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in such activities is not one of the actual interests of the programmer subculture of hackers and it does not have significance in its actual activities, either. A further difference is that, historically, members of the programmer subculture of hackers were working at academic institutions and used the computing environment there. In contrast, the prototypical computer security hacker had access exclusively to a home computer and a modem. However, since the mid-1990s, with home computers that could run Unix-like operating systems and with inexpensive internet home access being available for the first time, many people from outside of the academic world started to take part in the programmer subculture of hacking.
40:
662:, less skilled criminals who rely on tools written by others with very little knowledge about the way they work. This usage has become so predominant that the general public is largely unaware that different meanings exist. Though the self-designation of hobbyists as hackers is generally acknowledged and accepted by computer security hackers, people from the programming subculture consider the computer intrusion related usage incorrect, and emphasize the difference between the two by calling security breakers "crackers" (analogous to a
1028:'s current usage of the term may be traced back to the early 1980s. When the term, previously used only among computer enthusiasts, was introduced to wider society by the mainstream media in 1983, even those in the computer community referred to computer intrusion as hacking, although not as the exclusive definition of the word. In reaction to the increasing media use of the term exclusively with the criminal connotation, the computer community began to differentiate their terminology. Alternative terms such as
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themselves from construction kits. However, all these activities have died out during the 1980s when the phone network switched to digitally controlled switchboards, causing network hacking to shift to dialing remote computers with modems when pre-assembled inexpensive home computers were available and when academic institutions started to give individual mass-produced workstation computers to scientists instead of using a central timesharing system. The only kind of widespread hardware modification nowadays is
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existing infrastructure (especially the software environment they work with), while the latter primarily and strongly emphasize the general act of circumvention of security measures, with the effective use of the knowledge (which can be to report and help fixing the security bugs, or exploitation reasons) being only rather secondary. The most visible difference in these views was in the design of the MIT hackers'
1074:, identifying those who use the technically-oriented sense (as opposed to the exclusively intrusion-oriented sense) as members of the computing community. On the other hand, due to the variety of industries software designers may find themselves in, many prefer not to be referred to as hackers because the word holds a negative denotation in many of those industries.
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hacker that encompasses such activities. The computer security hacking subculture, on the other hand, tends not to distinguish between the two subcultures as harshly, acknowledging that they have much in common including many members, political and social goals, and a love of learning about technology. They restrict the use of the term cracker to their categories of
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use of the term consistently pertains primarily to criminal activities, despite attempts by the technical community to preserve and distinguish the original meaning. Today, the mainstream media and general public continue to describe computer criminals, with all levels of technical sophistication, as
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itself could be modified to automatically generate the rogue code, to make detecting the modification even harder. Because the compiler is itself a program generated from a compiler, the Trojan horse could also be automatically installed in a new compiler program, without any detectable modification
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and various variants. The programmer subculture of hackers has stories about several hardware hacks in its folklore, such as a mysterious "magic" switch attached to a PDP-10 computer in MIT's AI lab that, when switched off, crashed the computer. The early hobbyist hackers built their home computers
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The programmer subculture of hackers sees secondary circumvention of security mechanisms as legitimate if it is done to get practical barriers out of the way for doing actual work. In special forms, that can even be an expression of playful cleverness. However, the systematic and primary engagement
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Hackers with malicious intentions. They often steal, exploit, and sell data, and are usually motivated by personal gain. Their work is usually illegal. A cracker is like a black hat hacker, but is specifically someone who is very skilled and tries via hacking to make profits or to benefit, not just
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from the other perspective. According to Eric S. Raymond, it "nicely illustrates the difference between 'hacker' and 'cracker'. Stoll's portrait of himself, his lady Martha, and his friends at
Berkeley and on the Internet paints a marvelously vivid picture of how hackers and the people around them
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hence calls him "a true hacker who blundered". Nevertheless, members of the programmer subculture have a tendency to look down on and disassociate from these overlaps. They commonly refer disparagingly to people in the computer security subculture as crackers and refuse to accept any definition of
907:
According to
Raymond, hackers from the programmer subculture usually work openly and use their real name, while computer security hackers prefer secretive groups and identity-concealing aliases. Also, their activities in practice are largely distinct. The former focus on creating new and improving
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used the term hacker in this context already in 1963 in its pejorative meaning for someone messing with the phone system. The overlap quickly started to break when people joined in the activity who did it in a less responsible way. This was the case after the publication of an article exposing the
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As the security-related usage has spread more widely, the original meaning has become less known. In popular usage and in the media, "computer intruders" or "computer criminals" is the exclusive meaning of the word. In computer enthusiast and hacker culture, the primary meaning is a complimentary
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and used negatively, including those who have historically preferred to self-identify as hackers. Many advocate using the more recent and nuanced alternate terms when describing criminals and others who negatively take advantage of security flaws in software and hardware. Others prefer to follow
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or promote a specific date as a "National Day of Civic
Hacking" to encourage participation from civic hackers. Civic hackers, though often operating autonomously and independently, may work alongside or in coordination with certain aspects of government or local infrastructure such as trains and
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The controversy is usually based on the assertion that the term originally meant someone messing about with something in a positive sense, that is, using playful cleverness to achieve a goal. But then, it is supposed, the meaning of the term shifted over the decades and came to refer to computer
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The term "hacker" started out with a benign definition: It described computer programmers who were especially adept at solving technical problems. By the mid-1990s, however, it was widely used to refer to those who turned their skills toward breaking into computers, whether for mild mischief or
685:": "A true hacker is not a group person. He's a person who loves to stay up all night, he and the machine in a love-hate relationship... They're kids who tended to be brilliant but not very interested in conventional goals It's a term of derision and also the ultimate compliment."
995:(which disclaimed any knowledge in these activities), broke into computers of American military organizations and academic institutions. They sold data from these machines to the Soviet secret service, one of them in order to fund his drug addiction. The case was solved when
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common popular usage, arguing that the positive form is confusing and unlikely to become widespread in the general public. A minority still use the term in both senses despite the controversy, leaving context to clarify (or leave ambiguous) which meaning is intended.
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allows companies to acquire information on products or services that can be stolen or used as leverage within the marketplace. Lastly, state-sponsored attacks provide nation states with both wartime and intelligence collection options conducted on, in, or through
772:
to vandalize. Crackers find exploits for system vulnerabilities and often use them to their advantage by either selling the fix to the system owner or selling the exploit to other black hat hackers, who in turn use it to steal information or gain royalties.
940:, the Dalton gang, etc. The acts performed by these kids are vandalism at best and probably trespass and theft at worst. ... I have watched kids testifying before Congress. It is clear that they are completely unaware of the seriousness of their acts."
691:
thinks that "the common theory that 'hacker' originally was a benign term and the malicious connotations of the word were a later perversion is untrue." He found that the malicious connotations were already present at MIT in 1963 (quoting
861:. Second, many hackers thrive off of increasing their reputation within the hacker subculture and will leave their handles on websites they defaced or leave some other evidence as proof that they were involved in a specific hack. Third,
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A possible middle ground position has been suggested, based on the observation that "hacking" describes a collection of skills and tools which are used by hackers of both descriptions for differing reasons. The analogy is made to
852:
Four primary motives have been proposed as possibilities for why hackers attempt to break into computers and networks. First, there is a criminal financial gain to be had when hacking systems with the specific purpose of stealing
1800:
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that can be mitigated. White hats are usually employed by the target system's owner and are typically paid (sometimes quite well) for their work. Their work is not illegal because it is done with the system owner's
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to break into computer systems and access data which would otherwise be inaccessible to them. In a positive connotation, though, hacking can also be utilized by legitimate figures in legal situations. For example,
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As a result, the definition is still the subject of heated controversy. The wider dominance of the pejorative connotation is resented by many who object to the term being taken from their cultural
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Since the mid-1980s, there are some overlaps in ideas and members with the computer security hacking community. The most prominent case is Robert T. Morris, who was a user of MIT-AI, yet wrote the
1051:"hackers" and do not generally make use of the word in any of its non-criminal connotations. Members of the media sometimes seem unaware of the distinction, grouping legitimate "hackers" such as
936:
to the source of the new compiler. However, Thompson disassociated himself strictly from the computer security hackers: "I would like to criticize the press in its handling of the 'hackers,' the
915:
There are some subtle overlaps, however, since basic knowledge about computer security is also common within the programmer subculture of hackers. For example, Ken
Thompson noted during his 1983
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However, because the positive definition of hacker was widely used as the predominant form for many years before the negative definition was popularized, "hacker" can therefore be seen as a
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were coined in an effort to maintain the distinction between hackers within the legitimate programmer community and those performing computer break-ins. Further terms such as
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An encounter of the programmer and the computer security hacker subculture occurred at the end of the 1980s, when a group of computer security hackers, sympathizing with the
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718:, addressing challenges relevant to neighborhoods, cities, states or countries and the infrastructure within them. Municipalities and major government agencies such as
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description for a particularly brilliant programmer or technical expert. A large segment of the technical community insist the latter is the correct usage, as in the
1619:
658:
Mainstream usage of "hacker" mostly refers to computer criminals, due to the mass media usage of the word since the 1990s. This includes what hacker jargon calls
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895:
The main basic difference between programmer subculture and computer security hacker is their mostly separate historical origin and development. However, the
1931:
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1217:
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sometimes use hacking techniques to collect evidence on criminals and other malicious actors. This could include using anonymity tools (such as a
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developed when laws against breaking into computers came into effect, to distinguish criminal activities from those activities which were legal.
639:
Originally, hacker simply meant advanced computer technology enthusiast (both hardware and software) and adherent of programming subculture; see
2071:
1586:
821:
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813:
378:
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1082:, specifically picking locks, which is a skill which can be used for good or evil. The primary weakness of this analogy is the inclusion of
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1005:, a German film adaption with fictional elements, shows the events from the attackers' perspective. Stoll described the case in his book
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Hacking can also have a broader sense of any roundabout solution to a problem, or programming and hardware development in general, and
1480:
999:, a scientist working as a system administrator, found ways to log the attacks and to trace them back (with the help of many others).
72:
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reports that considerable overlap existed for the early phreaking at the beginning of the 1970s. An article from MIT's student paper
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2016:
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89:
39:
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All three subcultures have relations to hardware modifications. In the early days of network hacking, phreaks were building
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or a particular known password, allowing a backdoor into the system with the latter password. He named his invention the "
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481:
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161:
151:
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176:
2181:
1609:
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2357:
Dey, Debabrata, Atanu Lahiri, and
Guoying Zhang. "Hacker behavior, network effects, and the security software market."
582:
263:
2531:
1568:
2285:
Baker, Bruce D. "Sin and the Hacker Ethic: The
Tragedy of Techno-Utopian Ideology in Cyberspace Business Cultures."
698:, an MIT student newspaper), and at that time referred to unauthorized users of the telephone network, that is, the
2846:
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has spread the term's broader usage to the general public even outside the profession or hobby of electronics (see
500:
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824:. The concept expanded to the hobbyist home computing community, focusing on hardware in the late 1970s (e.g. the
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534:
283:
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338:
1970:
Lloyd, Gene. "Developing
Algorithms to Identify Spoofed Internet Traffic". Colorado Technical University, 2014
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591:
198:
31:
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2203:
1391:
825:
566:
453:
1635:
2646:"Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects"
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1414:
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715:
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840:) in the 1980s/1990s. Later, this would go on to encompass many new definitions such as art, and
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are people involved with circumvention of computer security. There are several types, including:
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in the popular usage of "hacker", despite their lack of an underlying skill and knowledge base.
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2500:
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1797:"Frustrated Over Late SEPTA Trains, Software Developer Creates App Proposing Better Schedules"
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developed a web application that displayed a comparison of the actual arrival times of local
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1716:"Thanks to civic hackers, a Montreal company just made Baltimore's bus system more usable"
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972:
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651:
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578:
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203:
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63:
48:
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1104:, conducting cyber attacks on a business or organisation in order to bring social change
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1659:"Government releases 'unprecedented amount of data' for National Day of Civic Hacking"
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trains to their scheduled times after being reportedly frustrated by the discrepancy.
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Reflecting the two types of hackers, there are two definitions of the word "hacker":
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1980:
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2010:
2422:
Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the
Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age
1692:"Bus pass: Civic hackers open transit data MTA said would cost too much to share"
1433:, "S P A C E W A R: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums:" In
2700:
2674:
2624:
948:
887:
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663:
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393:
130:
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2370:
Underground: Tales of
Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier
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1311:
702:
movement that developed into the computer security hacker subculture of today.
17:
2786:
2774:
2396:
2328:
Himanen, Pekka. "19. The hacker ethic as the culture of the information age."
1101:
1071:
867:
829:
363:
358:
135:
1764:"Why does this data from our troubled Philadelphia Traffic Court cost $ 11K?"
1610:"Time To Make Plans For June's National Day of Civic Hacking - IEEE Spectrum"
1539:
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1001:
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who achieves goals by non-standard means. The term has become associated in
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233:
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44:
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932:
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630:
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208:
156:
2175:
2097:"The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman"
1184:"Searching Places Unknown: Law Enforcement Jurisdiction on the Dark Web"
1140:
755:
Hackers who work to keep data safe from other hackers by finding system
2267:
1817:"This app shows you how often SEPTA Regional Rail is late (with fixes)"
1740:"This app shows you how often SEPTA Regional Rail is late (with fixes)"
465:
353:
328:
321:
193:
2439:
1409:
1255:
650:. If doing so for malicious purposes, the person can also be called a
1405:
1312:"Hacker types, motivations and strategies: A comprehensive framework"
1246:
1063:
968:
786:, but do not have the malicious intent typical of a black hat hacker.
519:
368:
308:
1587:"Open Data and Innovation at the National Day of Civic Hacking 2016"
782:
Computer security experts who may sometimes violate laws or typical
2343:
The palgrave handbook of international cybercrime and cyberdeviance
1271:"In '95, these people defined tech: Gates, Bezos, Mitnick and more"
962:
877:
732:
38:
2651:. In Feller, J.; Fitzgerald, B.; Hissam, S.; et al. (eds.).
2341:
Holt, Thomas J. "Computer hacking and the hacker subculture." in
1614:
1275:
923:"login" command that would accept either the intended encrypted
920:
719:
682:
2204:"EDN - 'Hacker' is used by mainstream media, September 5, 1983"
727:
buses. For example, in 2008, Philadelphia-based civic hacker
1310:
Samuel Chng; Han Yu Lu; Ayush Kumar; David Yau (Mar 2022).
912:, which deliberately did not have any security measures.
598:) to mask their identities online and pose as criminals.
2454:
The
Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Hacking & Phreaking
2307:
Die Hacker: Strukturanalyse einer jugendlichen Subkultur
1636:"National Day of Civic Hacking is about 'civic bravery'"
2398:
Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier
2626:
The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age
1837:"SEPTA rider creates app proposing 'better schedules'"
681:
Sometimes, "hacker" is simply used synonymously with "
1528:"White House, NASA Celebrate National Day of Hacking"
2471:
Masters of Deception: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace
1124:"Tallinn, Hacking, and Customary International Law"
2571:The Hacker Diaries: Confessions of Teenage Hackers
2568:
2468:
2005:
2003:
804:is an idea derived from a community of enthusiast
1864:"What are crackers and hackers? | Security News"
2745:The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit
2698:Raymond, Eric S.; Steele, Guy L., eds. (1996).
919:lecture that it is possible to add code to the
2653:Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
542:
8:
2467:Slatalla, Michelle; Joshua Quittner (1995).
577: – someone with knowledge of
2644:Lakhani, Karim R.; Wolf, Robert G. (2005).
1569:"Join Us for National Day of Civic Hacking"
2680:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
1447:
1445:
1218:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
549:
535:
54:
2359:Journal of Management Information Systems
2057:
1395:
1327:
1245:
1139:
1098:, an unskilled computer security attacker
1894:"Happy 60th Birthday to the Word "Hack""
710:Civic hackers use their security and/or
27:Person skilled in information technology
2287:Journal of Religion and Business Ethics
1114:
62:
1363:from the original on November 10, 2015
822:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
714:to create solutions, often public and
2517:Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime
1464:American Dialect Society Mailing List
931:". Furthermore, Thompson argued, the
814:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
1934:from the original on 10 October 2008
1573:California Health and Human Services
904:activities of Draper and Engressia.
43:Participants in the Coding da Vinci
1835:Metro Magazine Staff (2014-01-22).
1316:Computers in Human Behavior Reports
269:forensics-focused operating systems
2240:. Fortune Magazine. Archived from
1483:from the original on March 4, 2021
1294:criminal gain. Which brings us to
1016:like to live and how they think."
25:
2552:. University of Minnesota Press.
2794:
2780:
2769:
1059:along with criminal "crackers".
2725:. Prentice Hall International.
2662:from the original on 2015-09-23
2534:from the original on 2009-03-09
2214:from the original on 2020-04-29
2202:Deffree, Suzanne (2019-09-05).
2184:from the original on 2008-09-13
2157:from the original on 2008-09-13
2130:from the original on 2008-09-13
2103:from the original on 2021-03-07
2077:from the original on 2007-09-24
2039:"Reflections on Trusting Trust"
2019:from the original on 2008-09-15
1989:from the original on 2008-09-21
1843:from the original on 2023-11-20
1823:from the original on 2023-12-04
1803:from the original on 2023-11-20
1795:Lattanzio, Vince (2014-01-20).
1774:from the original on 2023-11-03
1750:from the original on 2023-11-03
1726:from the original on 2023-11-03
1714:Babcock, Stephen (2015-02-25).
1702:from the original on 2023-11-03
1669:from the original on 2022-10-04
1646:from the original on 2023-11-03
1622:from the original on 2023-11-03
1597:from the original on 2023-06-02
1546:from the original on 2023-11-03
1514:from the original on 2023-11-03
1382:Malkin, G.; Laquey, T. (1993).
1198:from the original on 2021-04-20
1164:from the original on 2021-04-20
960:and black hat hackers instead.
910:Incompatible Timesharing System
891:and proponent of hacker culture
646:Someone who is able to subvert
90:Hacking of consumer electronics
1690:Gallagher, Sean (2015-02-25).
1269:Skillings, Jon (27 May 2020).
1182:Ghappour, Ahmed (2017-04-01).
1122:Ghappour, Ahmed (2017-01-01).
1:
2785:The dictionary definition of
2575:. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media.
2037:Thompson, Ken (August 1984).
1815:Reyes, Juliana (2014-01-09).
1762:Reyes, Juliana (2014-07-11).
1738:Reyes, Juliana (2014-01-09).
1013:The KGB, the Computer, and Me
627:Black hat (computer security)
623:White hat (computer security)
1928:A Brief History of Hackerdom
1892:London, Jay (6 April 2015).
189:Chaos Communication Congress
2817:Hacking (computer security)
2722:The Art of Unix Programming
2701:The New Hacker's Dictionary
1634:Hong, Albert (2016-06-08).
1353:"A Short History of "Hack""
2863:
2367:Dreyfus, Suelette (1997).
1384:"Internet Users' Glossary"
1329:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100167
1234:"Internet Users' Glossary"
1011:and in the TV documentary
794:
616:
501:2600: The Hacker Quarterly
239:List of computer criminals
29:
2719:Raymond, Eric S. (2003).
2592:Free software/open source
2095:Richard Stallman (2002).
2046:Communications of the ACM
1504:"What is a Civic Hacker?"
2546:Thomas, Douglas (2002).
2514:Taylor, Paul A. (1999).
2234:"A who's who of hackers"
1477:"The Origin of "Hacker""
874:Overlaps and differences
818:Tech Model Railroad Club
812:in the 1960s around the
739:Security related hacking
722:have been known to host
588:law enforcement agencies
419:Cloud computing security
2623:Himanen, Pekka (2001).
1930:. Thyrsus Enterprises.
1232:Malkin, G, ed. (1996).
1020:Representation in media
565:is a person skilled in
199:Hackers on Planet Earth
32:Hacker (disambiguation)
2180:. The Jargon Lexicon.
2153:. The Jargon Lexicon.
2126:. The Jargon Lexicon.
2015:. The Jargon Lexicon.
1985:. The Jargon Lexicon.
1567:Abegail (2016-06-04).
1453:Antedating of "Hacker"
976:
892:
826:Homebrew Computer Club
567:information technology
454:Homebrew Computer Club
52:
2832:Computing terminology
2608:. Beijing: O'Reilly.
2440:Hacker's Encyclopedia
2420:Levy, Steven (2002).
2325:(Random House, 2010).
2150:A Story About 'Magic'
2059:10.1145/358198.358210
966:
881:
617:Further information:
42:
2837:Computer programming
2803:at Wikimedia Commons
2605:Hackers and Painters
2567:Verton, Dan (2002).
2496:The Hacker Crackdown
2403:Simon & Schuster
2361:29.2 (2012): 77-108.
2177:Part III. Appendices
2123:Part III. Appendices
1254:1983. Archived from
885:, maintainer of the
806:computer programmers
472:Masters of Deception
414:Application security
30:For other uses, see
2330:The Network Society
1924:"The Early Hackers"
1188:Stanford Law Review
1141:10.1017/aju.2017.59
993:Chaos Computer Club
863:corporate espionage
855:credit card numbers
828:) and on software (
712:programming acumens
449:Chaos Computer Club
184:Black Hat Briefings
58:Part of a series on
51:, April 26–27, 2014
2459:2016-09-05 at the
2445:2007-07-08 at the
2312:2017-09-30 at the
2296:2023-01-16 at the
1922:(25 August 2000).
1458:2007-10-25 at the
977:
967:The front page of
893:
279:Social engineering
53:
2847:Internet security
2827:Computing culture
2799:Media related to
2704:. The MIT Press.
2527:978-0-415-18072-6
2475:. HarperCollins.
2351:Computer security
2232:DuBois, Shelley.
1479:. April 1, 2008.
971:, a long-running
834:software cracking
810:systems designers
784:ethical standards
648:computer security
559:
558:
407:Computer security
374:Keystroke logging
16:(Redirected from
2854:
2842:Computer viruses
2798:
2784:
2773:
2758:
2736:
2715:
2694:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2650:
2640:
2629:. Random House.
2619:
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2542:
2540:
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2510:
2486:
2474:
2435:
2416:
2384:
2345:(2020): 725-742.
2323:The hacker ethic
2321:Himanen, Pekka.
2305:Hasse, Michael.
2272:
2271:
2266:. Archived from
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2244:on June 19, 2011
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1896:. Archived from
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1870:. Archived from
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1408:. Archived from
1406:10.17487/RFC1392
1399:
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1279:. Archived from
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1247:10.17487/RFC1983
1229:
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1207:
1206:
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1179:
1173:
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1119:
1026:mainstream media
1008:The Cuckoo's Egg
857:or manipulating
744:Security hackers
729:William Entriken
551:
544:
537:
424:Network security
125:Hacker Manifesto
64:Computer hacking
55:
21:
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2513:
2507:
2491:Sterling, Bruce
2489:
2483:
2466:
2461:Wayback Machine
2447:Wayback Machine
2432:
2419:
2413:
2387:
2381:
2366:
2353:
2348:
2314:Wayback Machine
2298:Wayback Machine
2289:4.2 (2020): 1+
2281:
2279:Further reading
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2099:. GNU Project.
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1874:on May 15, 2011
1868:www.pctools.com
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1466:(13. June 2003)
1460:Wayback Machine
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973:online magazine
883:Eric S. Raymond
876:
859:banking systems
850:
820:(TMRC) and the
799:
793:
757:vulnerabilities
741:
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619:Security hacker
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571:popular culture
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95:List of hackers
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18:Computer hacker
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12:
11:
5:
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2822:Hacker culture
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2764:External links
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2741:Turkle, Sherry
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2549:Hacker Culture
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2270:on 2006-05-03.
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1665:. 2013-05-31.
1655:
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1606:
1593:. 2016-06-03.
1591:whitehouse.gov
1558:
1556:
1555:
1510:. 2013-05-15.
1494:
1468:
1451:Fred Shapiro:
1441:
1419:
1412:on 2016-05-16.
1374:
1357:The New Yorker
1343:
1302:
1283:on 28 May 2020
1261:
1258:on 2016-06-05.
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1084:script kiddies
1053:Linus Torvalds
1021:
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997:Clifford Stoll
958:script kiddies
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802:Hacker culture
797:Hacker culture
795:Main article:
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2797:
2793:
2791:at Wiktionary
2790:
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2772:
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2756:
2754:0-262-70111-1
2750:
2747:. MIT Press.
2746:
2742:
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2734:
2732:0-13-142901-9
2728:
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2713:
2711:0-262-68092-0
2707:
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2702:
2696:
2692:
2690:0-385-19195-2
2686:
2683:. Doubleday.
2682:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2658:
2655:. MIT Press.
2654:
2647:
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2638:
2636:0-375-50566-0
2632:
2628:
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2621:
2617:
2615:0-596-00662-4
2611:
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2584:
2582:0-07-222364-2
2578:
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2559:0-8166-3345-2
2555:
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2529:
2523:
2520:. Routledge.
2519:
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2508:
2506:0-553-08058-X
2502:
2498:
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2390:
2389:Hafner, Katie
2386:
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2787:
2777:at Wikibooks
2744:
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2699:
2678:
2675:Levy, Steven
2664:. Retrieved
2652:
2625:
2603:
2600:Graham, Paul
2570:
2547:
2536:. Retrieved
2516:
2495:
2470:
2452:Revelation:
2438:Logik Bomb:
2421:
2401:. New York:
2397:
2373:. Mandarin.
2368:
2358:
2342:
2329:
2322:
2286:
2268:the original
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2237:
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
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2105:. Retrieved
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2049:
2045:
2032:
2021:. Retrieved
2011:
1991:. Retrieved
1981:
1975:
1966:
1961:Levy, part 3
1957:
1952:Levy, part 2
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1927:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1867:
1858:
1845:. Retrieved
1825:. Retrieved
1805:. Retrieved
1789:
1776:. Retrieved
1768:Technical.ly
1767:
1752:. Retrieved
1744:Technical.ly
1743:
1728:. Retrieved
1720:Technical.ly
1719:
1704:. Retrieved
1696:Ars Technica
1695:
1684:
1671:. Retrieved
1662:
1648:. Retrieved
1640:Technical.ly
1639:
1624:. Retrieved
1613:
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1410:the original
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1281:the original
1274:
1264:
1256:the original
1237:
1227:
1216:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1191:
1187:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1131:
1128:AJIL Unbound
1127:
1117:
1080:locksmithing
1076:
1069:
1061:
1046:
1023:
1012:
1006:
1000:
990:
986:case modding
978:
952:
946:
942:
929:Trojan horse
917:Turing Award
914:
906:
900:
896:
894:
886:
851:
842:life hacking
800:
742:
716:open-sourced
709:
706:Civic hacker
693:
689:Fred Shapiro
687:
680:
678:definition.
672:
668:
657:
634:
600:
562:
560:
518:
511:
499:
494:Publications
339:Trojan horse
304:HackThisSite
146:
123:
36:
2424:. Penguin.
2264:"TMRC site"
1904:16 December
1663:VentureBeat
1508:Digital.gov
1367:November 3,
1194:(4): 1075.
1134:: 224–228.
975:for hackers
953:Jargon File
949:Morris worm
897:Jargon File
888:Jargon File
830:video games
816:'s (MIT's)
676:Jargon File
670:criminals.
664:safecracker
613:Definitions
507:Hacker News
394:Infostealer
177:Conferences
131:Hackerspace
2811:Categories
2666:2016-03-25
2538:2009-03-08
2499:. Bantam.
2218:2020-09-07
2188:2008-10-18
2161:2008-10-18
2134:2008-10-18
2107:2008-10-18
2081:2007-08-24
2052:(8): 761.
2023:2008-10-18
1993:2008-10-18
1938:6 December
1878:2016-09-10
1847:2023-11-20
1827:2023-11-20
1807:2023-11-20
1778:2023-11-03
1754:2023-11-03
1730:2023-11-03
1706:2023-11-03
1673:2023-11-03
1650:2023-11-03
1626:2023-11-03
1601:2023-11-03
1578:2023-11-03
1550:2023-11-03
1518:2023-11-03
1429:quoted in
1238:IETF Tools
1202:2020-09-06
1168:2020-09-06
1109:References
1102:Hacktivism
1072:shibboleth
981:blue boxes
933:C compiler
868:cyberspace
768:or Cracker
724:hackathons
364:Logic bomb
359:Ransomware
136:Hacktivism
1982:phreaking
1540:1059-1028
1392:CiteSeerX
1338:2451-9588
1158:158071009
1150:2398-7723
1038:white hat
1034:black hat
838:demoscene
766:Black hat
751:White hat
607:life hack
482:Blue team
474:(defunct)
468:(defunct)
462:(defunct)
456:(defunct)
444:Anonymous
384:Web shell
234:Crimeware
214:Summercon
162:White hat
152:Black hat
145:Types of
119:Hackathon
80:Phreaking
45:hackathon
2743:(1984).
2677:(1984).
2657:Archived
2602:(2004).
2532:Archived
2493:(1992).
2457:Archived
2443:Archived
2395:(1991).
2310:Archived
2294:Archived
2238:Reporter
2212:Archived
2182:Archived
2155:Archived
2128:Archived
2101:Archived
2072:Archived
2068:34854438
2017:Archived
1987:Archived
1932:Archived
1841:Archived
1821:Archived
1801:Archived
1772:Archived
1748:Archived
1724:Archived
1700:Archived
1667:Archived
1644:Archived
1620:Archived
1595:Archived
1544:Archived
1512:Archived
1487:March 1,
1481:Archived
1456:Archived
1427:Alan Kay
1361:Archived
1196:Archived
1162:Archived
1090:See also
1042:gray hat
938:414 gang
925:password
901:The Tech
778:Grey hat
760:consent.
700:phreaker
695:The Tech
631:Grey hat
596:dark web
583:exploits
478:Red team
334:Backdoor
209:ShmooCon
157:Grey hat
2801:Hackers
2775:Hacking
2248:19 June
2012:cracker
1221:. 1984.
1030:cracker
848:Motives
652:cracker
594:or the
573:with a
466:LulzSec
354:Spyware
329:Rootkit
322:Malware
274:Payload
264:Exploit
194:DEF CON
147:hackers
73:History
2788:Hacker
2751:
2729:
2708:
2687:
2633:
2612:
2579:
2556:
2524:
2503:
2479:
2463:(1996)
2449:(1997)
2428:
2409:
2377:
2334:online
2316:(1994)
2291:online
2066:
1538:
1439:(1972)
1394:
1336:
1287:28 May
1156:
1148:
1064:jargon
969:Phrack
951:. The
836:, the
629:, and
563:hacker
520:Phrack
437:Groups
369:Botnet
309:Zone-H
2660:(PDF)
2649:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
2064:S2CID
2042:(PDF)
1532:Wired
1154:S2CID
733:SEPTA
344:Virus
112:ethic
2749:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2250:2011
1940:2008
1906:2016
1615:IEEE
1536:ISSN
1489:2021
1417:1392
1388:IETF
1369:2015
1334:ISSN
1289:2020
1276:CNET
1146:ISSN
1055:and
1040:and
1024:The
921:UNIX
808:and
720:NASA
683:geek
579:bugs
379:HIDS
349:Worm
110:and
2208:EDN
2054:doi
1415:RFC
1402:doi
1324:doi
1252:RFC
1242:doi
1136:doi
1132:111
666:).
609:).
592:VPN
581:or
389:RCE
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