of the master boot record.

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Kephart, J.O.; White, S.R. (1993). "Measuring and modeling computer virus prevalence".

3077: 1733: 1465: 1452:. An example of a virus that does this is CiaDoor. Many such viruses can be removed by 1441: 1263: 1097: 1067: 972: 968: 933:

in a poorly written program may cause similar symptoms, if it lasts sufficiently long.

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strategies that produce large numbers of "bugs" will generally also produce potential

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in a system or application software, to spread themselves and infect other computers.

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Also called the infection vector, this is how the virus spreads. Some viruses have a

421: 151: 109: 5396: 3665:

Proceedings 1993 IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy

2170: 1807:

in a population decreases the chance of a single disease wiping out a population in

169:

has cropped up, selling or freely distributing virus protection to users of various

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or run the executable file (which may be distributed as an email attachment, or on

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explains the undesirability of viruses, even those that do nothing but reproduce.

231:

thesis "Selbstreproduktion bei Programmen" (Self-reproduction of programs) at the

5425: 2064:

Computer science and its applications : CSA 2012, Jeju, Korea, 22-25.11.2012

848:

of the encrypted virus body. To enable polymorphic code, the virus has to have a

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definitions. This works by examining the content of the computer's memory (its

1247:

Institute publishes evaluations of antivirus software for Windows and Android.

895:

is a computer program that executes specific machine code to reach the maximum

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virus (also known as "Boza" virus), which was the first known virus to target

355: 316: 309: 297: 285: 139: 17: 5104: 4809: 3673: 3510: 3491:"Detecting Boot Sector Viruses- Applying TRIZ to Improve Anti-Virus Programs" 2771: 2116: 2081: 1944: 6489: 6439: 6115: 6070: 6065: 5913: 5881: 4911: 4879: 4745: 4155: 1728: 1723: 1666: 1646: 1481: 1457: 1356: 1251: 1117: 1075: 1032: 804: 723: 711: 691: 566: 471:, this is the part of the virus that determines the condition for which the 328: 301: 123: 59:

Computer program that modifies other programs to replicate itself and spread

4658: 2197:

The Little Black Book of Computer Viruses: Volume 1, The Basic Technologies

1120:. Although most of these viruses did not have the ability to send infected 3490: 2763: 2611: 2108: 1220:

that can detect and eliminate known viruses when the computer attempts to

354:

An article that describes "useful virus functionalities" was published by

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The term "virus" is also misused by extension to refer to other types of

1405: 1341: 1314: 1310: 1295: 930: 853: 841: 719: 699: 331:

that can perfectly detect all possible viruses. Fred Cohen's theoretical

259: 214: 143: 66: 5695: 4688: 4550:

The Definitive Guide to Controlling Malware, Spyware, Phishing, and Spam

4348:

Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery

2642: 2032: 1886: 1074:

programs, and viruses were written to infect popularly traded software.

1023:. In 1997, researchers created and released a virus for Linux—known as " 907:). Computer cooling apparatus are designed to dissipate power up to the 718:

files. Because those files have many empty gaps, the virus, which was 1

62: 6494: 6403: 6332: 6085: 6060: 6023: 5711: 2408:"Selbstreproduzierende Automaten mit minimaler Informationsübertragung" 1808: 1743: 1654: 1650: 1634: 1622: 1616: 1539: 1510: 1453: 1287: 1275: 1244: 1232: 1185: 1164: 976:

user sees only "picture.png" and therefore assumes that this file is a

949: 727: 504: 402: 398: 336: 255: 82: 5570: 2729: 1981: 6454: 6434: 6429: 5998: 5943: 5858: 5685: 5679: 5099: 5097: 4714: 3171:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2965. pp. 26–50. 2492: 1703: 1638: 1590: 1505: 1418: 1373: 1306: 1240: 1204: 1152: 1113: 1036: 633: 375: 270: 243: 227: 135: 1258:(for Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7) for real-time protection, the 690:

To avoid detection by users, some viruses employ different kinds of

4709:

Eugene H. Spafford; Kathleen A. Heaphy; David J. Ferbrache (1989).

1042:

Before computer networks became widespread, most viruses spread on

1243:

and other individuals are always creating new viruses. The German

1176: 1121: 1063: 1028: 1000: 522:

and anti-virus software. Each infected program will now contain a

425: 237: 98: 61: 6301: 5070:"A Novel Immune Based Approach For Detection of Windows PE Virus" 2699:. Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, U.K.: S & S International PLC. 327:. In 1987, Fred Cohen published a demonstration that there is no 2615: 1298: 600:

to the replication module, infecting the target. In contrast, a

554: 6305: 5715: 1070:–driven software sharing contributed directly to the spread of 417:(it was also able to infect Windows 3.0 and Windows 9x hosts). 5609: 5189: 3749:"Netflix Is Dumping Anti-Virus, Presages Death Of An Industry" 1673:(CPU) time, accessing and stealing private information (e.g., 1401: 1393: 695: 585: 339:), but was putatively benevolent (well-intentioned). However, 4978:"Secunia Personal Software Inspector 3.0 Review & Rating" 3192:

Computer System Security: Basic Concepts and Solved Exercises

2811:"Amjad Farooq Alvi Inventor of first PC Virus post by Zagham" 1489:

restore files and does not exist in previous restore points.

1437:

that has been upgraded to an antivirus product in Windows 8.

1380:

or not accessible for other reasons, such as using different

386:

was discovered in April 1992, two years after the release of

358:

under the title "Use of virus functions to provide a virtual

5837: 1372:

One may reduce the damage done by viruses by making regular

409:. In late 1997 the encrypted, memory-resident stealth virus 335:

was an example of a virus which was not malicious software (

246:

virus 'Universal Peace', as displayed on a Mac in March 1988

116:, but can run independently and actively carry out attacks. 5634:

Digital Contagions. A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses

5559:. Tucson, Arizona 85717: American Eagle Publications, Inc. 3922:"What is a polymorphic virus? - Definition from WhatIs.com" 2516:

Digital Contagions: A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses

2033:"Worm vs. Virus: What's the Difference and Does It Matter?" 1887:"Worm vs. Virus: What's the Difference and Does It Matter?" 1397: 1389: 795:

One method of evading signature detection is to use simple

5690: 5207: 4433:(Press release). McAfee, via Axel Boldt. 5 February 1997. 526:

of the virus, which will itself enter a propagation phase.

85:

that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other

4073:"Virus Bulletin : Glossary — Metamorphic virus" 4015:"Virus Bulletin : Glossary – Polymorphic virus" 424:

were affected by viruses. The first one to appear on the

5157:. GrnLight.net. Archived from the original on 2014-05-24 4553:. Realtimepublishers.com. 1 January 2005. pp. 48–. 4195:"Thermal Performance Challenges from Silicon to Systems" 4039:

Perriot, Fredrick; Peter Ferrie; Peter Szor (May 2002).

2897:. Virus Test Center, University of Hamburg. 1990-06-05. 1546:

computer in the 1960s, as a proof-of-concept, and which

503:

of the computer virus, described by using an analogy to

3169:

Performance Tools and Applications to Networked Systems

2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2378:

Computer viruses: from theory to applications, Volume 1

42: 4099:"The contemporary antivirus industry and its problems" 3139:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 43. 1090:

or a file system that is accessed by other computers.

879:

code, 90% of which is part of the metamorphic engine.

623:(or "document virus") is a virus that is written in a 5691:

US Govt CERT (Computer Emergency Readiness Team) site

5385:"afterthoughts" to "The Scarred Man", Gregory Benford 4831:"Detailed test reports — Android mobile devices" 2097:

IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems

762:. Security software may also use a database of file " 3577:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 874. 3167:. In Calzarossa, Maria Carla; Gelenbe, Erol (eds.). 987:

The vast majority of viruses target systems running

702:, however, especially those which maintain and date 6625: 6564: 6508: 6422: 6376: 6340: 6149: 5849: 5749: 3885: 3883: 3344:

Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows

3304:

Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows

3253:

Antivirus Tools and Techniques for Computer Systems

2865:

Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows

991:. This is due to Microsoft's large market share of 507:. This life cycle can be divided into four phases: 362:interpreter under user control" in 1984. The first 134:. Motives for creating viruses can include seeking 4776:"Capital market reaction to defective IT products" 4473:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 360–. 4467:David Kim; Michael G. Solomon (17 November 2010). 3951: 3341: 3301: 2862: 2575: 2169: 1553:The idea was explored further in two 1972 novels, 1460:" with networking, and then using system tools or 860:for technical detail on how such engines operate. 479:exceeding a threshold, or opening a specific file. 213:about the "Theory and Organization of Complicated 3606:"Computer Virus Strategies and Detection Methods" 413:was released—the first known virus that targeted 5696:'Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments' 5368:Benford, Gregory (May 1970). "The Scarred Man". 2965:Computer security : principles and practice 2283: 2281: 1869:Computer security : principles and practice 1124:, those viruses which did take advantage of the 5556:Computer Viruses, Artificial Life and Evolution 4526:. Actlab.utexas.edu. 1996-03-31. Archived from 2612:"School prank starts 25 years of security woes" 2412:Zeitschrift für Maschinenbau und Elektrotechnik 2199:. American Eagle Publications. pp. 16–17. 1254:and anti-malware software include the optional 1112:. Since Word and Excel were also available for 5698: – The original paper by Fred Cohen, 1984 4269:"Users Really Do Plug in USB Drives They Find" 3719:The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense 3638:"What is Rootkit – Definition and Explanation" 3436:. Prentice Hall Professional. pp. 37–38. 3220:Brain, Marshall; Fenton, Wesley (April 2000). 3137:The art of computer virus research and defense 2644:Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments 856:engine") somewhere in its encrypted body. See 726:). A Virus may also hide its presence using a 6317: 5727: 5288:"W32.Gammima.AG Removal — Removing Help" 2145:Computer viruses: from theory to applications 1573:, and became a major theme of the 1975 novel 1039:, allowing researchers to see how it worked. 967:that may be part of legitimate programs (see 840:detect it by decrypting the viruses using an 831:was the first technique that posed a serious 8: 5636:. Digital Formations. New York: Peter Lang. 4470:Fundamentals of Information Systems Security 3862:. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 620. 2545:"The Creeper Worm, the First Computer Virus" 1352:A second method to find viruses is to use a 730:by not showing itself on the list of system 266:in 1971. Creeper used the ARPANET to infect 5051:"Report malicious software (URL) to Google" 4806:"Detailed test reports—(Windows) home user" 4351:. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365. 4317:Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features 3160:Serazzi, Giuseppe; Zanero, Stefano (2004). 1303:Internet Crime Complaint Center noticeboard 26: 6324: 6310: 6302: 5734: 5720: 5712: 5479:. Show Low, Ariz: American Eagle. p. 5007:"10 Step Guide to Protect Against Viruses" 4633:"Facebook 'photo virus' spreads via email" 3195:. EPFL Press / CRC Press. pp. 21–22. 2996:. Show Low, Ariz: American Eagle. p. 2927:. Show Low, Ariz: American Eagle. p. 2250:Bell, David J.; et al., eds. (2004). 1444:and other important Windows tools such as 1270:", the second Tuesday of each month), and 6278:Security information and event management 5372:. Vol. 4, no. 2. pp. 122–. 5190:"VirusTotal.com (a subsidiary of Google)" 5072:. In Tang, Changjie; et al. (eds.). 3986:Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering 1173:Browser security § Browser hardening 150:, or simply because they wish to explore 5669:) is being considered for deletion. See 5475:The giant black book of computer viruses 4728:"Ka-Boom: Anatomy of a Computer Virus". 4118:"Breeding power-viruses for ARM devices" 3556:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3256:. William Andrew (Elsevier). p. 4. 2992:The giant black book of computer viruses 2923:The giant black book of computer viruses 2695:Alan Solomon; Dmitry O Gryaznov (1995). 2605: 2603: 2574:Russell, Deborah; Gangemi, G.T. (1991). 1542:that Benford had created and run on the 1003:allow users to choose from a variety of 32:This is an accepted version of this page 4378:"Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows" 4097:Kaspersky, Eugene (November 21, 2005). 3722:. Boston: Addison-Wesley. p. 285. 3056:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. p. 210. 2350:. University of Illinois Press: 66–87. 1824: 1796: 1431:Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool 1301:alerts appear as press releases on the 1260:Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool 1165:Malware § Vulnerability to malware 1019:accounts in contemporary versions like 577:(or some combination of all of these). 432:, which was detected in November 1987. 281:program was created to delete Creeper. 28: 6368:Timeline of computer viruses and worms 5576: 5449: 5438:Michael Crichton (November 21, 1973). 5290:. Symantec. 2007-08-27. Archived from 5167: 4456:from the original on 14 December 2005. 4437:from the original on 17 December 2005. 3989:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 216. 3759:from the original on September 6, 2015 3546: 3535: 2487:Thomas Chen; Jean-Marc Robert (2004). 2320:from the original on September 7, 2015 1833:"The Internet comes down with a virus" 1404:). Likewise, an operating system on a 960:"holes" or "entrances" for the virus. 694:. Some old viruses, especially on the 197:Timeline of computer viruses and worms 6255:Host-based intrusion detection system 5616:from the original on 4 September 2016 5540:from the original on 7 September 2015 5407:from the original on 17 December 2018 5105:"Good Security Habits | US-CERT" 4611:"Macro Virus Identification Problems" 4105:from the original on October 5, 2013. 3461:. Sams Publishing. pp. 331–333. 2758:(4). ACM New York, NY, USA: 163–168. 2622:from the original on 20 December 2014 2341:"Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata" 1921:"Dynamic models for computer viruses" 104:Computer viruses generally require a 7: 5511:Computer Viruses and Data Protection 4431:"McAfee discovers first Linux virus" 3618:from the original on 23 October 2013 2683:Computer Viruses and Data Protection 2519:. New York: Peter Lang. p. 50. 2489:"The Evolution of Viruses and Worms" 304:3.3 operating system and spread via 6286:Runtime application self-protection 5528:Granneman, Scott (6 October 2003). 5401:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4957:Rubenking, Neil J. (Jan 10, 2013). 4938:Rubenking, Neil J. (Feb 17, 2012). 4584:. Informing Science. pp. 27–. 4567:from the original on 16 March 2017. 4499:"1980s – Kaspersky IT Encyclopedia" 4487:from the original on 16 March 2017. 4399:Raggi, Emilio; et al. (2011). 4314:Mookhey, K.K.; et al. (2005). 3910:from the original on 16 March 2017. 3162:"Computer Virus Propagation Models" 2788:. Antivirus.about.com. 2010-06-10. 2610:Anick Jesdanun (1 September 2007). 2168:Harley, David; et al. 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Retrieved November 28, 2015. 3574:Instrument engineers' handbook 3107:"What is a malicious payload?" 2663:An Undetectable Computer Virus 2388:, Birkhäuser, 2005, pp. 19–38 2257:Cyberculture: The Key Concepts 1709:Comparison of computer viruses 1250:Examples of Microsoft Windows 714:, or Chernobyl Virus, infects 658:, or removable storage media ( 1: 6587:Data loss prevention software 4959:"The Best Antivirus for 2013" 4808:. AV-Test.org. Archived from 3829:Jacobs, Stuart (2015-12-01). 1427:Microsoft Security Essentials 1256:Microsoft Security Essentials 1082:software were equally common 183:History of antivirus software 4615:FRISK Software International 4017:. Virusbtn.com. 2009-10-01. 3896:. Springer. pp. 35–36. 3893:Computer Viruses and Malware 3571:Béla G. Lipták, ed. (2002). 3401:"What is boot sector virus?" 3372:Computer Viruses and Malware 3281:. Springer. pp. 47–48. 3054:Computer viruses for dummies 2218:Computer Viruses and Malware 2000:Computer Viruses and Malware 1714:Computer fraud and abuse act 1239:. This is because malicious 1116:, most could also spread to 846:statistical pattern analysis 768:cryptographic hash functions 300:, it attached itself to the 6273:Information risk management 6194:Multi-factor authentication 5750:Related security categories 5612:)). Microsoft Corporation. 5530:"Linux vs. Windows Viruses" 4833:. AV-Test.org. 2019-10-22. 4774:Hovav, Anat (August 2005). 4717:Software Industry Division. 4524:"What is a Computer Virus?" 3222:"How Computer Viruses Work" 2963:Stallings, William (2012). 2720:Alan Solomon (2011-06-14). 2348:Essays on Cellular Automata 2308:"Linux vs. Windows Viruses" 2289:"Viruses that can cost you" 1972:Alan Solomon (2011-06-14). 1867:Stallings, William (2012). 1108:by infecting documents and 1066:use, and software sharing. 1050:. In the early days of the 284:In 1982, a program called " 6707: 6671:Computer security exploits 6607:Intrusion detection system 6250:Intrusion detection system 6208:Computer security software 5864:Advanced persistent threat 5598:Advanced Malware Cleaning 5426:IMDB synopsis of Westworld 5403:. Orion Publishing Group. 5245:"Microsoft Safety Scanner" 5132:. Symantec. Archived from 4792:10.1016/j.cose.2005.02.003 3082:encyclopedia.kaspersky.com 2786:"Boot sector virus repair" 2339:von Neumann, John (1966). 1937:10.1016/j.cose.2008.07.006 1614: 1548:he told John Brunner about 1264:Windows (Security) Updates 1207:Software Industry Division 1162: 1143:Viruses that spread using 999:operating systems such as 781: 366:virus in the "wild" was a 194: 180: 6475:Privacy-invasive software 5835: 5829:Digital rights management 5708: (On hacking, 1990) 5686:Microsoft Security Portal 5174:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5076:. Springer. p. 250. 3950:Kizza, Joseph M. (2009). 3835:. 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(2012). 1774:Windows 7 File Recovery 1685:their e-mail contacts, 1671:central processing unit 739:Read request intercepts 561:), data files (such as 545:Targets and replication 160:evolutionary algorithms 6521:Classic Mac OS viruses 6363:List of computer worms 6230:Obfuscation (software) 5959:Browser Helper Objects 5843: 5033:"Google Safe Browsing" 4780:Computers and Security 4402:Beginning Ubuntu Linux 4320:. ISACA. p. 128. 3747:Fox-Brewster, Thomas. 3545:Cite journal requires 3336:Grimes, Roger (2001). 3300:Grimes, Roger (2001). 2861:Grimes, Roger (2001). 2549:History of information 1759:Technical support scam 1199: 1129:Component Object Model 1104:and spread throughout 308:. On its 50th use the 273:computers running the 254:was first detected on 247: 233:University of Dortmund 211:University of Illinois 74: 6225:Data-centric security 6106:Remote access trojans 5841: 5553:Ludwig, Mark (1993). 5471:Ludwig, Mark (1998). 5263:"Virus removal -Help" 5155:"Viruses! In! Space!" 4578:Eli B. Cohen (2011). 4053:on September 27, 2007 3983:Eilam, Eldad (2011). 3856:Bishop, Matt (2003). 3369:Aycock, John (2006). 3308:. O'Reilly. pp. 3224:. HowStuffWorks.com. 2988:Ludwig, Mark (1998). 2919:Ludwig, Mark (1998). 2869:. O'Reilly. pp. 2764:10.1145/384283.801093 2681:Burger, Ralph, 1991. 2406:Risak, Veith (1972), 2260:. Routledge. p. 2214:Aycock, John (2006). 2141:Filiol, Eric (2005). 2109:10.1109/tpds.2009.161 1996:Aycock, John (2006). 1659:Browser Helper Object 1440:Some viruses disable 1282:and listed in the US 1180: 1060:bulletin board system 897:CPU power dissipation 582:memory-resident virus 397:, instead relying on 241: 195:Further information: 187:History of ransomware 65: 6643:Operation: Bot Roast 6157:Application security 6051:Privilege escalation 5919:Cross-site scripting 5772:Cybersex trafficking 5743:Information security 3958:. Springer. p. 3716:Szor, Peter (2005). 3503:10.2139/ssrn.1981886 3135:Szor, Peter (2005). 3027:. cs.colostate.edu. 2641:Cohen, Fred (1984), 2582:. O'Reilly. p. 2222:. Springer. p. 2149:. Springer. p. 2004:. Springer. p. 1334:Random Access Memory 1145:cross-site scripting 1005:desktop environments 954:Software development 909:thermal design power 650:(MBR) of the host's 499:Virus phases is the 292:, a ninth grader at 6592:Defensive computing 6509:By operating system 5804:Information warfare 5762:Automotive security 5225:Rubenking, Neil J. 4976:Rubenking, Neil J. 4609:Vesselin Bontchev. 4345:Toxen, Bob (2003). 2722:"All About Viruses" 1974:"All About Viruses" 1576:The Shockwave Rider 1556:When HARLIE Was One 1494:System File Checker 1321:malware by Google. 1262:(now included with 1216:Many users install 1118:Macintosh computers 1088:network file system 913:integration testing 810:self-modifying code 784:Self-modifying code 772:System File Checker 716:Portable Executable 710:. For example, the 640:Boot sector viruses 459:Jerusalem DOS virus 450:Infection mechanism 29:Page version status 6577:Antivirus software 6423:Malware for profit 6394:Man-in-the-browser 6341:Infectious malware 6213:Antivirus software 6081:Social engineering 6046:Polymorphic engine 5999:Fraudulent dialers 5904:Hardware backdoors 5844: 4907:"Windows Defender" 4657:Berend-Jan Wever. 4290:netmarketshare.com 3455:Anonymous (2003). 2668:2014-05-25 at the 2384:2017-01-14 at the 2306:Granneman, Scott. 1841:. August 6, 2014. 1838:The New York Times 1326:antivirus software 1218:antivirus software 1200: 1189:antivirus software 1181:Screenshot of the 850:polymorphic engine 648:Master Boot Record 590:interrupt handling 551:binary executables 248: 191:History of malware 167:antivirus software 132:antivirus software 121:social engineering 119:Virus writers use 75: 35: 6686:Security breaches 6676:Internet security 6651: 6650: 6602:Internet security 6556:HyperCard viruses 6465:Keystroke logging 6455:Fraudulent dialer 6399:Man-in-the-middle 6299: 6298: 6261:Anomaly detection 6166:Secure by default 6019:Keystroke loggers 5954:Drive-by download 5842:vectorial version 5809:Internet security 5757:Computer security 5643:978-0-8204-8837-0 5595:(November 2006). 5520:978-1-55755-123-8 5490:978-0-929408-23-1 5338:"www.us-cert.gov" 4591:978-1-932886-47-4 4560:978-1-931491-44-0 4480:978-1-4496-7164-8 3903:978-0-387-34188-0 3668:. pp. 2–15. 3642:www.kaspersky.com 3007:978-0-929408-23-1 2974:978-0-13-277506-9 2938:978-0-929408-23-1 2526:978-0-8204-8837-0 2233:978-0-387-30236-2 2160:978-2-287-23939-7 2103:(10): 1501–1514. 2073:978-94-007-5699-1 2015:978-0-387-30236-2 1878:978-0-13-277506-9 1805:genetic diversity 1754:Spam (electronic) 1749:Source code virus 1739:Keystroke logging 1719:Computer security 1309:payment is made. 1126:Microsoft Outlook 1052:personal computer 989:Microsoft Windows 940:Infection vectors 877:assembly language 821:. This is called 801:cryptographic key 778:Self-modification 679:Microsoft Outlook 675:email attachments 656:solid-state drive 609:Microsoft Outlook 518:Propagation phase 380:Microsoft Windows 364:IBM PC compatible 333:compression virus 171:operating systems 148:denial of service 87:computer programs 47:17 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 6698: 6691:Types of malware 6666:Computer viruses 6617:Network security 6582:Browser security 6326: 6319: 6312: 6303: 6170:Secure by design 6101:Hardware Trojans 5934:History sniffing 5924:Cross-site leaks 5819:Network security 5736: 5729: 5722: 5713: 5647: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5593:Mark Russinovich 5588: 5582: 5574: 5573:on July 4, 2008. 5569:. Archived from 5549: 5547: 5545: 5524: 5495: 5494: 5478: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5447: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5130:"W32.Gammima.AG" 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5009:. GrnLight.net. 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4887:on June 21, 2012 4883:. Archived from 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4750:trove.nla.gov.au 4742: 4736: 4735: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4617:. Archived from 4606: 4600: 4599: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4384:. Archived from 4373: 4367: 4366: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4246:. Archived from 4240: 4234: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4200:. Archived from 4199: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4075:. Virusbtn.com. 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4046:. Archived from 4045: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3957: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3458:Maximum Security 3451: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3347: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3307: 3296: 3271: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2995: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2960: 2943: 2942: 2926: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2868: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2728:. Archived from 2717: 2711: 2710: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2581: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2491:. Archived from 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2465:. Archived from 2459: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2438:, archived from 2437: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2403: 2397: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2345: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2291:. Archived from 2285: 2276: 2275: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2221: 2210: 2191: 2175: 2172:Viruses Revealed 2164: 2148: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2003: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1980:. Archived from 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1931:(7–8): 355–359. 1916: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1882: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1829: 1812: 1801: 1627:computer "worms" 1605:Alan Oppenheimer 1588:Michael Crichton 1571:Michael Crichton 1566:The Terminal Man 1515:executable files 1484:can restore the 1435:Windows Defender 1272:Windows Defender 1226:USB flash drives 1136:web address link 1106:Microsoft Office 1012:operating system 993:desktop computer 965:executable files 950:security defects 869:metamorphic code 858:polymorphic code 829:Polymorphic code 790:virus signatures 746:NTFS file system 529:Triggering phase 467:Also known as a 376:Lahore, Pakistan 264:BBN Technologies 219:self-replication 207:John von Neumann 201:Malware research 21: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6647: 6626:Countermeasures 6621: 6612:Mobile security 6560: 6551:Palm OS viruses 6516:Android malware 6504: 6418: 6414:Zombie computer 6372: 6336: 6330: 6300: 6295: 6145: 5845: 5833: 5824:Copy protection 5814:Mobile security 5745: 5740: 5674: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5591: 5575: 5567: 5552: 5543: 5541: 5527: 5521: 5508: 5504: 5502:Further reading 5499: 5498: 5491: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5448: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5397:"Brunner, John" 5394: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5107:. 2 June 2009. 5103: 5102: 5095: 5084: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4991: 4989: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4731:InformationWeek 4727: 4726: 4722: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4692: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4592: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4561: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4481: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4413: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4359: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4328: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4166: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4101:. SecureLight. 4096: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3997: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3904: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3870: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3730: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3544: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3454: 3444: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3383: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3338:"Macro Viruses" 3335: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3299: 3289: 3274: 3264: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3203: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2946: 2939: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2670:Wayback Machine 2660: 2656: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2527: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2386:Wayback Machine 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2213: 2207: 2194: 2188: 2167: 2161: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 1995: 1987: 1985: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1952: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1898: 1885: 1879: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1699: 1619: 1613: 1535:telephone modem 1531:Gregory Benford 1527:The Scarred Man 1523: 1521:Popular culture 1370: 1361:false positives 1347:zero-day attack 1330:virus signature 1175: 1161: 1159:Countermeasures 1140:instant message 1102:Microsoft Excel 1046:, particularly 1044:removable media 973:file extensions 942: 903:output for the 885: 786: 780: 741: 688: 652:hard disk drive 547: 536:Execution phase 497: 443: 438: 325:Leonard Adleman 290:Richard Skrenta 203: 193: 179: 156:artificial life 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6704: 6702: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6658: 6657: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572:Anti-keylogger 6568: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6546:Mobile malware 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Computer virus 6350: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6291:Site isolation 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6275: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6189:Authentication 6181: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6164: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5989:Email spoofing 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5929:DOM clobbering 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5909:Code injection 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5789:Cyberterrorism 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5777:Computer fraud 5774: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5658: 5654: 5653:External links 5651: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5630:Parikka, Jussi 5626: 5589: 5565: 5550: 5525: 5519: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5463: 5430: 5418: 5387: 5375: 5360: 5329: 5304: 5279: 5254: 5236: 5217: 5199: 5181: 5146: 5121: 5093: 5082: 5060: 5042: 5024: 4998: 4968: 4949: 4930: 4898: 4866: 4840: 4822: 4797: 4786:(5): 409–424. 4766: 4737: 4720: 4701: 4675: 4649: 4635:. 2012-07-19. 4624: 4621:on 2012-08-05. 4601: 4590: 4570: 4559: 4540: 4515: 4490: 4479: 4459: 4440: 4422: 4411: 4391: 4388:on 2013-09-01. 4368: 4357: 4337: 4326: 4306: 4277: 4260: 4235: 4226:"Virus Basics" 4217: 4186: 4164: 4150:. p. 19. 4134: 4108: 4089: 4064: 4031: 4006: 3995: 3975: 3968: 3942: 3926:SearchSecurity 3913: 3902: 3879: 3868: 3848: 3841: 3821: 3805:"www.sans.org" 3796: 3770: 3739: 3728: 3708: 3682: 3654: 3629: 3597: 3583: 3563: 3547:|journal= 3524: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3452: 3442: 3424: 3417: 3392: 3381: 3361: 3354: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3297: 3287: 3272: 3262: 3246: 3239: 3212: 3201: 3181: 3152: 3145: 3127: 3098: 3069: 3062: 3044: 3013: 3006: 2980: 2973: 2944: 2937: 2911: 2886: 2879: 2853: 2836:"winvir virus" 2827: 2802: 2777: 2742: 2712: 2705: 2687: 2674: 2654: 2633: 2599: 2592: 2566: 2536: 2525: 2505: 2479: 2454: 2421: 2398: 2368: 2331: 2298: 2295:on 2013-09-25. 2277: 2270: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2211: 2205: 2192: 2186: 2165: 2159: 2137: 2130: 2087: 2072: 2054: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2014: 1993: 1968: 1961: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1883: 1877: 1863: 1856: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1734:Cryptovirology 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1522: 1519: 1466:System Restore 1442:System Restore 1369: 1366: 1160: 1157: 1122:email messages 1098:Microsoft Word 1068:Bulletin board 969:code injection 941: 938: 923:Stability test 901:thermal energy 884: 881: 823:cryptovirology 779: 776: 751:code injection 740: 737: 708:cavity viruses 687: 684: 625:macro language 613:Microsoft Word 592:code or other 573:of the host's 563:Microsoft Word 546: 543: 542: 541: 537: 534: 530: 527: 519: 516: 512: 496: 493: 492: 491: 483: 480: 465: 462: 455:search routine 451: 442: 439: 437: 434: 422:home computers 399:DOS interrupts 178: 175: 79:computer virus 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 18:Computer Virus 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6703: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6654: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536:MacOS malware 6534: 6532: 6531:Linux malware 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Form grabbing 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358:Computer worm 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6201:Authorization 6199: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:Secure coding 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:SQL injection 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Vulnerability 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096:Trojan horses 6094: 6092: 6091:Software bugs 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5979:Eavesdropping 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Data scraping 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5939:Cryptojacking 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5566:0-929408-07-1 5562: 5558: 5557: 5551: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5452:cite AV media 5446: 5441: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5419: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5395:Clute, John. 5391: 5388: 5384: 5383:November 1999 5379: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5294:on 2014-08-04 5293: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5232: 5229:. pcmag.com. 5228: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5208:"VirScan.org" 5203: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5136:on 2014-07-13 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5083:9783540881919 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4961:. pcmag.com. 4960: 4953: 4950: 4945: 4942:. pcmag.com. 4941: 4934: 4931: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4812:on 2013-04-07 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4702: 4691:on 2014-08-23 4690: 4686: 4683:Wade Alcorn. 4679: 4676: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4530:on 2010-05-27 4529: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4412:9781430236276 4408: 4404: 4403: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4358:9780130464569 4354: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4327:9781893209787 4323: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4307: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4250:on 2005-05-04 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4207:on 2018-02-09 4203: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4165:9781450301787 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4135: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3996:9781118079768 3992: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3969:9781848009165 3965: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3869:9780201440997 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3842:9781119104711 3838: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3822: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3729:0-321-30454-3 3725: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3709: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3683:0-8186-3370-0 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3584:9781439863442 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3539: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3468:9780672324598 3464: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3443:9780131014053 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3382:9780387341880 3378: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3355:9781565926820 3351: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3321: 3319:9781565926820 3315: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3288:9781846283413 3284: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3263:9780815513643 3259: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3202:9781420046205 3198: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3146:0-321-30454-3 3142: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3063:0-7645-7418-3 3059: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2880:9781565926820 2876: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2854: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2732:on 2012-01-17 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2706:1-897661-00-2 2702: 2698: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2661:Cohen, Fred, 2658: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2634: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593:0-937175-71-4 2589: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2570: 2567: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2495:on 2013-08-09 2494: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2469:on 2006-10-16 2468: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2445:on 2015-07-14 2441: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394:2-287-23939-1 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375:Éric Filiol, 2372: 2369: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271:9780203647059 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2206:0-929408-02-0 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2187:0-07-222818-0 2183: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2055: 2042: 2038: 2037:Avast Academy 2034: 2028: 2025: 2017: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1984:on 2012-01-17 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1896: 1892: 1891:Avast Academy 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:trojan horses 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1611:Other malware 1610: 1608: 1606: 1603:to run amok. 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1561:David Gerrold 1558: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Windows Vista 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:optical media 1383: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278:are assigned 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:Patch Tuesday 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:Macro viruses 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:administrator 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 978:digital image 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:security bugs 939: 937: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 882: 880: 878: 874: 870: 865: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 824: 820: 816: 811: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 785: 777: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 755: 752: 747: 738: 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 685: 683: 680: 676: 671: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 635: 631: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 569:), or in the 568: 565:documents or 564: 560: 556: 552: 544: 538: 535: 531: 528: 525: 520: 517: 513: 511:Dormant phase 510: 509: 508: 506: 502: 494: 489: 484: 481: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463: 460: 456: 452: 449: 448: 447: 440: 435: 433: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 411:Win32.Cabanas 408: 404: 400: 396: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 370:virus dubbed 369: 365: 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252:Creeper virus 245: 240: 236: 234: 230: 229: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 202: 198: 192: 188: 184: 176: 174: 172: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 152:cybersecurity 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 117: 115: 111: 110:computer worm 107: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81:is a type of 80: 72: 68: 64: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6653: 6409:Trojan horse 6389:Clickjacking 6352: 6235:Data masking 5963: 5794:Cyberwarfare 5664: 5633: 5618:. Retrieved 5599: 5597: 5571:the original 5555: 5542:. Retrieved 5534:The Register 5533: 5510: 5474: 5466: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5421: 5409:. Retrieved 5400: 5390: 5378: 5369: 5363: 5352:. Retrieved 5332: 5321:. Retrieved 5307: 5296:. Retrieved 5292:the original 5282: 5271:. Retrieved 5257: 5239: 5220: 5202: 5184: 5159:. Retrieved 5149: 5138:. Retrieved 5134:the original 5124: 5113:. Retrieved 5073: 5063: 5045: 5027: 5015:. Retrieved 5001: 4990:. Retrieved 4981: 4971: 4952: 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4910: 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4885:the original 4878: 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4843: 4825: 4814:. Retrieved 4810:the original 4800: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4758:. Retrieved 4749: 4740: 4729: 4723: 4710: 4704: 4693:. Retrieved 4689:the original 4678: 4667:. Retrieved 4652: 4641:. Retrieved 4627: 4619:the original 4614: 4604: 4580: 4573: 4549: 4543: 4532:. Retrieved 4528:the original 4518: 4507:. Retrieved 4493: 4469: 4462: 4443: 4425: 4401: 4394: 4386:the original 4381: 4371: 4347: 4340: 4316: 4309: 4298:. Retrieved 4289: 4280: 4263: 4252:. Retrieved 4248:the original 4238: 4220: 4209:. Retrieved 4202:the original 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4147: 4137: 4126:. Retrieved 4111: 4092: 4081:. Retrieved 4067: 4057:September 9, 4055:. Retrieved 4048:the original 4034: 4023:. Retrieved 4009: 3985: 3978: 3953: 3945: 3934:. Retrieved 3925: 3916: 3892: 3858: 3851: 3831: 3824: 3813:. Retrieved 3799: 3789:September 4, 3787:. Retrieved 3773: 3763:September 4, 3761:. Retrieved 3752: 3742: 3718: 3711: 3700:. Retrieved 3664: 3657: 3646:. Retrieved 3644:. 2022-03-09 3641: 3632: 3620:. Retrieved 3600: 3590:September 4, 3588:. Retrieved 3573: 3566: 3538:cite journal 3527: 3494: 3484: 3457: 3433: 3420: 3409:. Retrieved 3395: 3371: 3364: 3348:. O'Reilly. 3343: 3331: 3303: 3277: 3252: 3242: 3230:. Retrieved 3215: 3191: 3184: 3168: 3155: 3136: 3130: 3119:. Retrieved 3110: 3101: 3090:. Retrieved 3081: 3072: 3053: 3047: 3036:. Retrieved 3016: 2991: 2983: 2964: 2922: 2914: 2903:. Retrieved 2889: 2864: 2856: 2844:. Retrieved 2830: 2819:. Retrieved 2805: 2794:. Retrieved 2780: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2734:. Retrieved 2730:the original 2725: 2715: 2696: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2657: 2643: 2636: 2624:. Retrieved 2577: 2569: 2557:. Retrieved 2548: 2539: 2515: 2508: 2497:. Retrieved 2493:the original 2482: 2471:. Retrieved 2467:the original 2463:"Virus list" 2457: 2447:, retrieved 2440:the original 2431: 2424: 2411: 2401: 2377: 2371: 2359:. Retrieved 2347: 2334: 2324:September 4, 2322:. Retrieved 2313:The Register 2311: 2301: 2293:the original 2256: 2245: 2217: 2196: 2171: 2144: 2133: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2063: 2057: 2045:. Retrieved 2036: 2027: 1999: 1986:. Retrieved 1982:the original 1977: 1964: 1953:. Retrieved 1928: 1924: 1914: 1899:. Retrieved 1890: 1868: 1859: 1849:September 3, 1847:. Retrieved 1836: 1827: 1799: 1657:, malicious 1620: 1594: 1585: 1581:John Brunner 1574: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1526: 1524: 1492:Microsoft's 1491: 1446:Task Manager 1439: 1415: 1411:flash drives 1382:file systems 1371: 1351: 1338:boot sectors 1323: 1319: 1249: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1202:In 1989 The 1201: 1197:Ubuntu Linux 1169:Anti-malware 1133: 1110:spreadsheets 1092: 1072:Trojan horse 1048:floppy disks 1041: 1009: 986: 982:flash drives 962: 948:, which are 943: 935: 927:overclocking 921: 917:benchmarking 892: 890: 886: 866: 862: 827: 794: 789: 787: 756: 742: 707: 689: 672: 668: 664:floppy disks 660:flash drives 639: 638: 620: 606: 601: 598:control flow 581: 579: 548: 498: 444: 419: 353: 348: 314: 283: 278: 249: 226: 204: 164: 138:(e.g., with 118: 114:host program 106:host program 103: 78: 76: 46: 37:This is the 31: 6541:Macro virus 6526:iOS malware 6500:Web threats 6460:Infostealer 6377:Concealment 6175:Misuse case 6009:Infostealer 5984:Email fraud 5949:Data breach 5784:Cybergeddon 5706:Andrew Ross 5659:‹ The 4228:. US-CERT. 4179:19 November 3622:2 September 2895:"SCA virus" 2813:. 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