2213:
235:
31:
1966:
264:, author Mark J.P. Wolf wrote that such a classification "ignores the fundamental differences and similarities which are to be found in the player's experience of the game". In contrast to the visual aesthetics of games, which can vary greatly, it is argued that it is interactivity characteristics that are common to all games.
186:
Consoles manufacturers that followed the NES followed similar behavior in requiring licenses to develop games for their systems. To assure they would get these licenses, console developers tended to stay with gameplay of previously published games for that console, thus causing groups of games within
170:
and to prevent unauthorized games from being released for the system. To solve this, Nintendo required approval of all games for the NES. To support this, Nintendo classified games into eight major series: Adventure, Action, Sports, Light-Gun, Programmable, Arcade, Robot, and
Educational. The series
143:
initially used three categories in 1981—arcade, wargame, and adventure—but by 1989 had expanded its genre list to strategy, simulation, adventure, role-playing adventure, wargame, and action/arcade. Comparisons between computer and console games showed that players on computers tended to prefer more
198:
began to form to handle the marketing and publication of games, both for consoles and personal computers. Targeting high-value, low-risk video game genres were key for some publishers, and small and independent developers were typically forced to compete by abandoning more experimental gameplay and
267:
Like film genres, the names of video game genres have come about generally as a common understanding between the audience and the producers. Descriptive names of genres take into account the goals of the game, the protagonist and even the perspective offered to the player. For example, a
486:. Identification of the type of hardware a game is played on implied certain limits to the type of gameplay that is available; a mobile game will typically lack as much action compared to a game playable on a home console or computer due to limitations on player input.
187:
the same genre to grow. Subsequently, retailers displayed games grouped by genres, and market research firms found that players had preferences for certain types over others, based on region, and developers could plan out future strategies through this.
156:. Crawford focused on the player's experience and activities required for gameplay. He wrote, "the state of computer game design is changing quickly. We would therefore expect the taxonomy presented to become obsolete or inadequate in a short time."
97:
uses 8 headings: Skill
Gallery, Space Station, Classics Corner, Adventure Territory, Race Track, Sports Arena, Combat Zone, and Learning Center. ("Classics", in this case, refers to chess and checkers.) In Tom Hirschfeld's 1981 book
450:
genre, which focuses on storytelling and character growth, have been implemented in many different genres of video games. This is because the addition of a story and character enhancement to an action,
1879:
1909:
1630:
1082:
85:
is still a shooter game, regardless of where or when it takes place. A specific game's genre is open to subjective interpretation. An individual game may belong to several genres at once.
340:
New genres emerge continuously throughout the history of video games, often due to the cross-pollination of ideas borrowed from different games into new ones. For example, the seminal
1355:
516:
By narrative: Classifying video games by their narrative style, such as science fiction or fantasy, is typically not used within the field, with the key exception of
1471:
166:
system into the North
American market as the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985, looked to avoid the issues with loss of publishing control that had led to the
2380:
1887:
1917:
1164:
466:
By platform: generally to the nature of the computer hardware that the game is played on and not the specific branding. This would include game genres like
1827:
1998:
226:
titles were extremely risk-averse. Through indie games, a revival of experimental gameplay had emerged, and several new genres have emerged since then.
1947:
127:
Within the personal computer space, two publications established a small number of categories based on the best-selling software in the early 1980s:
1618:
1113:
2459:
391:" respectively. However, because these terms do not indicate anything about the gameplay of a video game, these are not considered genres.
416:
A game may combine aspects of multiple genres in such a way that it becomes hard to classify under existing genres. For example, because
180:
533:
According to some analysts, the percentage of each broad genre in the best-selling physical games worldwide is broken down as follows.
1801:
1775:
1602:
1565:
1532:
1323:
1274:
1223:
183:, Nintendo had retired the Arcade, Light-Gun, Robot, Programmable, and Educational series, but added RPG & Simulation and Puzzle.
1849:
2885:
1748:
1196:
376:
3017:
2615:
2540:
2260:
152:
1991:
1970:
1379:
O'Donnell, Casey (2011). "The
Nintendo Entertainment System and the 10NES Chip: Carving the Video Game Industry in Silicon".
1346:
147:
2813:
2535:
2310:
222:
drew more attention in the late 2000s and 2010s aided by independent digital distribution, as large publishers focused on
100:
462:
In addition to gameplay elements, some games may be categorized by other schemes; such are typically not used as genres:
2545:
2530:
2395:
2303:
498:
358:
422:
combined shooting, driving and roleplaying in an unusual way, it was hard to classify using existing terms. The term
2212:
413:" to "baseball". In this practice, basic themes and more fundamental characteristics are used alongside each other.
93:
Early attempts at categorizing video games were primarily for organizing catalogs and books. A 1981 catalog for the
3078:
2837:
2637:
2477:
2402:
1498:
383:
The target audience, underlying theme or purpose of a game are sometimes used as a genre identifier, such as with "
261:
42:
1651:
133:, which ran its Top Thirty list from 1980 to 1984 with the genres of strategy, adventure, fantasy and arcade; and
3007:
2913:
2852:
2018:
1984:
1156:
506:
400:
313:
223:
35:
2897:
2467:
2358:
2340:
2193:
1823:
490:
273:
121:
2832:
2522:
2350:
816:
447:
348:
1245:
2880:
2875:
2791:
2669:
2444:
2255:
2229:
2183:
502:
494:
423:
333:
219:
112:
1939:
1765:
1555:
1522:
1313:
1213:
2827:
2786:
2562:
2412:
2290:
2221:
895:
459:
does not take away from its core gameplay, but adds an incentive other than survival to the experience.
406:
371:
202:
As hardware capabilities have increased, new genres have become possible, with examples being increased
167:
135:
2796:
234:
116:-type, maze, reflex, and miscellaneous. The first two of these correspond to the still-used genres of
2890:
2781:
2625:
2421:
2115:
2073:
1264:
510:
418:
384:
317:
with ladders and jumping. The same term was used by the US and UK press in 1983, including magazines
293:
281:
269:
191:
2647:
2597:
2552:
2385:
2265:
1740:
1456:
1438:
1420:
1186:
971:
452:
297:
215:
3048:
2990:
2652:
2620:
2495:
2472:
2328:
2298:
2133:
2103:
1692:
1398:
1105:
3053:
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2320:
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1381:
1319:
1270:
1219:
1192:
777:
740:
456:
66:
58:
17:
3043:
2954:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2714:
2709:
2664:
2505:
2270:
2171:
2110:
2050:
1710:
1682:
1390:
1097:
319:
1797:
1594:
3012:
2702:
2557:
2178:
2138:
1152:
475:
341:
289:
203:
195:
190:
With the industry expanding in the 1990s and budgets for video games began growing, large
2774:
2088:
38:
2657:
2363:
2247:
2159:
2154:
2045:
1476:
624:
521:
344:
285:
256:
247:
106:
246:
Due to "direct and active participation" of the player, video game genres differ from
3072:
2801:
2642:
2583:
2434:
2375:
2166:
2125:
2068:
1503:
1050:
703:
664:
304:
117:
1696:
1402:
1109:
3038:
3000:
2842:
2692:
2610:
2275:
2237:
2198:
2098:
2078:
2060:
1054:
1049:
In the last decade, puzzle games have declined when measured by sales, however, on
856:
479:
438:
388:
277:
82:
1764:
Egenfeldt-Nielson, Simon; Smith, Jonas Heide; Tosca, Susana
Pajares (2013-04-27).
1588:
1735:
Fernandez-Vera, Clara (2014). "Chapter 29: Adventure". In Perron, Bernard (ed.).
284:" are common subgenres of the shooter genre. Other examples of such prefixes are
2949:
2923:
2746:
2719:
2697:
2500:
2449:
2093:
2028:
932:
584:
517:
483:
467:
410:
363:
211:
2995:
2971:
2918:
2806:
2510:
2429:
2037:
471:
251:
207:
94:
54:
30:
1394:
1101:
2769:
2687:
2390:
2368:
1160:
434:
353:
337:, while the term "first-person shooters" became more common by around 2000.
62:
1965:
3033:
2985:
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2847:
2726:
2439:
176:
171:
description appeared on early "black box" covers and subsequently in the
159:
2333:
1315:
The Video Game
Explosion: A History from PONG to Playstation and Beyond
1294:. Proceedings of the 2015 DiGRA International Conference. Vol. 12.
163:
129:
104:, he divides the games into broad categories in the table of contents:
70:
1976:
1687:
1670:
1472:"Epic's Battle With Apple and Google Actually Dates Back to Pac-Man"
307:
genre started as "climbing games", based on Steve Bloom's 1982 book
2978:
2819:
233:
29:
78:
74:
1980:
1910:"Games rule the iTunes App Store: Most popular genres revealed"
1880:"ESA Report: Best-selling video games and super genres of 2016"
27:
Classification assigned to video games based on their gameplay
2605:
242:
clone" (red) versus "first-person shooter" (blue) over time
1940:"Games Rule The App Stores: Most Popular Genres 2020-2021"
437:
has been developed for games that share similarities with
199:
settling into the same genres used by larger publishers.
1345:
Chris, Crawford (1982). "A Taxonomy of
Computer Games".
1215:
Triadic Game Design: Balancing
Reality, Meaning and Play
520:, which broadly cover any game dealing with elements of
429:
has been used to describe games mechanically similar to
1854:
Proceedings of the 2015 DiGRA International
Conference
1767:
Understanding Video Games: The
Essential Introduction
1711:"10 Undeniable Ways Doom (1993) Shaped The FPS Genre"
1470:
Mochizuki, Takahashi; Savov, Vlad (August 25, 2020).
1218:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 71.
405:
Video game genres vary in specificity, with popular
3026:
2942:
2906:
2868:
2762:
2755:
2680:
2596:
2571:
2521:
2486:
2458:
2420:
2411:
2349:
2319:
2289:
2246:
2220:
2147:
2124:
2059:
2036:
2027:
1850:"Early Computer Game Genre Preferences (1980-1984)"
150:attempted to classify video games in his 1984 book
327:. First-person shooters were originally known as "
1292:Early Computer Game Genre Preferences (1980-1984)
1057:, this genre remains the most popular worldwide.
276:and involves the practice of shooting. Whereas "
73:that are expressed through other media, such as
280:" is a genre name, "first-person shooter" and "
362:, but incorporating joystick control as in an
1992:
1737:The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies
1499:"Why video games are so expensive to develop"
8:
1671:"Video Game Genre, Evolution and Innovation"
1246:"Atari VCS Catalog English - CO16725-Rev. D"
1675:Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture
1516:
1514:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
139:, which collected user-submitted rankings.
2759:
2417:
2033:
1999:
1985:
1977:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
535:
1686:
478:, or other similar portable devices; and
1652:"Reviews Explained: The Game Categories"
1157:"Background: The Origins of Game Genres"
489:By mode: referring to whether a game is
1824:"RPGs Took Over Every Video Game Genre"
1185:Adams, Ernest; Andrew Rollings (2006).
1066:
1619:"The Player's Guide to Climbing Games"
1435:Super Nes Nintendo Player's Guide Book
331:clones" in the years following 1993's
311:, as they were inspired by games like
303:Genre names may evolve over time. The
218:mechanics. Experimental gameplay from
57:based on how it is played rather than
1521:Lecky-Thompson, Guy W. (2008-01-01).
7:
1417:The Official Nintendo Player's Guide
144:strategic games rather than action.
497:, or variations on that, including
374:genre that would be popularized by
181:Super Nintendo Entertainment System
53:is an informal classification of a
1560:. Cengage Learning. pp. 4–5.
1453:Game Boy Nintendo's Player's Guide
1053:, where the majority of games are
45:setting is not a part of its genre
25:
1950:from the original on Jun 2, 2023.
1263:Hirschfeld, Tom (November 1981).
65:elements. This is independent of
2211:
1964:
1908:Hill, Simon (16 December 2014).
1527:. Cengage Learning. p. 23.
1212:Harteveld, Casper (2011-02-26).
409:using genre names varying from "
272:is a game that is played from a
1830:from the original on 2014-12-08
1804:from the original on 2014-11-06
1633:from the original on 2016-03-19
1361:from the original on 2014-10-15
1348:The Art of Computer Game Design
1167:from the original on 2014-12-17
370:served as the prototype of the
153:The Art of Computer Game Design
1798:"ManaPool Guide to Roguelikes"
254:. Though one could state that
206:, the move from 2D to 3D, new
18:Computer and video game genres
1:
1822:Clements, Ryan (2012-12-12).
1266:How to Master the Video Games
1191:. Prentice Hall. p. 67.
101:How to Master the Video Games
1081:Apperley, Thomas H. (2006).
499:massively multiplayer online
366:rather than typed commands.
1669:Arsenault, Dominic (2009).
1593:. Arco Publishing. p.
1557:Game Development Principles
1188:Fundamentals of Game Design
1090:Simulation & GиКлУaming
3095:
2209:
1938:Hill, Simon (2021-05-28).
1848:Lessard, Jonathan (2015).
1554:Thorn, Alan (2013-05-30).
1524:Video Game Design Revealed
1290:Lessard, Jonathan (2015).
513:(PvP) games, and so forth.
398:
262:science fiction video game
2019:List of video game genres
2014:
1770:. Routledge. p. 46.
1658:. London: 76. March 1983.
1318:. ABC-CLIO. p. 259.
552:
549:
546:
541:
538:
507:player versus environment
401:List of video game genres
2311:Digital collectible card
1800:. ManaPool. 2010-11-21.
1629:(11): 49. January 1983.
1395:10.1177/1555412010377319
1312:Wolf, Mark J.P. (2008).
1102:10.1177/1046878105282278
1083:"Genre and game studies"
482:that can be played in a
274:first-person perspective
122:multidirectional shooter
2396:Roguelike deck-building
2304:Roguelike deck-building
1878:Lola (April 22, 2017).
349:Colossal Cave Adventure
433:. Similarly, the term
352:directly inspired the
243:
220:indie game development
46:
2638:Tactical role-playing
2403:Tactical role-playing
1587:Bloom, Steve (1982).
372:action-adventure game
237:
214:functionalities, and
175:. By the time of the
168:1983 video game crash
141:Computer Gaming World
136:Computer Gaming World
33:
3018:Vertically scrolling
1973:at Wikimedia Commons
1971:Video games by genre
1743:. pp. 232–240.
1741:Taylor & Francis
511:player versus player
431:Grand Theft Auto III
419:Grand Theft Auto III
282:third-person shooter
270:first-person shooter
34:A video game in the
2648:Turn-based strategy
2553:Submarine simulator
2359:Action role-playing
2266:Interactive fiction
1507:, 24 September 2014
1457:Nintendo of America
1439:Nintendo of America
1421:Nintendo of America
377:The Legend of Zelda
3049:Video game modding
2991:Nonlinear gameplay
2653:Turn-based tactics
2621:Real-time strategy
407:video game reviews
244:
173:NES Player's Guide
162:, in bringing its
69:, unlike works of
47:
3079:Video game genres
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3054:Video game remake
2962:Emergent gameplay
2633:Real-time tactics
2592:
2591:
2531:Flight simulation
2261:Graphic adventure
2207:
2206:
2008:Video game genres
1969:Media related to
1382:Games and Culture
1047:
1046:
503:cooperative games
457:puzzle video game
81:. For example, a
16:(Redirected from
3086:
3044:Video game clone
2760:
2756:Related concepts
2563:Vehicular combat
2418:
2291:Digital tabletop
2271:Interactive film
2231:Grand Theft Auto
2222:Action-adventure
2215:
2172:Platform fighter
2051:Platform fighter
2034:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1968:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1929:
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1926:
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1916:. Archived from
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1895:
1886:. Archived from
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1845:
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1623:Electronic Games
1615:
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1269:. Bantam Books.
1260:
1254:
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1233:
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1202:
1182:
1176:
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1172:
1149:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1112:. Archived from
1087:
1078:
536:
476:tablet computers
446:Elements of the
425:Grand Theft Auto
320:Electronic Games
51:video game genre
21:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3058:
3022:
3013:Twitch gameplay
2938:
2902:
2864:
2751:
2703:Survival horror
2676:
2626:Time management
2588:
2567:
2558:Train simulator
2517:
2482:
2454:
2407:
2345:
2315:
2285:
2242:
2216:
2203:
2143:
2139:Survival horror
2120:
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2010:
2005:
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1688:10.7557/23.6003
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1080:
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531:
403:
397:
395:Classifications
232:
196:Electronic Arts
91:
43:science fiction
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3010:
3008:Side-scrolling
3005:
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2853:Climate change
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2670:Grand strategy
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2364:Looter shooter
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2160:Hack and slash
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2046:Endless runner
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2015:
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1681:(2): 149–176.
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1603:
1590:Video Invaders
1579:
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522:horror fiction
514:
487:
399:Main article:
396:
393:
385:Christian game
345:adventure game
309:Video Invaders
298:side-scrolling
257:Space Invaders
231:
228:
216:location-based
148:Chris Crawford
107:Space Invaders
90:
87:
36:side-scrolling
26:
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14:
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2898:Single-player
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2376:Dungeon crawl
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2134:Battle royale
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1920:on 2017-12-28
1919:
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1890:on 2017-12-27
1889:
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1884:MWEB Gamezone
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1389:(1): 83–100.
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1153:Adams, Ernest
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1119:on 2013-10-05
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512:
508:
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501:(MMO) games,
500:
496:
492:
491:single player
488:
485:
481:
480:browser games
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
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316:
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305:platform game
301:
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125:
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119:
118:fixed shooter
115:
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102:
96:
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84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
37:
32:
19:
3039:Toys-to-life
2979:
2972:
2924:
2869:Player modes
2833:Personalized
2818:
2807:
2775:
2681:Other genres
2611:Auto battler
2579:Falling-sand
2541:Lunar Lander
2351:Role-playing
2334:
2276:Visual novel
2238:Metroidvania
2230:
2184:
2116:Third-person
2089:Shoot 'em up
2074:First-person
2007:
1943:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1913:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1853:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1766:
1759:
1736:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1717:. 2020-02-05
1714:
1705:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1635:. Retrieved
1626:
1622:
1613:
1589:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1556:
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1523:
1502:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1452:
1447:
1434:
1429:
1416:
1411:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1347:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1314:
1291:
1285:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1214:
1207:
1187:
1180:
1169:. Retrieved
1121:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1093:
1089:
1055:free-to-play
1048:
817:Role-playing
547:VGC top 100
532:
518:horror games
468:mobile games
461:
448:role-playing
445:
439:
430:
424:
417:
415:
404:
389:serious game
382:
375:
367:
357:
347:
339:
332:
328:
324:
318:
312:
308:
302:
278:shooter game
266:
255:
245:
239:
238:The use of "
201:
189:
185:
172:
158:
151:
146:
140:
134:
128:
126:
111:
105:
99:
92:
83:shooter game
50:
48:
39:shoot 'em up
2955:Hypercasual
2876:Multiplayer
2792:Educational
2742:Programming
2737:Photography
2710:Incremental
2506:Kart racing
2450:Virtual pet
2281:Walking sim
2256:Escape room
2155:Beat 'em up
2094:Bullet hell
1250:Atari Mania
1096:(1): 6–23.
495:multiplayer
484:web browser
364:action game
314:Donkey Kong
252:film genres
208:peripherals
41:genre; the
2996:Open world
2907:Production
2828:Nonviolent
2511:Sim racing
2478:Government
2413:Simulation
2104:Twin-stick
2038:Platformer
1924:2017-12-27
1894:2017-12-26
1834:2014-12-03
1808:2014-11-06
1783:2014-12-03
1721:2021-01-22
1637:2015-03-19
1573:2014-12-03
1540:2014-12-03
1483:August 25,
1365:2014-12-03
1331:2014-12-03
1231:2014-12-19
1171:2014-12-03
1123:2013-04-19
1061:References
896:Simulation
544:1980-1984
529:Popularity
472:smartphone
342:text-based
290:turn based
230:Definition
192:publishers
55:video game
2782:Christian
2770:Advergame
2658:Artillery
2391:Roguelike
2369:Soulslike
2248:Adventure
2084:Light gun
1914:Gamasutra
1161:Gamasutra
625:Adventure
509:(PvE) or
435:roguelike
368:Adventure
359:Adventure
354:Atari VCS
286:real-time
113:Asteroids
95:Atari VCS
63:narrative
3073:Category
3034:Minigame
2986:Masocore
2932:Fan game
2802:Licensed
2727:Non-game
2598:Strategy
2468:Business
2167:Fighting
2126:Survival
2111:Tactical
1948:Archived
1828:Archived
1802:Archived
1715:TheGamer
1697:62171492
1656:TV Gamer
1631:Archived
1403:53358125
1356:Archived
1165:Archived
1110:17373114
972:Strategy
704:Platform
665:Fighting
453:strategy
325:TV Gamer
294:top-down
248:literary
224:triple-A
177:Game Boy
160:Nintendo
3001:Sandbox
2843:Serious
2776:BishĹŤjo
2693:Fitness
2665:Wargame
2523:Vehicle
2496:Fishing
2435:Farming
2335:Sokoban
2199:Stealth
2185:Pac-Man
2061:Shooter
1863:18 July
1826:. IGN.
1459:. 1991.
1441:. 1993.
1423:. 1987.
1252:. 1981.
857:Shooter
542:Softalk
387:" and "
164:Famicom
130:Softalk
110:-type,
89:History
71:fiction
67:setting
2950:Casual
2943:Design
2925:Doujin
2838:Sci-fi
2814:Sexual
2787:Comedy
2763:Themes
2747:Typing
2720:Rhythm
2698:Horror
2536:Combat
2501:Racing
2488:Sports
2445:Social
2430:Dating
2381:MMORPG
2321:Puzzle
2029:Action
1774:
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1695:
1601:
1564:
1531:
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1322:
1273:
1222:
1195:
1108:
1051:mobile
933:Sports
778:Racing
741:Puzzle
585:Action
539:Genre
411:action
212:online
204:memory
59:visual
3027:Other
2980:Kaizo
2973:Gacha
2919:Indie
2881:Co-op
2820:Eroge
2808:Otome
2797:Girls
2732:Party
2715:Music
2572:Other
2546:Space
2233:clone
2194:Snake
2187:clone
2148:Other
2069:Arena
1693:S2CID
1399:S2CID
1359:(PDF)
1352:(PDF)
1117:(PDF)
1106:S2CID
1086:(PDF)
966:11.1
890:20.9
851:11.3
619:26.9
579:2018
576:2017
573:2016
570:2015
567:2010
564:2005
561:2000
558:1995
440:Rogue
427:clone
356:game
260:is a
194:like
79:books
75:films
2927:soft
2858:News
2688:Cozy
2616:MOBA
2422:Life
2179:Maze
2099:Rail
2079:Hero
1865:2019
1772:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1485:2020
1320:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1043:4.6
1011:Misc
1006:3.7
963:11.7
887:27.5
848:12.9
811:5.8
698:7.8
659:7.9
616:22.5
553:Sta
550:ESA
470:for
334:Doom
329:Doom
323:and
296:and
250:and
240:Doom
179:and
120:and
2967:FMV
2914:AAA
2891:PVP
2886:MMO
2848:Art
2460:CMS
2440:God
1683:doi
1391:doi
1098:doi
1040:4.1
1003:4.3
808:3.3
695:5.8
656:7.8
455:or
77:or
61:or
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