Cassette tape - Knowledge (XXG)

1149: 1729:" cassette), a version dedicated solely for data storage, and used chiefly for hard disk backups and other types of data. Streamer cassettes look almost exactly the same as a standard cassette, with the exception of having a notch about one quarter-inch wide and deep situated slightly off-center at the top edge of the cassette. Streamer cassettes also have a re-usable write-protect tab on only one side of the top edge of the cassette, with the other side of the top edge having either only an open rectangular hole, or no hole at all. This is due to the entire one-eighth inch width of the tape loaded inside being used by a streamer cassette drive for the writing and reading of data, hence only one side of the cassette being used. Streamer cassettes can hold anywhere from 250 kilobytes to 600 megabytes of data. 1160:, although, because of the limitations of the cassette's size and speed, it initially compared poorly in quality. Unlike the 4-track stereo open-reel format, the two stereo tracks of each side lie adjacent to each other, rather than being interleaved with the tracks of the other side. This permitted monaural cassette players to play stereo recordings "summed" as mono tracks and permitted stereo players to play mono recordings through both speakers. The tape is 0.15 in (3.81 mm) wide, with each mono track 1.5 millimetres (0.059 in) wide, plus an unrecorded guard band between each track. In stereo, each track is further divided into a left and a right channel of 0.6 mm (0.024 in) each, with a gap of 0.3 mm (0.012 in). The tape moves past the playback head at 1323: 1239: 843: 320: 1738: 656:

dictionary at one point defining the term as such without reference to Sony—that the Austrian Supreme Court ruled in 2002 that Sony, which had not sought to have the publisher of that dictionary retract that definition, could not prevent other companies from using that name, as it had now become genericized. As a result of this, a number of Sony's competitors produced their own version of the Walkman. Others made their own branded tape players, like JVC, Panasonic, Sharp, and Aiwa, the second-largest producer of the devices.

1685: 334: 1534:, oral history, meeting and interview transcripts, audio-books, and so on. Police are still big buyers of cassette tapes, as some lawyers "don't trust digital technology for interviews". However, they are starting to give way to Compact Discs and more "compact" digital storage media. Prerecorded cassettes were also employed as a way of providing chemotherapy information to recently diagnosed cancer patients as studies found anxiety and fear often gets in the way of the information processing. 1670: 411: 1387: 1375: 581:, the TPS-L2, went on sale on 1 July 1979, as cassettes provided portability, which vinyl records could not. While portable radios and boom boxes had been around for some time, the Walkman was the first truly personal portable music player, one that not only allowed users to listen to music away from home, but to do so in private. According to the technology news website The Verge, "the world changed" on the day the TPS-L2 was released. Stereo tape decks and 589: 1501: 694: 1770: 47: 8346: 1477:

targeted at older drivers, were offered with the option of a cassette player, either by itself or sometimes in combination with a CD slot. Most new cars can still accommodate aftermarket cassette players, and the auxiliary jack advertised for MP3 players can be used also with portable cassette players, but 2011 was the first model year for which no American manufacturer offered factory-installed cassette players.

1453: 1483: 991: 5379: 383: 397: 642:. Willem Andriessen wrote that the development in technology allowed "hardware designers to discover and satisfy one of the collective desires of human beings all over the world, independent of region, climate, religion, culture, race, sex, age and education: the desire to enjoy music at any time, at any place, in any desired sound quality and almost at any wanted price". Critic 56: 479:. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone and Japan soon became the major source of recorders. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players. By the end of the 1960s, the cassette business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars. By the early 1970s the compact cassette machines were outselling other types of tape machines by a large margin. 8356: 7752: 1541:(Super Dynamic Range, also called XDR, or eXtended Dynamic Range) soundburst tones, at the beginning and end of the tape, heard in order of low frequency to high. These were used during SDR/XDR's duplication process to gauge the quality of the tape medium. Many consumers objected to these tones since they were not part of the recorded music. 1604: 1549:

In the simplest configuration, rather than playing a pair of stereo channels of each side of the cassette, the typical "portastudio" used a four-track tape head assembly to access four tracks on the cassette at once (with the tape playing in one direction). Each track could be recorded to, erased, or

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A common mechanical problem occurs when a defective player or resistance in the tape path causes insufficient tension on the take-up spool. This would cause the magnetic tape to be fed out through the bottom of the cassette and become tangled in the mechanism of the player. In these cases, the player

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Tape length usually is measured in minutes of total playing time. Many of the varieties of blank tape were C60 (30 minutes per side), C90 (45 minutes per side) and C120 (60 minutes per side). Maxell makes 150-minute cassettes (UR-150) - 75 minutes per side. The C46 and C60 lengths typically are 15 to

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in 2014. They reported that they had produced more than 10 million tapes in 2014 and that sales were up 20 percent the following year, their best year since they opened in 1969. In 2016, cassette sales in the United States rose by 74% to 129,000. In 2018, following several years of shortage, National

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audio tracks are available on the tape; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played or recorded when the tape is moving in one direction and the second (pair) when moving in the other direction. This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the cassette when the tape comes to an end, or

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that producing equipment that facilitated the dubbing of cassettes, in this case a high-speed twin cassette deck that allowed one cassette to be copied directly onto another, did not constitute copyright infringement by the manufacturer. In a similar case, a shop owner who rented cassettes and sold

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iron oxide (Avilyn) was introduced by TDK in 1974 and proved very successful. "Type IV" tapes using pure metal particles (as opposed to oxide formulations) were introduced in 1979 by 3M under the trade name Metafine. The tape coating on most cassettes sold as of 2024 are either "normal" or "chrome"

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and smartphones, and generally are more reliable than the FM transmitters that must be used to adapt CD players and digital audio players to car stereo systems. Digital audio players shaped as cassettes have also become available, which can be inserted into any cassette player and communicate with

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Many will recall fiddling around with volume controls on their computer cassette decks in the hope that Manic Miner would actually load and not crash after 30 minutes of listening to beeps and crackles. ... 'I remember listening to Elite load on the BBC Micro for half an hour, only for it to

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used very reliable, but slow, digital encoding. In some countries, including the United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, and the Netherlands, cassette data storage was so popular that some radio stations would broadcast computer programs that listeners could record onto cassette and then load into their

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obsolete in car installations because of space, performance, and audio quality. In the 1990s and 2000s, as the cost of building CD players declined, many manufacturers offered a CD player. The CD player eventually supplanted the cassette deck as standard equipment, but some cars, especially those

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were developed to provide an economical and clear way to obtain CD functionality in vehicles equipped with cassette decks but no CD player. A portable CD player would have its analog line-out connected to the adapter, which in turn fed the signal to the head of the cassette deck. These adapters

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As with prerecorded reel-to-reel and 8-track, sales were slow to start, but picked up rapidly to tie with the 8-track before superseding it by the early '70s. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million mono and stereo players. By the end of the 1960s, the cassette business was worth an

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and enclosing it, with its reels, in a small case (cartridge)—hence "cassette". These spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell which is 4 by 2.5 by 0.5 inches (10.2 cm × 6.35 cm × 1.27 cm) at its largest dimensions. The tape itself is

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Between 1985, when cassettes overtook vinyl, and 1992, when they were overtaken by CDs (introduced in 1983 as a format that offered greater storage capacity and more accurate sound), the cassette tape was the most popular format in the United States and the UK. Record labels experimented with

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Cassettes' ability to allow users to record content in public also led to a boom in bootleg cassettes made at live shows in the 1980s. The Walkman dominated the decade, selling up to 350 million units. So synonymous did the name "Walkman" become with all portable music players—with a German

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in many countries such as the United Kingdom (where 8-bit software was mostly sold on cassette until that market disappeared altogether in the early 1990s). Reliability of cassettes for data storage is inconsistent, with many users recalling repeated attempts to load video games; the

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By 1993, annual shipments of CD players had reached 5 million, up 21% from the year before; while cassette player shipments had dropped 7% to approximately 3.4 million. Sales of pre-recorded music cassettes in the US dropped from 442 million in 1990 to 274,000 by 2007. For

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Different interpretations of the cassette standard resulted in a 4 dB ambiguity at 16 kHz. Technically, both camps in this debate were still within the original cassette specification as no tolerance for frequency response is provided above 12.5 kHz and all

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Tapematic 2002 audio cassette loaders, used to wind ("load") magnetic tape from tape reels ("pancakes") in the machine into empty cassette tape shells (known as C-0s or C-Zeros). The C-0s have just leader which is cut into two and the tape is attached to the leader, then

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process combined with a double-coating technique to enhance overall tape output levels. This product was marketed as "High Energy" under its Scotch brand of recording tapes. Inexpensive cassettes commonly are labeled "low-noise", but typically are not optimized for high

690:, creating a foothold for Western culture among the younger generations. Likewise, in Egypt cassettes empowered an unprecedented number of people to create culture, circulate information, and challenge ruling regimes before the internet became publicly accessible. 1247:

16 micrometers (0.59 to 0.63 mils) thick, but C90s are 10 to 11 μm (0.39 to 0.43 mils) and (the less common) C120s are just 6 μm (0.24 mils) thick, rendering them more susceptible to stretching or breakage. Even C180 tapes were available at one point.

955:, started selling new pre-recorded cassettes (both new and old albums), blank cassettes, and players. In 2016, cassette sales increased, a trend that continued in 2017 and 2018. In the UK, sales of cassette tapes in 2021 reached its highest number since 2003. 1654:

blank tapes was not liable for copyright infringement even though it was clear that his customers likely were dubbing them at home. In both cases, the courts held that manufacturers and retailers could not be held accountable for the actions of consumers.

1762:(DCC), a DAT-like tape in almost the same shell as a Compact Cassette. It was aimed primarily at the consumer market. A DCC deck could play back both types of cassettes. Unlike DAT, which was accepted in professional usage because it could record without 627:; compact cassettes were small enough that a thief could easily place one inside a pocket and walk out of a shop without being noticed. To prevent this, retailers in the US would place cassettes inside oversized "spaghetti box" containers or locked 1294:

The head-gap width is 2 μm which gives a theoretical maximum frequency of about 12 kHz (at the standard speed of 1 7/8 ips or 4.76 cm/s). A narrower gap would give a higher frequency limit but also weaker magnetization.

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models eventually were standardized as a front-loading door into which a cassette would be loaded. Later models would adopt electronic buttons, and replace conventional meters (which could be "pegged" when overloaded) with electronic

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In the early 1960s Philips Eindhoven tasked two different teams to design a tape cartridge for thinner and narrower tape compared to what was used in reel-to-reel tape recorders. By 1962, the Vienna division of Philips developed a

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themselves and create simple multitrack recordings easily, which could then be mixed down to a finished stereo version on an external machine. To increase audio quality in these recorders, the tape speed sometimes was doubled to

1006:; note the removal of the tabs on the second of these, meaning the tape is write-protected. Type III was a combination of Types I and II but never gained the popularity of the other three types and was made obsolete by Type IV. 490:(with their DC International format ) in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers. Philips' Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of 890:

Sony announced the end of cassette Walkman production on 22 October 2010, a result of the emergence of MP3 players such as Apple's iPod. As of 2022, Sony uses the Walkman brand solely for its line of digital media players.

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However, the system had been designed initially for dictation and portable use, with the audio quality of early players not well suited for music. Some early models also had an unreliable mechanical design. In 1971, the

1623:". However, many claimed that the medium was ideal for spreading new music and would increase sales, and strongly defended their right to copy at least their own records onto tape. For a limited time in the early 1980s 1148: 570:) tape, with a commercial-grade tape transport mechanism supplied by the Wollensak camera division of 3M Corporation. This resulted in the format being taken more seriously for musical use, and started the era of 1757:

recorders marking the peak of Compact Cassette technology. Anticipating the switch from analog to digital format, major companies, such as Sony, shifted their focus to new media. In 1992, Philips introduced the

756:, drawing criticism from conservatives while at the same time creating a huge market for legitimate recording companies, as well as pirated tapes. Some sales channels were associated with cassettes: in Spain 1215:

Very simple cassette recorders for dictation purposes did not tightly control tape speed and relied on playback on a similar device to maintain intelligible recordings. For accurate reproduction of music, a

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stated in 2009, "I only listen to cassettes." By 2019, few companies still made cassettes. Among those are National Audio Company, from the US, and Mulann, also known as Recording The Masters, from France.

4041: 664:, called a "cassingle", was also part of this era and featured a music single in Compact Cassette form. Until 2005, cassettes remained the dominant medium for purchasing and listening to music in some 4363: 804:

well into the decade. Cassette players were typically more resistant to shocks than CD players, and their lower fidelity was not considered a serious drawback in mobile use. With the introduction of

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Notches on the top surface of the Compact Cassette indicate its type. The rear-most cassette at the top of this picture, with only write-protect notches (here covered by write-protect tabs), is

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Simple voice recorders and earlier cassette decks are designed to work with standard ferric formulations. Newer tape decks usually are built with switches and later detectors for the different

1212:-inch 4-track consumer format used tape that is 0.248 inches (6.3 mm) wide, each track .043 in (1.1 mm) wide, and running at either twice or four times the speed of a cassette. 585:

became some of the most highly sought-after consumer products of both decades, as the ability of users to take their music with them anywhere with ease led to its popularity around the globe.

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Because of consumer demand, the cassette has remained influential on design, more than a decade after its decline as a media mainstay. As the Compact Disc grew in popularity, cassette-shaped

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During the early 1980s some record labels sought to solve this problem by introducing new, larger packages for cassettes which would allow them to be displayed alongside vinyl records and

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Magnetic tape is not an ideal medium for long-term archival storage, as it begins to degrade after 10 – 20 years, with some experts estimating its lifespan to be no more than 30 years.

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In a mono arrangement, each track is 1.5mm per side across the 3.8mm tape width. For stereo, the left and right tracks are only 0.6mm apiece, with 0.3mm separation to avoid crosstalk.

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above 12.5 kHz are considered optional. Decreasing noise at 16 kHz also decreases the maximum signal level at 16 kHz, the High-Frequency Dynamics stay almost constant.

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ease of use, and a nostalgic fondness for how the format's imperfections lend greater vibrancy to low-fi, experimental music, despite the lack of the "full-bodied richness" of vinyl.

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company installed booths in record stores across America that allowed customers to make personalized mixtapes from a digitally encoded back-catalogue with customised printed covers.

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in/s) as playback quality was not critical. The cassette soon became a medium for distributing prerecorded music—initially through the Philips Record Company (and subsidiary labels

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notches, Type II have an additional pair next to the write protection ones, and Type IV (metal) have a third set near the middle of the top of the cassette shell. These allow later

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innovative packaging designs. A designer during the era explained: "There was so much money in the industry at the time, we could try anything with design." The introduction of the

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removed the phrase "cassette player" from its 12th edition Concise version, which prompted some media sources to mistakenly report that the term "cassette tape" was being removed.

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converts the electrical signals to be read by the tape head, while mechanical gears simulate reel to reel movement without actual tapes when driven by the player mechanism.

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was widely recognized as one of the first companies to create decks that rivaled reel-to-reel decks with full 20–20,000 Hz frequency response, low noise, and very low

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If the cassette is held with one of the labels facing the user and the tape opening at the bottom, the write-protect notch for the corresponding side is at the top-left.

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Andriessen, Willem (1999). ""THE WINNER": Compact Cassette. A Commercial and Technological Look Back at the Greatest Success Story in the History of Audio Up to Now".

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The cassette quickly found use in the commercial music industry. One artifact found on some commercially produced music cassettes was a sequence of test tones, called

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In South Korea, the early English education boom for toddlers encourages a continuous demand for English language cassettes, as of 2011, due to the affordable cost.

8435: 5239: 3266:[Music and "clandestinidad" During the Time of the Chilean Dictatorship: Repression and the Circulation of Music of Resistance and Clandestine Cassettes]. 722: 686:

Compact cassettes served as catalysts for social change. Their small size, durability and ease of copying helped bring underground rock and punk music behind the

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varied widely. Auto manufacturers in the US typically would fit a cassette slot into their standard large radio faceplates. Europe and Asia would standardize on

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Audio Company began producing their own magnetic tape, becoming the world's first known manufacturer of an all-new tape stock. Mulann, a company which acquired

358:. First used in studios to record radio programs, tape recorders quickly found their way into schools and homes. By 1953, 1 million US homes had tape machines. 4152: 772:

Despite sales of CDs overtaking those of prerecorded cassettes in the early 1990s in the U.S., the format remained popular for specific applications, such as

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Floppy disk storage had become the standard data storage medium in the United States by the mid-1980s; for example, by 1983 the majority of software sold by

1011: 7670: 2874: 1338:) patented the Special Mechanism or Security Mechanism advertised with the abbreviation SM in the early 1970s, which was temporarily used under license by 1110:

consists of ferric oxide and cobalt mixed in varying ratios (and using various processes); there are very few cassettes on the market that use a pure (CrO

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In 2010, Botswana-based Diamond Studios announced plans for establishing a plant to mass-produce cassettes in a bid to combat piracy. It opened in 2011.

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inches per second (4.76 cm/s), the speed being a continuation of the increasingly slower speed series in open-reel machines operating at 30, 15,

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in 1981, cited the proliferation of personal stereos as well as extra tracks not available on LP as reasons for the surge in popularity of cassettes.

6604: 3843: 1797:, the phenomenon of "home taping" has effectively switched to recording to a Compact Disc or downloading from commercial or music-sharing websites. 900:

National Audio Company in Missouri, the largest of the few remaining manufacturers of audio cassettes in the US, oversaw the mass production of the

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estimated 150 million dollars. By the early 1970s the compact cassette machines were outselling other types of tape machines by a large margin.

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largely supplanted the full-sized cassette in situations where voice-level fidelity is all that is required, such as in dictation machines and

1322: 820:, the final year that cassettes represented more than 50% of total market sales was 2002 when they were replaced by CDs as the dominant media. 4575: 2417: 7731: 4967: 4316: 3328: 3243: 3161: 3134: 2834: 2688: 2621: 436: 2570: 435:

Philips selected the two-spool cartridge as a winner and introduced the 2-track 2-direction mono version in Europe on 28 August 1963 at the

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by lowering the noise level and increasing the maximum signal level before distortion occurs. Multi-track cassette recorders with built-in

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Montoya Arias, Luis Omar; Díaz Güemez, Marco Aurelio (12 September 2017). "Etnografía de la música mexicana en Chile: Estudio de caso".

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often featured a display selling cassettes. While offering also mainstream music these cassettes became associated with genres such as

8415: 8321: 3218: 2580: 2362: 4833: 4405: 1619:), their friends' records, or music from the radio. This practice was condemned by the music industry with such alarmist slogans as " 1587:(compression of the signal during recording with equal and opposite expansion of the signal during playback), which yields increased 1449:"head room extension" system for reliably reducing tape saturation effects at high frequencies while maintaining higher bias levels. 1220:

incorporating a capstan and pinch roller system was used, to ensure tape passed over the record/playback heads at a constant speed.

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In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of

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Patent EP 0078997 A2 – Bandkassette mit einem Aufzeichnungsträger mit Magnetspur und Echolöscheinrichtungen für solche Bandkassetten

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Cassette tapes are made of a polyester-type plastic film with a magnetic coating. The original magnetic material was based on gamma

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British record labels began releasing compact cassettes in October 1967, and they exploded as a mass-market medium after the first

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in the 2000s, the Walkman defined the portable music market for the decade of the '80s, with cassette sales overtaking those of

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and Phillips cassette diagrams on p.21; extensive expert discussion of cassette, and comparisons to competitors, on pp.21-22.)

7043: 4486: 1933: 908: 672:(CD) technology had superseded the Compact Cassette in the vast majority of music markets throughout the world by this time. 3718: 1910: 1250:

Other lengths are (or were) also available from some vendors, including C10, C12 and C15 (useful for saving data from early

5288: 7450: 7075: 6284: 5585: 3263: 3002: 1632: 1238: 7645: 7470: 7387: 7311: 7149: 6459: 5384: 5261: 1620: 559: 6553: 6003: 5403: 3396: 8425: 8385: 7845: 7665: 7080: 6264: 5438: 5247: 4112: 3264:"Música y clandestinidad en dictadura: la represión, la circulación de músicas de resistencia y el casete clandestino" 785: 319: 6081: 5792: 3985: 1002:. The bottom two cassettes, featuring the Type II notches plus an additional pair in the center of the cassette, are 4515: 4156: 3514: 2959:"As Apple kills off the iPod ... here are 5 other pieces of beloved tech we've said goodbye to in the past 20 years" 1737: 842: 8280: 7820: 7412: 7321: 6836: 6772: 6660: 6620: 6387: 6368: 1411: 805: 5877: 4203: 3817: 2768: 1282:

width is 1.5 mm. In stereo mode each channel has width of 0.6 mm with a 0.3 mm separation to avoid

550:, a US affiliate of Philips, introduced M.C. to the US in July 1966. The initial offering consisted of 49 titles. 8430: 8420: 8105: 8063: 7635: 7533: 7513: 7354: 7179: 7118: 7036: 6989: 6960: 6795: 6171: 5971: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5228:

Gijs Moes (31 October 1996). "Successor of cassette failed: Philips stops production of DCC". Eindhovens Dagblad.

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are most common today, analog tape remains a desirable option for certain artists and consumers. Underground and

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Jordán González, Laura (2019). "Chile: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice". In Sturman, Janet (ed.).

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and signal routing features ranged from easy-to-use beginner units up to professional-level recording systems.

1518:. In this capacity, some later-model cassette-based dictation machines could also run the tape at half speed (⁄ 301:

by the reversal of tape movement, known as "auto-reverse", when the mechanism detects that the tape has ended.

174: 6225: 6075: 5871: 5840: 5154: 1785:. Microcassettes have in turn given way to digital recorders of various descriptions. Since the rise of cheap 6153: 5834: 4884: 3024: 1393:

RX-505 cassette deck. It has an auto reverse feature that rotates the cassette, hence the bump in the middle.

1342:. This feature each includes a rail to guide the tape to the spool and prevent an unclean roll from forming. 8405: 7144: 6948: 6925: 6743: 6725: 6719: 6237: 6183: 4854:

Aston, Val. "Chemotherapy Information for Patients and their Families: Audio Cassettes, a New Way Forward".

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circles, out of a fondness for the format. Even among major-label stars, the form has at least one devotee:

5399: 4333:"Which Type of Audio Cassette Tape is Right for You : Type 1, 2 or 4 ? - Cassette Player Culture" 1966: 8400: 8380: 8095: 7925: 6871: 6789: 6201: 6027: 5786: 5727: 5455: 5431: 2154: 1819: 1693: 1684: 730: 623:

achieved popularity for a period in the 1990s. Another barrier to cassettes overtaking vinyl in sales was

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inch (0.125 in; 3.17 mm) wide, but actually slightly larger, at 0.15 inches (3.81 mm). Two

73: 6015: 5828: 5822: 4984: 4008:"Eien no Motto Hate Made / Wakusei ni Naritai [Cassette Tape] [Limited Edition / Type C]" 3853: 1048:

Type I tapes have been marketed specifically as better suited for data storage than for sound recording.

255:), or as a fully recordable "blank" cassette. Both forms have two sides and are reversible by the user. 8023: 7781: 7402: 7316: 5997: 5644: 2714: 2054: 1801: 1580: 1576: 1303: 1126: 718: 6093: 6021: 3766: 3683:"French firm opens factory making first cassettes since 1990s after artists like Taylor Swift go retro" 333: 5883: 5780: 4755: 4082: 2174: 1669: 1472:. In the 1980s, a high-end installation would have a Dolby AM/FM cassette deck, and they rendered the 958:

Cassettes are favored by some artists and listeners, including those of older genres of music such as

7543: 7508: 7154: 7129: 7012: 6824: 6508: 6362: 6117: 6063: 6051: 6045: 5857: 5597: 4181: 4128:"Let's get physical: new BPI report shows vinyl & cassettes sales surge, decline of the CD slows" 3936: 3660: 2299: 2028: 1806: 1794: 1122: 789: 425: 6393: 6189: 5965: 5816: 4710: 4332: 1414:, with level controls typically being controlled by either rotary controls or side-by-side sliders. 8201: 8003: 7227: 6954: 6889: 6842: 6766: 6707: 6502: 6470: 6147: 6069: 5991: 5551: 5535: 5527: 4580: 2449: 2427: 1714: 1398: 1369: 410: 6033: 5804: 5798: 4616: 3421: 1258:), C30, C40, C50, C54, C64, C70, C74, C80, C84, C94, C100, C105, C110, and C150. As late as 2010, 808:

it became possible to use portable CD players on the go, and automotive CD players became viable.

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effects, DCC failed in home, mobile and professional environments, and was discontinued in 1996.

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was said to have "eaten" or "chewed" the tape, often destroying the playability of the cassette.

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allow external audio sources to be played back from any tape player, but were typically used for

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Technical development of the cassette effectively ceased when digital recordable media, such as

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In India, music continued to be released on the cassette format due to its low cost until 2009.

5104: 921:, also started production of its new cassette tape stock in 2018, basing on reel tape formula. 588: 8331: 7883: 7465: 7349: 7326: 7187: 6854: 6307: 6141: 5620: 4963: 4808: 4312: 4308: 4302: 3593: 3587: 3324: 3239: 3214: 3183: 3157: 3130: 3051: 2830: 2684: 2661: 2617: 2576: 2358: 2330: 2304: 1824: 1782: 1763: 1515: 1508: 1442: 1415: 1255: 967: 963: 866:

communities release regularly, and sometimes exclusively, on cassette format, particularly in

702: 616: 612: 510: 4661: 3455: 1125:

requirements for higher grade tapes. The most common are iron oxide tapes (as defined by the

827:

Four years prior, Sony had stopped the production of personal cassette players. In 2011, the

8359: 8349: 8244: 8196: 7774: 7640: 7579: 7538: 7445: 7422: 7392: 7237: 7197: 7067: 7059: 6731: 6689: 6165: 6123: 5889: 5638: 5626: 5603: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5500: 5310: 4643: 3275: 2883: 2804: 2224: 1500: 1435: 1133: 1056: 948: 693: 681: 600: 2303:. Vol. 79, no. 44. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 4 November 1967. pp. 1, 72. 1262:

still offered C10, C20, C30 and C40 IEC Type II tape cassettes for use with 4- and 8-track

1132:

Notches on top of the cassette shell indicate the type of tape. Type I cassettes have only

990: 701:

One of the political uses of cassette tapes was the dissemination of sermons by the exiled

8316: 8290: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8090: 7930: 7920: 7910: 7905: 7614: 7589: 7574: 7475: 7460: 7435: 7164: 7159: 6701: 6514: 6105: 5917: 5463: 5292: 5070: 5015: 4413: 4301:

Werner Abelshauser; Wolfgang von Hippel; Jeffrey Allan Johnson; Raymond G. Stokes (2003).

3475: 2422: 1844: 1769: 1709: 1638:

Various legal cases arose surrounding the dubbing of cassettes. In the UK, in the case of

1612: 1530:

in the US). As of 2009, one still found cassettes used for a variety of purposes, such as

1527: 1523: 1427: 1402: 1079:, the inventor and longtime manufacturer of magnetic recording tape. Next, coatings using 937: 793: 777: 757: 661: 620: 354:, using equipment obtained in Germany as a starting point, began commercial production of 350:, magnetic tape recording technology proliferated across the world. In the United States, 251:

Compact Cassettes come in two forms, either containing content as a prerecorded cassette (

3468: 2156:

International standard IEC 60094-7: Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems

998:. The next cassette down, with additional notches adjacent to the write-protect tabs, is 5214: 4097: 453:

came a year later. The team of Dutch and Belgian origin at Philips was led by the Dutch

8326: 8311: 8254: 8156: 8100: 8008: 7650: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7559: 7377: 7372: 7108: 6520: 6417: 6249: 6213: 5759: 5733: 5656: 5591: 5579: 5555: 1938: 1849: 1646: 1624: 1607:

A Magnavox dual deck recorder with high-speed dubbing. Doors are open showing capstans.

1592: 1473: 1217: 971: 883: 863: 859: 797: 631:, either of which would significantly inhibit browsing, thus reducing cassette sales. 273:

Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools, between which the magnetically coated,

80: 2887: 1152:

Visualization of the magnetic field on a stereo cassette containing a 1kHz audio tone.

46: 8374: 8285: 8259: 8249: 8151: 7835: 7737: 7706: 7407: 7341: 7285: 7255: 7192: 7169: 7103: 6883: 6877: 6801: 6589: 6541: 6356: 6348: 6331: 6316: 6195: 5982: 5909: 5707: 5668: 5515: 5087: 3318: 2611: 2089: 1839: 1778: 1588: 1363: 1251: 1137: 944: 943:

In the mid-to-late 2010s, cassette sales saw a modest resurgence concurrent with the

925: 871: 571: 530:

The mass production of "blank" (not yet recorded) Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in

388:

Operating instructions for the Philips/Norelco Cartridge Tape Carry-Corder 150 (1964)

355: 263: 229: 85: 3280: 3074: 2853:

Gans, David (June 1983). "Packaging Innovations Raise Cassettes' In-store Profile".

2660:. Vol. 78, no. 29. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 16 July 1966. p. 69. 2532: 2329:. Vol. 79, no. 14. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 8 April 1967. p. 18. 2202: 1688:

A streamer cassette for data storage, adapted from the audio Compact Cassette format

1452: 619:

sales remained higher well into the 1980s due to greater sales of singles, although

8239: 8206: 8191: 8186: 8181: 7988: 7480: 7440: 7382: 7275: 7245: 7202: 7124: 6695: 6243: 5650: 5483: 5477: 5423: 4520: 4250: 3932:"U.S. Cassette Album Sales Increased by 74% in 2016, Led by 'Guardians' Soundtrack" 3610: 2935: 2719: 2125: 2102: 1971: 1854: 1790: 1725:

The cassette was adapted into what is called a streamer cassette (also known as a "

1697: 1482: 1140:

to detect the tape type automatically and select the proper bias and equalization.

1096: 1017: 975: 824: 761: 753: 729:

music or music that was by other reasons not available as records was shared. Some

726: 687: 669: 635: 628: 593: 502: 347: 226: 145: 4870: 4490: 2555: 1906: 1383:

The first cassette machines (e.g. the Philips EL 3300, introduced in August 1963)

737:

that have in retrospect received praise for their contributions to popular music.

5367: 3795: 2246: 277:-type plastic film (magnetic tape) is passed and wound—essentially miniaturizing 8085: 7840: 7721: 7716: 7675: 7660: 7584: 7569: 7528: 7485: 7301: 6683: 6290: 6272: 6159: 6099: 5923: 5541: 5296: 4791: 4571: 4556: 3952:"The world was running out of cassette tape. Now it's being made in Springfield" 3722: 3705:"National Audio Company now has a cassette-making competitor. They're in France" 3569:"Oxford Dictionary Removes 'Cassette Tape,' Gets Sound Lashing From Audiophiles" 3096: 2772: 1701: 1538: 1263: 1095:'s Audua were produced in an attempt to approach or exceed the sound quality of 879: 875: 639: 624: 555: 241: 17: 5184: 5133: 8219: 8211: 8130: 7868: 7711: 7701: 7518: 7306: 7270: 7139: 7134: 6484: 6478: 6111: 5739: 5545: 5489: 5206: 5039: 4007: 1869: 1696:

was on floppy. Cassette remained more popular for 8-bit computers such as the

1674: 1531: 1465: 1105: 1029: 933: 608: 483: 454: 362: 237: 55: 3907:"This Company Is Still Making Audio Cassettes and Sales Are Better Than Ever" 2665: 2334: 2308: 464:

Philips also offered a machine to play and record the cassettes, the Philips

8125: 8080: 8033: 7331: 7250: 6577: 6423: 6135: 6057: 5721: 5715: 5696: 5662: 5471: 3177: 3151: 2098: 1658: 1584: 1505: 1423: 1390: 1307: 1283: 1118: 1080: 952: 817: 812:

drives and media also became affordable for consumers around the same time.

781: 773: 446: 396: 274: 108: 4684: 4516:"Happy 50th birthday, Compact Cassette: How it struck a chord for millions" 3371: 270:

is normally used to refer to the Compact Cassette because of its ubiquity.

5085:

continually fail at 98 per cent complete,' recalls Luke Peters, editor of

4545: 3478:(also includes some historical perspective in the 1950s by Marianne Roney) 505:

and kept improving. The Compact Cassette went on to become a popular (and

8176: 8120: 8048: 7900: 7873: 7523: 7500: 7490: 7430: 7217: 6737: 6713: 6677: 6642: 6559: 6490: 6447: 6441: 6429: 6399: 6177: 5109: 2548: 1750: 1719: 1469: 1446: 1275: 959: 582: 297: 2825:

Paul du Gay; Stuart Hall; Linda Janes; Hugh Mackay; Keith Negus (1997).

1967:"Are You for Reel? How the Compact Cassette Struck a Chord for Millions" 1456:

Radio–cassette players of the design also called "ghetto-blasters" and "

970:, some of whom were releasing new music on tape by the 2020s, including 402:

One of the first cassette recorders from Philips, the Typ EL 3302 (1968)

8275: 8115: 8013: 7998: 7797: 7619: 7364: 6848: 6654: 6547: 6278: 6231: 5691: 5387:

was created from a revision of this article dated 23 May 2011

1754: 1650: 1641: 1616: 1551: 1457: 1419: 851: 801: 578: 531: 495: 487: 473: 458: 441: 245: 134: 5411: 4443: 3346:"Las cintas de casete pasan de la gasolinera a la Biblioteca Nacional" 764:, light music and joke tapes that were common in the 1970s and 1980s. 8110: 8018: 6760: 4304:

German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company

3488: 2808: 1834: 1100: 1052: 1033: 929: 847: 5243: 1603: 7028: 3538:"Reports of the death of the cassette tape are greatly exaggerated" 2418:"Rewound: On its 50th birthday, the cassette tape is still rolling" 7825: 7685: 7655: 6983: 6977: 6942: 6830: 6818: 6435: 6296: 6207: 4465: 2906:"The Pop Life; Cassettes Now Have Material Not Available On Disks" 1768: 1736: 1726: 1683: 1668: 1602: 1499: 1481: 1451: 1385: 1373: 1335: 1321: 1237: 1147: 989: 841: 692: 587: 351: 96:

Most commonly 30, 45, and 60 minutes per side (C60, C90, and C120)

4888: 4576:"Digitize Those Memory-Filled Cassettes before They Disintegrate" 2495: 2493: 2153:"Part 7: Cassette for commercial tape records and domestic use". 1753:, were introduced in the late 1980s and early-to-mid 1990s, with 1615:) the owner's records (as backup, to play in the car, or to make 638:, or giving them a further market advantage over vinyl by adding 8038: 7455: 6648: 6565: 6411: 5771: 5751: 3876:"Meet The Owner Of America's Last Awesome Cassette Tape Factory" 1786: 1741:

Size comparison of Elcaset (left) with standard Compact Cassette

1339: 1331: 1076: 918: 809: 714: 706: 491: 7770: 7032: 6593: 5427: 2742:"40 years ago, the Sony Walkman changed how we listen to music" 1422:

briefly offered models that could be run at double speeds, but

7222: 6995: 1864: 1705: 1407: 1092: 979: 823:

The last new car with an available cassette player was a 2014

365:

introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, reel-to-reel

61: 3320:

Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India

2533:"Grundig C 100 and the early history of the Compact Cassette" 713:, in which Khomeini urged the overthrow of the regime of the 5365: 546:; M.C. for short) were launched in Europe in late 1965. The 7564: 4959:

Office Management: Developing Skills for Smooth Functioning

3719:"End Of An Era: Sony Stops Manufacturing Cassette Walkmans" 7766: 5262:"Phonograph records and prerecorded audio tapes and disks" 3101:"Total rewind: 10 key moments in the life of the cassette" 2931:"Total rewind: 10 key moments in the life of the cassette" 1657:

As an alternative to home dubbing, in the late 1980s, the

978:. Reasons cited for this include tradition, low cost, the 2616:. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 1571: inches per second, in comparison to the standard 1⁄ 1202:

inches per second. For comparison, the typical open-reel

4027:"SHINee Vol. 5 - 1 of 1 (Cassette Tape Limited Edition)" 3796:"Zimbabwe: Diamond Studios to Commission Cassette Plant" 3515:"Sony kills the cassette Walkman on the iPod's birthday" 3236:

The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture

1611:

Most cassettes were sold blank, and used for recording (

1514:

The Compact Cassette originally was intended for use in

262:

tape cassette formats have also existed—for example the

5417: 4489:. Thomann U.K. International Cyperstore. Archived from 4204:"Popular/Major Releases on Cassette [2021 NEW]" 3025:"Rewind! A guide to the best portable cassette players" 2287:. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, p.506 1330:

In order to wind up the tape more reliably, the former

1063:) manufacturing process, began commercialization of CrO 282:

commonly referred to as "eighth-inch" tape, supposedly

4153:"Vad händer med dansbandsutgivningen när Bert säljer?" 3592:(4 ed.). New Delhi: Sage India. pp. 184–90. 3300:

Revista Electrónica de Divulgación de la Investigación

749:(MIR) made use of cassettes to spread their messages. 5185:"Streamer Cassette (D/CAS) (late 1980s – late 1990s)" 4734:"Cassette Equalization: The 4 dB ambiguity at 16 kHz" 4113:"UK cassette sales grew by 90% in first half of 2018" 3179:

Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt

3153:

Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt

2827:

Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman

2610:

Eric D. Daniel; C. Dennis Mee; Mark H. Clark (1999).

2476:"Compact Cassette supremo Lou Ottens talks to El Reg" 1934:"Opinion: Our Misplaced Nostalgia for Cassette Tapes" 1883:

High Bias: The Distorted History of the Cassette Tape

248:, the Compact Cassette was released in August 1963. 5420:, an online collection of blank audio tape cassettes 2285:

Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World

1999:"Learn about Tabs-In or Tabs-Out Shells and Leaders" 1401:'s angled cassette bay and the exposed bays of some 8299: 8268: 8232: 8144: 8073: 8061: 7979: 7954: 7945: 7859: 7813: 7804: 7694: 7628: 7552: 7499: 7421: 7363: 7340: 7294: 7236: 7178: 7094: 7066: 7005: 6970: 6935: 6910: 6903: 6864: 6811: 6782: 6753: 6670: 6635: 6628: 6534: 6469: 6378: 6347: 6315: 6306: 6263: 5981: 5905: 5850: 5769: 5749: 5706: 5684: 5613: 5525: 5508: 5499: 5462: 2981:"'Walkman' has become generic, rules Supreme Court" 2793:Hoogendoorn, A (1994). "Digital Compact Cassette". 558:introduced their Model 201 tape deck that combined 180: 166: 152: 140: 126: 114: 100: 92: 79: 69: 5324:"C@MP CP-UF32/64 a New Portable Mp3-Player Review" 4911:"Island Records launched 'One Plus One' cassettes" 3818:"Pause and Rewind: Zimbabwe's Audio Cassette Boom" 3448:"Tape Echo: Specialty labels keep cassettes alive" 3206:Assimilate: A Critical History of Industrial Music 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2547: 2029:"How to Identify Your Audio Cassette Tape Formats" 1397:One innovation was the front-loading arrangement. 1242:Maxell compact cassettes, C60 (90m) and C90 (135m) 4271:Canby, Tatnall (1968). "CrO2 - Tomorrow's Tape". 1000:Type II, its tape consisting of chrome and cobalt 5289:"The Rome MP3: Portable MP3 player—with a twist" 4286:Stark, Craig (1992). "Choosing the Right Tape". 3293: 3291: 1550:played back individually, allowing musicians to 4834:"Demand actually increasing for cassette tapes" 4685:"40 years of Stereophile: The Hot 100 Products" 3397:"1995: Consumer CD-R Drive Priced Below $ 1000" 2272:Sound recording: the life story of a technology 2101:cartridge on p.20, with comparison to Lear Jet 725:(1973–1990) a "cassette culture" emerged where 5378: 4223: 4221: 3003:"Sony loses Walkman trade mark as too generic" 2763: 2761: 2759: 2097:retrieved 22 May 2023. (Detailed diagram of a 361:In 1958, following four years of development, 32:List of magnetic tape cartridges and cassettes 7782: 7044: 6605: 5439: 4707:"Olde Worlde – Nakamichi CR-7E Cassette Deck" 4046:, Tower Records Japan. Retrieved 13 June 2018 3047:"In a digital age, vinyl's making a comeback" 2501:Music and technology in the twentieth century 2353:Drees, Jan; Vorbau, Christian (23 May 2011). 1960: 1958: 1956: 752:Cassette technology was a booming market for 325:Wollensak portable reel-to-reel tape recorder 8: 4176: 4174: 4117:The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved 26 October 2018 4102:The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved 26 October 2018 4087:The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved 26 October 2018 3745:"Original Walkman is RiP (replaced by iPod)" 3257: 3255: 1012:Compact Cassette tape types and formulations 39: 7671:Professional Lighting and Sound Association 4809:"For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over" 2875:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2645:. Tape Recording ##11-12, 1970. p. 11. 2521:. Tape Recording ##11-12, 1970. p. 11. 2113: 2111: 1810:the head as if they were normal cassettes. 8070: 7951: 7810: 7789: 7775: 7767: 7261:Comparison of analog and digital recording 7051: 7037: 7029: 6907: 6632: 6612: 6598: 6590: 6312: 5505: 5446: 5432: 5424: 4794:Some Not Well Known Aspects of Analog Tape 4362:van der Lely, P.; Missriegler, G. (1970). 2848: 2846: 2820: 2818: 2355:Kassettendeck: Soundtrack einer Generation 2349:Kassettendeck: Soundtrack einer Generation 2274:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, p.161. 733:cassette producers created brands such as 472:was offered in the US in November 1964 as 54: 45: 8446:Science and technology in the Netherlands 5213:. The Syracuse Newspapers. Archived from 4510: 4508: 4083:"Cassette sales increased by 74% in 2016" 3279: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2396:St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture 2320: 2318: 2161:International Electrotechnical Commission 1156:The cassette was the next step following 996:Type I, its tape consisting of iron oxide 428:, adapted from its German described name 5692:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon 5395:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5266:Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries 4436:"NAC Audio Cassette Glossary – Cassetro" 3426:Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries 2393:Millard, Andre (2013). "Cassette Tape". 1901: 1899: 1310:systems. An attached audio cable with a 1274:The full tape width is 3.8 mm. For 5414:, a website dedicated to cassette tapes 5103:De Ceukelaire, Harrie (February 1985). 4640:"Trends in Technology: Recording Sound" 4546:Cassette adapters are remarkably simple 4042:"【カセットテープ】 Chain ［スマプラ付］＜初回生産限定盤＞]" 3842:Choi (최), Yeon-jin (연진) (31 May 2011). 3469:Audio Publishers Association Fact Sheet 3238:. SAGE Publications. pp. 509–511. 3156:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2639:The Dolby stretcher — new boon for tape 2613:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years 2515:The Dolby stretcher — new boon for tape 2325:"European Mfrs. Bid for Market Share". 1895: 924:In Japan and South Korea, the pop acts 846:Burmese music cassette tapes for sale, 339:Compact Cassette vs. RCA Tape Cartridge 8436:Computer-related introductions in 1963 4796:concerning dynamic bias (Dolby HX-PRO) 4307:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1773:A Compact Cassette and a Microcassette 1326:Tape Guide via Security Mechanism (SM) 439:, and in the United States (under the 38: 7732:New Interfaces for Musical Expression 5165:from the original on 12 November 2021 4807:Williams, Stephen (4 February 2011). 3978:"Audio cassettes are produced again!" 2769:"The first Sony Walkman goes on sale" 2205:. videointerchange.com. 7 August 2010 2148: 2146: 1885:. University of North Carolina Press. 947:. As early as 2015, the retail chain 144:Audio and data storage (succeeded by 7: 8355: 4857:European Journal of Oncology Nursing 3905:Jeniece Pettitt (1 September 2015). 3422:"Record and prerecorded tape stores" 3344:Arenas, Guillermo (16 August 2019). 1583:or Dolby C noise reduction provided 296:pairs of tracks (four total) or two 27:Magnetic audio tape recording format 5066:"Gadgets: Rage against the machine" 4985:"The Forgotten Precursor to iTunes" 4588:from the original on 12 August 2023 3209:. Oxford University Press. p. 3182:. Stanford University Press. 2022. 1470:DIN and double DIN sized faceplates 1071:cassette was introduced in 1970 by 498:the format to them free of charge. 8322:Philips Sports Manager of the Year 5064:Crookes, David (26 January 2011). 4871:"Analysis of an SDR Cassette Tape" 4016:, CD Japan. Retrieved 13 June 2018 3794:Butaumocho, Ruth (19 April 2010). 3659:. 22 February 2010. Archived from 3075:"Not long left for cassette tapes" 3027:. The Vinyl Factory. 24 March 2017 1979:from the original on 2 August 2020 1044:. For this reason, some low-grade 870:circles and to a lesser extent in 25: 8451:Science and technology in Belgium 8396:Audiovisual introductions in 1963 7994:Broadcast Television Systems Inc. 7896:Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium 7889:Philips Lumileds Lighting Company 7281:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 6554:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc 6004:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge 4561:, eingetragen am 28. Oktober 1982 4406:"Audio tape length and thickness" 4098:"Cassette sales grew 35% in 2017" 4031:, YesAsia. Retrieved 13 June 2018 3984:. 11 October 2018. Archived from 3653:"Articles: This Is Not a Mixtape" 3454:. 11 October 2008. Archived from 2713:Lynskey, Dorian (29 March 2010). 2656:"Mercury Issues 49 'Cassettes'". 2575:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 129. 2124:(spec sheet). TDK. Archived from 1932:Mark Pernice (23 December 2015). 1158:reel-to-reel audio tape recording 697:Cassettes at a Cairo Kiosk (2015) 161:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 8354: 8345: 8344: 7969:Philips-Neusoft Medical Systems 7750: 5377: 5326:. Fastsite. 2000. Archived from 5187:. Museum of Obsolete Media. 2019 4913:. Rock History. 13 February 2013 4790:Arndt Klingelnberg (1990 March) 4776:Klingelnberg, Arndt (May 1979). 4660:. Philips Museum. Archived from 4343:from the original on 2 July 2024 3767:"Do You Still Love the Walkman?" 3586:Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (2013). 3536:Shea, Ammon (10 November 2011). 2450:"Gouden jubileum muziekcassette" 2251:(in German). Vol. 41. 1965. 743:Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front 409: 395: 381: 332: 318: 8136:Video Content Protection System 8029:Philips Consumer Communications 7266:Experimental musical instrument 6082:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette 5793:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 5009:Pountain, Dick (January 1985). 4983:Chiu, David (26 October 2016). 4683:John Atkinson (November 2002). 3323:. University of Chicago Press. 3281:10.4067/S0716-27902009000200006 1913:from the original on 3 May 2016 1075:, and later strongly backed by 6812:"Eighth" (0.15) inch (3.81 mm) 4956:Dubey, N. B. (December 2009). 4754:Hess, Richard (October 2010). 4609:"History of the Cassette Tape" 3567:Moye, David (22 August 2011). 2715:"Return of the audio cassette" 2183:. 16 September 1953. p. 1 2175:"Brew Disk-To-Tape Revolution" 2053:Brian, Marshall (April 2000). 1965:Dormon, Bob (30 August 2013). 1358:Cassette players and recorders 1224:Locating write-protect notches 723:military dictatorship of Chile 1: 7926:PolyGram Filmed Entertainment 7451:Electronic musical instrument 6825:KC standard, Compact Cassette 5246:Product Guide. Archived from 4962:. Global India Publications. 4251:"History of Compact Cassette" 4184:. Pitchfork. 22 February 2010 3816:Curnow, Robyn (7 June 2011). 3129:. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. 3005:. Pinsent Masons. 5 June 2002 2888:10.1016/s0304-8853(98)00502-2 2347:Jan Drees, Christian Vorbau, 2297:"Cassette Rampage Forecast". 526:Popularity of music cassettes 445:brand) in November 1964. The 64:SA90 Type II Compact Cassette 7757:Record production portal 7646:Institute of Broadcast Sound 5878:Thermionic Products Recordon 5038:DeWitt, Robert (June 1983). 4756:"Cassette equalization redo" 4705:David Price (January 2000). 3624:Segal, Dave (9 March 2016). 2554:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 2399:(2.1 ed.). p. 529. 1621:Home Taping Is Killing Music 1318:Optional mechanical elements 917:in 2015 and originates from 786:telephone answering machines 603:in the 1950s and 1960s, the 373:Introduction of mono version 234:audio recording and playback 8441:Products introduced in 1963 8411:Computer storage tape media 8024:NEC Philips Unified Systems 7846:Shenzhen Goldway Industrial 7666:Musical Electronics Library 6265:Analog-to-digital converter 6172:Nippon Electronic Memo-call 5211:"Sony Unveils the Minidisc" 4524:. 30 August 2013. p. 2 3852:(in Korean). Archived from 2679:Marvin Camras, ed. (1985). 2119:"D NORMAL-BIAS AUDIO TAPES" 1412:vacuum fluorescent displays 936:released their material on 747:Revolutionary Left Movement 482:Philips was competing with 8467: 8281:High Tech Campus Eindhoven 7821:Philips Consumer Lifestyle 7413:Sound reinforcement system 7322:Sound reinforcement system 6911:Three quarter inch (19 mm) 6837:Tarbell Cassette Interface 6621:Magnetic-tape data storage 6388:Compact Disc Digital Audio 5472:Music box cylinder or disc 5040:"APX / On top of the heap" 4732:Hess, Richard (May 2006). 4658:"Philips Compact Cassette" 3203:S. Alexander Reed (2013). 2961:. We Forum. 16 August 2017 2095:Tape Recorder Annual 1968, 2079:"Car Cartridges Come Home" 1907:"Museum Of Obsolete Media" 1805:continue to function with 1367: 1361: 1009: 860:portable digital recorders 806:electronic skip protection 679: 29: 8416:Home computer peripherals 8340: 8106:Philips Intimate Massager 7746: 7636:Audio Engineering Society 7534:Software effect processor 7514:Digital audio workstation 7355:Digital signal processing 7119:Digital audio workstation 7006:Four millimeter (3.81 mm) 6088:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 5867: 3589:The Indian Media Business 3542:Oxford English Dictionary 2829:. Sage Publications Ltd. 2683:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 2503:. JHU Press, 2002, p.161. 2055:"How Tape Recorders Work" 1860:Timeline of audio formats 829:Oxford English Dictionary 209:, also commonly called a 53: 44: 7916:Philips Classics Records 7727:Professional audio store 7629:People and organizations 7615:Sound recording engineer 6338:Digital Compact Cassette 6226:Capitol Records Audiopak 6076:Dictaphone Travel master 5872:Telefunken magnetic disc 5841:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge 4836:. AfterDawn. 18 May 2009 4780:. Aussteuerungsprobleme. 4372:Philips Technical Review 3844: 3274:(Julio–Diciembre): 212. 2983:. World Trademark Review 2003:nationalaudiocompany.com 1760:Digital Compact Cassette 1486:A head cleaning cassette 1445:of Denmark, created the 175:Digital Compact Cassette 8391:20th-century inventions 7145:Microphone preamplifier 6971:Eight millimeter (8 mm) 6754:Eight millimeter (8 mm) 6154:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord 5835:Protona Minifon special 5456:audio recording formats 5155:"Mixtape: Cassetternet" 4379:(3): 85. Archived from 4182:"This Is Not a Mixtape" 3956:Springfield News-Leader 3474:26 October 2010 at the 3401:Computer History Museum 3268:Revista Musical Chilena 2796:Proceedings of the IEEE 2681:Magnetic Tape Recording 2351:. Klappenbroschur, 2011 2227:. Blog.dianaschnuth.com 909:Guardians of the Galaxy 906:cassette from the film 574:cassettes and players. 534:, Germany. Prerecorded 513:during the late 1970s. 279:reel-to-reel audio tape 30:For other formats, see 8096:Philips Cinema 21:9 TV 7852:Corporate Technologies 7086:Electronic and digital 6872:Exatron Stringy Floppy 6783:Quarter inch (6.35 mm) 6238:Bandai micro cartridge 6184:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin 5373: 5353:Listen to this article 5240:"Cassette vs. Digital" 4466:"VintageCassettes.com" 4364:"Audio tape cassettes" 3805:– via AllAfrica. 3262:Jordán, Laura (2009). 3150:Simon, Andrew (2022). 2744:. The Verge. July 2019 2572:Sony: the Private Life 2550:Sony: The Private Life 2261:Daniel et al, p.102-4. 2248:Radio Elektronik Schau 2203:"videointerchange.com" 1820:Compact Video Cassette 1774: 1742: 1694:Atari Program Exchange 1689: 1681: 1608: 1511: 1504:A dual cassette-based 1487: 1461: 1394: 1380: 1327: 1304:Cassette tape adapters 1243: 1153: 1007: 951:, which had long sold 855: 698: 607:in the 1990s, and the 596: 548:Mercury Record Company 494:pressuring Philips to 186:; 61 years ago 74:Magnetic tape cassette 6865:Stringy (1.58–1.9 mm) 6106:Cousino Echo-matic II 5586:Indestructible record 5372: 5250:on 28 September 2007. 5105:"How TurboTape Works" 5011:"The Amstrad CPC 464" 4885:"VintageCassette.com" 4646:on 23 September 2004. 3845:멸종 중인 카세트, 한국선 '장수 만세 3372:"U.S. Sales Database" 3317:Peter Manuel (1993). 2569:Nathan, John (1999). 2546:Nathan, John (1999). 1795:digital audio players 1772: 1740: 1733:Rivals and successors 1687: 1672: 1606: 1503: 1485: 1455: 1389: 1377: 1325: 1299:Cassette tape adapter 1241: 1151: 1010:Further information: 993: 845: 719:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 696: 680:Further information: 591: 509:) alternative to the 232:recording format for 7544:Software synthesizer 7509:Digital audio editor 7295:Playback transducers 7155:Multitrack recording 6202:Sanyo Tape cartridge 6028:Rediffusion Reditune 5907:Loose (reel-to-reel) 5858:Magnetic stripe card 5787:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 5552:Perfected phonograph 5480:(early 17th century) 5404:More spoken articles 5330:on 14 September 2010 5161:. 12 November 2021. 4932:CBS Songs v. Amstrad 4574:(1 September 2016). 3458:on 25 February 2009. 3125:Robin James (1992). 2499:Hans-Joachim Braun, 1909:. 19 November 2015. 1881:Marc Masters. 2023. 1617:mixtape compilations 1067:media. The first CrO 1055:, the inventor of a 666:developing countries 562:noise reduction and 468:. An updated model, 426:single-hole cassette 416:Inside of a cassette 240:and his team at the 8202:Philips VideoWriter 8004:LG.Philips Displays 7832:Philips Healthcare 6936:Half inch (12.7 mm) 6890:Rotronics Wafadrive 6843:Commodore Datasette 6671:Half inch (12.7 mm) 6016:Mohawk Midgetape RL 5829:Protona Minifon P55 5823:Protona Minifon P51 5598:Blue Amberol record 5580:Gold moulded record 5574:Le Céleste cylinder 5546:Dictaphone cylinder 5536:Phonograph cylinder 4891:on 2 September 2006 4860:. 2.1 (1998): 67-8. 4778:"HiFi-Stereophonie" 4581:Scientific American 4487:"Compact Cassettes" 4386:on 10 November 2018 4337:cassette-player.com 4063:on 27 November 2015 3077:. BBC. 17 June 2005 2357:. Eichborn Verlag. 1715:Commodore Datasette 1679:Commodore computers 1575:ips; additionally, 1370:Loop bin duplicator 968:underground artists 41: 8426:Belgian inventions 8386:1963 in technology 7962:NXP Semiconductors 7946:Joint ventures and 7879:NXP Semiconductors 7595:Re-recording mixer 7398:Keyboard amplifier 7114:Binaural recording 6471:Electronic circuit 6326:Digital Audio Tape 6040:RCA tape cartridge 5998:Cousino Echo-matic 5896:Audio High Density 5645:Edison Voicewriter 5374: 5287:Jer Davis (2000). 5217:on 23 August 2009. 5132:Lennart Benschop. 4607:Somerfield, Katy. 4085:. 23 January 2017. 3940:. 21 January 2017. 3772:The New York Times 3099:(30 August 2013). 2910:The New York Times 2478:. 2 September 2013 2225:"dianaschnuth.com" 2033:digitalcopycat.com 1830:Digital journalism 1783:answering machines 1775: 1743: 1690: 1682: 1649:found in favor of 1609: 1516:dictation machines 1512: 1488: 1462: 1443:Bang & Olufsen 1395: 1381: 1328: 1256:answering machines 1244: 1154: 1127:IEC 60094 standard 1042:frequency response 1008: 868:experimental music 856: 754:pop music in India 711:Iranian Revolution 703:Ayatollah Khomeini 699: 649:The New York Times 605:portable CD player 597: 564:chromium(IV) oxide 556:Advent Corporation 367:RCA tape cartridge 266:—the generic term 8368: 8367: 8332:Philips Computers 8228: 8227: 8057: 8056: 7972: 7966: 7941: 7940: 7764: 7763: 7570:Guitar technician 7466:Music workstation 7350:Digital recording 7327:Speaker enclosure 7246:8-track cartridge 7188:Phonograph record 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 6899: 6898: 6636:Wide (19–25.4 mm) 6587: 6586: 6530: 6529: 6259: 6258: 6094:Orrtronic Tapette 6022:Dictaphone Dictet 5621:Phonograph record 5478:Mechanical cuckoo 5370: 5299:on 13 August 2006 4969:978-93-80228-16-7 4713:on 21 August 2006 4619:on 12 August 2023 4493:on 11 August 2010 4318:978-0-521-82726-3 4159:on 20 August 2010 4100:. 5 January 2018. 3856:on 14 August 2011 3747:. 26 October 2010 3725:. 22 October 2010 3517:. 23 October 2010 3330:978-0-226-50401-8 3245:978-1-4833-1775-5 3163:978-1-5036-2943-1 3136:978-0-936756-69-1 3052:Los Angeles Times 2836:978-0-7619-5402-6 2803:(10): 1479–1489. 2690:978-0-442-21774-7 2623:978-0-7803-4709-0 2103:8-track cartridge 1825:Digital cassettes 1764:lossy compression 1509:answering machine 1464:Applications for 1441:A third company, 1436:calibration tones 1254:and in telephone 542:, and later just 437:Berlin Radio Show 203: 202: 16:(Redirected from 8458: 8431:Dutch inventions 8421:Philips products 8358: 8357: 8348: 8347: 8245:Frans van Houten 8197:Philips Videopac 8071: 7970: 7964: 7952: 7884:Philips Lighting 7811: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7768: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7641:Goji Electronics 7580:Monitor engineer 7539:Software sampler 7446:Electronic drums 7423:Electronic music 7393:Guitar amplifier 7238:Analog recording 7198:Compact cassette 7160:Music production 7068:Music technology 7060:Music technology 7053: 7046: 7039: 7030: 6908: 6690:TX-2 Tape System 6633: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6591: 6313: 6166:DC-International 6124:Compact cassette 5942:Fullcoat magfilm 5884:Record Maker Pye 5851:Magnetic surface 5781:Lorenz Textophon 5604:Paradis cylinder 5568:Stentor cylinder 5506: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5425: 5394: 5392: 5381: 5380: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5320: 5314: 5311:Internet Archive 5308: 5306: 5304: 5295:. 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Archived from 1995: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1962: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1903: 1629:chromium dioxide 1570: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1057:chromium dioxide 949:Urban Outfitters 903:"Awesome Mix #1" 778:personal stereos 758:filling stations 709:before the 1979 682:Cassette culture 676:Cassette culture 621:cassette singles 601:transistor radio 511:12-inch vinyl LP 477:Carry-Corder 150 451:Compact Cassette 430:Einloch-Kassette 413: 399: 385: 348:Second World War 336: 322: 291: 290: 286: 207:Compact Cassette 194: 192: 187: 170: 156: 130: 118: 104: 88:, in four tracks 58: 49: 42: 40:Compact Cassette 21: 18:Compact cassette 8466: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8336: 8317:Philips Lecture 8295: 8291:Philips Stadion 8264: 8224: 8140: 8066: 8053: 7981: 7975: 7947: 7937: 7931:Vertigo Records 7921:Philips Records 7911:Mercury Records 7906:Fontana Records 7861: 7855: 7806: 7800: 7795: 7765: 7760: 7751: 7749: 7742: 7690: 7624: 7590:Record producer 7575:Mixing engineer 7548: 7495: 7461:MIDI controller 7436:Circuit bending 7417: 7359: 7336: 7312:Monitor speaker 7290: 7232: 7180:Recording media 7174: 7165:Music sequencer 7150:Monitor speaker 7096:Sound recording 7090: 7062: 7057: 7027: 7018: 7001: 6966: 6931: 6895: 6860: 6855:IBM PC Cassette 6807: 6778: 6749: 6666: 6624: 6618: 6588: 6583: 6526: 6515:USB flash drive 6509:Toymax VJ Starz 6465: 6374: 6343: 6302: 6255: 6118:Philips EL 3583 6064:Cousino MR-9000 6052:Protona Attaché 6046:Philips EL 3581 5977: 5901: 5863: 5846: 5765: 5750:Loose magnetic 5745: 5702: 5680: 5609: 5521: 5509:Grooved surface 5495: 5458: 5452: 5408: 5407: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5385:This audio file 5382: 5375: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5302: 5300: 5293:The Tech Report 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5205: 5204: 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Post 3566: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3476:Wayback Machine 3467: 3463: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3127:Cassette Mythos 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3055:. 26 April 2009 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2712: 2711: 2698: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2636: 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1372: 1366: 1360: 1348: 1320: 1312:phone connector 1301: 1292: 1272: 1236: 1226: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1146: 1113: 1090: 1086: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1028:). Circa 1970, 1027: 1023: 1014: 1004:Type IV (metal) 988: 840: 794:field recording 770: 745:(FPMR) and the 735:Cumbre y Cuatro 684: 678: 662:cassette single 569: 540:Music-Cassettes 538:(also known as 536:music cassettes 528: 519: 421: 420: 419: 418: 417: 414: 405: 404: 403: 400: 391: 390: 389: 386: 375: 344: 343: 342: 341: 340: 337: 328: 327: 326: 323: 312: 307: 288: 284: 283: 195: 190: 188: 185: 168: 154: 128: 116: 102: 65: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8406:Tape recording 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8373: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8352: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8327:Phoebus cartel 8324: 8319: 8314: 8312:HDMI Licensing 8309: 8303: 8301: 8300:Related topics 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8255:Gerard Philips 8252: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8101:Philips GoGear 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8068: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8009:LG.Philips LCD 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7967: 7958: 7956: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7817: 7815: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7762: 7761: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7698: 7696: 7695:Related topics 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7651:Lejaren Hiller 7648: 7643: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7610:Sound operator 7607: 7605:Sound follower 7602: 7600:Sound designer 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7560:Audio engineer 7556: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7378:Bass amplifier 7375: 7373:Mixing console 7369: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7111: 7109:Mixing console 7106: 7100: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7033: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6922: 6914: 6912: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6639: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6572:Timecode vinyl 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6418:Super Audio CD 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6394:Philips CD-BGM 6391: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6322: 6320: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6250:Pocket Rockers 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6214:Steno-Cassette 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6190:Grundig DeJ614 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5986: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5948:Stripe magfilm 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5817:Peirce 330/360 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5760:Wire recording 5756: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5639:Pathé Actuelle 5636: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5592:Amberol record 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5562:Salon cylinder 5559: 5549: 5539: 5532: 5530: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5415: 5397: 5383: 5376: 5364: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347:External links 5345: 5342: 5341: 5315: 5279: 5253: 5231: 5220: 5198: 5176: 5146: 5124: 5095: 5056: 5030: 5001: 4975: 4968: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4902: 4876: 4862: 4847: 4825: 4813:New York Times 4799: 4783: 4768: 4746: 4724: 4697: 4675: 4649: 4630: 4599: 4563: 4549: 4538: 4504: 4478: 4457: 4427: 4397: 4354: 4324: 4317: 4293: 4278: 4263: 4242: 4217: 4195: 4170: 4144: 4119: 4104: 4089: 4074: 4048: 4033: 4018: 3999: 3969: 3943: 3923: 3897: 3867: 3834: 3808: 3786: 3758: 3736: 3710: 3696: 3674: 3644: 3616: 3598: 3578: 3559: 3548:on 12 May 2015 3528: 3506: 3489:"Tagaz Aquila" 3480: 3461: 3439: 3413: 3388: 3363: 3336: 3329: 3309: 3302:(in Spanish). 3287: 3270:(in Spanish). 3251: 3244: 3226: 3220:978-0199832606 3219: 3195: 3188: 3169: 3162: 3142: 3135: 3117: 3088: 3066: 3038: 3016: 2994: 2972: 2950: 2922: 2902:Palmer, Robert 2893: 2864: 2842: 2835: 2814: 2785: 2755: 2733: 2696: 2689: 2671: 2648: 2629: 2622: 2595: 2582:978-0618126941 2581: 2561: 2538: 2524: 2505: 2489: 2467: 2441: 2408: 2402: 2370: 2364:978-3821866147 2363: 2340: 2314: 2289: 2276: 2270:David Morton, 2263: 2254: 2238: 2216: 2194: 2166: 2142: 2107: 2071: 2045: 2020: 1990: 1952: 1939:New York Times 1924: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1850:Pocket Rockers 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1802:audio adapters 1734: 1731: 1718:computer. See 1666: 1663: 1647:House of Lords 1625:Island Records 1600: 1597: 1572: 1546: 1543: 1519: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1474:8-track player 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1347: 1344: 1319: 1316: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1278:recording the 1271: 1268: 1252:home computers 1235: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1218:tape transport 1145: 1142: 1138:cassette decks 1111: 1088: 1084: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1025: 1021: 987: 984: 972:Britney Spears 884:Thurston Moore 839: 836: 798:home recording 769: 766: 677: 674: 567: 527: 524: 518: 517:Stereo version 515: 415: 408: 407: 406: 401: 394: 393: 392: 387: 380: 379: 378: 377: 376: 374: 371: 356:tape recorders 338: 331: 330: 329: 324: 317: 316: 315: 314: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 236:. Invented by 215:audio cassette 201: 200: 199:: 1963–present 182: 178: 177: 172: 164: 163: 158: 150: 149: 142: 138: 137: 132: 124: 123: 120: 112: 111: 106: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 83: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8463: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8401:Audio storage 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381:1963 in music 8379: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8353: 8351: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286:Philips Arena 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8260:Frits Philips 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Anton Philips 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067:and standards 8065: 8060: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7968: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7948:shareholdings 7944: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7836:Philips Avent 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7805:Divisions and 7803: 7799: 7792: 7787: 7785: 7780: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7759: 7758: 7745: 7739: 7738:Vehicle audio 7736: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:High fidelity 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7342:Digital audio 7339: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7286:Tape recorder 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7256:Cassette deck 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Magnetic tape 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7170:Outboard gear 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:Audio channel 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6884:QL Microdrive 6882: 6879: 6878:ZX Microdrive 6876: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542:Mini-cassette 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6503:Takara E-kara 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6349:Sound-on-film 6346: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317:Magnetic tape 6314: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6220:Stenorette DL 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6196:Microcassette 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6148:Micro pack 35 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6070:IBM Magnabelt 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983:Magnetic tape 5980: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5918:Blattnerphone 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5910:magnetic tape 5908: 5904: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5708:Sound-on-film 5705: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5669:Highway Hi-Fi 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5474:(9th century) 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5386: 5346: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 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April 2009. 4872: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4848: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792:AES No. 2912 4787: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4769: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4698: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4631: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4600: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4365: 4358: 4355: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4288:Stereo Review 4282: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4231:. TheStranger 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4133: 4132:MusicWeek.com 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3912: 3911:Bloomberg.com 3908: 3901: 3898: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3835: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3601: 3599:9788132118015 3595: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3529: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3189:9781503629431 3185: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2786: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2090:Stereo Review 2086: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2060: 2059:HowStuffWorks 2056: 2049: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840:Mini-Cassette 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:microcassette 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1686: 1680: 1677:recorder for 1676: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1640:CBS Songs v. 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589:dynamic range 1586: 1582: 1578: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1364:Cassette deck 1357: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1213: 1159: 1150: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134:write-protect 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1097:vinyl records 1094: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1037:volume-doping 1035: 1031: 1019: 1013: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 985: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 962:, as well as 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 945:vinyl revival 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926:Matsuda Seiko 922: 920: 916: 911: 910: 905: 904: 898: 895: 892: 888: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872:hardcore punk 869: 865: 861: 853: 849: 844: 837: 835: 832: 830: 826: 825:TagAZ AQUiLA. 821: 819: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 767: 765: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 721:. During the 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 695: 691: 689: 683: 675: 673: 671: 667: 663: 657: 653: 651: 650: 646:, writing in 645: 644:Robert Palmer 641: 637: 636:compact discs 632: 630: 629:display cases 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 595: 590: 586: 584: 580: 575: 573: 572:high fidelity 565: 561: 557: 551: 549: 545: 544:Musicassettes 541: 537: 533: 525: 523: 516: 514: 512: 508: 507:re-recordable 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443: 438: 433: 431: 427: 412: 398: 384: 372: 370: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 335: 321: 309: 304: 302: 299: 295: 280: 276: 271: 269: 268:cassette tape 265: 264:Microcassette 261: 256: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 230:magnetic tape 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:cassette tape 208: 198: 183: 179: 176: 173: 165: 162: 159: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 133: 125: 121: 113: 110: 107: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:Analog signal 84: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 63: 57: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8240:Cor Boonstra 8207:Philips :YES 8192:Philips Velo 8187:Philips Nino 8182:Philips CD-i 7989:ASML Holding 7807:subsidiaries 7748: 7481:Sound module 7441:Drum machine 7383:Effects unit 7276:Player piano 7203:Compact disc 7125:Effects unit 6949:Redwood SD-3 6481:(late 1970s) 6380:Optical disc 6244:Picocassette 6240:(late 1980s) 6034:Saba Sabafon 5805:RCA MI-12877 5799:RCA MI-12875 5685:Grooved tape 5651:SoundScriber 5647:(late 1940s) 5633:Diamond disc 5614:Grooved disc 5516:Phonautogram 5484:Punched card 5418:tapedeck.org 5412:Project C-90 5334:18 September 5332:. 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Retrieved 1882: 1855:Picocassette 1799: 1791:flash memory 1776: 1744: 1724: 1698:Commodore 64 1691: 1656: 1645:(1988), the 1639: 1637: 1633:One Plus One 1610: 1599:Home dubbing 1548: 1536: 1513: 1491:Applications 1479: 1463: 1440: 1432: 1396: 1382: 1352: 1349: 1329: 1302: 1293: 1273: 1264:portastudios 1249: 1245: 1230: 1227: 1214: 1155: 1131: 1123:equalization 1116: 1104: 1050: 1036: 1032:developed a 1018:ferric oxide 1015: 1003: 999: 995: 976:Busta Rhymes 957: 942: 923: 907: 902: 899: 896: 893: 889: 857: 838:21st century 833: 822: 814: 771: 762:Gipsy rhumba 751: 739:Armed groups 734: 700: 688:Iron Curtain 685: 670:compact disc 658: 654: 647: 640:bonus tracks 633: 617:vinyl record 598: 594:Sony Walkman 576: 560:Dolby type B 552: 543: 539: 535: 529: 520: 503:8-track tape 500: 481: 476: 469: 465: 463: 450: 440: 434: 429: 422: 360: 345: 272: 267: 257: 253:Musicassette 252: 250: 222: 218: 217:, or simply 214: 210: 206: 204: 196: 36: 8216:SpeechMagic 7841:Respironics 7722:Music store 7717:Home cinema 7676:Robert Moog 7661:Max Mathews 7585:Piano tuner 7553:Professions 7529:Scorewriter 7486:Synthesizer 7302:Loudspeaker 6767:IBM 3570 MP 6732:LTO Ultrium 6684:IBM 7-track 6291:PCM adaptor 6279:X80/ProDigi 6273:Soundstream 6160:Cantata 700 6130:Grundig En3 5924:Magnetophon 5811:Peirce 265B 5675:Bandai 8ban 5542:Graphophone 5169:24 December 4944:CBS v. Ames 4840:25 February 4440:nactape.com 4390:3 September 4057:"Cassettes" 3916:9 September 3723:Tech Crunch 3689:22 November 3097:Jude Rogers 2882:(1–3): 12. 2773:History.com 2460:30 December 1807:MP3 players 1789:discs, and 1702:ZX Spectrum 1545:Home studio 1466:car stereos 1334:(from 1998 1270:Track width 1234:Tape length 1114:) coating. 964:independent 940:cassettes. 938:limited-run 880:black metal 876:death metal 727:blacklisted 705:throughout 625:shoplifting 470:Typ EL 3301 466:Typ EL 3300 461:, Belgium. 191:August 1963 184:August 1963 8375:Categories 8220:Video 2000 8212:Philishave 8131:Trimension 7980:Former and 7869:Liquavista 7860:Former and 7712:Home audio 7702:Audiophile 7519:GarageBand 7365:Live music 7307:Headphones 7271:Phonograph 7140:Microphone 7135:Headphones 7081:Electrical 7076:Mechanical 6849:DECtape II 6497:Yaboom Box 6485:MP3 player 6479:Sound chip 6297:DA-88/DTRS 6112:Stereo-Pak 6010:Stenorette 5890:Synchrofax 5740:Fantasound 5734:Photophone 5627:Pathé disc 5490:Music roll 5464:Mechanical 5400:Audio help 5391:2011-05-23 5207:Al Fasoldt 5139:20 January 5134:"BASICODE" 5117:30 October 5078:31 January 5049:30 October 5023:27 October 4761:16 October 4739:16 October 4613:Legacy Box 4497:22 October 3982:Mulann S.A 3552:28 January 3521:19 October 3499:26 January 3406:23 January 3381:19 October 2588:8 November 2064:10 October 1890:References 1870:Video 2000 1675:Datassette 1585:compansion 1532:journalism 1368:See also: 1091:) such as 1030:3M Company 986:Tape types 915:Pyral/RMGI 818:audiobooks 609:MP3 player 583:boom boxes 484:Telefunken 455:Lou Ottens 363:RCA Victor 346:After the 310:Precursors 238:Lou Ottens 70:Media type 8126:Streamium 8081:Ambilight 8034:TP Vision 7476:Sequencer 7403:PA system 7332:Subwoofer 7317:PA system 7251:Amplifier 7213:Hard disk 7130:Equalizer 6578:VinylDisc 6424:DVD-Audio 6319:cartridge 6136:Sabamobil 6100:3M Scotch 6058:Fidelipac 5985:cartridge 5966:3/4" tape 5936:1/2" tape 5930:1/4" tape 5774:cartridge 5770:Magnetic 5728:Movietone 5722:Tri-Ergon 5716:Phonofilm 5697:Dictabelt 5663:Long play 5657:Audograph 5454:Physical 5091:magazine. 4989:Pitchfork 4668:20 August 4623:12 August 4592:12 August 4275:(5): 239. 4235:14 August 4210:14 August 4206:. Discogs 4188:14 August 4163:14 August 3937:Billboard 3801:1 January 3779:14 August 3751:14 August 3729:14 August 3667:20 August 3657:Pitchfork 3452:Billboard 3059:14 August 3031:14 August 3009:12 August 2987:14 August 2965:14 August 2943:14 August 2778:14 August 2748:14 August 2726:14 August 2666:0006-2510 2658:Billboard 2335:0006-2510 2327:Billboard 2309:0006-2510 2300:Billboard 2231:20 August 2209:20 August 2187:6 October 2163:, Geneva. 2099:Fidelipac 1659:Personics 1506:Panasonic 1458:boomboxes 1424:Nakamichi 1391:Nakamichi 1308:car audio 1284:crosstalk 1081:magnetite 1051:In 1968, 858:Although 790:dictation 782:boomboxes 774:car audio 599:Like the 447:trademark 275:polyester 258:Although 127:Developed 122:Tape head 119:mechanism 109:Tape head 105:mechanism 8350:Category 8307:Carousel 8177:NMS-8250 8121:Sonicare 8064:products 8062:Brands, 8049:Lumileds 7901:PolyGram 7874:Magnavox 7524:ProTools 7501:Software 7491:Theremin 7431:Chiptune 7388:Foldback 7218:MiniDisc 6738:IBM 3592 6714:IBM 3590 6702:IBM 3480 6678:UNISERVO 6649:LINCtape 6643:IBM 7340 6560:CD Video 6491:HitClips 6448:BD-Audio 6442:DualDisc 6430:DataPlay 6400:MiniDisc 6178:PlayTape 5992:Optaphon 5556:Ediphone 5528:cylinder 5526:Grooved 5402: · 5209:(1991). 5163:Archived 5110:Compute! 5074:. London 4586:Archived 4528:29 April 4450:16 March 4420:16 March 4341:Archived 3962:24 April 3637:11 March 3493:Wroom.ru 3472:Archived 3110:17 March 2915:27 April 2861:(8): 20. 2434:6 August 2013:9 August 1983:6 August 1977:Archived 1917:29 April 1911:Archived 1814:See also 1751:MiniDisc 1720:BASICODE 1447:Dolby HX 1290:Head gap 1144:Features 1106:adsorbed 960:dansband 802:mixtapes 741:such as 615:. Total 298:monaural 244:company 225:, is an 223:cassette 197:Lifespan 181:Released 167:Extended 153:Extended 93:Capacity 81:Encoding 8360:Commons 8276:Evoluon 8172:VG-8020 8167:VG-8010 8162:VG-8000 8145:Defunct 8116:ShoqBox 8091:Norelco 8074:Current 8014:Marantz 7999:Grundig 7982:defunct 7965:(19.9%) 7955:Current 7862:defunct 7814:Current 7798:Philips 7620:Tape op 7471:Sampler 7013:DDS/DAT 6984:Mammoth 6904:Helical 6696:9-track 6661:CDC 626 6655:DECtape 6623:formats 6548:U-matic 6521:MicroSD 6308:Digital 6232:Elcaset 6142:8-track 5972:3" tape 5960:2" tape 5954:1" tape 5576:(1890s) 5570:(1890s) 5564:(1890s) 5389: ( 5360:minutes 5244:J&R 5191:19 July 4994:21 June 4917:4 April 4818:18 July 4067:30 July 4012:CDJapan 3860:13 July 3827:13 July 3605:26 July 3350:El País 3306:: 1–20. 2482:9 April 2180:Variety 2135:4 April 1945:17 June 1793:-based 1755:Dolby S 1651:Amstrad 1642:Amstrad 1613:dubbing 1581:Dolby B 1569:⁠ 1557:⁠ 1552:overdub 1528:Philips 1524:Mercury 1420:Marantz 1399:Pioneer 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