293:, and usually only the fluorescent tube is changed at its end of life. Since the ballasts are placed in the light fixture, they are larger and last longer compared to the integrated ones, and they do not need to be replaced when the tube reaches its end-of-life. Non-integrated CFL housings can be both more expensive and sophisticated. They have two types of tubes: a bi-pin tube designed for conventional ballast, e.g. with G23 or G24d plug-in base, and a quad-pin tube designed for an electronic ballast or a conventional ballast with an external starter. A bi-pin tube contains an integrated starter, which obviates the need for external heating pins but causes incompatibility with electronic ballasts. Non-integrated CFLs can also be installed to a conventional light fixture using an adapter containing a built-in magnetic ballast. The adapter consists of a regular bulb screw, the ballast itself and a clip for the lamp's connector.
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not function acceptably below 40 W, whereas CFL applications commonly draw power in the range 7β20 W. Dimmable CFLs have been marketed before suitable dimmers are available. The dimming range of CFLs is usually between 20% and 90%, but many modern CFLs have a dimmable range of 2% to 100%, more akin to that of incandescent lights. There are two types of dimmable CFL on the market: Standard dimmable CFLs, and "switch-dimmable" CFLs. The latter use a standard light switch, and the on-board electronics chooses the light output level based on the number of times the switch is turned on and off quickly. Dimmable CFLs are not a 100% replacement for incandescent fixtures that are dimmed for "mood scenes" such as
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1155:(EPA) has published best practices for cleanup of broken CFLs, and ways to avoid breakage, on its web site. It recommends airing out the room and carefully disposing of broken pieces in a jar. A Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) study of 2008 comparing clean-up methods warns that using plastic bags to store broken CFL bulbs is dangerous, because vapors well above safe levels continue to leak from the bags. The EPA and the Maine DEP recommend a sealed glass jar as the best repository for a broken bulb.
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1148:, however, implies exposure for a significant time, and it remains unclear what the health risks are from short-term exposure to low levels of elemental mercury. Despite following EPA best-practice clean-up guidelines on broken CFLs, researchers were unable to remove mercury from carpet, and agitation of the carpet β such as by young children playing β created localized concentrations as high as 0.025 mg/m in air close to the carpet, even weeks after the initial breakage.
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of mercury released from broken and discarded CFL bulbs. In July 2008 the U.S. EPA published a data sheet stating that the net system emission of mercury for CFL lighting was lower than for incandescent lighting of comparable lumen output. This was based on the average rate of mercury emission for U.S. electricity production and average estimated escape of mercury from a CFL put into a landfill. Coal-fired plants also emit other heavy metals, sulfur, and carbon dioxide.
41:
615:. That is, while the human eye is highly sensitive to changes in the intensity of faint light sources, it is less sensitive to changes in the intensity of brighter light sources since the pupils compensate by dilating or constricting. So, presuming the illumination provided by the lamp was ample at the beginning of its life, and the light output of a bulb gradually decreases by 25%, viewers will perceive a much smaller change in light intensity.
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213:. This was the first successful screw-in replacement for an incandescent lamp, using new rare earth aluminum lattice phosphors to solve the problem of lumen depreciation that would normally occur quickly in such a thin tube; however, it was not widely adopted, because of its large size, weight (over half a kilogram), pronounced 50 Hz flicker and 3-minute warm up time. It was based on the SL1000 prototype from 1976. In 1985,
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344:. The resulting high frequency is applied to the lamp tube. Since the resonant converter tends to stabilize lamp current (and light emitted) over a range of input voltages, standard CFLs respond poorly in dimming applications and will experience a shorter lifespan and sometimes catastrophic failure. Special electronic ballasts (integrated or separate) are required for dimming service.
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lamps are internally protected and are meant to fail safely at the end of their lives. Industry associations are working toward advising consumers of the different failure modes of CFLs compared to incandescent lamps, and to develop lamps with inoffensive failure modes. New North
American technical standards aim to eliminate smoke or excess heat at the end of lamp life.
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by the then-low labor costs in China. Since that time, sales steadily increased. The phosphor coating in spiral CFLs is uneven, being thicker at the bottom than at the top, owing to the effect of gravity during the coating process. Although their popularity varied across countries, in China CFLs were the "dominant technology in the residential segment" in 2011.
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to damage in the bulbs' internal phosphor coatings. No cellular damage was observed following exposure to incandescent light of equivalent intensity. The study's authors suggest that the ultraviolet exposure could be limited by the use of "double-walled" bulbs manufactured with an additional glass covering surrounding the phosphor-coated layer.
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138:: electrons that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will radiate ultraviolet light as they return to a lower energy level; this emitted ultraviolet light is converted into visible light as it strikes the fluorescent coating, and into heat when absorbed by other materials such as glass.
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If the luminance of a viewed light source is increased 10 times, viewers do not judge that the brightness has increased 10 times. The relationship is, in fact, logarithmic: the sensitivity of the eye decreases rapidly as the luminance of the source increases. It is this characteristic that allows the
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Due to the potential to reduce electric consumption and pollution, various organizations have encouraged the adoption of CFLs and other efficient lighting. Efforts range from publicity to encourage awareness, to direct handouts of CFLs to the public. Some electric utilities and local governments have
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program labels lamps that meet a set of standards for efficiency, starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns due to variable quality of products. Those CFLs with a recent Energy Star certification start in less than
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of CFLs does not significantly affect their energy-saving benefits for individual consumers, but their use in large numbers, such as in commercial applications or across millions of homes in a distribution system, could require infrastructure upgrades. In such cases, CFLs with low (below 30 percent)
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in a dining area. Below the 20% limit, the lamp may remain at 20% or flicker or the starter circuitry may stop and restart. Above 80%, the bulb may operate at 100%. However, recent products have solved these problems so that they perform more like incandescent lamps. Dimmable CFLs are more expensive
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control. Using a dimmer with a standard CFL is ineffective and can shorten bulb life and void the warranty. Dimmable CFLs are available. The dimmer switch used in conjunction with a dimmable CFL must be matched to its power consumption range; many dimmers installed for use with incandescent bulbs do
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As color temperature increases, the shading of the white light changes from red to yellow to white to blue. Color names used for modern CFLs and other tri-phosphor lamps vary between manufacturers, unlike the standardized names used with older halophosphate fluorescent lamps. For example, Sylvania's
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It is interesting, that despite that incoming light can have a dynamic range of nearly 14 log units, the neural units can transfer the signal having the dynamic range of only about 1.5 log units. It is obvious that there is some adaptation mechanism involved in our vision. It means that we adapt to
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In the United States, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency estimated that if all 270 million CFLs sold in 2007 were sent to landfill sites, around 0.13 metric tons of mercury would be released, 0.1% of all U.S. emissions of mercury (around 104 metric tons that year). The graph assumes that
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In areas where electric power is mostly generated in coal-fired stations, replacing incandescent bulbs by CFLs actually reduces mercury emissions. This is because the reduced electric power demand, reducing in turn the amount of mercury released by coal as it is burned, more than offsets the amount
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A 2012 study comparing cellular health effects of CFL light and incandescent light found statistically significant cell damage in cultures exposed to CFL light. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of significant UVA and UVC radiation, which the study's authors conjectured was attributable
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Incandescent lamps reach full brightness a fraction of a second after being switched on. As of 2009, CFLs turn on within a second, but many still take time to achieve full brightness. The light color may be slightly different immediately after being turned on. Some CFLs are marketed as "instant on"
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and the tiny
American Light Bulb Manufacturing Inc. the last companies to make standard incandescent bulbs in the United States. At that time, Ellis Yan, whose Chinese company made the majority of CFLs sold in the United States, said he was interested in building a United States factory to make CFL
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CFLs are extremely cost-effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent lamps. Using average U.S. commercial electricity and gas rates for 2006, a 2008 article found that replacing each 75 W incandescent lamp with a CFL resulted in yearly savings of $ 22 in energy usage, reduced
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The color temperature is characteristic of black-body radiation; practical white light sources approximate the radiation of a black body at a given temperature, but will not have an identical spectrum. In particular, narrow bands of shorter-wavelength radiation are usually present even for lamps of
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In 1995, helical CFLs, manufactured in China by
Shanghai Xiangshan, became commercially available. They were first proposed by General Electric, who saw difficulties bending glass tubes into spirals using automated machinery. Xiangshan solved this problem by bending the tubes by hand, made possible
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Volume was an issue in CFL development, since the fluorescent lamps had to fit in the same volume as comparable incandescent lamps. This required the development of new, high-efficacy phosphors that could withstand more power per unit area than the phosphors used in older, larger fluorescent tubes.
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The UN Environment
Programme (UNEP)/Global Environment Facility (GEF) initiative has developed "The Global Efficient Partnership Program", which focuses on country-led policies and approaches to enable the implementation of energy-efficient lighting, including CFLs, quickly and cost-effectively in
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power. An analysis of the impacts of a ban on incandescent light bulbs at that time introduced the notion that in such areas, heat generated by conventional electric light bulbs may have been significantly reducing the release of greenhouse gases from natural gas heating. Ivanco, Karney, and Waher
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CFLs are generally not designed or rated for outdoor use and some will not start in cold weather. CFLs are available with cold-weather ballasts, which may be rated to as low as β28.8 Β°C (β20 Β°F). Light output during the first few minutes of operation is limited at low temperatures before
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In addition to the wear-out failure modes common to all fluorescent lamps, the electronic ballast may fail, since it has a number of component parts. Ballast failures are usually due to overheating and may be accompanied by discoloration or distortion of the ballast enclosure, odors, or smoke. The
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According to an August 2009 newspaper report, some manufacturers claimed that CFLs could be used to replace higher-power incandescent lamps than justified by their light output. Equivalent wattage claims can be replaced by comparison of actual light output emitted by the lamp, which is measured in
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While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 3β10 times greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 8β15 times longer and uses two-thirds to three-quarters less energy. A US article stated "A household that invested $ 90 in changing 30 fixtures to CFLs would save $ 440 to $
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The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently or is used in a totally enclosed fixture. This happens because the electrodes in a CFL undergo sputtering every time it is turned on; this also happens in fluorescent tubes. As a result material from the electrodes is
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There are two types of CFLs β integrated and non-integrated lamps, where CFL-i denotes an integrated ballast and CFL-ni denotes a non-integrated ballast. Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a single unit. These lamps allow consumers to replace incandescent lamps easily with CFLs.
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According to the
Northwest Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project, because household users in the U.S. Northwest have the option of disposing of these products in the same way they dispose of other solid waste, in Oregon "a large majority of household CFLs are going to municipal solid waste".
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Health and environmental concerns about mercury have prompted many jurisdictions to require spent lamps to be properly disposed of or recycled, rather than being included in the general waste stream sent to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulbs unbroken until they can be processed.
127:, CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain toxic
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cost, and reduced labour to change lamps. The incremental capital investment of $ 2 per fixture is typically paid back in about one month. Savings are greater and payback periods shorter in regions with higher electric rates and, to a lesser extent, also in regions with higher than U.S. average
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For the average user, UV radiation from indoor lights does not appear to be a concern. For those with skin sensitivity long term indoor exposure may be a concern, in which case they may want to use a bulb with lower UV radiation output. There seems to be more variability within bulb types than
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CFL light output is roughly proportional to phosphor surface area, and high output CFLs are often larger than their incandescent equivalents. This means that the CFL may not fit well in existing light fixtures. To fit enough phosphor coated area within the approximate overall dimensions of an
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Tests have shown that radiation exposure from CFLs is negligible at 150 centimeter distance from the source. At closer distances, comparisons show that CFLs emit less UVA (long wavelength) radiation than incandescent light bulbs. They do, however, emit higher levels of UVB (short wavelength)
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can take up to three minutes to reach full output. This and the shorter life of CFLs when turned on and off for short periods may make CFLs less suitable for applications such as motion-activated lighting. Hybrid lamps, combining a halogen lamp with a CFL, are available where warm up time is
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and blue light emitted. This radiation could aggravate symptoms in people who already suffer skin conditions that make them exceptionally sensitive to light. The light emitted by some single-envelope CFLs at distances of less than 20 cm (7.9 in) could lead to ultraviolet exposures
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approaching the current workplace limit set to protect workers from skin and retinal damage. However, industry sources claim the UV radiation received from CFLs is too small to contribute to skin cancer and the use of double-envelope CFLs "largely or entirely" mitigates any other risks.
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bulbs, but wanted $ 12.5 million from the U.S. government to do so. General
Electric had considered changing one of its bulb plants to make CFLs, but said that even after a $ 40 million investment in converting a plant, wage differences would mean costs would be 50% higher.
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is often required, CFLs reduce the load on the cooling system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in savings in electricity in addition to the energy efficiency savings of the lamps. However, in cooler climates in which buildings require heating, the
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balance the emitted light color, energy efficiency, and cost. Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix improves color rendering but decreases efficiency and increases cost. Good quality consumer CFLs use three or four phosphors to achieve a "white" light with a
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They also note the EPA's estimates for the percentage of fluorescent lamps' total mercury released when they are disposed of in the following ways: municipal waste landfill 3.2%, recycling 3%, municipal waste incineration 17.55% and hazardous waste disposal 0.2%.
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lighting, however, significantly affected CFL sales and production. As a result of decreasing cost and better features, customers increasingly migrated toward LEDs. In India, "nearly 60 per cent of the lighting market ... has been taken over by LEDs" by 2018.
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to create a practical fluorescent lamp, sold in 1938 and patented in 1941. Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce the length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the
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Because of their higher efficacy, CFLs use between one-seventh and one-third of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps. Of 2010 world total lighting sales, 50 to 70 percent were incandescent. Replacing all inefficient lighting with CFLs would save 409
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radiation. UVB can penetrate deep into the skin while sufficient levels of UVA can burn superficial layers. Closed (double-envelope) CFLs are shielded and emit a lower total UV radiation compared to incandescent or halogen bulbs of a similar wattage.
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with electronic ballasts has removed most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally associated with fluorescent lighting, and has allowed the development of smaller lamps directly interchangeable with more sizes of incandescent light bulb.
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ejected every time sputtering occurs and it is deposited on the fluorescent tube's walls, showing as lamp end darkening. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs. The US
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676:) per year, 2.5% of world electricity use. In the US, it is estimated that replacing all incandescents would save 80 TWh yearly. Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamps (ILs), a phase-out of ILs would result in less
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Special handling instructions for breakage are not printed on the packaging of household CFL bulbs in many countries. The amount of mercury released by one bulb can temporarily exceed U.S. federal guidelines for chronic exposure.
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fixtures. CFLs designed for use in such fixtures are available. Current recommendations for fully enclosed, unventilated light fixtures (such as those recessed into insulated ceilings), are either to use "reflector CFLs" (R-CFL),
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some luminance value, and then we can perceive data in a certain dynamic range near the adaptation level. One of the most important characteristics that changes with different adaptation levels is the just noticeable difference.
131:, which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have banned the disposal of CFLs together with regular garbage. These countries have established special collection systems for CFLs and other hazardous waste.
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Net mercury emissions for CFL and incandescent lamps, based on EPA FAQ sheet, assuming average U.S. emission of 0.012 mg of mercury per kilowatt-hour and 14% of CFL mercury contents escapes to environment after land fill
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program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to mitigate this problem. CFLs emit less light later in their lives than when they are new. The light output decay is
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842:, Canada, it was estimated that CFLs would only generate 17% savings in energy compared to incandescent bulbs, as opposed to the 75% savings that could have been expected without space heating considerations.
611:, with the fastest losses being soon after the lamp is first used. By the end of their lives, CFLs can be expected to emit 70β80% of their original light output. The response of the human eye to light is
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198:. Although the design met its goals, it would have cost GE about $ 25 million to build new factories to produce the lamps, and thus the invention was shelved. The design was eventually copied by others.
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Mironava, T.; Hadjiargyrou, M.; Simon, M.; Rafailovich, M. H. (20 Jul 2012). "The
Effects of UV Emission from Compact Fluorescent Light Exposure on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes In Vitro".
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formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps.
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prices fell well below US$ 5 for a basic bulb in 2015. In the United States, CFLs were also facing the possibility of proposed regulations for 2017 that would create difficulty qualifying for the
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CFLs last an average of 8,000 hours regardless of manufacturer and premature breakage. In areas where coal is not used to produce energy, the emissions would be less for both types of bulb.
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When the base of the bulb is not made to be flame-retardant, as required in the voluntary standard for CFLs, overheating of the electrical components in the bulb may create a fire hazard.
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Korovesis, Ph. N.; et al. (2004). "Influence of Large-Scale
Installation of Energy Saving Lamps on the Line Voltage Distortion of a Weak Network Supplied by Photovoltaic Station".
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If a building's indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs, the heat emitted due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climates, or in office or industrial buildings where
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3530:'. DOE/GO=102001-1165 page 87. Retrieved 22 February 2007. "Even when low-temperature ballasts are used, lamps will not reach full brightness for several minutes in cold weather."
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Nuzum-Keim, AD; Sontheimer, RD (2009). "Ultraviolet light output of compact fluorescent lamps: comparison to conventional incandescent and halogen residential lighting sources".
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Philips
Lighting ceased research on compact fluorescents in 2008 and began devoting the bulk of its research and development budget to solid-state lighting such as LED lighting.
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When a CFL is dimmed, its color temperature (warmth) stays the same. This is counter to incandescent light sources, where color gets redder as the light source gets dimmer. The
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2672:"Energy Star Lighting Verification Program (Program for the Evaluation and Analysis of Residential Lighting) Semi-annual report For the period of October 2003 to April 2004"
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socket systems were designed to replace the traditional lamp sockets, so that incandescent bulbs are not installed in fixtures intended for energy efficient lamps only.
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to contain mercury vapor. Many municipalities are purchasing such machines. The crushed glass and metal is stored in drums, ready for shipping to recycling factories.
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Fluorescent lamps get dimmer over their lifetime, so what starts out as an adequate luminosity may become inadequate. In one test by the U.S. Department of Energy, of
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3570:"GE Lighting Frequently Asked Questions β Compact Fluorescent (CFL): 4. Can I use a CFL in applications where I will be turning the lights on/off frequently?"
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1,500 over the five-year life of the bulbs, depending on your cost of electricity. Look at your utility bill and imagine a 12% discount to estimate the savings."
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and have no noticeable warm-up period, but others can take up to a minute to reach full brightness, or longer in very cold temperatures. Some that use a mercury
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Cunill-SolΓ , J.; Salichs, M. (2007). "Study and Characterization of Waveforms from Low-Watt (<25 W) Compact Fluorescent Lamps with Electronic Ballasts".
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as vapor inside the glass tubing. Most CFLs contain 3β5 mg per bulb, with the bulbs labeled "eco-friendly" containing as little as 1 mg. Because
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of 750 or 1000 hours. However, the actual lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to
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468:, the temperature of a black body that emits light of a hue that to human color perception most closely matches the light from the lamp, is assigned.
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The first step of processing CFLs involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that uses negative pressure ventilation and a mercury-absorbing filter or
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1352:(PEARL) was created to be a watchdog program. PEARL has evaluated the performance and Energy Star compliance of more than 150 models of CFL bulbs.
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Since the end of 2018, the export, import and manufacture of CFLs within the European Union has been prohibited under the EU Mercury Regulation.
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Yau, E. K. F.; Wing-Hung Ki; Mok, P. K. T.; Sin, J. K. O. (2001). "Phase-controlled dimmable CFL with PPFC and switching frequency modulation".
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estimated that "If all homes in Quebec were required to switch from (incandescent) bulbs to CFLs, there would be an increase of almost 220,000
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A helical integrated CFL, one of the most popular designs in North America since 1995, when a Chinese firm marketed the first successful design
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Energy use for different types of light bulbs operating at different light outputs. Points lower on the graph correspond to lower energy use.
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CFLs have two main components: a magnetic or electronic ballast and a gas-filled tube (also called bulb or burner). Replacement of magnetic
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designed for incandescent bulbs. The lamps use a tube that is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact
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can interpret the infrared light emitted by CFLs as a signal; this may limit the use of CFLs near televisions, radios, remote controls, or
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On September 1, 2021, the EU banned the export, import, manufacture and sale of all compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballasts.
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incandescent lamp, standard shapes of CFL tube are a helix with one or more turns, multiple parallel tubes, circular arc, or a butterfly.
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subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means to reduce electric demand; and so delay further investments in generation.
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and the vertical axes show relative intensity in arbitrary units. Significant peaks of UV light are present for CFL even if not visible.
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or to replace such fixtures with those designed for CFLs. A CFL will thrive in areas that have good airflow, such as in a table lamp.
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The current price of CFLs reflects the manufacturing of nearly all CFLs in China, where labour costs less. In September 2010, the
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Characteristic spectral power distributions (SPDs) for an incandescent lamp (left) and a CFL (right). The horizontal axes are in
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Some CFLs are labeled not to be run base up, since heat will shorten the ballast's life. Such CFLs are unsuitable for use in
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from 1934 described an empirical relationship between intensity and color temperature of visually pleasing light sources.
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includes an amount to pay for recycling, and manufacturers and importers have an obligation to collect and recycle CFLs.
456:(1 million divided by the color temperature in kelvins). The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of a
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products in 2003β04, one quarter of tested CFLs no longer met their rated output after 40% of their rated service life.
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Integrated CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light fixtures, reducing the cost of converting to fluorescent.
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is a resource for finding and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps. There is ongoing work in improving the "quality" (
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Voltage and current for a 120 V 60 Hz 30-watt compact fluorescent lamp. Because the current is heavily distorted, the
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3150:"New household lamp standards, discusses co-ordinated U.S., Mexico and Canada standard UL 1993, retrieved 2009 Dec 3"
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cooling requirements. However, frequent on-off cycling (turning on and off) of CFLs greatly reduces their lifespan.
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What are the mercury emissions caused by humans? Do CFLS that wind up in a landfill contribute to these emissions?
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unacceptable. The halogen lamp lights immediately, and is switched off once the CFL has reached full brightness.
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certified CFLs must meet FCC standards, and so are required to list all known incompatibilities on the package.
684:) being emitted into the atmosphere. Exchanging ILs for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve annual CO
430:(CRI) of about 80, where the maximum 100 represents the appearance of colors under daylight or other sources of
178:, Friedrich Meyer, and Hans Spanner patented a high-pressure vapor lamp in 1927. George Inman later teamed with
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lamp with integral magnetic ballast. The lamp used a folded T4 tube, stable tri-color phosphors, and a mercury
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1128:(NEMA) have voluntarily capped the amount of mercury used in CFLs. In the EU the same cap is required by the
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The input stage of a CFL is a rectifier, which presents a non-linear load to the power supply and introduces
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A photograph of various lamps illustrates the effect of color temperature differences. From left to right:
4204:"Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project Phase I Draft Report Background Research and Program Options"
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can be dimmed to low levels, making them popular replacements for incandescent bulbs on dimmer circuits.
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3862:"Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury June 2008"
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Because the eye's sensitivity changes with the wavelength, the output of lamps is commonly measured in
340:
to DC, then converted to high frequency AC by the transistors, connected as a resonant series DC to AC
4284:
3965:
Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury July 2008
3940:"Frequently Asked Questions, Information on Proper Disposal of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs)"
3086:
2306:
1476:
909:
Dimmable integrated helical CFL that dims 2β100%, comparable to standard light bulb dimming properties
630:
5249:
4752:
4499:
2671:
1326:
1314:
864:
723:
431:
3173:
5377:
5303:
5298:
5281:
5276:
5236:
4701:
4679:
4354:
3017:
1917:
1395:
1306:
1028:
961:
210:
169:
3457:
2614:
1896:
1283:
emissions in the province, equivalent to the annual emissions from more than 40,000 automobiles."
5527:
5199:
4984:
4927:
4919:
4181:
3768:
3724:
3358:
3323:
3288:
313:
117:
4459:
2359:
1785:
40:
3993:"Frequently Asked Questions: Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury"
3678:
3201:
2436:
385:
244:
rating. In early 2016, General Electric announced it would phase out CFL production in the US.
5069:
5017:
4989:
4909:
4747:
4735:
4691:
4619:
4565:
4372:
4302:
3760:
3716:
3615:
3573:
3278:
2078:
1640:
1611:
1402:
1109:
1105:
653:
649:
639:
612:
608:
591:
445:
217:
started selling its model Dulux EL, which was the first CFL to include an electronic ballast.
128:
61:
3446:
Joint Committee Workshop on Policies to Improve Residential Lighting Efficiency in California
2918:
2380:
Buying and Selling Gems:What Light is Best? Part II: Artificial Light β The Options Available
5352:
5286:
5216:
5167:
4718:
4607:
4602:
4236:
4229:
To Switch, or Not to Switch: A Critical Analysis of Canada's Ban on Incandescent Light Bulbs
3752:
3708:
3350:
3315:
3270:
2769:
2678:
1741:
1259:
1201:
1101:
964:
on the current drawn from the supply. The use of CFLs in homes has no appreciable effect on
868:
830:
656:
of a typical CFL is 50β70 lumens per watt (lm/W) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is
422:
321:
191:
179:
157:
135:
105:
4406:
Wolverton, Troy (2016-03-12). "Be prepared to say goodbye to the lightbulbs you've loved".
3541:"Why does my compact fluorescent light bulb flicker or appear dim when I first turn it on?"
3481:
2179:
1918:"Inventing Six Modern Electric Lamps: Compact Fluorescent β The Challenge of Manufacturing"
160:
has since stopped production of domestic CFL lamps in the United States in favour of LEDs.
5512:
5471:
5429:
5424:
5259:
5079:
4856:
4585:
4560:
4272:
4261:
3792:
3785:
3527:
3464:
3409:
3181:
3135:
3114:
2709:
1263:
835:
664:), CFL lamps have lighting efficiency ranges of 7β10%, versus 1.5β2.5% for incandescents.
296:
195:
17:
4484:
3837:
3598:"I've noticed some CFLs need a few minutes to warm up, or reach full brightness ..."
2461:"IEC 60969: Self-ballasted lamps for general lighting services: Performance requirements"
968:, but significant quantities of them in a large facility can have an adverse effect. The
4210:
3806:"Mercury Content Information Available for Lamps on the 2003 New Jersey Contract T-0192"
3520:
1398:
to identify lighting products that meet energy conservation and performance guidelines.
5400:
5291:
5182:
5146:
5119:
5089:
4956:
4728:
4575:
4570:
4104:
3380:
3267:
2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37230)
2512:
1951:
1944:"Edward E. Hammer of Nela Park invented compact fluorescent light bulbs: news obituary"
1391:
1310:
1224:
933:
872:
677:
356:
1764:
1018:
will start and perform in a wide range of temperatures due to their different design.
484:'s specification provides a set of named color temperatures for certified luminaries.
5559:
5481:
5211:
5114:
5109:
5031:
4932:
4839:
4817:
4643:
4624:
4580:
3809:
3756:
3728:
3643:
3292:
2419:, technical pamphlet published in 1976, no ISBN or Library of Congress number, page 8
2007:
1334:
1330:
1271:
1189:
1177:
965:
702:
669:
587:
476:
Daylight CFLs have a color temperature of 3500 K, while most other lamps called
352:
290:
206:
175:
124:
113:
4323:"Program for Evaluation and Analysis of Residential Lighting (PEARL): Programs: LRC"
3362:
3327:
2609:(PhD). Institut fΓΌr Computergraphik eingereicht an der Technische UniversitΓ€t Wien (
2464:
5491:
5387:
5382:
5357:
5347:
5308:
5129:
5084:
4812:
4777:
4713:
4671:
4656:
4612:
4053:
3772:
1582:
1333:, which have associated health and safety hazards, with CFLs powered by batteries,
1318:
1213:
990:
969:
949:
652:
of lamps is the number of lumens emitted for each watt of electric power used. The
645:
579:
461:
377:
4326:
2574:
944:
4150:"How are mercury-containing bulbs (called "lamps" in the regulations) regulated?"
3795:. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission press release. Accessed 1 January 2008.
2640:"Topic and Discussions on the Performance Standard and Inspection Methods of CFL"
403: • Compact Fluorescent (General Electric, 13 W, 6500 K)
5532:
5486:
5362:
5221:
5141:
4949:
4944:
4904:
4876:
4871:
4802:
4797:
4782:
4661:
1418:
1360:
1267:
1217:
1209:
1117:
1064:
994:
953:
603:
481:
418:
241:
4265:
3106:
2543:
Topic and Discussions on the Performance Standard and Inspection Methods of CFL
381:
Emitted visible light spectrum of an incandescent lamp (mid) and a CFL (bottom)
304:
5476:
5342:
5337:
5226:
5189:
5172:
5104:
5099:
5074:
4769:
4082:
3354:
3319:
2814:
1338:
1322:
1193:
457:
407: • Compact Fluorescent (Bright Effects, 15 W, 2644 K
329:
283:
4253:
200 0000+ solar powered kerosene-lamp replacements assisted by aid agencies:
4240:
3918:
3712:
3274:
1216:, have regulations that are more stringent than the federal UWR. Home-supply
1120:
where the mercury from lamps may be released and contribute to air and water
172:. The Cooper Hewitt lamps were used for photographic studios and industries.
77:
Comparison of CFLs with power ratings of 105 W, 36 W, and 11 W
5522:
5419:
5372:
4961:
4937:
4866:
4846:
4254:
2837:"Multibillion dollar benefits of global switch to energy-efficient lighting"
2379:
2283:
1297:
1243:
1197:
1121:
390:
325:
3893:
3764:
3720:
2393:"Energy Star Program Requirements Product Specification for Luminaires 2.0"
2125:
905:
5254:
5194:
4899:
4891:
4861:
4822:
4787:
4757:
4740:
4546:
3013:"Light bulb factory closes; End of era for U.S. means more jobs overseas"
2943:
2607:
Tone Mapping Techniques and Color Image Difference in Global Illumination
2463:. Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Program. Archived from
2126:"Barriers to Technology Diffusion: The Case of Compact Fluorescent Lamps"
1380:
1113:
839:
414:
409: • Compact Fluorescent (Sylvania, 14 W, 3000 K)
153:
146:
3786:
CPSC, Teng Fei Trading Inc. Announce Recall of Energy Saving Light Bulbs
2980:"The Cost-Effectiveness of Compact Fluorescents in Commercial Buildings"
2548:
Right Light 6: 6th International Conference on Energy-Efficient Lighting
2161:(Second ed.), McKinsey & Company, Inc., August 2012, p. 29
1835:
Amber Angelle, "Will LED Light Bulbs Best Your CFLs and Incandescents?"
308:
An electronic ballast and permanently attached tube in an integrated CFL
5206:
5151:
4851:
4829:
2610:
2587:
human eye to operate over such an extremely wide range of light levels.
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1541:
1443: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1185:
405: • Incandescent (Sylvania, 60 W, Extra Soft White)
202:
168:
The parent to the modern fluorescent lamp was invented in the 1890s by
2005:
Bell, John (17 March 1983). "The Art and Craft of Fluorescent Lamps".
4834:
4792:
3127:
3047:
2261:"ecodesign requirements for light sources and separate control gears"
1644:
1255:
914:
688:
reductions of 230 Mt (million tons), more than the combined yearly CO
648:, a measure of the power of light as perceived by the human eye. The
502:
449:
3915:"NEMA Lamp Companies Announce Commitment to Cap CFL Mercury Content"
3636:"Why does it take time for CFL bulbs to come up to full brightness?"
3478:"Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs Key Product Criteria: Energy Star"
2682:
2333:. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2007-10-02. Archived from
480:
have color temperatures of at least 5000 K. In United States,
397:
5517:
4881:
4807:
2724:"Quality Assurance in Energy Star Residential Lighting Programmes"
1276:
1232:
1205:
1090:
1061:
Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks
1045:
1004:
943:
904:
882:
673:
629:
509:
453:
396:
384:
376:
303:
295:
289:
Non-integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently installed in the
214:
4056:. State of Maine, Dept of Environmental Protection. February 2008
3519:
U.S. Dept. of Energy, Greening Federal Facilities, 2nd Edition, '
1063:(SCENIHR) in 2008, CFLs may pose an added health risk due to the
594:, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient
4487:, The Physics Factbook, Glenn Elert, ed., (Retrieved 2012-05-12)
4232:
1702:
1552:
1129:
856:
46:
The tubular-form CFL is one of the most popular types in Europe.
27:
Fluorescent lamps with folded tubes, often with built-in ballast
4519:
3244:
1350:
Program for the Evaluation and Analysis of Residential Lighting
1180:, most states have adopted and currently implement the federal
417:, each emitting one band of color with some bands still in the
123:
Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same
1412:
464:(i.e. color) as the light source. A notional temperature, the
237:
232:
4393:
Energy Star Program Requirements for CFLS Partner Commitments
4107:. Maine Department of Environmental Protection. February 2008
2334:
2199:"As LEDs burn bright, it'll soon be lights out for CFL bulbs"
977:(THD) and power factors greater than 0.9 should be selected.
4227:
Ivanco, M.; Karney, B.W.; Waher, K.J. (25β26 October 2007).
3665:"GE Lighting to promote halogen-CFL hybrid bulb with Target"
3503:"Coming to Terms with Energy Efficiency and the Environment"
2873:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2010. Archived from
2300:"A Dealer Guide to Energy Star: Putting Energy into Profits"
2155:
Lighting the Way: Perspectives on the global lighting market
300:
Non-integrated bi-pin double-turn CFL with G24d plug-in base
145:
that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved
4515:
4177:"Home Depot Offers Recycling for Compact Fluorescent Bulbs"
2487:"Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer"
952:
of this lamp is only 0.61. The lamp takes 29 watts, but 39
3128:
Failure Modes for Self-Ballasted Compact Fluorescent Lamps
4505:
Plug-In Plug-in CFL (PL Type) Lamps: Non-integrated Bulbs
2573:. Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster, PA. Archived from
2077:(Second ed.). The Fairmont Press. pp. 189β190.
838:
must replace the reduced heat from lighting fixtures. In
320:
Electronic ballasts contain a small circuit board with a
2075:
Revolution in Lamps: A Chronicle of 50 Years of Progress
194:, an engineer with General Electric, in response to the
134:
The principle of operation remains the same as in other
4396:, 4th edition, dated 3 July 2008, retrieved 2008-06-25.
4105:"Maine Compact Fluorescent Light Breakage Study Report"
3603:. Energy Star. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24
3592:
3590:
1808:"The Best Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs: PM Lab Test"
1383:
replacing CFLs. In the opinion of Noah Horowitz of the
286:
and dimmable models with standard bases are available.
4054:"Maine Compact Fluorescent Lamp Breakage Study Report"
2133:
Organisation For Economic co-Operation And Development
4507:β cross reference listing of non-integrated CFL bulbs
3125:
National Electrical Manufacturer's Association NEMA,
2224:
2222:
2220:
2940:"Efficient lighting equals higher heat bills: study"
1970:
1968:
1375:
In the United States, new standards proposed by the
1124:. In the U.S., lighting manufacturer members of the
1076:
between them, but the best option is shielded CFLs.
923:
than standard CFLs due to the additional circuitry.
205:
introduced its model SL*18, which was a screw-in or
5500:
5455:
5396:
5319:
5235:
5160:
5030:
4970:
4918:
4890:
4768:
4670:
4642:
4633:
4553:
3831:"Canada-Wide Standard for Mercury-Containing Lamps"
2813:. Community College of Rhode Island. Archived from
1977:"Father of the compact fluorescent bulb looks back"
421:range as can be seen on the light spectrum. Modern
3062:
887:Compact fluorescent lamp with wall-mounted holder
660:. Compared to a theoretical 100%-efficient lamp (
4511:A technical description of a typical CFL circuit
4126:"Progressive ban on mercury-containing products"
3892:. Energy Federation Incorporated. Archived from
3620:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3467:at ConsumerReports.org. Accessed 1 January 2008.
2180:"Fans of L.E.D.'s Say This Bulb's Time Has Come"
1270:, whereas electricity was primarily provided by
1266:for homes was provided mostly by the burning of
156:compete with CFLs for high-efficiency lighting.
4235:Electrical Power Conference. pp. 550β555.
3139:, white paper no. LSD 40, retrieved 2008-06-26.
3061:Gray, Richard; McWatt, Julia (29 August 2009).
3040:"SC lawmakers take dim view of new light bulbs"
1387:, most CFL bulbs would not meet the standards.
1227:, CFLs are one of many products subject to the
696:Electric power equivalents for differing lamps
3428:Residential Lighting Improvement Opportunities
2959:"FAQ: The End of the Light Bulb as We Know It"
2752:
2750:
2294:
2292:
4531:
4483:3100K is typical; individual bulbs vary. See
4154:United States Environmental Protection Agency
4079:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3458:Can CFLs interfere with electronic equipment?
1126:National Electrical Manufacturers Association
1112:, even these small amounts are a concern for
8:
4266:http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/Dlight10
4048:
4046:
4044:
3480:. Energystar.gov. 2008-12-02. Archived from
3064:"Energy saving light bulbs offer dim future"
4458:. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from
3505:. The Clean Air Partnership. Archived from
2104:"Philips Tornado Asian Compact Fluorescent"
2098:
2096:
2094:
2068:
2066:
2011:. Vol. 97, no. 1349. p. 719.
1313:(DC) input. DC CFLs are popular for use in
692:emissions of the Netherlands and Portugal.
4639:
4538:
4524:
4516:
4430:. Energysavingtrust.org.uk. Archived from
3987:
3985:
1220:make free CFL recycling widely available.
4255:http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/mpgvm
3545:Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb (CFL) FAQs
3006:
3004:
2358:. Lrc.rpi.edu. 2009-03-16. Archived from
1786:"CFL Bulbs Have One Hitch: Toxic Mercury"
1503:Learn how and when to remove this message
4144:
4142:
4025:"Mercury leaks found as new bulbs break"
3109:, Halifax Regional Fire & Emergency
2762:Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
2540:Guan, Fumin; Reynolds, Dale (May 2005).
1514:
1296:
694:
486:
2919:"Learn About Light Output: Energy Star"
1752:
582:of 6000β15,000 hours, whereas standard
249:
190:The spiral CFL was invented in 1976 by
33:Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) examples
4377:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4370:
4307:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4300:
4175:Rosenbloom, Stephanie (24 June 2008).
3642:. City of Fort Collins. Archived from
3613:
2957:Lavelle, Marianne (19 December 2007).
2705:
2694:
2567:"Brightness, Luminance, and Confusion"
2284:What Compact Fluorescents to Use Where
584:incandescent lamps have a service life
472:low color temperature ("warm" light).
2670:O'Rourke, Conan; Zhou, Yutao (2006).
2241:from the original on 16 February 2016
1366:Energy Star Light Bulbs for Consumers
1359:In the United States and Canada, the
1293:Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs
1059:According to the European Commission
7:
3426:Fernstrom, Gary B. (June 19, 2007).
2897:"Climate Change Mitigation Benefits"
2841:United Nations Environment Programme
2599:MatkoviΔ, KreΕ‘imir (December 1997).
2430:"Osram Dulux EL Energy-Saving Lamps"
2356:"Press Releases | LRC Newsroom"
1850:
1848:
1441:adding citations to reliable sources
1153:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
880:lumens and marked on the packaging.
4485:Temperature of a Halogen Light Bulb
3343:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
3308:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
2602:Colour Science Basics: Human Vision
2229:Cardwell, Diane (1 February 2016).
2073:Kane, Raymond; Sell, Heinz (2001).
1922:National Museum of American History
1889:"The History of Fluorescent Lights"
1356:developing and emerging countries.
336:. The incoming AC current is first
3679:"Energy-Saving Lamps & Health"
2766:United States Department of Energy
2565:Halsted, Charles P. (March 1993).
2521:United States Department of Energy
2197:Pratap, Rashmi (10 January 2018).
1394:, a similar program is run by the
1377:United States Department of Energy
334:insulated-gate bipolar transistors
25:
4500:CFL Bulb and Base Reference Guide
4023:Daley, Beth (February 26, 2008).
1975:Kanellos, Michael (August 2007).
1761:"Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs"
1385:Natural Resources Defense Council
1184:(UWR). Several states, including
3757:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01192.x
3075:from the original on 2022-01-12.
3038:Davenport, Jim (28 March 2011).
2142:from the original on 2015-09-12.
1417:
1009:A CFL used outside of a building
264:
252:
70:
53:
39:
5055:Parabolic aluminized reflector
3745:Photochemistry and Photobiology
3243:. Dimmable CFLs. Archived from
3011:Whoriskey, Peter (2010-09-08).
1858:. February 2016. Archived from
1428:needs additional citations for
1364:one second and do not flicker.
1036:Health and environmental impact
985:Electronic devices operated by
913:Only some CFLs are labeled for
488:Energy Star color temperatures
5000:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
3886:"Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps"
2978:Chernoff, Harry (2008-01-23).
2513:"When to turn off your lights"
1942:Segall, Grant (20 July 2012).
413:CFLs emit light from a mix of
355:and especially unsuitable for
1:
4453:"LPrize-winner_media-kit.pdf"
4325:. Lrc.rpi.edu. Archived from
4081:. 6 June 2013. Archived from
3547:. GE Lighting. Archived from
2231:"G.E. to Phase Out CFL Bulbs"
1806:Masamitsu, Emily (May 2007).
1763:. Energy Star. Archived from
3521:Compact Fluorescent Lighting
3435:California Energy Commission
3269:. Vol. 2. p. 951.
2964:U.S. News & World Report
2901:www.enlighten-initiative.org
2843:. 1 Dec 2010. Archived from
2799:10/680 = 1.5%; 17/680 = 2.5%
1042:Fluorescent lamps and health
578:CFLs typically have a rated
466:correlated color temperature
440:correlated color temperature
5586:General Electric inventions
5245:Automotive light bulb types
5095:Intelligent street lighting
3403:Understanding Power Quality
3377:"Compact Fluorescent Lamps"
3194:"CFL Warranty: Energy Star"
1305:CFLs are produced for both
710:Electric power use (watts)
259:Philips SL*18, an early CFL
143:spectral power distribution
5602:
5008:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
4428:"Energy saving lightbulbs"
4075:"Cleaning Up a Broken CFL"
3107:Compact Fluorescent Lights
2867:"United States of America"
2286:. Accessed 1 January 2008.
1452:"Compact fluorescent lamp"
1348:In the United States, the
1290:
1168:Fluorescent lamp recycling
1165:
1050:Closed double-envelope CFL
1039:
1014:reaching full brightness.
637:
328:and usually two switching
185:1939 New York World's Fair
18:Compact fluorescent lights
5447:Stage lighting instrument
3463:October 29, 2010, at the
3379:. Mge.com. Archived from
3355:10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899551
3320:10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835432
2790:50/680 = 7%; 70/680 = 10%
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1301:An E27 Philips 5 watt CFL
975:total harmonic distortion
709:
700:
495:
492:
120:in the base of the lamp.
94:compact fluorescent light
5508:Battlefield illumination
5265:high-intensity discharge
4697:Electrochemiluminescence
4241:10.1109/EPC.2007.4520391
3791:January 8, 2013, at the
3713:10.1177/0961203309103052
3275:10.1109/PESC.2001.954241
3176:retrieved 12 March 2007
3152:. Csa.ca. Archived from
2489:. RobAid. Archived from
2417:Incandescent lamps TP110
2331:"CFL Reflector Products"
1856:"Say Goodbye. Say Hello"
1254:In some places, such as
102:compact fluorescent tube
86:compact fluorescent lamp
5581:20th-century inventions
5368:Electroluminescent wire
3967:, accessed 2009 Dec 22"
3640:Efficient Lighting FAQs
3223:"Dimming CFLs and LEDs"
3174:GE Lighting FAQ for CFL
3134:March 22, 2012, at the
2435:. Osram. Archived from
2203:The Hindu Business Line
1788:. National Public Radio
987:infrared remote control
956:due to this distortion.
598:, among other factors.
436:incandescent light bulb
125:amount of visible light
110:incandescent light bulb
108:designed to replace an
5566:Energy-saving lighting
5050:Multifaceted reflector
4409:The Charlotte Observer
3836:. 2001. Archived from
3400:Anibal T. De Almeida:
3180:June 26, 2012, at the
2704:Cite journal requires
2554:on September 23, 2007.
1302:
1231:recycling scheme. The
1097:
1051:
1010:
957:
910:
888:
871:plant closed, leaving
635:
410:
394:
382:
309:
301:
112:; some types fit into
5440:ellipsoidal reflector
5045:Ellipsoidal reflector
4729:Fluorescent induction
4707:field-induced polymer
4414:San Jose Mercury News
3526:May 11, 2011, at the
3113:May 20, 2013, at the
2811:"The Nature of Light"
2809:Keefe, T. J. (2007).
2652:on September 27, 2007
2577:on September 22, 2007
1887:Bellis, Mary (2007).
1842:accessed May 30, 2011
1409:Efficiency comparison
1370:color rendering index
1325:initiatives exist in
1315:recreational vehicles
1300:
1094:
1049:
1008:
947:
908:
886:
638:Further information:
633:
596:operating temperature
428:color rendering index
400:
388:
380:
307:
299:
5277:Rear position lights
5250:Daytime running lamp
5178:Mechanically powered
5065:Aviation obstruction
4128:. bmuv. January 2018
3646:on December 10, 2008
3551:on February 28, 2009
3509:on October 11, 2007.
3415:Home Energy Magazine
2990:on February 20, 2008
2467:on February 26, 2008
2337:on December 21, 2007
1437:improve this article
1401:The G24 (624Q2) and
1327:developing countries
1182:Universal Waste Rule
1110:mercury is poisonous
865:Winchester, Virginia
720:Compact fluorescent
448:can be indicated in
432:black-body radiation
136:fluorescent lighting
5576:Gas discharge lamps
4685:Electron-stimulated
3667:. 5 September 2013.
3130:(requires account)
3018:The Washington Post
2772:on October 15, 2011
2736:on December 9, 2006
2571:Information Display
2382:See figures 6 and 7
2135:. 30 October 2006.
1396:Energy Saving Trust
1307:alternating current
962:harmonic distortion
697:
489:
170:Peter Cooper Hewitt
98:energy-saving light
5528:Luminous gemstones
4702:Electroluminescent
4680:Cathodoluminescent
4271:2010-07-08 at the
4260:2011-05-11 at the
4182:The New York Times
4085:on 7 December 2021
3843:on August 12, 2006
3444:on July 23, 2012.
3408:2011-07-26 at the
3198:www.energystar.gov
3050:on March 13, 2020.
2907:on August 2, 2013.
2235:The New York Times
2184:The New York Times
2051:www.lamptech.co.uk
2027:www.lamptech.co.uk
1303:
1098:
1052:
1011:
958:
911:
889:
695:
636:
496:Color temperature
487:
460:that has the same
438:(depending on the
411:
395:
383:
332:, which are often
310:
302:
118:electronic ballast
5553:
5552:
5070:Balanced-arm lamp
5026:
5025:
4910:Yablochkov candle
4778:Acetylene/Carbide
4748:Radioluminescence
4620:Luminous efficacy
4566:Color temperature
4465:on 6 October 2011
3681:. GreenFacts site
3601:Customer Help FAQ
3576:on March 29, 2007
3284:978-0-7803-7067-8
2847:on 14 August 2016
2839:(Press release).
2613:). Archived from
2493:on 19 August 2015
2485:Damir, B (2012).
2415:General Electric
2265:eur-lex.europa.eu
2084:978-0-88173-378-5
1838:Popular Mechanics
1818:on April 26, 2007
1812:Popular Mechanics
1730:
1729:
1641:Color temperature
1612:Luminous efficacy
1513:
1512:
1505:
1487:
1403:GU24 lamp fitting
1321:housing. Various
1102:fluorescent lamps
1016:Cold-cathode CFLs
927:Cold-cathode CFLs
827:
826:
654:luminous efficacy
650:luminous efficacy
640:Luminous efficacy
626:Energy efficiency
571:
570:
446:Color temperature
373:Spectrum of light
362:cold-cathode CFLs
62:GU24 lamp fitting
16:(Redirected from
5593:
5353:Christmas lights
5287:Safety reflector
5282:Reversing lights
5217:Navigation light
5168:Bicycle lighting
5058:
5011:
5003:
4977:
4736:Photoluminescent
4719:Fluorescent lamp
4692:Chemiluminescent
4640:
4608:Bi-pin lamp base
4603:Lightbulb socket
4540:
4533:
4526:
4517:
4488:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4403:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4353:. Archived from
4352:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4283:. Archived from
4282:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4209:. Archived from
4208:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4050:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4029:The Boston Globe
4020:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:on July 15, 2007
3917:. Archived from
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3808:. Archived from
3802:
3796:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3751:(6): 1497β1506.
3739:
3733:
3732:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3572:. Archived from
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3537:
3531:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3474:
3468:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:. Archived from
3432:
3423:
3417:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3349:(4): 2305β2311.
3338:
3332:
3331:
3314:(4): 1787β1793.
3303:
3297:
3296:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:. Archived from
3190:
3184:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3146:
3140:
3123:
3117:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3046:. Archived from
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2986:. Archived from
2975:
2969:
2968:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:. Energystar.gov
2915:
2909:
2908:
2903:. Archived from
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:on April 2, 2012
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2817:on June 12, 2010
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2768:. Archived from
2754:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2729:. Archived from
2728:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2645:. Archived from
2644:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2550:. Archived from
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2305:. Archived from
2304:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2226:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2106:. Lamptech.co.uk
2100:
2089:
2088:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2047:"Philips SL1000"
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1983:. Archived from
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1895:. Archived from
1884:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1814:. Archived from
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1757:
1742:Fluorescent lamp
1551:Electric power (
1515:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1445:
1421:
1413:
1379:could result in
1372:) of the light.
1287:Use and adoption
1260:British Columbia
1250:Greenhouse gases
981:Infrared signals
869:General Electric
831:air conditioning
698:
663:
659:
592:mechanical shock
564:5000—6500
553:4000—4100
490:
423:phosphor designs
322:bridge rectifier
268:
256:
192:Edward E. Hammer
180:General Electric
158:General Electric
106:fluorescent lamp
74:
57:
43:
21:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5513:Bioluminescence
5496:
5465:
5451:
5408:
5392:
5331:
5315:
5231:
5156:
5080:Emergency light
5056:
5022:
5009:
5001:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4914:
4886:
4857:Magnesium torch
4764:
4666:
4635:
4629:
4586:Light pollution
4561:Accent lighting
4549:
4544:
4496:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4390:
4386:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4348:"Archived copy"
4346:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4278:"Archived copy"
4276:
4273:Wayback Machine
4262:Wayback Machine
4252:
4248:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4005:
4003:
4002:. November 2010
3995:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3793:Wayback Machine
3784:
3780:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3528:Wayback Machine
3518:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3465:Wayback Machine
3456:
3452:
3441:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:Wayback Machine
3399:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3285:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3241:"Dimmable CFLs"
3239:
3238:
3234:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3182:Wayback Machine
3172:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3136:Wayback Machine
3124:
3120:
3115:Wayback Machine
3105:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3087:"Section III.3"
3085:
3084:
3080:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2618:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2580:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2186:. 28 July 2008.
2178:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2023:"Philips SL*18"
2021:
2020:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1732:
1546:Daylight (TCP)
1509:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1422:
1411:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1264:central heating
1252:
1170:
1164:
1100:CFLs, like all
1089:
1087:Mercury content
1057:
1044:
1038:
1024:
1003:
983:
942:
903:
894:
848:
704:
691:
687:
683:
661:
657:
642:
628:
576:
408:
406:
404:
402:
375:
370:
368:Characteristics
279:
272:
269:
260:
257:
196:1973 oil crisis
166:
141:CFLs radiate a
92:), also called
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
66:
65:
64:
58:
49:
48:
47:
44:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5599:
5597:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5558:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5501:Related topics
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5292:retroreflector
5284:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5147:Track lighting
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5122:
5120:Recessed light
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:Gooseneck lamp
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5052:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4972:High-intensity
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4741:Laser headlamp
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4571:Electric light
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4495:
4494:External links
4492:
4490:
4489:
4476:
4444:
4419:
4398:
4384:
4339:
4314:
4246:
4219:
4216:on 2007-09-27.
4195:
4167:
4138:
4117:
4096:
4066:
4040:
4015:
4000:energystar.gov
3981:
3954:
3931:
3906:
3877:
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3822:
3797:
3778:
3734:
3691:
3670:
3656:
3627:
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3561:
3532:
3512:
3494:
3469:
3450:
3418:
3393:
3368:
3333:
3298:
3283:
3257:
3232:
3227:www.lutron.com
3214:
3185:
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3118:
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3078:
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3000:
2970:
2949:
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2910:
2888:
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2828:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2746:
2715:
2706:|journal=
2683:10.2172/881039
2662:
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2591:
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2532:
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2477:
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2216:
2189:
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2145:
2117:
2090:
2083:
2062:
2038:
2014:
1997:
1964:
1952:Sun Newspapers
1934:
1909:
1872:
1844:
1840:August 4, 2010
1828:
1798:
1777:
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1618:
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1608:
1607:
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1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1581:Light output (
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1538:
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1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1392:United Kingdom
1331:kerosene lamps
1311:direct current
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1251:
1248:
1225:European Union
1163:
1160:
1088:
1085:
1056:
1053:
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1002:
999:
982:
979:
941:
938:
934:Kruithof curve
902:
899:
893:
890:
873:Osram Sylvania
847:
844:
836:heating system
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
783:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
731:
727:
726:
721:
718:
712:
711:
708:
689:
685:
681:
678:carbon dioxide
670:terawatt-hours
627:
624:
588:voltage spikes
575:
572:
569:
568:
567:200—154
565:
562:
558:
557:
556:250—243
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
529:
525:
524:
521:
518:
514:
513:
506:
498:
497:
494:
374:
371:
369:
366:
357:recessed light
353:pendant lights
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
263:
261:
258:
251:
165:
162:
114:light fixtures
76:
69:
68:
67:
59:
52:
51:
50:
45:
38:
37:
36:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5598:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Infrared lamp
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Laser pointer
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:Pendant light
5113:
5111:
5110:Neon lighting
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Mercury-vapor
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Deuterium arc
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4920:Gas discharge
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4625:Task lighting
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Light fixture
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4461:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4434:on 2011-07-26
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4416:. p. 1C.
4415:
4411:
4410:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4360:on 2010-06-13
4356:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4329:on 2012-07-24
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4290:on 2011-05-12
4286:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4156:. 10 May 2013
4155:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3955:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3896:on 2009-08-10
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3812:on 2005-12-30
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3707:(6): 556β60.
3706:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3484:on 2012-07-13
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3383:on 2012-03-14
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3247:on 2012-06-21
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3204:on 2020-03-16
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3156:on 2012-03-15
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3069:The Telegraph
3065:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2946:. 2009-03-04.
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2617:on 2021-06-09
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2533:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2442:on 2006-07-22
2438:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2362:on 2012-07-24
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2312:on 2017-04-30
2308:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:New Scientist
2001:
1998:
1987:on 2008-05-11
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1948:Cleveland.com
1945:
1938:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1899:on 2012-04-27
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1862:on 2016-10-22
1861:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1767:on 2008-09-16
1766:
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1756:
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1740:
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1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
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1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1520:Incandescent
1516:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1493:November 2015
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454: β
1453:
1449:
1448:Find sources:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1426:This section
1424:
1420:
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1406:
1404:
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1308:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1272:hydroelectric
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:New Hampshire
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:United States
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1069:
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1035:
1033:
1030:
1022:Starting time
1021:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
991:mobile phones
988:
980:
978:
976:
971:
967:
966:power quality
963:
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5348:Bubble light
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5304:Turn signals
5130:Street light
5085:Gas lighting
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4990:Metal-halide
4892:Electric arc
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1430:verification
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1341:generators.
1335:solar panels
1319:off-the-grid
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1233:retail price
1222:
1218:chain stores
1214:Rhode Island
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1118:incinerators
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950:power factor
940:Power factor
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5533:Signal lamp
5487:Stroboscope
5363:DJ lighting
5299:Stop lights
5270:sealed beam
5222:Searchlight
4962:Xenon flash
4905:Klieg light
4753:Solid-state
4714:Fluorescent
4672:Luminescent
3089:. Europa.eu
2984:EnergyPulse
2205:. The Hindu
1696:Not listed
1361:Energy Star
1329:to replace
1268:natural gas
1210:Connecticut
1065:ultraviolet
1001:Outdoor use
995:Energy Star
620:Energy Star
613:logarithmic
609:exponential
604:Energy Star
550:Cool white
482:Energy Star
434:such as an
419:ultraviolet
330:transistors
324:, a filter
284:3-way lamps
242:Energy Star
5560:Categories
5477:Grow light
5472:Germicidal
5462:Scientific
5459:Industrial
5415:Floodlight
5401:Theatrical
5343:Blacklight
5338:Aroma lamp
5327:Decorative
5237:Automotive
5227:Solar lamp
5190:Glow stick
5173:Flashlight
5105:Nightlight
5100:Light tube
5075:Chandelier
5032:Stationary
4974:discharge
4900:Carbon arc
4770:Combustion
4636:generation
4634:Methods of
4438:2012-07-15
4364:2010-04-20
4333:2012-07-15
4294:2010-06-30
4132:2022-10-08
4111:2011-07-18
4060:2009-03-07
4034:2009-03-07
4006:2017-03-23
3975:2012-07-15
3948:2007-03-19
3925:2007-03-23
3900:2009-07-02
3871:2008-08-31
3847:2007-03-23
3816:2007-05-15
3685:2009-06-10
3650:2009-06-15
3607:2009-06-15
3580:2007-04-13
3555:2009-06-15
3488:2012-07-15
3433:(Report).
3387:2012-07-15
3251:2012-07-15
3208:2019-12-18
3160:2012-07-15
3093:2012-07-15
3024:2011-06-02
2994:2008-03-21
2925:2012-07-15
2871:En.lighten
2758:"Lighting"
2740:2007-04-13
2688:2007-04-13
2656:2007-04-13
2621:2007-10-07
2581:2007-10-07
2526:2017-07-22
2471:2007-12-24
2446:2007-12-24
2366:2012-07-15
2341:2007-12-24
2316:2007-10-09
2270:2023-06-30
2209:12 January
2165:12 January
2056:2020-12-11
2032:2020-12-11
1991:2007-07-17
1903:2008-02-13
1866:2016-12-19
1822:2007-05-15
1792:2007-02-15
1771:2010-09-30
1748:References
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1463:newspapers
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1116:and waste
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517:Soft white
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5405:Cinematic
5373:Lava lamp
5135:in the US
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4957:Xenon arc
4938:Neon lamp
4867:Rushlight
4847:Limelight
4596:Hong Kong
3729:206597819
3293:109878618
2881:2 October
2851:2 October
2776:2 October
2497:4 January
2245:31 August
1981:CNet News
1893:About.com
1381:LED lamps
1309:(AC) and
1262:in 2007,
1244:cold trap
1198:Minnesota
1162:Recycling
1122:pollution
1114:landfills
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415:phosphors
338:rectified
326:capacitor
291:luminaire
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154:LED lamps
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5255:Headlamp
5195:Headlamp
5183:Tactical
5161:Portable
5142:Torchère
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4818:Kerosene
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4758:LED lamp
4554:Concepts
4547:Lighting
4469:11 March
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4303:cite web
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3178:Archived
3132:Archived
3111:Archived
3073:Archived
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2944:CBC News
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1534:Generic
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1096:disposal
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314:ballasts
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1029:amalgam
915:dimming
901:Dimming
892:Failure
820:75β100
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4882:Torch
4840:Paper
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493:Name
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4933:Neon
4803:Diya
4471:2013
4379:link
4309:link
4233:IEEE
4190:2013
4162:2013
4091:2013
3761:PMID
3717:PMID
3622:link
3279:ISBN
2883:2011
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2823:2010
2778:2011
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2403:2017
2247:2016
2211:2019
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