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1729:" cassette), a version dedicated solely for data storage, and used chiefly for hard disk backups and other types of data. Streamer cassettes look almost exactly the same as a standard cassette, with the exception of having a notch about one quarter-inch wide and deep situated slightly off-center at the top edge of the cassette. Streamer cassettes also have a re-usable write-protect tab on only one side of the top edge of the cassette, with the other side of the top edge having either only an open rectangular hole, or no hole at all. This is due to the entire one-eighth inch width of the tape loaded inside being used by a streamer cassette drive for the writing and reading of data, hence only one side of the cassette being used. Streamer cassettes can hold anywhere from 250 kilobytes to 600 megabytes of data.
1160:, although, because of the limitations of the cassette's size and speed, it initially compared poorly in quality. Unlike the 4-track stereo open-reel format, the two stereo tracks of each side lie adjacent to each other, rather than being interleaved with the tracks of the other side. This permitted monaural cassette players to play stereo recordings "summed" as mono tracks and permitted stereo players to play mono recordings through both speakers. The tape is 0.15 in (3.81 mm) wide, with each mono track 1.5 millimetres (0.059 in) wide, plus an unrecorded guard band between each track. In stereo, each track is further divided into a left and a right channel of 0.6 mm (0.024 in) each, with a gap of 0.3 mm (0.012 in). The tape moves past the playback head at
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dictionary at one point defining the term as such without reference to Sony—that the
Austrian Supreme Court ruled in 2002 that Sony, which had not sought to have the publisher of that dictionary retract that definition, could not prevent other companies from using that name, as it had now become genericized. As a result of this, a number of Sony's competitors produced their own version of the Walkman. Others made their own branded tape players, like JVC, Panasonic, Sharp, and Aiwa, the second-largest producer of the devices.
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334:
1534:, oral history, meeting and interview transcripts, audio-books, and so on. Police are still big buyers of cassette tapes, as some lawyers "don't trust digital technology for interviews". However, they are starting to give way to Compact Discs and more "compact" digital storage media. Prerecorded cassettes were also employed as a way of providing chemotherapy information to recently diagnosed cancer patients as studies found anxiety and fear often gets in the way of the information processing.
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581:, the TPS-L2, went on sale on 1 July 1979, as cassettes provided portability, which vinyl records could not. While portable radios and boom boxes had been around for some time, the Walkman was the first truly personal portable music player, one that not only allowed users to listen to music away from home, but to do so in private. According to the technology news website The Verge, "the world changed" on the day the TPS-L2 was released. Stereo tape decks and
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targeted at older drivers, were offered with the option of a cassette player, either by itself or sometimes in combination with a CD slot. Most new cars can still accommodate aftermarket cassette players, and the auxiliary jack advertised for MP3 players can be used also with portable cassette players, but 2011 was the first model year for which no
American manufacturer offered factory-installed cassette players.
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642:. Willem Andriessen wrote that the development in technology allowed "hardware designers to discover and satisfy one of the collective desires of human beings all over the world, independent of region, climate, religion, culture, race, sex, age and education: the desire to enjoy music at any time, at any place, in any desired sound quality and almost at any wanted price". Critic
56:
479:. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone and Japan soon became the major source of recorders. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players. By the end of the 1960s, the cassette business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars. By the early 1970s the compact cassette machines were outselling other types of tape machines by a large margin.
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1541:(Super Dynamic Range, also called XDR, or eXtended Dynamic Range) soundburst tones, at the beginning and end of the tape, heard in order of low frequency to high. These were used during SDR/XDR's duplication process to gauge the quality of the tape medium. Many consumers objected to these tones since they were not part of the recorded music.
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In the simplest configuration, rather than playing a pair of stereo channels of each side of the cassette, the typical "portastudio" used a four-track tape head assembly to access four tracks on the cassette at once (with the tape playing in one direction). Each track could be recorded to, erased, or
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A common mechanical problem occurs when a defective player or resistance in the tape path causes insufficient tension on the take-up spool. This would cause the magnetic tape to be fed out through the bottom of the cassette and become tangled in the mechanism of the player. In these cases, the player
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Tape length usually is measured in minutes of total playing time. Many of the varieties of blank tape were C60 (30 minutes per side), C90 (45 minutes per side) and C120 (60 minutes per side). Maxell makes 150-minute cassettes (UR-150) - 75 minutes per side. The C46 and C60 lengths typically are 15 to
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in 2014. They reported that they had produced more than 10 million tapes in 2014 and that sales were up 20 percent the following year, their best year since they opened in 1969. In 2016, cassette sales in the United States rose by 74% to 129,000. In 2018, following several years of shortage, National
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audio tracks are available on the tape; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played or recorded when the tape is moving in one direction and the second (pair) when moving in the other direction. This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the cassette when the tape comes to an end, or
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that producing equipment that facilitated the dubbing of cassettes, in this case a high-speed twin cassette deck that allowed one cassette to be copied directly onto another, did not constitute copyright infringement by the manufacturer. In a similar case, a shop owner who rented cassettes and sold
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iron oxide (Avilyn) was introduced by TDK in 1974 and proved very successful. "Type IV" tapes using pure metal particles (as opposed to oxide formulations) were introduced in 1979 by 3M under the trade name
Metafine. The tape coating on most cassettes sold as of 2024 are either "normal" or "chrome"
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and smartphones, and generally are more reliable than the FM transmitters that must be used to adapt CD players and digital audio players to car stereo systems. Digital audio players shaped as cassettes have also become available, which can be inserted into any cassette player and communicate with
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Many will recall fiddling around with volume controls on their computer cassette decks in the hope that Manic Miner would actually load and not crash after 30 minutes of listening to beeps and crackles. ... 'I remember listening to Elite load on the BBC Micro for half an hour, only for it to
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used very reliable, but slow, digital encoding. In some countries, including the United
Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, and the Netherlands, cassette data storage was so popular that some radio stations would broadcast computer programs that listeners could record onto cassette and then load into their
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obsolete in car installations because of space, performance, and audio quality. In the 1990s and 2000s, as the cost of building CD players declined, many manufacturers offered a CD player. The CD player eventually supplanted the cassette deck as standard equipment, but some cars, especially those
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were developed to provide an economical and clear way to obtain CD functionality in vehicles equipped with cassette decks but no CD player. A portable CD player would have its analog line-out connected to the adapter, which in turn fed the signal to the head of the cassette deck. These adapters
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As with prerecorded reel-to-reel and 8-track, sales were slow to start, but picked up rapidly to tie with the 8-track before superseding it by the early '70s. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million mono and stereo players. By the end of the 1960s, the cassette business was worth an
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and enclosing it, with its reels, in a small case (cartridge)—hence "cassette". These spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell which is 4 by 2.5 by 0.5 inches (10.2 cm × 6.35 cm × 1.27 cm) at its largest dimensions. The tape itself is
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Between 1985, when cassettes overtook vinyl, and 1992, when they were overtaken by CDs (introduced in 1983 as a format that offered greater storage capacity and more accurate sound), the cassette tape was the most popular format in the United States and the UK. Record labels experimented with
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Cassettes' ability to allow users to record content in public also led to a boom in bootleg cassettes made at live shows in the 1980s. The
Walkman dominated the decade, selling up to 350 million units. So synonymous did the name "Walkman" become with all portable music players—with a German
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in many countries such as the United
Kingdom (where 8-bit software was mostly sold on cassette until that market disappeared altogether in the early 1990s). Reliability of cassettes for data storage is inconsistent, with many users recalling repeated attempts to load video games; the
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By 1993, annual shipments of CD players had reached 5 million, up 21% from the year before; while cassette player shipments had dropped 7% to approximately 3.4 million. Sales of pre-recorded music cassettes in the US dropped from 442 million in 1990 to 274,000 by 2007. For
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Different interpretations of the cassette standard resulted in a 4 dB ambiguity at 16 kHz. Technically, both camps in this debate were still within the original cassette specification as no tolerance for frequency response is provided above 12.5 kHz and all
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Tapematic 2002 audio cassette loaders, used to wind ("load") magnetic tape from tape reels ("pancakes") in the machine into empty cassette tape shells (known as C-0s or C-Zeros). The C-0s have just leader which is cut into two and the tape is attached to the leader, then
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process combined with a double-coating technique to enhance overall tape output levels. This product was marketed as "High Energy" under its Scotch brand of recording tapes. Inexpensive cassettes commonly are labeled "low-noise", but typically are not optimized for high
690:, creating a foothold for Western culture among the younger generations. Likewise, in Egypt cassettes empowered an unprecedented number of people to create culture, circulate information, and challenge ruling regimes before the internet became publicly accessible.
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16 micrometers (0.59 to 0.63 mils) thick, but C90s are 10 to 11 μm (0.39 to 0.43 mils) and (the less common) C120s are just 6 μm (0.24 mils) thick, rendering them more susceptible to stretching or breakage. Even C180 tapes were available at one point.
955:, started selling new pre-recorded cassettes (both new and old albums), blank cassettes, and players. In 2016, cassette sales increased, a trend that continued in 2017 and 2018. In the UK, sales of cassette tapes in 2021 reached its highest number since 2003.
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blank tapes was not liable for copyright infringement even though it was clear that his customers likely were dubbing them at home. In both cases, the courts held that manufacturers and retailers could not be held accountable for the actions of consumers.
1762:(DCC), a DAT-like tape in almost the same shell as a Compact Cassette. It was aimed primarily at the consumer market. A DCC deck could play back both types of cassettes. Unlike DAT, which was accepted in professional usage because it could record without
627:; compact cassettes were small enough that a thief could easily place one inside a pocket and walk out of a shop without being noticed. To prevent this, retailers in the US would place cassettes inside oversized "spaghetti box" containers or locked
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The head-gap width is 2 μm which gives a theoretical maximum frequency of about 12 kHz (at the standard speed of 1 7/8 ips or 4.76 cm/s). A narrower gap would give a higher frequency limit but also weaker magnetization.
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models eventually were standardized as a front-loading door into which a cassette would be loaded. Later models would adopt electronic buttons, and replace conventional meters (which could be "pegged" when overloaded) with electronic
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In the early 1960s
Philips Eindhoven tasked two different teams to design a tape cartridge for thinner and narrower tape compared to what was used in reel-to-reel tape recorders. By 1962, the Vienna division of Philips developed a
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themselves and create simple multitrack recordings easily, which could then be mixed down to a finished stereo version on an external machine. To increase audio quality in these recorders, the tape speed sometimes was doubled to
1006:; note the removal of the tabs on the second of these, meaning the tape is write-protected. Type III was a combination of Types I and II but never gained the popularity of the other three types and was made obsolete by Type IV.
490:(with their DC International format ) in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers. Philips' Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of
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Sony announced the end of cassette
Walkman production on 22 October 2010, a result of the emergence of MP3 players such as Apple's iPod. As of 2022, Sony uses the Walkman brand solely for its line of digital media players.
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However, the system had been designed initially for dictation and portable use, with the audio quality of early players not well suited for music. Some early models also had an unreliable mechanical design. In 1971, the
1623:". However, many claimed that the medium was ideal for spreading new music and would increase sales, and strongly defended their right to copy at least their own records onto tape. For a limited time in the early 1980s
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570:) tape, with a commercial-grade tape transport mechanism supplied by the Wollensak camera division of 3M Corporation. This resulted in the format being taken more seriously for musical use, and started the era of
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recorders marking the peak of
Compact Cassette technology. Anticipating the switch from analog to digital format, major companies, such as Sony, shifted their focus to new media. In 1992, Philips introduced the
756:, drawing criticism from conservatives while at the same time creating a huge market for legitimate recording companies, as well as pirated tapes. Some sales channels were associated with cassettes: in Spain
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Very simple cassette recorders for dictation purposes did not tightly control tape speed and relied on playback on a similar device to maintain intelligible recordings. For accurate reproduction of music, a
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stated in 2009, "I only listen to cassettes." By 2019, few companies still made cassettes. Among those are
National Audio Company, from the US, and Mulann, also known as Recording The Masters, from France.
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664:, called a "cassingle", was also part of this era and featured a music single in Compact Cassette form. Until 2005, cassettes remained the dominant medium for purchasing and listening to music in some
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well into the decade. Cassette players were typically more resistant to shocks than CD players, and their lower fidelity was not considered a serious drawback in mobile use. With the introduction of
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Notches on the top surface of the Compact Cassette indicate its type. The rear-most cassette at the top of this picture, with only write-protect notches (here covered by write-protect tabs), is
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Simple voice recorders and earlier cassette decks are designed to work with standard ferric formulations. Newer tape decks usually are built with switches and later detectors for the different
1212:-inch 4-track consumer format used tape that is 0.248 inches (6.3 mm) wide, each track .043 in (1.1 mm) wide, and running at either twice or four times the speed of a cassette.
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became some of the most highly sought-after consumer products of both decades, as the ability of users to take their music with them anywhere with ease led to its popularity around the globe.
1800:
Because of consumer demand, the cassette has remained influential on design, more than a decade after its decline as a media mainstay. As the Compact Disc grew in popularity, cassette-shaped
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During the early 1980s some record labels sought to solve this problem by introducing new, larger packages for cassettes which would allow them to be displayed alongside vinyl records and
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Magnetic tape is not an ideal medium for long-term archival storage, as it begins to degrade after 10 – 20 years, with some experts estimating its lifespan to be no more than 30 years.
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In a mono arrangement, each track is 1.5mm per side across the 3.8mm tape width. For stereo, the left and right tracks are only 0.6mm apiece, with 0.3mm separation to avoid crosstalk.
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above 12.5 kHz are considered optional. Decreasing noise at 16 kHz also decreases the maximum signal level at 16 kHz, the High-Frequency Dynamics stay almost constant.
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ease of use, and a nostalgic fondness for how the format's imperfections lend greater vibrancy to low-fi, experimental music, despite the lack of the "full-bodied richness" of vinyl.
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company installed booths in record stores across America that allowed customers to make personalized mixtapes from a digitally encoded back-catalogue with customised printed covers.
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in/s) as playback quality was not critical. The cassette soon became a medium for distributing prerecorded music—initially through the Philips Record Company (and subsidiary labels
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notches, Type II have an additional pair next to the write protection ones, and Type IV (metal) have a third set near the middle of the top of the cassette shell. These allow later
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innovative packaging designs. A designer during the era explained: "There was so much money in the industry at the time, we could try anything with design." The introduction of the
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removed the phrase "cassette player" from its 12th edition Concise version, which prompted some media sources to mistakenly report that the term "cassette tape" was being removed.
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converts the electrical signals to be read by the tape head, while mechanical gears simulate reel to reel movement without actual tapes when driven by the player mechanism.
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was widely recognized as one of the first companies to create decks that rivaled reel-to-reel decks with full 20–20,000 Hz frequency response, low noise, and very low
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If the cassette is held with one of the labels facing the user and the tape opening at the bottom, the write-protect notch for the corresponding side is at the top-left.
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Andriessen, Willem (1999). ""THE WINNER": Compact Cassette. A Commercial and Technological Look Back at the Greatest Success Story in the History of Audio Up to Now".
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The cassette quickly found use in the commercial music industry. One artifact found on some commercially produced music cassettes was a sequence of test tones, called
897:
In South Korea, the early English education boom for toddlers encourages a continuous demand for English language cassettes, as of 2011, due to the affordable cost.
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3266:[Music and "clandestinidad" During the Time of the Chilean Dictatorship: Repression and the Circulation of Music of Resistance and Clandestine Cassettes].
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Compact cassettes served as catalysts for social change. Their small size, durability and ease of copying helped bring underground rock and punk music behind the
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varied widely. Auto manufacturers in the US typically would fit a cassette slot into their standard large radio faceplates. Europe and Asia would standardize on
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Audio Company began producing their own magnetic tape, becoming the world's first known manufacturer of an all-new tape stock. Mulann, a company which acquired
358:. First used in studios to record radio programs, tape recorders quickly found their way into schools and homes. By 1953, 1 million US homes had tape machines.
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Despite sales of CDs overtaking those of prerecorded cassettes in the early 1990s in the U.S., the format remained popular for specific applications, such as
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Floppy disk storage had become the standard data storage medium in the United States by the mid-1980s; for example, by 1983 the majority of software sold by
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1338:) patented the Special Mechanism or Security Mechanism advertised with the abbreviation SM in the early 1970s, which was temporarily used under license by
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consists of ferric oxide and cobalt mixed in varying ratios (and using various processes); there are very few cassettes on the market that use a pure (CrO
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In 2010, Botswana-based Diamond Studios announced plans for establishing a plant to mass-produce cassettes in a bid to combat piracy. It opened in 2011.
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inches per second (4.76 cm/s), the speed being a continuation of the increasingly slower speed series in open-reel machines operating at 30, 15,
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in 1981, cited the proliferation of personal stereos as well as extra tracks not available on LP as reasons for the surge in popularity of cassettes.
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1797:, the phenomenon of "home taping" has effectively switched to recording to a Compact Disc or downloading from commercial or music-sharing websites.
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National Audio Company in Missouri, the largest of the few remaining manufacturers of audio cassettes in the US, oversaw the mass production of the
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estimated 150 million dollars. By the early 1970s the compact cassette machines were outselling other types of tape machines by a large margin.
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largely supplanted the full-sized cassette in situations where voice-level fidelity is all that is required, such as in dictation machines and
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820:, the final year that cassettes represented more than 50% of total market sales was 2002 when they were replaced by CDs as the dominant media.
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Philips selected the two-spool cartridge as a winner and introduced the 2-track 2-direction mono version in Europe on 28 August 1963 at the
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by lowering the noise level and increasing the maximum signal level before distortion occurs. Multi-track cassette recorders with built-in
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Montoya Arias, Luis Omar; Díaz Güemez, Marco Aurelio (12 September 2017). "Etnografía de la música mexicana en Chile: Estudio de caso".
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often featured a display selling cassettes. While offering also mainstream music these cassettes became associated with genres such as
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1619:), their friends' records, or music from the radio. This practice was condemned by the music industry with such alarmist slogans as "
1587:(compression of the signal during recording with equal and opposite expansion of the signal during playback), which yields increased
1449:"head room extension" system for reliably reducing tape saturation effects at high frequencies while maintaining higher bias levels.
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incorporating a capstan and pinch roller system was used, to ensure tape passed over the record/playback heads at a constant speed.
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In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of
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Patent EP 0078997 A2 – Bandkassette mit einem Aufzeichnungsträger mit Magnetspur und Echolöscheinrichtungen für solche Bandkassetten
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Cassette tapes are made of a polyester-type plastic film with a magnetic coating. The original magnetic material was based on gamma
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British record labels began releasing compact cassettes in October 1967, and they exploded as a mass-market medium after the first
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in the 2000s, the Walkman defined the portable music market for the decade of the '80s, with cassette sales overtaking those of
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and Phillips cassette diagrams on p.21; extensive expert discussion of cassette, and comparisons to competitors, on pp.21-22.)
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672:(CD) technology had superseded the Compact Cassette in the vast majority of music markets throughout the world by this time.
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Other lengths are (or were) also available from some vendors, including C10, C12 and C15 (useful for saving data from early
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3264:"Música y clandestinidad en dictadura: la represión, la circulación de músicas de resistencia y el casete clandestino"
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1002:. The bottom two cassettes, featuring the Type II notches plus an additional pair in the center of the cassette, are
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2959:"As Apple kills off the iPod ... here are 5 other pieces of beloved tech we've said goodbye to in the past 20 years"
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width is 1.5 mm. In stereo mode each channel has width of 0.6 mm with a 0.3 mm separation to avoid
550:, a US affiliate of Philips, introduced M.C. to the US in July 1966. The initial offering consisted of 49 titles.
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Gijs Moes (31 October 1996). "Successor of cassette failed: Philips stops production of DCC". Eindhovens Dagblad.
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are most common today, analog tape remains a desirable option for certain artists and consumers. Underground and
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Jordán González, Laura (2019). "Chile: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice". In Sturman, Janet (ed.).
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and signal routing features ranged from easy-to-use beginner units up to professional-level recording systems.
1518:. In this capacity, some later-model cassette-based dictation machines could also run the tape at half speed (⁄
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by the reversal of tape movement, known as "auto-reverse", when the mechanism detects that the tape has ended.
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1785:. Microcassettes have in turn given way to digital recorders of various descriptions. Since the rise of cheap
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RX-505 cassette deck. It has an auto reverse feature that rotates the cassette, hence the bump in the middle.
1342:. This feature each includes a rail to guide the tape to the spool and prevent an unclean roll from forming.
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Aston, Val. "Chemotherapy Information for Patients and their Families: Audio Cassettes, a New Way Forward".
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2006:
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circles, out of a fondness for the format. Even among major-label stars, the form has at least one devotee:
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4333:"Which Type of Audio Cassette Tape is Right for You : Type 1, 2 or 4 ? - Cassette Player Culture"
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achieved popularity for a period in the 1990s. Another barrier to cassettes overtaking vinyl in sales was
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inch (0.125 in; 3.17 mm) wide, but actually slightly larger, at 0.15 inches (3.81 mm). Two
73:
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4008:"Eien no Motto Hate Made / Wakusei ni Naritai [Cassette Tape] [Limited Edition / Type C]"
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Type I tapes have been marketed specifically as better suited for data storage than for sound recording.
255:), or as a fully recordable "blank" cassette. Both forms have two sides and are reversible by the user.
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3683:"French firm opens factory making first cassettes since 1990s after artists like Taylor Swift go retro"
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1472:. In the 1980s, a high-end installation would have a Dolby AM/FM cassette deck, and they rendered the
958:
Cassettes are favored by some artists and listeners, including those of older genres of music such as
7543:
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7129:
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6824:
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6117:
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4181:
4128:"Let's get physical: new BPI report shows vinyl & cassettes sales surge, decline of the CD slows"
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2028:
1806:
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789:
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1414:, with level controls typically being controlled by either rotary controls or side-by-side sliders.
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1258:), C30, C40, C50, C54, C64, C70, C74, C80, C84, C94, C100, C105, C110, and C150. As late as 2010,
808:
it became possible to use portable CD players on the go, and automotive CD players became viable.
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effects, DCC failed in home, mobile and professional environments, and was discontinued in 1996.
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was said to have "eaten" or "chewed" the tape, often destroying the playability of the cassette.
1306:
allow external audio sources to be played back from any tape player, but were typically used for
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4229:"Baby, I'm for Reel: Unspooling the Affordable, Accessible Microeconomy of the Cassette Revival"
3626:"Baby, I'm for Reel: Unspooling the Affordable, Accessible Microeconomy of the Cassette Revival"
3210:
3204:
1745:
Technical development of the cassette effectively ceased when digital recordable media, such as
1386:
1374:
834:
In India, music continued to be released on the cassette format due to its low cost until 2009.
5104:
921:, also started production of its new cassette tape stock in 2018, basing on reel tape formula.
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communities release regularly, and sometimes exclusively, on cassette format, particularly in
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510:
4661:
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requirements for higher grade tapes. The most common are iron oxide tapes (as defined by the
827:
Four years prior, Sony had stopped the production of personal cassette players. In 2011, the
8359:
8349:
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2303:. Vol. 79, no. 44. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 4 November 1967. pp. 1, 72.
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still offered C10, C20, C30 and C40 IEC Type II tape cassettes for use with 4- and 8-track
1132:
Notches on top of the cassette shell indicate the type of tape. Type I cassettes have only
990:
701:
One of the political uses of cassette tapes was the dissemination of sermons by the exiled
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Werner Abelshauser; Wolfgang von Hippel; Jeffrey Allan Johnson; Raymond G. Stokes (2003).
3475:
2422:
1844:
1769:
1709:
1638:
Various legal cases arose surrounding the dubbing of cassettes. In the UK, in the case of
1612:
1530:
in the US). As of 2009, one still found cassettes used for a variety of purposes, such as
1527:
1523:
1427:
1402:
1079:, the inventor and longtime manufacturer of magnetic recording tape. Next, coatings using
937:
793:
777:
757:
661:
620:
354:, using equipment obtained in Germany as a starting point, began commercial production of
350:, magnetic tape recording technology proliferated across the world. In the United States,
251:
Compact Cassettes come in two forms, either containing content as a prerecorded cassette (
3468:
2156:
International standard IEC 60094-7: Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems
998:. The next cassette down, with additional notches adjacent to the write-protect tabs, is
5214:
4097:
453:
came a year later. The team of Dutch and Belgian origin at Philips was led by the Dutch
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1938:
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1646:
1624:
1607:
A Magnavox dual deck recorder with high-speed dubbing. Doors are open showing capstans.
1592:
1473:
1217:
971:
883:
863:
859:
797:
631:, either of which would significantly inhibit browsing, thus reducing cassette sales.
273:
Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools, between which the magnetically coated,
80:
17:
2887:
1152:
Visualization of the magnetic field on a stereo cassette containing a 1kHz audio tone.
46:
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7706:
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7285:
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In the mid-to-late 2010s, cassette sales saw a modest resurgence concurrent with the
925:
871:
571:
530:
The mass production of "blank" (not yet recorded) Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in
388:
Operating instructions for the Philips/Norelco Cartridge Tape Carry-Corder 150 (1964)
355:
263:
229:
85:
3280:
3074:
2853:
Gans, David (June 1983). "Packaging Innovations Raise Cassettes' In-store Profile".
2660:. Vol. 78, no. 29. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 16 July 1966. p. 69.
2532:
2329:. Vol. 79, no. 14. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 8 April 1967. p. 18.
2202:
1688:
A streamer cassette for data storage, adapted from the audio Compact Cassette format
1452:
619:
sales remained higher well into the 1980s due to greater sales of singles, although
8239:
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5483:
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5423:
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4250:
3932:"U.S. Cassette Album Sales Increased by 74% in 2016, Led by 'Guardians' Soundtrack"
3610:
2935:
2719:
2125:
2102:
1971:
1854:
1790:
1725:
The cassette was adapted into what is called a streamer cassette (also known as a "
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1140:
to detect the tape type automatically and select the proper bias and equalization.
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music or music that was by other reasons not available as records was shared. Some
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347:
226:
145:
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The first cassette machines (e.g. the Philips EL 3300, introduced in August 1963)
737:
that have in retrospect received praise for their contributions to popular music.
5367:
3795:
2246:
277:-type plastic film (magnetic tape) is passed and wound—essentially miniaturizing
8085:
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7716:
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7528:
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7301:
6683:
6290:
6272:
6159:
6099:
5923:
5541:
5296:
4791:
4571:
4556:
3952:"The world was running out of cassette tape. Now it's being made in Springfield"
3722:
3705:"National Audio Company now has a cassette-making competitor. They're in France"
3569:"Oxford Dictionary Removes 'Cassette Tape,' Gets Sound Lashing From Audiophiles"
3096:
2772:
1701:
1538:
1263:
1095:'s Audua were produced in an attempt to approach or exceed the sound quality of
879:
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639:
624:
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was on floppy. Cassette remained more popular for 8-bit computers such as the
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1531:
1465:
1105:
1029:
933:
608:
483:
454:
362:
237:
55:
3907:"This Company Is Still Making Audio Cassettes and Sales Are Better Than Ever"
2665:
2334:
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464:
Philips also offered a machine to play and record the cassettes, the Philips
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8080:
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7250:
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1080:
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817:
812:
drives and media also became affordable for consumers around the same time.
781:
773:
446:
396:
274:
108:
4684:
4516:"Happy 50th birthday, Compact Cassette: How it struck a chord for millions"
3371:
270:
is normally used to refer to the Compact Cassette because of its ubiquity.
5085:
continually fail at 98 per cent complete,' recalls Luke Peters, editor of
4545:
3478:(also includes some historical perspective in the 1950s by Marianne Roney)
505:
and kept improving. The Compact Cassette went on to become a popular (and
8176:
8120:
8048:
7900:
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7523:
7500:
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959:
582:
297:
2825:
Paul du Gay; Stuart Hall; Linda Janes; Hugh Mackay; Keith Negus (1997).
1967:"Are You for Reel? How the Compact Cassette Struck a Chord for Millions"
1456:
Radio–cassette players of the design also called "ghetto-blasters" and "
970:, some of whom were releasing new music on tape by the 2020s, including
402:
One of the first cassette recorders from Philips, the Typ EL 3302 (1968)
8275:
8115:
8013:
7998:
7797:
7619:
7364:
6848:
6654:
6547:
6278:
6231:
5691:
5387:
was created from a revision of this article dated 23 May 2011
1754:
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458:
441:
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134:
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4443:
3346:"Las cintas de casete pasan de la gasolinera a la Biblioteca Nacional"
764:, light music and joke tapes that were common in the 1970s and 1980s.
8110:
8018:
6760:
4304:
German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company
3488:
2808:
1834:
1100:
1052:
1033:
929:
847:
5243:
1603:
7028:
3538:"Reports of the death of the cassette tape are greatly exaggerated"
2418:"Rewound: On its 50th birthday, the cassette tape is still rolling"
7825:
7685:
7655:
6983:
6977:
6942:
6830:
6818:
6435:
6296:
6207:
4465:
2906:"The Pop Life; Cassettes Now Have Material Not Available On Disks"
1768:
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1726:
1683:
1668:
1602:
1499:
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1373:
1335:
1321:
1237:
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989:
841:
692:
587:
351:
96:
Most commonly 30, 45, and 60 minutes per side (C60, C90, and C120)
4888:
4576:"Digitize Those Memory-Filled Cassettes before They Disintegrate"
2495:
2493:
2153:"Part 7: Cassette for commercial tape records and domestic use".
1753:, were introduced in the late 1980s and early-to-mid 1990s, with
1615:) the owner's records (as backup, to play in the car, or to make
638:, or giving them a further market advantage over vinyl by adding
8038:
7455:
6648:
6565:
6411:
5771:
5751:
3876:"Meet The Owner Of America's Last Awesome Cassette Tape Factory"
1786:
1741:
Size comparison of Elcaset (left) with standard Compact Cassette
1339:
1331:
1076:
918:
809:
714:
706:
491:
7770:
7032:
6593:
5427:
2742:"40 years ago, the Sony Walkman changed how we listen to music"
1422:
briefly offered models that could be run at double speeds, but
7222:
6995:
1864:
1705:
1407:
1092:
979:
823:
The last new car with an available cassette player was a 2014
365:
introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, reel-to-reel
61:
3320:
Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India
2533:"Grundig C 100 and the early history of the Compact Cassette"
713:, in which Khomeini urged the overthrow of the regime of the
5365:
546:; M.C. for short) were launched in Europe in late 1965. The
7564:
4959:
Office Management: Developing Skills for Smooth Functioning
3719:"End Of An Era: Sony Stops Manufacturing Cassette Walkmans"
7766:
5262:"Phonograph records and prerecorded audio tapes and disks"
3101:"Total rewind: 10 key moments in the life of the cassette"
2931:"Total rewind: 10 key moments in the life of the cassette"
1657:
As an alternative to home dubbing, in the late 1980s, the
978:. Reasons cited for this include tradition, low cost, the
2616:. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
1571: inches per second, in comparison to the standard 1⁄
1202:
inches per second. For comparison, the typical open-reel
4027:"SHINee Vol. 5 - 1 of 1 (Cassette Tape Limited Edition)"
3796:"Zimbabwe: Diamond Studios to Commission Cassette Plant"
3515:"Sony kills the cassette Walkman on the iPod's birthday"
3236:
The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture
1611:
Most cassettes were sold blank, and used for recording (
1514:
The Compact Cassette originally was intended for use in
262:
tape cassette formats have also existed—for example the
5417:
4489:. Thomann U.K. International Cyperstore. Archived from
4204:"Popular/Major Releases on Cassette [2021 NEW]"
3025:"Rewind! A guide to the best portable cassette players"
2287:. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, p.506
1330:
In order to wind up the tape more reliably, the former
1063:) manufacturing process, began commercialization of CrO
282:
commonly referred to as "eighth-inch" tape, supposedly
4153:"Vad händer med dansbandsutgivningen när Bert säljer?"
3592:(4 ed.). New Delhi: Sage India. pp. 184–90.
3300:
Revista Electrónica de Divulgación de la Investigación
749:(MIR) made use of cassettes to spread their messages.
5185:"Streamer Cassette (D/CAS) (late 1980s – late 1990s)"
4734:"Cassette Equalization: The 4 dB ambiguity at 16 kHz"
4113:"UK cassette sales grew by 90% in first half of 2018"
3179:
Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt
3153:
Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt
2827:
Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman
2610:
Eric D. Daniel; C. Dennis Mee; Mark H. Clark (1999).
2476:"Compact Cassette supremo Lou Ottens talks to El Reg"
1934:"Opinion: Our Misplaced Nostalgia for Cassette Tapes"
1883:
High Bias: The Distorted History of the Cassette Tape
248:, the Compact Cassette was released in August 1963.
5420:, an online collection of blank audio tape cassettes
2285:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World
1999:"Learn about Tabs-In or Tabs-Out Shells and Leaders"
1401:'s angled cassette bay and the exposed bays of some
8299:
8268:
8232:
8144:
8073:
8061:
7979:
7954:
7945:
7859:
7813:
7804:
7694:
7628:
7552:
7499:
7421:
7363:
7340:
7294:
7236:
7178:
7094:
7066:
7005:
6970:
6935:
6910:
6903:
6864:
6811:
6782:
6753:
6670:
6635:
6628:
6534:
6469:
6378:
6347:
6315:
6306:
6263:
5981:
5905:
5850:
5769:
5749:
5706:
5684:
5613:
5525:
5508:
5499:
5462:
2981:"'Walkman' has become generic, rules Supreme Court"
2793:Hoogendoorn, A (1994). "Digital Compact Cassette".
558:introduced their Model 201 tape deck that combined
180:
166:
152:
140:
126:
114:
100:
92:
79:
69:
5324:"C@MP CP-UF32/64 a New Portable Mp3-Player Review"
4911:"Island Records launched 'One Plus One' cassettes"
3818:"Pause and Rewind: Zimbabwe's Audio Cassette Boom"
3448:"Tape Echo: Specialty labels keep cassettes alive"
3206:Assimilate: A Critical History of Industrial Music
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2547:
2029:"How to Identify Your Audio Cassette Tape Formats"
1397:One innovation was the front-loading arrangement.
1242:Maxell compact cassettes, C60 (90m) and C90 (135m)
4271:Canby, Tatnall (1968). "CrO2 - Tomorrow's Tape".
1000:Type II, its tape consisting of chrome and cobalt
5289:"The Rome MP3: Portable MP3 player—with a twist"
4286:Stark, Craig (1992). "Choosing the Right Tape".
3293:
3291:
1550:played back individually, allowing musicians to
4834:"Demand actually increasing for cassette tapes"
4685:"40 years of Stereophile: The Hot 100 Products"
3397:"1995: Consumer CD-R Drive Priced Below $ 1000"
2272:Sound recording: the life story of a technology
2101:cartridge on p.20, with comparison to Lear Jet
725:(1973–1990) a "cassette culture" emerged where
5378:
4223:
4221:
3003:"Sony loses Walkman trade mark as too generic"
2763:
2761:
2759:
2097:retrieved 22 May 2023. (Detailed diagram of a
361:In 1958, following four years of development,
32:List of magnetic tape cartridges and cassettes
7782:
7044:
6605:
5439:
4707:"Olde Worlde – Nakamichi CR-7E Cassette Deck"
4046:, Tower Records Japan. Retrieved 13 June 2018
3047:"In a digital age, vinyl's making a comeback"
2501:Music and technology in the twentieth century
2353:Drees, Jan; Vorbau, Christian (23 May 2011).
1960:
1958:
1956:
752:Cassette technology was a booming market for
325:Wollensak portable reel-to-reel tape recorder
8:
4176:
4174:
4117:The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved 26 October 2018
4102:The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved 26 October 2018
4087:The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved 26 October 2018
3745:"Original Walkman is RiP (replaced by iPod)"
3257:
3255:
1012:Compact Cassette tape types and formulations
39:
7671:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
4809:"For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over"
2875:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
2645:. Tape Recording ##11-12, 1970. p. 11.
2521:. Tape Recording ##11-12, 1970. p. 11.
2113:
2111:
1810:the head as if they were normal cassettes.
8070:
7951:
7810:
7789:
7775:
7767:
7261:Comparison of analog and digital recording
7051:
7037:
7029:
6907:
6632:
6612:
6598:
6590:
6312:
5505:
5446:
5432:
5424:
4794:Some Not Well Known Aspects of Analog Tape
4362:van der Lely, P.; Missriegler, G. (1970).
2848:
2846:
2820:
2818:
2355:Kassettendeck: Soundtrack einer Generation
2349:Kassettendeck: Soundtrack einer Generation
2274:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, p.161.
733:cassette producers created brands such as
472:was offered in the US in November 1964 as
54:
45:
8446:Science and technology in the Netherlands
5213:. The Syracuse Newspapers. Archived from
4510:
4508:
4083:"Cassette sales increased by 74% in 2016"
3279:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2396:St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture
2320:
2318:
2161:International Electrotechnical Commission
1156:The cassette was the next step following
996:Type I, its tape consisting of iron oxide
428:, adapted from its German described name
5692:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
5395:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
5266:Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries
4436:"NAC Audio Cassette Glossary – Cassetro"
3426:Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries
2393:Millard, Andre (2013). "Cassette Tape".
1901:
1899:
1310:systems. An attached audio cable with a
1274:The full tape width is 3.8 mm. For
5414:, a website dedicated to cassette tapes
5103:De Ceukelaire, Harrie (February 1985).
4640:"Trends in Technology: Recording Sound"
4546:Cassette adapters are remarkably simple
4042:"【カセットテープ】 Chain [スマプラ付]<初回生産限定盤>]"
3842:Choi (최), Yeon-jin (연진) (31 May 2011).
3469:Audio Publishers Association Fact Sheet
3238:. SAGE Publications. pp. 509–511.
3156:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2639:The Dolby stretcher — new boon for tape
2613:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
2515:The Dolby stretcher — new boon for tape
2325:"European Mfrs. Bid for Market Share".
1895:
924:In Japan and South Korea, the pop acts
846:Burmese music cassette tapes for sale,
339:Compact Cassette vs. RCA Tape Cartridge
8436:Computer-related introductions in 1963
4796:concerning dynamic bias (Dolby HX-PRO)
4307:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1773:A Compact Cassette and a Microcassette
1326:Tape Guide via Security Mechanism (SM)
439:, and in the United States (under the
38:
7732:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
5165:from the original on 12 November 2021
4807:Williams, Stephen (4 February 2011).
3978:"Audio cassettes are produced again!"
2769:"The first Sony Walkman goes on sale"
2205:. videointerchange.com. 7 August 2010
2148:
2146:
1885:. University of North Carolina Press.
947:. As early as 2015, the retail chain
144:Audio and data storage (succeeded by
7:
8355:
4857:European Journal of Oncology Nursing
3905:Jeniece Pettitt (1 September 2015).
3422:"Record and prerecorded tape stores"
3344:Arenas, Guillermo (16 August 2019).
1583:or Dolby C noise reduction provided
296:pairs of tracks (four total) or two
27:Magnetic audio tape recording format
5066:"Gadgets: Rage against the machine"
4985:"The Forgotten Precursor to iTunes"
4588:from the original on 12 August 2023
3209:. Oxford University Press. p.
3182:. Stanford University Press. 2022.
1470:DIN and double DIN sized faceplates
1071:cassette was introduced in 1970 by
498:the format to them free of charge.
8322:Philips Sports Manager of the Year
5064:Crookes, David (26 January 2011).
4871:"Analysis of an SDR Cassette Tape"
4016:, CD Japan. Retrieved 13 June 2018
3794:Butaumocho, Ruth (19 April 2010).
3659:. 22 February 2010. Archived from
3075:"Not long left for cassette tapes"
3027:. The Vinyl Factory. 24 March 2017
1979:from the original on 2 August 2020
1044:. For this reason, some low-grade
870:circles and to a lesser extent in
25:
8451:Science and technology in Belgium
8396:Audiovisual introductions in 1963
7994:Broadcast Television Systems Inc.
7896:Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium
7889:Philips Lumileds Lighting Company
7281:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
6554:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
6004:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
4561:, eingetragen am 28. Oktober 1982
4406:"Audio tape length and thickness"
4098:"Cassette sales grew 35% in 2017"
4031:, YesAsia. Retrieved 13 June 2018
3984:. 11 October 2018. Archived from
3653:"Articles: This Is Not a Mixtape"
3454:. 11 October 2008. Archived from
2713:Lynskey, Dorian (29 March 2010).
2656:"Mercury Issues 49 'Cassettes'".
2575:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 129.
2124:(spec sheet). TDK. Archived from
1932:Mark Pernice (23 December 2015).
1158:reel-to-reel audio tape recording
697:Cassettes at a Cairo Kiosk (2015)
161:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
8354:
8345:
8344:
7969:Philips-Neusoft Medical Systems
7750:
5377:
5326:. Fastsite. 2000. Archived from
5187:. Museum of Obsolete Media. 2019
4913:. Rock History. 13 February 2013
4790:Arndt Klingelnberg (1990 March)
4776:Klingelnberg, Arndt (May 1979).
4660:. Philips Museum. Archived from
4343:from the original on 2 July 2024
3767:"Do You Still Love the Walkman?"
3586:Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (2013).
3536:Shea, Ammon (10 November 2011).
2450:"Gouden jubileum muziekcassette"
2251:(in German). Vol. 41. 1965.
743:Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front
409:
395:
381:
332:
318:
8136:Video Content Protection System
8029:Philips Consumer Communications
7266:Experimental musical instrument
6082:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
5793:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
5009:Pountain, Dick (January 1985).
4983:Chiu, David (26 October 2016).
4683:John Atkinson (November 2002).
3323:. University of Chicago Press.
3281:10.4067/S0716-27902009000200006
1913:from the original on 3 May 2016
1075:, and later strongly backed by
6812:"Eighth" (0.15) inch (3.81 mm)
4956:Dubey, N. B. (December 2009).
4754:Hess, Richard (October 2010).
4609:"History of the Cassette Tape"
3567:Moye, David (22 August 2011).
2715:"Return of the audio cassette"
2183:. 16 September 1953. p. 1
2175:"Brew Disk-To-Tape Revolution"
2053:Brian, Marshall (April 2000).
1965:Dormon, Bob (30 August 2013).
1358:Cassette players and recorders
1224:Locating write-protect notches
723:military dictatorship of Chile
1:
7926:PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
7451:Electronic musical instrument
6825:KC standard, Compact Cassette
5246:Product Guide. Archived from
4962:. Global India Publications.
4251:"History of Compact Cassette"
4184:. Pitchfork. 22 February 2010
3816:Curnow, Robyn (7 June 2011).
3129:. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
3005:. Pinsent Masons. 5 June 2002
2888:10.1016/s0304-8853(98)00502-2
2347:Jan Drees, Christian Vorbau,
2297:"Cassette Rampage Forecast".
526:Popularity of music cassettes
445:brand) in November 1964. The
64:SA90 Type II Compact Cassette
7757:Record production portal
7646:Institute of Broadcast Sound
5878:Thermionic Products Recordon
5038:DeWitt, Robert (June 1983).
4756:"Cassette equalization redo"
4705:David Price (January 2000).
3624:Segal, Dave (9 March 2016).
2554:. Houghton Mifflin. p.
2399:(2.1 ed.). p. 529.
1621:Home Taping Is Killing Music
1318:Optional mechanical elements
917:in 2015 and originates from
786:telephone answering machines
603:in the 1950s and 1960s, the
373:Introduction of mono version
234:audio recording and playback
8441:Products introduced in 1963
8411:Computer storage tape media
8024:NEC Philips Unified Systems
7846:Shenzhen Goldway Industrial
7666:Musical Electronics Library
6265:Analog-to-digital converter
6172:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
5211:"Sony Unveils the Minidisc"
4524:. 30 August 2013. p. 2
3852:(in Korean). Archived from
2679:Marvin Camras, ed. (1985).
2119:"D NORMAL-BIAS AUDIO TAPES"
1412:vacuum fluorescent displays
936:released their material on
747:Revolutionary Left Movement
482:Philips was competing with
8467:
8281:High Tech Campus Eindhoven
7821:Philips Consumer Lifestyle
7413:Sound reinforcement system
7322:Sound reinforcement system
6911:Three quarter inch (19 mm)
6837:Tarbell Cassette Interface
6621:Magnetic-tape data storage
6388:Compact Disc Digital Audio
5472:Music box cylinder or disc
5040:"APX / On top of the heap"
4732:Hess, Richard (May 2006).
4658:"Philips Compact Cassette"
3203:S. Alexander Reed (2013).
2961:. We Forum. 16 August 2017
2095:Tape Recorder Annual 1968,
2079:"Car Cartridges Come Home"
1907:"Museum Of Obsolete Media"
1805:continue to function with
1367:
1361:
1009:
860:portable digital recorders
806:electronic skip protection
679:
29:
8416:Home computer peripherals
8340:
8106:Philips Intimate Massager
7746:
7636:Audio Engineering Society
7534:Software effect processor
7514:Digital audio workstation
7355:Digital signal processing
7119:Digital audio workstation
7006:Four millimeter (3.81 mm)
6088:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
5867:
3589:The Indian Media Business
3542:Oxford English Dictionary
2829:. Sage Publications Ltd.
2683:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
2503:. JHU Press, 2002, p.161.
2055:"How Tape Recorders Work"
1860:Timeline of audio formats
829:Oxford English Dictionary
209:, also commonly called a
53:
44:
7916:Philips Classics Records
7727:Professional audio store
7629:People and organizations
7615:Sound recording engineer
6338:Digital Compact Cassette
6226:Capitol Records Audiopak
6076:Dictaphone Travel master
5872:Telefunken magnetic disc
5841:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
4836:. AfterDawn. 18 May 2009
4780:. Aussteuerungsprobleme.
4372:Philips Technical Review
3844:
3274:(Julio–Diciembre): 212.
2983:. World Trademark Review
2003:nationalaudiocompany.com
1760:Digital Compact Cassette
1486:A head cleaning cassette
1445:of Denmark, created the
175:Digital Compact Cassette
8391:20th-century inventions
7145:Microphone preamplifier
6971:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
6754:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
6154:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
5835:Protona Minifon special
5456:audio recording formats
5155:"Mixtape: Cassetternet"
4379:(3): 85. Archived from
4182:"This Is Not a Mixtape"
3956:Springfield News-Leader
3474:26 October 2010 at the
3401:Computer History Museum
3268:Revista Musical Chilena
2796:Proceedings of the IEEE
2681:Magnetic Tape Recording
2351:. Klappenbroschur, 2011
2227:. Blog.dianaschnuth.com
909:Guardians of the Galaxy
906:cassette from the film
574:cassettes and players.
534:, Germany. Prerecorded
513:during the late 1970s.
279:reel-to-reel audio tape
30:For other formats, see
18:Compact Cassette (data)
8096:Philips Cinema 21:9 TV
7852:Corporate Technologies
7086:Electronic and digital
6872:Exatron Stringy Floppy
6783:Quarter inch (6.35 mm)
6238:Bandai micro cartridge
6184:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
5373:
5353:Listen to this article
5240:"Cassette vs. Digital"
4466:"VintageCassettes.com"
4364:"Audio tape cassettes"
3805:– via AllAfrica.
3262:Jordán, Laura (2009).
3150:Simon, Andrew (2022).
2744:. The Verge. July 2019
2572:Sony: the Private Life
2550:Sony: The Private Life
2261:Daniel et al, p.102-4.
2248:Radio Elektronik Schau
2203:"videointerchange.com"
1820:Compact Video Cassette
1774:
1742:
1694:Atari Program Exchange
1689:
1681:
1608:
1511:
1504:A dual cassette-based
1487:
1461:
1394:
1380:
1327:
1304:Cassette tape adapters
1243:
1153:
1007:
951:, which had long sold
855:
698:
607:in the 1990s, and the
596:
548:Mercury Record Company
494:pressuring Philips to
186:; 61 years ago
74:Magnetic tape cassette
6865:Stringy (1.58–1.9 mm)
6106:Cousino Echo-matic II
5586:Indestructible record
5372:
5250:on 28 September 2007.
5105:"How TurboTape Works"
5011:"The Amstrad CPC 464"
4885:"VintageCassette.com"
4646:on 23 September 2004.
3845:멸종 중인 카세트, 한국선 '장수 만세
3372:"U.S. Sales Database"
3317:Peter Manuel (1993).
2569:Nathan, John (1999).
2546:Nathan, John (1999).
1795:digital audio players
1772:
1740:
1733:Rivals and successors
1687:
1672:
1606:
1503:
1485:
1455:
1389:
1377:
1325:
1299:Cassette tape adapter
1241:
1151:
1010:Further information:
993:
845:
719:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
696:
680:Further information:
591:
509:) alternative to the
232:recording format for
7544:Software synthesizer
7509:Digital audio editor
7295:Playback transducers
7155:Multitrack recording
6202:Sanyo Tape cartridge
6028:Rediffusion Reditune
5907:Loose (reel-to-reel)
5858:Magnetic stripe card
5787:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
5552:Perfected phonograph
5480:(early 17th century)
5404:More spoken articles
5330:on 14 September 2010
5161:. 12 November 2021.
4932:CBS Songs v. Amstrad
4574:(1 September 2016).
3458:on 25 February 2009.
3125:Robin James (1992).
2499:Hans-Joachim Braun,
1909:. 19 November 2015.
1881:Marc Masters. 2023.
1617:mixtape compilations
1067:media. The first CrO
1055:, the inventor of a
666:developing countries
562:noise reduction and
468:. An updated model,
426:single-hole cassette
416:Inside of a cassette
240:and his team at the
8202:Philips VideoWriter
8004:LG.Philips Displays
7832:Philips Healthcare
6936:Half inch (12.7 mm)
6890:Rotronics Wafadrive
6843:Commodore Datasette
6671:Half inch (12.7 mm)
6016:Mohawk Midgetape RL
5829:Protona Minifon P55
5823:Protona Minifon P51
5598:Blue Amberol record
5580:Gold moulded record
5574:Le Céleste cylinder
5546:Dictaphone cylinder
5536:Phonograph cylinder
4891:on 2 September 2006
4860:. 2.1 (1998): 67-8.
4778:"HiFi-Stereophonie"
4581:Scientific American
4487:"Compact Cassettes"
4386:on 10 November 2018
4337:cassette-player.com
4063:on 27 November 2015
3077:. BBC. 17 June 2005
2357:. Eichborn Verlag.
1715:Commodore Datasette
1679:Commodore computers
1575:ips; additionally,
1370:Loop bin duplicator
968:underground artists
41:
8426:Belgian inventions
8386:1963 in technology
7962:NXP Semiconductors
7946:Joint ventures and
7879:NXP Semiconductors
7595:Re-recording mixer
7398:Keyboard amplifier
7114:Binaural recording
6471:Electronic circuit
6326:Digital Audio Tape
6040:RCA tape cartridge
5998:Cousino Echo-matic
5896:Audio High Density
5645:Edison Voicewriter
5374:
5287:Jer Davis (2000).
5217:on 23 August 2009.
5132:Lennart Benschop.
4607:Somerfield, Katy.
4085:. 23 January 2017.
3940:. 21 January 2017.
3772:The New York Times
3099:(30 August 2013).
2910:The New York Times
2478:. 2 September 2013
2225:"dianaschnuth.com"
2033:digitalcopycat.com
1830:Digital journalism
1783:answering machines
1775:
1743:
1690:
1682:
1649:found in favor of
1609:
1516:dictation machines
1512:
1488:
1462:
1443:Bang & Olufsen
1395:
1381:
1328:
1256:answering machines
1244:
1154:
1127:IEC 60094 standard
1042:frequency response
1008:
868:experimental music
856:
754:pop music in India
711:Iranian Revolution
703:Ayatollah Khomeini
699:
649:The New York Times
605:portable CD player
597:
564:chromium(IV) oxide
556:Advent Corporation
367:RCA tape cartridge
266:—the generic term
8368:
8367:
8332:Philips Computers
8228:
8227:
8057:
8056:
7972:
7966:
7941:
7940:
7764:
7763:
7570:Guitar technician
7466:Music workstation
7350:Digital recording
7327:Speaker enclosure
7246:8-track cartridge
7188:Phonograph record
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
6899:
6898:
6636:Wide (19–25.4 mm)
6587:
6586:
6530:
6529:
6259:
6258:
6094:Orrtronic Tapette
6022:Dictaphone Dictet
5621:Phonograph record
5478:Mechanical cuckoo
5370:
5299:on 13 August 2006
4969:978-93-80228-16-7
4713:on 21 August 2006
4619:on 12 August 2023
4493:on 11 August 2010
4318:978-0-521-82726-3
4159:on 20 August 2010
4100:. 5 January 2018.
3856:on 14 August 2011
3747:. 26 October 2010
3725:. 22 October 2010
3517:. 23 October 2010
3330:978-0-226-50401-8
3245:978-1-4833-1775-5
3163:978-1-5036-2943-1
3136:978-0-936756-69-1
3052:Los Angeles Times
2836:978-0-7619-5402-6
2803:(10): 1479–1489.
2690:978-0-442-21774-7
2623:978-0-7803-4709-0
2103:8-track cartridge
1825:Digital cassettes
1764:lossy compression
1509:answering machine
1464:Applications for
1441:A third company,
1436:calibration tones
1254:and in telephone
542:, and later just
437:Berlin Radio Show
203:
202:
16:(Redirected from
8458:
8431:Dutch inventions
8421:Philips products
8358:
8357:
8348:
8347:
8245:Frans van Houten
8197:Philips Videopac
8071:
7970:
7964:
7952:
7884:Philips Lighting
7811:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7768:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7641:Goji Electronics
7580:Monitor engineer
7539:Software sampler
7446:Electronic drums
7423:Electronic music
7393:Guitar amplifier
7238:Analog recording
7198:Compact cassette
7160:Music production
7068:Music technology
7060:Music technology
7053:
7046:
7039:
7030:
6908:
6690:TX-2 Tape System
6633:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6591:
6313:
6166:DC-International
6124:Compact cassette
5942:Fullcoat magfilm
5884:Record Maker Pye
5851:Magnetic surface
5781:Lorenz Textophon
5604:Paradis cylinder
5568:Stentor cylinder
5506:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5425:
5394:
5392:
5381:
5380:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5320:
5314:
5311:Internet Archive
5308:
5306:
5304:
5295:. Archived from
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5081:
5079:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4887:. Archived from
4881:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4709:. Archived from
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4642:. Archived from
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4615:. Archived from
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4568:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4446:on 16 March 2018
4442:. Archived from
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4416:on 17 March 2018
4412:. Archived from
4410:en.wikiaudio.org
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4155:. Archived from
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4059:. Archived from
4053:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3958:. 7 January 2018
3948:
3942:
3941:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3886:on 19 April 2016
3882:. Archived from
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3544:. Archived from
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
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3249:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3200:
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3167:
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3141:
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3115:
3113:
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3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3021:
3015:
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3012:
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2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2939:. 30 August 2013
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2904:(29 July 1981).
2898:
2892:
2891:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2809:10.1109/5.326405
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2710:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:. 30 August 2013
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2430:on 2 August 2013
2426:. Archived from
2413:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2369:
2368:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:on 9 August 2017
2005:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1962:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1629:chromium dioxide
1570:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1057:chromium dioxide
949:Urban Outfitters
903:"Awesome Mix #1"
778:personal stereos
758:filling stations
709:before the 1979
682:Cassette culture
676:Cassette culture
621:cassette singles
601:transistor radio
511:12-inch vinyl LP
477:Carry-Corder 150
451:Compact Cassette
430:Einloch-Kassette
413:
399:
385:
348:Second World War
336:
322:
291:
290:
286:
207:Compact Cassette
194:
192:
187:
170:
156:
130:
118:
104:
88:, in four tracks
58:
49:
42:
40:Compact Cassette
21:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8455:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8336:
8317:Philips Lecture
8295:
8291:Philips Stadion
8264:
8224:
8140:
8066:
8053:
7981:
7975:
7947:
7937:
7931:Vertigo Records
7921:Philips Records
7911:Mercury Records
7906:Fontana Records
7861:
7855:
7806:
7800:
7795:
7765:
7760:
7751:
7749:
7742:
7690:
7624:
7590:Record producer
7575:Mixing engineer
7548:
7495:
7461:MIDI controller
7436:Circuit bending
7417:
7359:
7336:
7312:Monitor speaker
7290:
7232:
7180:Recording media
7174:
7165:Music sequencer
7150:Monitor speaker
7096:Sound recording
7090:
7062:
7057:
7027:
7018:
7001:
6966:
6931:
6895:
6860:
6855:IBM PC Cassette
6807:
6778:
6749:
6666:
6624:
6618:
6588:
6583:
6526:
6515:USB flash drive
6509:Toymax VJ Starz
6465:
6374:
6343:
6302:
6255:
6118:Philips EL 3583
6064:Cousino MR-9000
6052:Protona Attaché
6046:Philips EL 3581
5977:
5901:
5863:
5846:
5765:
5750:Loose magnetic
5745:
5702:
5680:
5609:
5521:
5509:Grooved surface
5495:
5458:
5452:
5408:
5407:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5385:This audio file
5382:
5375:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5302:
5300:
5293:The Tech Report
5286:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5077:
5075:
5071:The Independent
5063:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4664:on 11 July 2010
4656:
4655:
4651:
4638:Fluker, Steve.
4637:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4525:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4290:(March): 45–48.
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4115:. 26 July 2018.
4111:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3988:on 27 July 2020
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3775:. 10 March 2022
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3685:. 22 March 2019
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3663:on 4 March 2016
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3573:Huffington Post
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3476:Wayback Machine
3467:
3463:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3127:Cassette Mythos
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3055:. 26 April 2009
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2698:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2535:. 7 March 2016.
2531:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2416:Rothman, Lily.
2415:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2283:John Shepherd,
2282:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2131:on 20 June 2007
2128:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1878:
1876:Further reading
1845:Personal stereo
1816:
1735:
1710:Amstrad CPC 464
1667:
1665:Data recording
1601:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1521:
1498:
1493:
1428:wow and flutter
1372:
1366:
1360:
1348:
1320:
1312:phone connector
1301:
1292:
1272:
1236:
1226:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1113:
1090:
1086:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1028:). Circa 1970,
1027:
1023:
1014:
1004:Type IV (metal)
988:
840:
794:field recording
770:
745:(FPMR) and the
735:Cumbre y Cuatro
684:
678:
662:cassette single
569:
540:Music-Cassettes
538:(also known as
536:music cassettes
528:
519:
421:
420:
419:
418:
417:
414:
405:
404:
403:
400:
391:
390:
389:
386:
375:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
337:
328:
327:
326:
323:
312:
307:
288:
284:
283:
195:
190:
188:
185:
168:
154:
128:
116:
102:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8464:
8462:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8406:Tape recording
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8373:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8352:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8327:Phoebus cartel
8324:
8319:
8314:
8312:HDMI Licensing
8309:
8303:
8301:
8300:Related topics
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8255:Gerard Philips
8252:
8247:
8242:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8101:Philips GoGear
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8068:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8009:LG.Philips LCD
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7967:
7958:
7956:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7898:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7817:
7815:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7771:
7762:
7761:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7696:
7695:Related topics
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7651:Lejaren Hiller
7648:
7643:
7638:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7610:Sound operator
7607:
7605:Sound follower
7602:
7600:Sound designer
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7560:Audio engineer
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7505:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7378:Bass amplifier
7375:
7373:Mixing console
7369:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7111:
7109:Mixing console
7106:
7100:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7033:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7009:
7007:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6912:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6594:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6572:Timecode vinyl
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6475:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6418:Super Audio CD
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6394:Philips CD-BGM
6391:
6384:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6322:
6320:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6250:Pocket Rockers
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6214:Steno-Cassette
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6190:Grundig DeJ614
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5986:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5948:Stripe magfilm
5945:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5914:
5912:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5817:Peirce 330/360
5814:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5777:
5775:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5760:Wire recording
5756:
5754:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5639:Pathé Actuelle
5636:
5630:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5592:Amberol record
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5562:Salon cylinder
5559:
5549:
5539:
5532:
5530:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5510:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5415:
5397:
5383:
5376:
5364:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:External links
5345:
5342:
5341:
5315:
5279:
5253:
5231:
5220:
5198:
5176:
5146:
5124:
5095:
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5030:
5001:
4975:
4968:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4902:
4876:
4862:
4847:
4825:
4813:New York Times
4799:
4783:
4768:
4746:
4724:
4697:
4675:
4649:
4630:
4599:
4563:
4549:
4538:
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4478:
4457:
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4104:
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4048:
4033:
4018:
3999:
3969:
3943:
3923:
3897:
3867:
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3808:
3786:
3758:
3736:
3710:
3696:
3674:
3644:
3616:
3598:
3578:
3559:
3548:on 12 May 2015
3528:
3506:
3489:"Tagaz Aquila"
3480:
3461:
3439:
3413:
3388:
3363:
3336:
3329:
3309:
3302:(in Spanish).
3287:
3270:(in Spanish).
3251:
3244:
3226:
3220:978-0199832606
3219:
3195:
3188:
3169:
3162:
3142:
3135:
3117:
3088:
3066:
3038:
3016:
2994:
2972:
2950:
2922:
2902:Palmer, Robert
2893:
2864:
2842:
2835:
2814:
2785:
2755:
2733:
2696:
2689:
2671:
2648:
2629:
2622:
2595:
2582:978-0618126941
2581:
2561:
2538:
2524:
2505:
2489:
2467:
2441:
2408:
2402:
2370:
2364:978-3821866147
2363:
2340:
2314:
2289:
2276:
2270:David Morton,
2263:
2254:
2238:
2216:
2194:
2166:
2142:
2107:
2071:
2045:
2020:
1990:
1952:
1939:New York Times
1924:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Pocket Rockers
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1802:audio adapters
1734:
1731:
1718:computer. See
1666:
1663:
1647:House of Lords
1625:Island Records
1600:
1597:
1572:
1546:
1543:
1519:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1474:8-track player
1362:Main article:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1319:
1316:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1278:recording the
1271:
1268:
1252:home computers
1235:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1218:tape transport
1145:
1142:
1138:cassette decks
1111:
1088:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1025:
1021:
987:
984:
972:Britney Spears
884:Thurston Moore
839:
836:
798:home recording
769:
766:
677:
674:
567:
527:
524:
518:
517:Stereo version
515:
415:
408:
407:
406:
401:
394:
393:
392:
387:
380:
379:
378:
377:
376:
374:
371:
356:tape recorders
338:
331:
330:
329:
324:
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
236:. Invented by
215:audio cassette
201:
200:
199:: 1963–present
182:
178:
177:
172:
164:
163:
158:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
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124:
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98:
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77:
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59:
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50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8463:
8452:
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8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8401:Audio storage
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8381:1963 in music
8379:
8378:
8376:
8361:
8353:
8351:
8343:
8342:
8339:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8286:Philips Arena
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8260:Frits Philips
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8250:Anton Philips
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8231:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
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8200:
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8170:
8168:
8165:
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8155:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8067:and standards
8065:
8060:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7978:
7968:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7953:
7950:
7948:shareholdings
7944:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7858:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7836:Philips Avent
7834:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7805:Divisions and
7803:
7799:
7792:
7787:
7785:
7780:
7778:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7759:
7758:
7745:
7739:
7738:Vehicle audio
7736:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7707:High fidelity
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7342:Digital audio
7339:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7286:Tape recorder
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7256:Cassette deck
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:Magnetic tape
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7170:Outboard gear
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7104:Audio channel
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
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6969:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6884:QL Microdrive
6882:
6879:
6878:ZX Microdrive
6876:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6615:
6610:
6608:
6603:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6542:Mini-cassette
6540:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6503:Takara E-kara
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6349:Sound-on-film
6346:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:Magnetic tape
6314:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6220:Stenorette DL
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6196:Microcassette
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6148:Micro pack 35
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6070:IBM Magnabelt
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:Magnetic tape
5980:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5918:Blattnerphone
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5910:magnetic tape
5908:
5904:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5768:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5708:Sound-on-film
5705:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5669:Highway Hi-Fi
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5474:(9th century)
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5444:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5386:
5346:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5280:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5224:
5221:
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5113:. p. 112
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5019:. p. 401
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4873:. April 2009.
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4288:Stereo Review
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4231:. TheStranger
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4132:MusicWeek.com
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2090:Stereo Review
2086:
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2060:
2059:HowStuffWorks
2056:
2049:
2046:
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2024:
2021:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
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1953:
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1935:
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1840:Mini-Cassette
1838:
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1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
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1798:
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1784:
1780:
1779:microcassette
1771:
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1748:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
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1703:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1677:recorder for
1676:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:CBS Songs v.
1636:
1634:
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1622:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:dynamic range
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1364:Cassette deck
1357:
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1229:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:write-protect
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1097:vinyl records
1094:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:volume-doping
1035:
1031:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:, as well as
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
945:vinyl revival
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Matsuda Seiko
922:
920:
916:
911:
910:
905:
904:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:hardcore punk
869:
865:
861:
853:
849:
844:
837:
835:
832:
830:
826:
825:TagAZ AQUiLA.
821:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
765:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:. During the
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
695:
691:
689:
683:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
657:
653:
651:
650:
646:, writing in
645:
644:Robert Palmer
641:
637:
636:compact discs
632:
630:
629:display cases
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
590:
586:
584:
580:
575:
573:
572:high fidelity
565:
561:
557:
551:
549:
545:
544:Musicassettes
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
516:
514:
512:
508:
507:re-recordable
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
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268:cassette tape
265:
264:Microcassette
261:
256:
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249:
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230:magnetic tape
228:
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211:cassette tape
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99:
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91:
87:
86:Analog signal
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
63:
57:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
8240:Cor Boonstra
8207:Philips :YES
8192:Philips Velo
8187:Philips Nino
8182:Philips CD-i
7989:ASML Holding
7807:subsidiaries
7748:
7481:Sound module
7441:Drum machine
7383:Effects unit
7276:Player piano
7203:Compact disc
7125:Effects unit
6949:Redwood SD-3
6481:(late 1970s)
6380:Optical disc
6244:Picocassette
6240:(late 1980s)
6034:Saba Sabafon
5805:RCA MI-12877
5799:RCA MI-12875
5685:Grooved tape
5651:SoundScriber
5647:(late 1940s)
5633:Diamond disc
5614:Grooved disc
5516:Phonautogram
5484:Punched card
5418:tapedeck.org
5412:Project C-90
5334:18 September
5332:. Retrieved
5328:the original
5318:
5303:18 September
5301:. Retrieved
5297:the original
5282:
5272:20 September
5270:. Retrieved
5265:
5256:
5248:the original
5234:
5223:
5215:the original
5201:
5189:. Retrieved
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5159:WNYC Studios
5158:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5127:
5115:. Retrieved
5108:
5098:
5086:
5083:
5076:. Retrieved
5069:
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5043:
5033:
5021:. Retrieved
5014:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4988:
4978:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4915:. Retrieved
4905:
4895:13 September
4893:. Retrieved
4889:the original
4879:
4865:
4855:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4812:
4802:
4793:
4786:
4771:
4759:. Retrieved
4749:
4737:. Retrieved
4727:
4717:13 September
4715:. Retrieved
4711:the original
4700:
4690:13 September
4688:. Retrieved
4678:
4666:. Retrieved
4662:the original
4652:
4644:the original
4633:
4621:. Retrieved
4617:the original
4602:
4590:. Retrieved
4579:
4572:Pogue, David
4566:
4557:
4552:
4541:
4533:
4526:. Retrieved
4521:The Register
4519:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4481:
4471:26 September
4469:. Retrieved
4460:
4448:. Retrieved
4444:the original
4439:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4414:the original
4409:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4381:the original
4376:
4370:
4357:
4345:. Retrieved
4336:
4327:
4303:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4273:Studio Sound
4272:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4208:. Retrieved
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4161:. Retrieved
4157:the original
4147:
4137:14 September
4135:. Retrieved
4131:
4122:
4107:
4092:
4077:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:the original
4051:
4036:
4021:
4011:
4002:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:the original
3981:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
3946:
3935:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:the original
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:the original
3850:Hankook Ilbo
3849:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3821:
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3770:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3713:
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3661:the original
3656:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:The Stranger
3629:
3619:
3611:Google Books
3609:– via
3603:. Retrieved
3588:
3581:
3572:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:the original
3541:
3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3495:(in Russian)
3492:
3483:
3464:
3456:the original
3451:
3442:
3432:20 September
3430:. Retrieved
3425:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3400:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3375:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3352:(in Spanish)
3349:
3339:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3271:
3267:
3235:
3229:
3205:
3198:
3178:
3172:
3152:
3145:
3126:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3105:The Guardian
3104:
3091:
3081:13 September
3079:. Retrieved
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3050:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2936:The Guardian
2934:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2909:
2896:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2826:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2746:. Retrieved
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:The Guardian
2718:
2680:
2674:
2657:
2651:
2638:
2632:
2612:
2586:. Retrieved
2571:
2564:
2549:
2541:
2527:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2480:. Retrieved
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2421:
2411:
2405:
2394:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2326:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2247:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2155:
2133:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:, pp.18-22,
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2038:13 September
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
2002:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1972:The Register
1970:
1943:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1882:
1855:Picocassette
1799:
1791:flash memory
1776:
1744:
1724:
1698:Commodore 64
1691:
1656:
1645:(1988), the
1639:
1637:
1633:One Plus One
1610:
1599:Home dubbing
1548:
1536:
1513:
1491:Applications
1479:
1463:
1440:
1432:
1396:
1382:
1352:
1349:
1329:
1302:
1293:
1273:
1264:portastudios
1249:
1245:
1230:
1227:
1214:
1155:
1131:
1123:equalization
1116:
1104:
1050:
1036:
1032:developed a
1018:ferric oxide
1015:
1003:
999:
995:
976:Busta Rhymes
957:
942:
923:
907:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:
857:
838:21st century
833:
822:
814:
771:
762:Gipsy rhumba
751:
739:Armed groups
734:
700:
688:Iron Curtain
685:
670:compact disc
658:
654:
647:
640:bonus tracks
633:
617:vinyl record
598:
594:Sony Walkman
576:
560:Dolby type B
552:
543:
539:
535:
529:
520:
503:8-track tape
500:
481:
476:
469:
465:
463:
450:
440:
434:
429:
422:
360:
345:
272:
267:
257:
253:Musicassette
252:
250:
222:
218:
217:, or simply
214:
210:
206:
204:
196:
36:
8216:SpeechMagic
7841:Respironics
7722:Music store
7717:Home cinema
7676:Robert Moog
7661:Max Mathews
7585:Piano tuner
7553:Professions
7529:Scorewriter
7486:Synthesizer
7302:Loudspeaker
6767:IBM 3570 MP
6732:LTO Ultrium
6684:IBM 7-track
6291:PCM adaptor
6279:X80/ProDigi
6273:Soundstream
6160:Cantata 700
6130:Grundig En3
5924:Magnetophon
5811:Peirce 265B
5675:Bandai 8ban
5542:Graphophone
5169:24 December
4944:CBS v. Ames
4840:25 February
4440:nactape.com
4390:3 September
4057:"Cassettes"
3916:9 September
3723:Tech Crunch
3689:22 November
3097:Jude Rogers
2882:(1–3): 12.
2773:History.com
2460:30 December
1807:MP3 players
1789:discs, and
1702:ZX Spectrum
1545:Home studio
1466:car stereos
1334:(from 1998
1270:Track width
1234:Tape length
1114:) coating.
964:independent
940:cassettes.
938:limited-run
880:black metal
876:death metal
727:blacklisted
705:throughout
625:shoplifting
470:Typ EL 3301
466:Typ EL 3300
461:, Belgium.
191:August 1963
184:August 1963
8375:Categories
8220:Video 2000
8212:Philishave
8131:Trimension
7980:Former and
7869:Liquavista
7860:Former and
7712:Home audio
7702:Audiophile
7519:GarageBand
7365:Live music
7307:Headphones
7271:Phonograph
7140:Microphone
7135:Headphones
7081:Electrical
7076:Mechanical
6849:DECtape II
6497:Yaboom Box
6485:MP3 player
6479:Sound chip
6297:DA-88/DTRS
6112:Stereo-Pak
6010:Stenorette
5890:Synchrofax
5740:Fantasound
5734:Photophone
5627:Pathé disc
5490:Music roll
5464:Mechanical
5400:Audio help
5391:2011-05-23
5207:Al Fasoldt
5139:20 January
5134:"BASICODE"
5117:30 October
5078:31 January
5049:30 October
5023:27 October
4761:16 October
4739:16 October
4613:Legacy Box
4497:22 October
3982:Mulann S.A
3552:28 January
3521:19 October
3499:26 January
3406:23 January
3381:19 October
2588:8 November
2064:10 October
1890:References
1870:Video 2000
1675:Datassette
1585:compansion
1532:journalism
1368:See also:
1091:) such as
1030:3M Company
986:Tape types
915:Pyral/RMGI
818:audiobooks
609:MP3 player
583:boom boxes
484:Telefunken
455:Lou Ottens
363:RCA Victor
346:After the
310:Precursors
238:Lou Ottens
70:Media type
8126:Streamium
8081:Ambilight
8034:TP Vision
7476:Sequencer
7403:PA system
7332:Subwoofer
7317:PA system
7251:Amplifier
7213:Hard disk
7130:Equalizer
6578:VinylDisc
6424:DVD-Audio
6319:cartridge
6136:Sabamobil
6100:3M Scotch
6058:Fidelipac
5985:cartridge
5966:3/4" tape
5936:1/2" tape
5930:1/4" tape
5774:cartridge
5770:Magnetic
5728:Movietone
5722:Tri-Ergon
5716:Phonofilm
5697:Dictabelt
5663:Long play
5657:Audograph
5454:Physical
5091:magazine.
4989:Pitchfork
4668:20 August
4623:12 August
4592:12 August
4275:(5): 239.
4235:14 August
4210:14 August
4206:. Discogs
4188:14 August
4163:14 August
3937:Billboard
3801:1 January
3779:14 August
3751:14 August
3729:14 August
3667:20 August
3657:Pitchfork
3452:Billboard
3059:14 August
3031:14 August
3009:12 August
2987:14 August
2965:14 August
2943:14 August
2778:14 August
2748:14 August
2726:14 August
2666:0006-2510
2658:Billboard
2335:0006-2510
2327:Billboard
2309:0006-2510
2300:Billboard
2231:20 August
2209:20 August
2187:6 October
2163:, Geneva.
2099:Fidelipac
1659:Personics
1506:Panasonic
1458:boomboxes
1424:Nakamichi
1391:Nakamichi
1308:car audio
1284:crosstalk
1081:magnetite
1051:In 1968,
858:Although
790:dictation
782:boomboxes
774:car audio
599:Like the
447:trademark
275:polyester
258:Although
127:Developed
122:Tape head
119:mechanism
109:Tape head
105:mechanism
8350:Category
8307:Carousel
8177:NMS-8250
8121:Sonicare
8064:products
8062:Brands,
8049:Lumileds
7901:PolyGram
7874:Magnavox
7524:ProTools
7501:Software
7491:Theremin
7431:Chiptune
7388:Foldback
7218:MiniDisc
6738:IBM 3592
6714:IBM 3590
6702:IBM 3480
6678:UNISERVO
6649:LINCtape
6643:IBM 7340
6560:CD Video
6491:HitClips
6448:BD-Audio
6442:DualDisc
6430:DataPlay
6400:MiniDisc
6178:PlayTape
5992:Optaphon
5556:Ediphone
5528:cylinder
5526:Grooved
5402: ·
5209:(1991).
5163:Archived
5110:Compute!
5074:. London
4586:Archived
4528:29 April
4450:16 March
4420:16 March
4341:Archived
3962:24 April
3637:11 March
3493:Wroom.ru
3472:Archived
3110:17 March
2915:27 April
2861:(8): 20.
2434:6 August
2013:9 August
1983:6 August
1977:Archived
1917:29 April
1911:Archived
1814:See also
1751:MiniDisc
1720:BASICODE
1447:Dolby HX
1290:Head gap
1144:Features
1106:adsorbed
960:dansband
802:mixtapes
741:such as
615:. Total
298:monaural
244:company
225:, is an
223:cassette
197:Lifespan
181:Released
167:Extended
153:Extended
93:Capacity
81:Encoding
8360:Commons
8276:Evoluon
8172:VG-8020
8167:VG-8010
8162:VG-8000
8145:Defunct
8116:ShoqBox
8091:Norelco
8074:Current
8014:Marantz
7999:Grundig
7982:defunct
7965:(19.9%)
7955:Current
7862:defunct
7814:Current
7798:Philips
7620:Tape op
7471:Sampler
7013:DDS/DAT
6984:Mammoth
6904:Helical
6696:9-track
6661:CDC 626
6655:DECtape
6623:formats
6548:U-matic
6521:MicroSD
6308:Digital
6232:Elcaset
6142:8-track
5972:3" tape
5960:2" tape
5954:1" tape
5576:(1890s)
5570:(1890s)
5564:(1890s)
5389: (
5360:minutes
5244:J&R
5191:19 July
4994:21 June
4917:4 April
4818:18 July
4067:30 July
4012:CDJapan
3860:13 July
3827:13 July
3605:26 July
3350:El País
3306:: 1–20.
2482:9 April
2180:Variety
2135:4 April
1945:17 June
1793:-based
1755:Dolby S
1651:Amstrad
1642:Amstrad
1613:dubbing
1581:Dolby B
1569:
1557:
1552:overdub
1528:Philips
1524:Mercury
1420:Marantz
1399:Pioneer
1260:Thomann
1207:⁄
1197:⁄
1183:⁄
1169:⁄
934:NCT 127
852:Myanmar
768:Decline
579:Walkman
532:Hanover
496:license
488:Grundig
474:Norelco
459:Hasselt
442:Norelco
305:History
287:⁄
246:Philips
189: (
135:Philips
8269:Places
8233:People
8157:VG5000
8111:Senseo
8019:Navteq
7734:(NIME)
7408:Reverb
7015:(1989)
6998:(1999)
6992:(1996)
6986:(1994)
6980:(1987)
6963:(2003)
6957:(19xx)
6951:(1995)
6945:(1992)
6928:(1992)
6924:Ampex
6921:(19xx)
6892:(1984)
6886:(1984)
6880:(1983)
6874:(1979)
6857:(1981)
6851:(1979)
6845:(1977)
6839:(1976)
6833:(1976)
6827:(1975)
6821:(1971)
6804:(1992)
6798:(1986)
6792:(1972)
6775:(1999)
6769:(1997)
6763:(1995)
6761:Travan
6746:(2006)
6744:T10000
6740:(2003)
6734:(2000)
6728:(2000)
6722:(1998)
6716:(1995)
6710:(1984)
6704:(1984)
6698:(1964)
6692:(1958)
6686:(1952)
6680:(1951)
6663:(1966)
6657:(1963)
6651:(1962)
6645:(1961)
6629:Linear
6580:(2007)
6574:(2001)
6568:(1991)
6562:(1987)
6556:(1986)
6550:(1971)
6544:(1967)
6535:Hybrid
6523:(2007)
6517:(2004)
6511:(2002)
6505:(2001)
6499:(1999)
6493:(2000)
6487:(1996)
6462:(2014)
6460:MQA-CD
6456:(2013)
6450:(2008)
6444:(2004)
6438:(2004)
6432:(2002)
6426:(2000)
6420:(1999)
6414:(1995)
6408:(1993)
6402:(1992)
6396:(1989)
6390:(1982)
6371:(1993)
6365:(1990)
6359:(1986)
6340:(1992)
6334:(1992)
6328:(1987)
6299:(1993)
6293:(1982)
6287:(1982)
6281:(1980)
6275:(1976)
6252:(1988)
6246:(1985)
6234:(1976)
6228:(1972)
6222:(1972)
6216:(1971)
6210:(1971)
6204:(1969)
6198:(1969)
6192:(1968)
6186:(1967)
6180:(1966)
6174:(1965)
6168:(1965)
6162:(1965)
6156:(1965)
6150:(1964)
6144:(1964)
6138:(1964)
6132:(1964)
6126:(1963)
6120:(1963)
6114:(1962)
6108:(1962)
6102:(1962)
6096:(1962)
6090:(1962)
6084:(1961)
6078:(1961)
6072:(1961)
6066:(1960)
6060:(1959)
6054:(1959)
6048:(1958)
6042:(1958)
6036:(1958)
6030:(1957)
6024:(1957)
6018:(1955)
6012:(1954)
6006:(1953)
6000:(1952)
5994:(1951)
5974:(1978)
5968:(1969)
5962:(1967)
5956:(1957)
5950:(1953)
5944:(1953)
5938:(1953)
5932:(1949)
5926:(1935)
5920:(1928)
5898:(1978)
5892:(1959)
5886:(1953)
5880:(1948)
5874:(1945)
5860:(1900)
5843:(1962)
5837:(1961)
5831:(1955)
5825:(1951)
5819:(1951)
5813:(1951)
5807:(1947)
5801:(1947)
5795:(1944)
5789:(1944)
5783:(1942)
5762:(1898)
5742:(1940)
5736:(1929)
5730:(1926)
5724:(1922)
5718:(1919)
5699:(1947)
5677:(2004)
5671:(1956)
5665:(1948)
5659:(1945)
5653:(1945)
5641:(1920)
5635:(1912)
5629:(1905)
5623:(1889)
5606:(1913)
5600:(1912)
5594:(1908)
5588:(1907)
5582:(1902)
5558:(1888)
5548:(1887)
5538:(1877)
5518:(1857)
5501:Analog
5492:(1883)
5486:(1881)
5268:. 2005
4966:
4946:(1982)
4934:(1988)
4347:2 July
4315:
4256:4 June
3890:4 June
3596:
3428:. 2005
3356:23 May
3327:
3242:
3217:
3186:
3160:
3133:
2855:Record
2833:
2687:
2664:
2620:
2579:
2361:
2333:
2307:
1835:J-card
1708:, and
1673:A C2N
1403:Sansui
1379:wound.
1101:Cobalt
1073:Advent
1053:DuPont
1034:cobalt
932:, and
930:SHINee
878:, and
854:(2006)
848:Yangon
800:, and
731:pirate
668:, but
294:stereo
227:analog
169:
155:
129:
117:
103:
8152:P2000
7971:(51%)
7826:Saeco
7686:STEIM
7681:SMPTE
7656:IRCAM
7121:(DAW)
6978:Data8
6943:ArVid
6917:Sony
6831:DC100
6819:D/CAS
6802:Ditto
6726:T9940
6720:T9840
6436:Hi-MD
6208:HiPac
5313:link)
5044:Antic
4384:(PDF)
4367:(PDF)
3992:6 May
3880:Slant
2643:(PDF)
2519:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
2122:(PDF)
1727:D/CAS
1627:sold
1593:mixer
1496:Audio
1346:Flaws
1336:EMTEC
1280:track
1188:, or
449:name
352:Ampex
260:other
242:Dutch
141:Usage
115:Write
8044:SSMC
8039:TSMC
7456:MIDI
7228:Opus
6961:SAIT
6566:ADAT
6454:HFPA
6412:HDCD
6369:SDDS
6285:DASH
5772:wire
5752:wire
5336:2006
5305:2006
5274:2006
5193:2019
5171:2021
5141:2008
5119:2013
5080:2012
5051:2013
5025:2013
5016:Byte
4996:2020
4964:ISBN
4919:2013
4897:2006
4842:2014
4820:2012
4763:2012
4741:2012
4719:2006
4692:2006
4670:2010
4625:2023
4594:2023
4530:2016
4499:2010
4473:2011
4452:2018
4422:2018
4392:2018
4349:2024
4313:ISBN
4258:2012
4237:2023
4212:2023
4190:2023
4165:2023
4139:2022
4069:2016
3994:2020
3964:2018
3918:2015
3892:2017
3862:2011
3829:2011
3803:2017
3781:2023
3753:2023
3731:2023
3691:2021
3669:2010
3639:2016
3607:2022
3594:ISBN
3554:2015
3523:2020
3501:2021
3434:2006
3408:2022
3383:2022
3376:RIAA
3358:2020
3325:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3158:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3112:2014
3083:2006
3061:2023
3033:2023
3011:2023
2989:2023
2967:2023
2945:2023
2917:2021
2831:ISBN
2780:2023
2750:2023
2728:2023
2685:ISBN
2662:ISSN
2618:ISBN
2590:2015
2577:ISBN
2484:2020
2462:2013
2436:2013
2423:Time
2359:ISBN
2331:ISSN
2305:ISSN
2233:2010
2211:2010
2189:2019
2137:2019
2084:HiFi
2066:2015
2040:2022
2015:2017
1985:2022
1947:2024
1919:2016
1787:CD-R
1777:The
1749:and
1526:and
1418:and
1340:Agfa
1332:BASF
1276:mono
1121:and
1119:bias
1077:BASF
1059:(CrO
974:and
966:and
919:BASF
810:CD-R
715:Shah
707:Iran
592:The
566:(CrO
492:Sony
486:and
219:tape
205:The
157:from
101:Read
8086:Hue
7223:MP3
7208:DAT
6996:VXA
6990:AIT
6955:DTF
6926:DST
6919:DIR
6796:SLR
6790:QIC
6773:ADR
6708:DLT
6406:DTS
6363:CDS
4309:585
3822:CNN
3276:doi
3211:113
2884:doi
2880:193
2805:doi
2556:129
2454:NOS
1865:VHS
1747:DAT
1706:MSX
1577:dbx
1539:SDR
1416:BIC
1410:or
1408:LED
1129:).
1093:TDK
1083:(Fe
1046:IEC
1020:(Fe
980:DIY
953:LPs
864:DIY
613:LPs
457:in
221:or
62:TDK
8377::
7565:DJ
6357:DD
6332:NT
5358:52
5291:.
5264:.
5242:.
5157:.
5107:.
5088:T3
5082:.
5068:.
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