Law of Japan - Knowledge (XXG)

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Massachusetts, 1963; Takayanagi K, 'A Century of Innovation: The Development of Japanese Law, 1868–1961' in Law in Japan: The Legal Order in a Changing Society, von Mehren A T (ed), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1963; Tanaka K, The Japanese Legal System: Introductory Cases and Materials, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1976; Oda H, Japanese Law, Buttworths, London 1992 in English, Murakami J, Einfurung in die Grundlagen des Japanischen Rechts, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1974; Igarashi K, Einfurung in das Japanische Recht, Wissenschaftliche Buchgedellschaft, Darmstadt, 1990; Conig et al, Die Japanisierung des Westlichen Rechts, J C B Moor, Tulbingen, 1990; Scholler H (ed), Die Enrwicklung der Rezeption westlichen Rechts auf die sozialen Verhältnisse in der fernöstlichen Rechtskultur, Nomos, Baden-Baden, 1993; Menkhaus H, Das Japanische in Japanischen Recht, Iudicium Verlag, München, 1994 in German; Scheer M K, Japanese Law in Western Languages 1974–1989: A Bibliography, Deutsch-Japanischen Juristenvereinigung, Hamburg, 1993 in both German and English; Centre Francais de Droite Comparé, Etudes de Droit Japonais, Société de Législation Comparé, Paris 1989; Maison du Japon, Boissonade et la Reception du Droit Francais au Japon, Société de Législation Comparé, Paris, 1991; Matsukawa T, La Familé et Droit au Japon, Economica, Paris 1991 in French.

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entity, shall have its own Prefectural Police (PP). The PP is supervised by the Prefectural Public Safety Commission, which carries out all police duties within the boundaries of the prefecture. In practice, the PP forces are located in each of the 47 prefectures. The National Police Academy, the National Research Institute of Police Science and the Imperial Guard Headquarters are also organizations affiliated with the NPA. In addition, the Koban system provides local residents with safety and peace through daily contacts of police officers with residents in the area. Originally created by the Japanese police, this system has been recently adopted by countries such as Germany and Singapore. However, its success depends on the human relationship between the police officers and the community people. At times, there is an excess of intervention by police. The Koban system rests on approximately 15,000 police boxes (Hasshusho) and residential police boxes (Chuzaisho) located throughout the country.

2984:) is the basic law on civil procedure. The reformed Code came into effect in 1998. After an initial complaint to the court, the Court schedules the first session of the oral proceeding. The court clerk serves a summons on the defendant to notify him of the date of the first session, along with a copy of the complaint and documentary evidence. The defendant's lawyer must then file an answer to the complaint. At the first session of the oral proceeding after the filing of the complaint and answer, the judge decides whether the case should proceed under the Preparatory Proceeding. A Preparatory Proceeding is closed to the public and held chiefly to identify the key issues of the dispute. In a complex dispute, there are usually multiple Preparatory Proceedings. The Oral Proceedings are held in open court, either by a single judge or three judges. After the close proceedings, the court renders a judgment on the merits of the case. 2486:), provides that Cabinet orders may not impose duties or restrict rights of citizens, unless such a power is delegated by statute. This rule reflects the traditional understanding of broad executive understanding developed under the 1889 Constitution. Under this principle, a Cabinet order can authorize government subsidies without statutory sanction, but cannot levy taxes. Other theories suggest that the 1947 Constitution requires a broader need for statutory authorization, on matters that do not restrict rights of citizens, such as on fiscal transfers to local governments, the pension system, or the unemployment system. The Law on the Organisation of State Administration provides authorizes ministerial ordinances to implement laws and cabinet orders, as long as it is specifically delegated by statute or cabinet order (Art. 12, para. 1). 2076:. It consisted of mostly criminal laws and precedents, and was compiled and issued in 1742, under the eighth Tokugawa shogun, Yoshimune. Crimes punished include forgery, harboring runaway servants, abandonment of infants, adultery, gambling, theft, receiving stolen goods, kidnapping, blackmailing, arson, killing and wounding. Punishment ranged from banishment to various forms of execution, the most lenient of which is decapitation; others include burning at the stake and public sawing before execution. The justice system often employed torture as a means to obtain a confession, which was required for executions. Punishment was often extended to the culprit's family as well as the culprit. 2832:

death or an injury resulted in litigation, compared to 21.5% in the United States. The litigation rate was low, Tanase said, because Japan provides non-litigious methods of assessing fault, advising victims, determining compensation, and ensuring payment. Non-litigious dispute resolution mechanisms, mediation services, consultation centers operated by governments, the bar association, and insurance companies. The Japanese judiciary also works hard at developing clear, detailed rules that guarantee virtually automatic, predictable, moderate compensation for most accident victims. This contrasts with the American tort system, where the legal rules concerning both

1724:, as well as the struggle for central hegemony amongst the Chinese dynasties, kingdoms, warlords, invasions and other quarrels. These disturbances produced a large number of refugees who were exiled or forced to escape from their homelands. Immigrants to Japan may have included privileged classes, such as experienced officials and excellent technicians who were hired in the Japanese court, and were included in the official rank system which had been introduced by the immigrants themselves. It is conceivable – but unknown – that other legal institutions were also introduced, although partially rather than systematically, and this was probably the first 2201: 3536:

population is about one officer to 556 citizens. The NPA is composed of approximately 7,600 personnel, of whom 1,200 are police officers, 900 are Imperial Guards and 5,500 are civilian personnel. The 47 PP forces have a total strength of approximately 250,000, of whom 220,000 are police officers and 30,000 are civilians. There are approximately 4,200 female police officers (1.6%), whose role has been growing in importance. In addition, there are about 14,000 female civilians, of whom about 3,100 are traffic control personnel and juvenile guidance personnel engaged in on-the-street juvenile control.

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Accordingly, they have the power to suspend prosecution even when they can prove the offender committed a crime. They can also investigate all categories of criminal cases on their own initiative, without assistance from the police and other law enforcement agencies. Special cases, such as bribery involving highly placed government officials or corporate crimes involving a breach of trust by executives are often investigated by prosecutors. The increasing frequency of the occurrence of these special cases have emphasized the importance of the prosecutor's investigative powers.

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leadership of Queen Himiko, who was reputed to be a shaman. This leads to the assertion that Yamatai had its own primitive system of law, perhaps court law, which enabled it to maintain government over competing clan laws. As a result, the whole legal system formed a primitive legal pluralism of court law and clan law. It can also be asserted that this whole legal system was ideologically founded on the indigenous postulate which adhered to the shamanistic religio-political belief in polytheistic gods and which was called kami and later developed into

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promotion, retirement and dismissal (LSA s. 89). About 42 per cent of the private sector workforce is employed in firms with fewer than ten employees. Consequently, these employers are exempt from the legal obligation to provide formal work rules in respect of their employees. The LSA also requires the employer to consult with the union, if any, or with a person who represents a majority of the employees in drafting the work rules (LSA s. 89). A copy of the work rules must also be submitted to the Labour Standards Office (LSA s. 90).

3512:(NPA). Since the commission makes basic policy while the NPA administers police affairs, the commission has control over the NPA. The commission is a governmental body responsible mainly for the administrative supervision of the police and coordination of police administration. It also oversees matters relating to police education, communication, criminal identification, criminal statistics and police equipment. To ensure its independence and neutrality, not even the Prime Minister is empowered to direct and give orders to the NPSC. 2502:), which are regarded as administrative rules rather than legislation. They are not a source of law but are instead internal guidelines; despite this, they can be very important in practice. Ministries also issue non-binding administrative guidances (written or oral), which has been criticized as opaque. The Law on Administrative Procedure prohibits retaliation in cases where persons do not follow government administrative guidances and some ministries attempted to codify them in cabinet orders and ministerial ordinances. 197: 1753:

this was due to the lack of written formalities, although court law was gradually emerging into a formal state law as far as central government was concerned. For these reasons, it cannot be denied that a primitive legal pluralism had developed based on court and clan law, partially with Korean law and overwhelmingly with indigenous law. These traits of legal pluralism, however primitive, were the prototype of the Japanese legal system which developed in later periods into more organised legal pluralisms.

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the juvenile. Possible measures include placement under the supervision of probation officers, commitment to a child education or training home or a house for dependent children, and commitment to a juvenile training school. The Juvenile Law states that juvenile cases should be in principle separated from adult cases in terms of their future development. Although there are exceptions, juveniles are criminally prosecuted when the case involves a certain punishment in response to a very serious offense.

131: 2767:). The Commercial Code also includes typical commercial contracts, such as: sale, articles of incorporation, carriage of goods, warehousing, and insurance. Commercial contracts between Japanese companies are often brief, with parties preferring to leave certain possibilities open and negotiate for a mutually acceptable response instead of setting out detailed terms in writing. Courts sometimes prevent the termination or non-renewal of contracts when there is a strong 106: 3386:

juvenile punishment, or the abolition of the practice of imprisoning defendants in police cells. Japanese society is relatively conservative in its approach to reforms and is generally inclined to oppose them. The government attempts to reform older laws by issuing a series of supplements. However, both the Code of Criminal Law and the Juvenile Law were revised in 1948 after the manifested new constitution of 1946, following the interruption to reform that

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and embezzlement. The concept of theft has a very broad meaning and includes burglary, shoplifting, and stealing the goods in a car. Stealing bicycles from in front of railway stations is a typical theft according to criminal statistics. Crimes which significantly cause social disorder, like arson, indecent behavior in the public, and gambling, are usually placed in a category of crimes against society. Bribery is considered a crime against the state.

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Toluene, thinner, and bonding substances are regulated by special law as well. Their abuse is a serious problem among the youth, partly because of their cheap price. Drug abuse in Japanese society largely stems from the use of amphetamine, which is largely imported from other Asian countries. Organized crime is involved in the handling and production of amphetamines and has become rich from this activity.

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contexts important to the protection of human rights. When police investigation is completed, police must refer the matter, including the evidentiary data, immediately to a public prosecutor. If the matter involves confining a suspect, they must refer the case to the public prosecutor within 48 hours of the suspect's arrest after which a determination is made concerning pre-trial detention.

3426:, anti-organized crime laws, and road traffic laws. There are a large number of traffic offenses, indicating serious problems on roads in Japan. Annually, there are 11,000 deaths caused by traffic accidents. After a controversy involving citizens' freedom of association in 1992, an anti-organized crime law was passed which regulated the activity of Boryokudan crime organizations. 3871:

investigations and reports by probation officers, evidentiary data bearing on the sentencing must be presented by the parties to the case, to be supplemented by the court's own inquiries. In this context, the court is the exclusive trier of fact, which consists of the physical evidence and, when that is the case, the confession of the accused as well as any witnesses testimony.

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regarded as the principle of due process. Article 33 covers protection from illegal arrest: "no person shall be arrested except upon a warrant issued by a competent judicial official, which specifies the offense with which a person is charged". Article 34 protects persons from illegal confinement and Article 35 protects persons from illegal deprivation of residence and property.

2269:. American law was the strongest influence, at times replacing and at times overlaid onto existing rules and structures. The Constitution, criminal procedure, and labor law, all crucial for the protection of human rights, and corporate law, were substantially revised. Major reforms on gender equality, education, democratization, economic reform and land reform were introduced. 1598: 2844:

motor vehicle accident tort claims (not just lawsuits), payments to lawyers equaled 47% of the total personal injury benefits paid by insurers. This expense drives up the cost of insurance to the point that huge numbers of drivers are uninsured or under-insured, which means that victims of their negligent driving will get little or nothing from the tort system.

2719:) is limited. These include minors and certain adults under guardianship, whose acts may be rescinded if done without their legal guardian's consent. Legal persons also have legal capacity; they include foundations and associations (businesses and non-profits), with for-profit associations being companies subject to the Company Law. Acts by legal persons may be 1741:

their duties with occasional punishments for crimes. The law of the court organised the clan chiefs into an effective power structure, in order to control the whole of society through the clan system. The form of these laws is not clearly known, but they may be characterised as indigenous and unofficial, as official power can rarely be identified.

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are adversarial, with parties taking initiative in producing and examining evidence; parties are in theory allowed to cross-examine witnesses, although trials often rely on documentary testimony rather than live testimony. Judges deliver the verdict and determine sentencing. Both the prosecution and the defense may appeal to a higher court.

2778:), or because a party lacked good faith and fair dealing. Examples include gambling contracts, contracts that limited a person's right to withdraw from a union, and contracts that violate consumer protection laws. Contracts in areas such as leases, employment and consumer transactions are subject to additional regulation by law. 2670:

example, good faith and fair dealing was used to justify piercing the corporate veil, protecting tenants from evictions in certain cases, and developing the doctrine of unfair dismissal under employment law. The prohibition on abuse of rights was also invoked by courts in cases even where there is no contractual relationship.

1987: 3135:(LSA), to all intents and purposes the courts regard the two as one and the same, and the terms "labour contract" and "employment contract" as interchangeable. It is through the civil procedure, therefore, that the boundaries of the individual contract have largely been defined by means of a comprehensive body of case law. 3413:

crimes against the imperial family and the state were highly emphasized. While crimes against the imperial family were abolished after World War II, the fundamental structure of this law was little changed. Since there has been no complete revision of the law, the law remains fairly antiquated on the surface.

4907:, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1976, pp. 16–24 for the text. The Constitution gave the legal system its basic structure, composed of several modern legal essentials: that is, national sovereignty, fundamental human rights, separation of powers, a representative government and state-controlled finances. 2554:(concerning the relationship between private individuals, also known as private law) includes the Civil Code, the Commercial Code, and various supplemental laws. Civil law is the same throughout the country, and punishments and "provisions governing criminal offences" are found in the Penal Code of Japan. 3346:, or the judges they appointed, possessed a large amount of discretion, which often resulted in the abuse of power. Capital punishment was the main measure of dealing with offenders in the criminal justice system. Under feudalism, authorities frequently used the death penalty against political rivals. 3449:

Police, prosecution, court, correction and after-care divisions each publish their own statistics as a yearbook. The Ministry of Justice summarizes their statistics and publishes a book, White Paper on Crime. Because of the nationwide unitary system of these agencies, such a complete portrayal of the

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Drug offenses. There are special laws regulating cannabis, narcotics and psychotropics, stimulants and opium. Drug regulations cover punishment for the use, trade, possession, and production of drugs. In the 1990s a new drug regulation was introduced to conform to the standards of the United Nations.

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Age of criminal liability. Persons younger than 20 years of age are legally considered juveniles. According to the Juvenile Law, juvenile cases go to Family court. The court subsequently determines the need to subject the juvenile concerned to protective measures and the most beneficial treatment for

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The criminal justice system reflects the state's task of protecting individual interests in daily life. Crimes against life, person, and freedom include homicide, assault, bodily injury, forcible rape, indecent assault, and kidnapping. Crimes against property include theft, fraud, robbery, extortion,

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Legal classification. The three main categories of crime under the Japanese Criminal Law are crimes against the state, crimes against society and crimes against individuals. This law was passed under the old Constitution which had mainly focused on the power of the emperor and the state. As a result,

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was gradually developed largely based on case law, including cases on pollution. Statutes outside the Civil Code also regulate specific types of torts, such as the Law on the Compensation of Losses arising from Car Accidents enacted in 1955, the 1973 Law on the Remedies of Harm Caused to Human Health

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law is based mostly on the Civil Code, which defines the rights and obligations of the parties in general and in certain types of contracts, and the Commercial Code for certain commercial transactions. The Commercial Code is considered a specialized law, meaning it take precedence over the Civil Code

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However, cabinets based on party politics were powerless against growing interference by the Japanese military. The army and navy had seats in the cabinet, and their refusal to serve in a cabinet would force its dissolution. A series of rebellions and coups weakened the Diet, leading to military rule

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In this period, a more powerful polity and a more developed legal system than the unofficial clan law of the struggling clan chiefs was required effectively to govern the society as a whole. Yamatai must have been the first central government which succeeded in securing the required power through the

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Pre-trial incarceration conditions. If the public prosecutor believes that continued detention of the accused is needed, he or she must apply to a judge for a warrant of detention. This warrant must be applied for within 24 hours after police transfer to the prosecutor, or a maximum of 72 hours from

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Proportion of prosecuted cases going to trial. Japan has a low rate of acquittals and a high rate of convictions. In 1988, there were 57,790 accused persons tried in first-instance courts, of which only 50 (0.01%) were found not guilty. Defense lawyers generally prefer the introduction of mitigating

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The jury system has, for all practical purposes, been suspended. There are no procedures equivalent to a guilty plea. That is, even if the defendant acknowledges guilt, the prosecutor must submit evidence to establish guilt. Further, since the Japanese procedural system does not include pre-sentence

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Number of police. The NPA and the PP personnel forces are composed of police officers, officers of the Imperial Guard Headquarters, and civilian employees such as clerical workers and technical engineers. In 1990, there were about 258,800 authorized full-time police personnel. The ratio of police to

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The Code of Criminal Procedure (刑事訴訟法) governs Japanese criminal procedure. Investigation is conducted by police officers and public prosecutors. No one can be apprehended, searched or seized except on the basis of a warrant issued by a competent judicial officer. Warrants for arrests are not needed

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In 1926, a governmental advisory commission drafted forty principles to be included in the revision of the penal code that a few years later were used as the basis of a provisional "Revised Penal Code of Japan", published in 1941. While this document itself does not remain as the present form of the

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Under the Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1972 (ISHA), employers bear the major responsibility for the prevention of occupational disease and accident through an integrated scheme of insurance and safety and health management. Furthermore, through the employment contract, employers owe a general

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Under the Japanese Constitution, citizens are guaranteed the right to maintain the minimum standards of a wholesome and cultured life (s. 25). These are to be maintained through the right to work (s. 27) and the right to property (s. 29). The Constitution also guarantees certain work-related rights.

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under which judicial precedent provides non-binding guidance on how laws should be interpreted in practice. Judges seriously consider a series of similar precedents, especially any pertinent Supreme Court decisions, thus making understanding of precedent essential to practice. For example, the field

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The Civil Code, Commercial Code and the Criminal Code were enacted in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. Parts of the Civil Code on family and inheritance were totally amended after World War II to achieve gender equality. Other codes were also periodically amended. For example, company

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With a new government and a new constitution, Japan began to systematically reforming its legal system. Reformers had two goals in mind: first, to consolidate power under the new imperial government; second, to "modernize" the legal system and establish enough credibility to abolish unequal treaties

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were adopted and adapted by the Japanese, the Japanese had no known writing system with which to record their history. Chinese characters were known to the Japanese in earlier centuries, but the process of assimilation of these characters into their indigenous language system took place in the third

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Translation of "kami" = gods in Shintoism, not only enshrined in Jinja (enshrinement of Shinto gods, worshiped by any group of small local fraternities, local communities or associated believers from different localities) but also deified as governing human affairs and natural occurrences, as cited

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Provisions directly governing trial proceedings provide that admissions of testimony must be compelling. There are also rights guaranteeing a speedy and public trial, full opportunity to examine all witnesses, and legal counsel by lawyers employed by the state if the accused cannot afford a private

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Availability of police automobiles. Motor vehicles are assigned to all police boxes throughout the country. Because of their mobility, they are useful in handling emergency cases, investigating criminal activity, and enforcing traffic control. As of 1994, there are approximately 26,000 police motor

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Expenditures. There are two types of police budgets: the national budget and the prefectural budget. The national police budget covers the expenditures of the NPA relevant to the execution of duties under its jurisdiction, including personnel costs, expenses incurred by the prefectural police which

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Article 1 of the Civil Code, in the General Part (総則), emphasized public welfare, prohibited the abuse of rights, and required good faith and fair dealing. Similar provisions can be found in French and German law. These provisions are often invoked by Japanese courts to reach equitable results. For

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The NPA, which is headed by a Director General, maintains Regional Police Bureaus as its local agencies throughout the country. There are seven bureaus in the major cities, excluding Tokyo and the northern island of Hokkaido. Police law stipulates that each prefectural government, which is a local

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Criminal trials are necessary in Japan regardless of whether the defendant pleads guilty. In a criminal trial where the defendant has admitted guilt, the average time needed to complete the trial is 2.6 months; but contested cases take an average of 8.5 months to complete. Japanese criminal trials

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Japan is widely regarded to have exceptionally low levels of crime. In 2017, for example, its intentional homicide rate was 0.2 per 100,000 people, compared to 5.3 per 100,000 in the United States and 1.2 in the United Kingdom. In 2018, crime fell to a new low since World War II, declining for the

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Japanese criminal law is primarily based on the Criminal Code (刑法) of 1907. Other important statutes include the Law on Misdemeanours, the Law on the Prevention of Subversive Activities, the Law on Penalising Hijacking, the Law on the Prohibition of Unlawful Access to Computers, and the Law on the

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The Criminal Procedure Code was also drastically amended after World War II, under American legal influence, to guarantee due process and largely adopting an adversarial system. Under this system, the roles of the police, the prosecutor, and the judge changed. The rights of offenders also became a

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The result was a system that is vastly more efficient and reliable in delivering compensation than the American tort system. Tanase estimated that legal fees comprised only 2% of the total compensation paid to injured persons. In the United States in the late 1980s, according to two big studies of

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The Commercial Code also authorizes applying commercial custom over the Civil Code. Certain acts, such as buying properties with intention of reselling for profit as defined as commercial per se, while other acts are governed by the Commercial Code depending on whether the actors are businesses or

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Therefore, the Japanese legal system today is essentially a hybrid of civilian and common law structures, with strong underlying "flavors" from indigenous Japanese and Chinese characteristics. While historical aspects remain active in the present, Japanese law also represents a dynamic system that

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Two qualifications can be added to these assertions. First, some Korean law must have been transplanted, albeit unsystematically; this can be seen by the rank system in court law and the local customs among settled immigrants. Second, official law was not clearly distinguished from unofficial law;

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in the second and third centuries. According to this account, Japanese indigenous law was based on the clan system, with each clan forming a collective unit of Japanese society. A clan comprised extended families and was controlled by its chief, who protected the rights of the members and enforced

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During these periods, Japanese law was unwritten and immature, and thus was far from comprising any official legal system. Nonetheless, Japanese society could not have functioned without some sort of law, however unofficial. Glimpses of the law regulating people's social lives may be guessed at by

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Rights of the accused. The Constitution is the source of individual rights in the setting of criminal investigations and trial. Article 31 declares, "No person shall be deprived of life or liberty, nor shall any other penalty be imposed, except according to procedure established by law", which is

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system and a very small number of lawyers (advocates) are complemented by large numbers of civil law notaries and scriveners. Japan introduced a new legal training system in 2004 as part of a justice system reform. The justice system reform has been criticized for failing to incorporate a gender

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Although a jury system came into force in 1939, it was practically never used because of inflexibility in the ongoing criminal justice system at that time. In addition, professional judges have always enjoyed a high level of trust in Japanese society. After the war, the police began to carry guns

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Based on the new Constitution after World War II, the Criminal Code was radically changed to reflect constitutional rights such as free expression and gender equality. The Criminal Code has since been amended from time to time, and special laws were also enacted to target specific areas of crime.

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Most terms and conditions of employment are provided by the company's work rules, which may be drawn up and varied unilaterally. However, under the LSA, an employer of more than ten persons is required to draw up a set of rules specifying certain conditions of work, including hours, rates of pay,

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Basics of the Japanese employment law are established in the Japanese Constitution, which was framed in large part with an eye toward the U.S. Constitution. As such, employment laws in Japan are similar to those in the U.S., and can be divided into three general categories: labor standards, labor

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In a 1990 article, Takao Tanase posited that the calculated structuring of governmental and legal processes, not a cultural propensity toward harmonious social relations, accounted for the persistently low litigation rate in Japan. In Japan in 1986, fewer than 1% of automobile accidents involving

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thus included administrative law of both central and local government and international law in the treaties and agreements of the new government under the emperor (in addition to former agreements with the United States and other countries, which had been entered into by the Tokugawa Shogunate).

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If reasonable grounds to detain a suspect exist, the judge must promptly issue a warrant or order of detention at a maximum of 10 days before prosecution is instituted. Reasonable grounds are determined by three criteria: 1) whether the suspect has a fixed dwelling, 2) whether the suspect might

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Official who conducts prosecution. Only prosecutors are empowered to institute the prosecution of a criminal case and to direct the enforcement of criminal sentences. They have a large amount of discretion in controlling and directing criminal cases. (Japanese Criminal Procedure Code, Art.248).

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has no formal basis in Japanese law. Courts are in theory free to deviate from precedents and have from time to time done so, although they risk being reversed by a higher court. In addition, Japanese judges are generally career judges whose promotion and transfer can be greatly affected by the

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The modern system of Japanese law, together with the process of the transplantation and its socio-cultural background, has been studied by many Western and Japanese scholars. Prominent are von Mehren A T, Law in Japan: The Legal Order in a Changing Society, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,

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The total National Police Agency Budget for the 1990 fiscal year was 198,420 billion yen, of which 41.5% (82,282 billion yen) went toward personnel expenses, 14.5% (28,870 billion yen) went toward equipment, communications, and facilities, 18.2% (36,149 billion yen) were allocated toward other

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Numerous laws have been enacted to supplement the Civil Code as soon as it was adopted, including laws on the Registration of Real Property (1899) and the Law on Deposits (1899). The 1991 Law on Land and Building Leases merged three previous statutes on buildings, house leases and land leases.

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Delegated legislation is implicitly recognized under Art. 73, para. 6 of the Constitution, which states that cabinet orders may not include criminal sanctions unless delegated by law. Delegations to the cabinet must not undermine the supremacy of the Diet in law-making and must be specific and

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Laws on censorship and laws aimed to control political and labor movements were enacted in the Meiji era, curtailing the freedom of association. By the 1920s, laws were amended so that leaders of organizations that advocated for Marxism or changing the imperial structure could be put to death.

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Preparatory procedures for bringing a suspect to trial. Procedure in criminal prosecutions is uniform throughout Japan, and based primarily on the 1948 Code of Criminal Procedure and the 1949 Rules of Criminal Procedure under the Constitutional Law, reflecting Anglo-American legal concepts in

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Arguments were frequently made for reforming the main laws such as the Criminal Law (1907), the Juvenile Law (1947) and the Prisons Law (1907). However, plans for reform were controversial because they addressed delicate issues, such as the introduction of protective measures to Criminal Law,

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and brought closer to European civil law. This was because the parts on family and succession had retained certain vestiges of the old patriarchal family system that was the basis of Japanese feudalism. Other parts of the Civil Code remained substantially unchanged even after the occupation.

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Suspects can be detained for a maximum of seventy-two hours before being brought before a judge to authorize continued detention. Suspects must be informed of their right to remain silent, and counsel will be appointed if they cannot afford one. Suspects can be detained for 10 days prior to

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Local authorities may issue local regulations under Art. 94 of the Constitution and Law on Local Self-Administration, as long as they are not contrary to law. The law also authorizes local regulations to impose punishments including up to two years’ imprisonment or a fine of 1,000,000 yen.

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and the law of the Tokugawa Shogunate. However, new criminal law and prison laws were passed in an effort to bring Japan into line with Western countries. An 1880 criminal code was primarily inspired on French law, while the current code, enacted in 1907 was primarily based on German law.

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However, Japanese legal and general historians have not overtly affirmed or denied this for two reasons: first, because there are no written records left and, second, because Japanese official history tended to devaluate, or even deny, and Korean influence, cited in Masaji Chiba,

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are shouldered by the state, and subsidies to the PP. Expenditures needed by the PP to carry out their duties are appropriated in the budget of each prefecture. In 1992, the NPA budget totalled 213,464 billion yen and the PP budget totalled 2,992,454 million yen (US$ 270 billion).

2460:, there are statutes such as the Labor Standards Law, the Trade Union Law, the Law on the Adjustment of Labor Relations, and the newly enacted Labor Contract Law. Other important statutes include the Banking Law, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, the Anti-Monopoly Law ( 2456:, there isn't a comprehensive administrative code. Instead, individual statutes such as the Cabinet Law, the Law on Administrative Litigation, the Law on Compensation by the State, City Planning Law, and other statutes all concern administrative law. Similarly, in the domain of 3554:

Weapons. After World War II, the United States advised Japanese police to require individual police officers to carry guns, whereas they used to carry only sabers. However, few guns are actually used. One problem is that offenders may initially attack police in order to obtain

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with broad imperial powers; British and French systems were considered but were abandoned because they were seen as too liberal and democratic. Elections took place for the lower house, with voters consisting of males paying a certain amount of tax, about 1% of the population.

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civil law – were the primary models for the Japanese legal system, although they were often substantially modified before adoption. Court cases and subsequent revisions of the code also lessened the friction between the new laws and established social practice. The draft

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Recruited police officers must immediately attend a three-part training course, consisting of preservice, on-the-job, and a comprehensive training course. Those recruited by the PP are enrolled in a 1-year preservice training course at their respective police academies.

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Electronic equipment. Network technology includes police telephone circuits, facsimile, an integrated system for police activities, a communication command system and mobile radio system, portable radio sets, a communication satellite, and multi-channel mobile telephone

3574:

Confessions. Admissions of testimony in court may not include confessions made under compulsion, torture or threat, or after prolonged detention or confinement. Conviction or punishment cannot be permitted where the only proof against the defendant is his or her own

2140:(1868–1912), the Japanese populace and politicians quickly accepted the need to import western legal system as part of the modernization effort, leading to a rather smooth transition in law. Under the influence of western ideas, the Emperor proclaimed in 1881 that a 2707:, torts, and incorporation. All living natural persons (and in some cases, unborn fetuses) have such private rights, which enable them to inherit property and claim damages in tort cases. Despite having full rights capacity, some persons' transactional capacity ( 2276:

proclaimed that sovereignty rested with the people, deprived the Emperor of political powers, and strengthened the powers of the Diet, which is to be elected by universal suffrage. The Constitution also renounced war, introduced a Bill of Rights, and authorized

1702:

century. This was due to the willingness of the Japanese to borrow aspects of the culture of continental civilisations, which was achieved mainly via adjacent countries such as the Korean kingdoms rather than directly from the Chinese mainland empires.

2519:

of tort law originated from one intentionally general provision in the Civil Code (Art. 709) and was developed by a substantial body of case law. Similar developments are seen in the fields of administrative, labor, and landlord and tenant law.

2937:

are generally not allowed to unilaterally terminate leases without "just cause". Many landlords are forced to buy out their tenants if they wish to demolish buildings to make way for new development: one well-known contemporary instance is the

3547:

vehicles, including 5,000 patrol cars, 3,000 traffic police motorcycles, 5,000 vehicles employed for criminal investigation and 2,500 transport vehicles. In addition, about 200 police boats and 60 helicopters are assigned to each jurisdiction.

4202:

This may be shown by reference to some epochal events in Japanese relations with three Korean countries during this period: with Shilla in 205 AD, Paekche in 2016 AD and Kogryo, bordering upon North China, in 297 AD as cited by Masaji Chiba,

2107:(townspeople). For example, a samurai is permitted to summarily execute petty townspeople or peasants if they behaved rudely towards him, although such executions were rarely carried out. Because official treatment was often harsh, villages ( 3880:

Under the Supreme Public Prosecution Office are 8 higher offices, 50 district offices and 810 local offices. As of 1990, there were about 1,100 prosecutors and 900 assistant public officers, who are all appointed by the central government.

3378:

main issue in the criminal justice system in the post-war period. Unfortunately, immediately following this innovation, a series of cases resulted in a miscarriage of justice partly because the police were not accustomed to the new system.

1717:, which emphasize social/group/community harmony rather than individual interests, have been very influential in the Japanese society, with the consequence that individuals tend to avoid litigation in favour of compromise and conciliation. 2391:

was officially restored to political power. Japanese law is primarily inspired by the Civilian system in continental Europe, which emphasizes codified statutes ("codes") that set out the basic legal framework in a particular area of law.

2823:, the Japanese Civil Code only has a single provision on tort liability. Article 709 of the Civil Code states: "A person who intentionally or negligently violates the rights of others shall be liable for the loss caused by the act." 2642:

Special laws on torts such as Nuclear Damage (1961), Pollution (1971) and Traffic Accidents (1955) were also enacted to supplement the Civil Code. Other laws include the 1994 Product Liability Law and the 2000 Consumer Contract Law.

2467:

In general, provisions of a specialized law take precedence over a more general law if there is a conflict. Thus, when provisions of the Civil Code and the Commercial Code both apply to a situation, the latter takes priority.

509: 2803:, or jests. In such cases, the law contains rules that balance the interests of the obligor, the obligee, and third parties, based partially on their states of mind and whether they acted in good faith. Some contracts are 2736:

if both laws apply. Contracts, along with wills, gifts and other acts with legal consequences, are considered juridical acts; and are governed by the Civil Code when the Commercial Code and commercial custom do not apply.

3471:

indictment, renewable once (Art. 208). After indictment, there is no limit to the length of detention and some defendants spend months awaiting trial. Bail is available only after indictment, although its use is limited.

2439:

law was separated from the Civil Code in 2005. The Japanese Civil Code has had a significant role in the development of civil law in several East Asian nations including South Korea and the Republic of China (Taiwan).

1713:(India), were officially transplanted in 284–285 and 522 AD respectively, and became deeply acculturated into indigenous Japanese thought and ethics. David and Zweigert and Kotz argue that the old Chinese doctrines of 2739:

A contract requires the coinciding of the minds, with an offer and an acceptance. Parties must act in good faith when negotiating a contract and may need to disclose information before contracting in some situations.

3584:

Japan recognizes a large number of legal professions, however the number of lawyers is significantly fewer than in the United States. This is due to the fact that Japanese law is based on the Continental European

1732:

considering the few contemporary general descriptions in Chinese historical books. The most noted of these is The Record on the Men of Wa, which was found in the Wei History, describing the Japanese state called

5878:

Osaka, Eri. "Gender Issues in the Legal Profession and Legal Education in Japan" Paper presented at the annual meeting of The Law and Society Association, Hilton Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 27,

6197:(Civil Affairs Bureau, Criminal Affairs Bureau, Correction Bureau, Rehabilitation Bureau, Human Rights Bureau, Immigration Bureau, Public Prosecutors Office, etc. Also contains annual "White Paper on crime") 2661:

merchants. The Code is supplemented by various other laws such as the Law on Cheques, the Law on Bills, and the Law on Commercial Registration. A Company Law was separated from the Commercial Code in 2005.

1800:, it also showed a desire to establish a political system centered on the emperor, with the help of a coalition of noble families. Nevertheless, there are doubts that the document was fabricated later. 5846: 2840:(i.e. non-economic loss) are stated in general terms, leaving a great deal to the judgment of constantly rotating lay juries—which in turn makes courtroom outcomes variable and difficult to predict. 3851:

lawyer. In addition, a person cannot incur criminal liability if the act was lawful at the time it was committed, and cannot be subject to conviction for the same crime twice (double jeopardy).

2285:, and the Civil Code provisions on family law and succession were systematically revised. Laws also legalized labor unions, reformed the education system, and dissolved business conglomerates ( 1720:

It is theorized by some that the flow of immigrants was accelerated by both internal and external circumstances. The external factors were the continuing political instability and turmoil in

499: 3403:

Control of Stalking. The General Part of the Criminal Code expounds principles and concepts, including intention, negligence, attempt, and accomplice, which applies to all criminal laws.

3886:

circumstantial evidence rather than arguing with the prosecutor. In addition, both practicing lawyers and judges regard criminal cases as being less attractive than other types of cases.

3131:

relations, and trade unions. The 'employment' or 'service' contract is recognised under article 623 of the Japanese Civil Code. While the term "labour contract" is not defined under the

3147:

duty to take care of their employees’ health and safety—and may be sued for damages for negligence in cases where breach of duty or violation of the statutory regulations has occurred.

2340:. Laws, ordinances and government acts that violate the Constitution do not have legal effect, and courts are authorized to judicially review acts for conformity with the constitution. 2230:

was still controlled by the aristocracy. Voting rights was never extended to the colonies, like Korea, although colonial subjects who moved to Japan could vote after the 1925 reforms.

3474:

Prosecutors have broad discretion on whether to prosecute, but a Prosecution Review Board (検察審査会) consisting of randomly selected citizens and the court (through a procedure known as

2095:

and the samurai were subject to the shogunate's laws, and shogunate administrative officials would perform judicial functions. Daimyos had considerable autonomy within their domains (

504: 3353:, as Western culture was introduced, the government established new laws reflecting a gradually modernizing Japanese society. The first criminal code after the Restoration was the 2006:分国法) in order to establish order in their respective territories. Most such laws sought to improve the military and economic power of the warring lords, including instituting the 2193:(German civil code) served as the model for the Japanese Civil Code. For this reason, scholars have argued that the Japanese legal system is a descendant of the Romano-Germanic 2328:

in 1947. The Constitution contains thirty-three articles relating to human rights and articles providing for the separation of powers vested into three independent bodies: the

1819:

was dispatched. The envoys learned of Tang Dynasty's laws, as a mechanism to support China's centralized state. Based on the Tang code, various systems of law, known as the

2222:(leaders of the Meiji Restoration) would privately confer and recommend Prime Minister candidates and cabinet members to the Emperor. Reforms in this period include the 5585:

Self-Defence Force case, Sup. Ct., 3rd Small Bench, February 25, 1975, Minshu, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 143 as cited by Y. Matsuda, S. J. Deery & R. J. Mitchell (eds.),

2355:(lower house). Article 41 of the Constitution provides that "the Diet shall be the highest organ of State power, and shall be the sole law-making organ of the State." 3086:

Japanese commercial law is also characterized by a relationship with the bureaucracy that is important in determining how those engaged in commerce conduct business.

3003:) was separated from the Commercial Code in 2005. Shareholder liability rules generally follow American example. Under Japanese law the basic types of companies are: 3812:

In-house legal advisors at major corporations are almost entirely unregulated, although there has been a trend in the past decade towards attorneys moving in-house.

2226:, which abolished property qualifications and allowed almost all men over age 25 to vote for members of the House of Representatives (the lower house), although the 321: 5686: 4390: 3531:

expenses, and 25.8% (51,119 billion yen) went toward subsidies for Prefectural Police. In all, 74.2% of the total (147,301 billion yen) went toward NPA expenses.

2657:) of 1897 but with some French influence. The Commercial Code is considered a specialized law, meaning it take precedence over the Civil Code if both laws apply. 427: 2293:

was kept as a punishment for certain serious crimes. However, Japan retained its civil law legal system and did not adopt an American common law legal system.

4768:

Levin, Mark (2009). "Continuities of Legal Consciousness: Professor John Haley's Writings On Twelve Hundred Years of Japanese Legal History". Rochester, NY.

4855: 1910:

Beginning in the 9th century, the Ritsuryo system began to break down. As the power of the manor lords (荘園領主) grew stronger, the manor lords' estate laws (

1660:

legal system with six legal codes, which were greatly influenced by Germany, to a lesser extent by France, and also adapted to Japanese circumstances. The

1635: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 5800: 6208:– written by Chief Judge of IP High Court, including statistics on substantial winning rate (42–47%) for patentees in patent infringement cases in Japan. 3505: 2581:(総則), which includes basic rules and definitions of Japanese civil law, such as the capacity of natural and legal persons, juridical acts, and agency. 1558: 243: 2265:(overwhelmingly American) supervised and controlled the Japanese government. Japanese law underwent major reform under the guidance and direction of 2782: 546: 1185: 6616: 5432:". This paper was presented at a Sho Sato Conference held on February 12–13, 2005 at Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley. 2949:

power and can expropriate land for any public purpose as long as reasonable compensation is afforded. This power was famously used in the wake of

2262: 1067: 2399:

in 1889, the Commercial Code, Criminal Procedure Act and Civil Procedure Act in 1890 and the Civil Code in 1896 and 1898. These were called the

2101:) and issued their own edicts. Daimyos and the samurai also exercised considerable arbitrary power over other classes, such as peasants or the 1894:. These ritsuryō positions would be mostly preserved until the Meiji Restoration, although substantive power would for a long time fall to the 269: 2216:

In the 1910s, a movement for more democracy developed and there were several cabinet supported by elected political parties. Before this, the

6219: 5924: 5909: 5655: 5535: 5476: 5380: 5323: 5224: 4618: 4451: 4415: 4366: 4344: 4166: 1041: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 556: 364: 6312: 3832:

Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers, 438 Summary Courts, one District Court in each prefecture, eight High Courts and the

6341: 2205: 1054: 1050: 551: 541: 1796:, which differed from modern constitutions in that it was also moral code for the bureaucracy and aristocracy. While it was influenced by 2452:

In addition to the six codes, there are individual statutes on more specific matters which are not codified. For example, in the area of

2396: 2083:

ideas, the populace was divided into classes, with the samurai on top. Central power was exercised to various degrees by the shogun and

1032: 1563: 1505: 1395: 3816: 514: 6241: 3767: 1548: 1190: 6149: 6135: 6121: 6093: 5995: 5981: 5946: 5637: 5458: 5362: 5305: 5206: 4816: 4675: 4600: 4510: 4190: 4148: 3394:

penal code of Japan it was largely influential to its construction and has informed the judicial interpretation of the modern code.

2958: 2149: 1538: 975: 162: 138: 2873:), in contrast to personal rights which can only be claimed against specific parties. Property is classified into immovables (i.e. 1335: 1125: 6298: 3156: 2649:(商法 Shōhō) is divided into the General Part, Commercial Transactions, and Merchant Shipping and Insurance. It was modeled on the 2352: 436: 305: 248: 221: 209: 2200: 1543: 1520: 1465: 1345: 1325: 1310: 1205: 6741: 6667: 6256: 5765: 1812: 1628: 145: 1460: 1250: 1225: 1215: 3509: 2282: 1804: 1793: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 536: 531: 5028: 4830: 1510: 1450: 1350: 1340: 1320: 1265: 1200: 1130: 4983:

C. Milhaupt and G. Miller, ‘Cooperation. Conflict and Convergence in Japanese Finance; Evidence from the “Jūsen” Problem’,

4059: 6636: 4834: 3007: 2044: 474: 356: 1475: 1425: 1360: 1315: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1240: 1175: 1160: 1135: 1100: 1090: 6677: 2962: 2633:

After World War II, sections dealing with family law and succession (books four and five) were fully revised during the

2348: 1608: 1571: 1553: 1500: 1435: 1430: 1420: 1410: 1400: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1255: 1220: 1210: 1195: 1165: 1140: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1080: 6165: 3701: 3132: 2542:

Scholars and practising lawyers often comment on judicial judgments, which can then affect future judicial reasoning.

2290: 1865:, there was no concept of private law and there was no direct mentioning of contracts and other private law concepts. 313: 6591: 2748:

or the purchase of farm land may require certain formalities, such as a written contract or administrative approval.

1495: 1485: 1480: 1470: 1445: 1415: 1405: 1365: 1355: 1275: 1235: 1230: 1170: 1150: 1145: 1085: 6276: 1761: 1656:, which is primarily based on legal codes and statutes, with precedents also playing an important role. Japan has a 4022: 2885:

of transfers of immovable property is not required, it is necessary for one to claim rights against a third party.

2763:), lease, employment, hire of services, mandate, deposit (consignment), partnership, life annuity, and settlement ( 2190: 2181: 1621: 1025: 33: 2172:

systems and, to a lesser extent, English and American common law elements. Chinese-style criminal codes (Ming and

1530: 1525: 1490: 1455: 1440: 1330: 1305: 1260: 1245: 1155: 1105: 1095: 6251: 6211: 4863: 3984: 3040: 2808: 2029:(幕藩体制), a feudal political system. The shogunate also promulgated laws and collection of precedents, such as the 235: 167: 117: 3855:

Assistance to the accused. The state must provide legal counsel if the defendant cannot afford a private lawyer.

3422:

Special laws. Includes firearms and sword control law, laws for regulating business that affects public morals,

1515: 1280: 1270: 1180: 6358: 6334: 6293: 4339:

Hane, Mikiso; Perez, Louis G. (2014). Premodern Japan: a Historical Survey. (Second edition ed.). Boulder, CO.

4012: 3827: 3657: 3586: 3499: 2238: 2194: 2169: 1891: 1657: 397: 6426: 5065:

Y. Higuchi, ‘Hanrei no kōsoku-ryoku kō (On the Binding Force of Precedent)’, in Higuchi and M. Shimizu (eds),

2476:

The Constitution is the supreme law in Japan; below it are statutes enacted by the Diet, then Cabinet orders (

6672: 6631: 6536: 6236: 3617: 3594: 2052: 1927: 1300: 1037: 1007: 997: 204: 152: 1961:, a body of samurai laws consisting of precedents, reasons and customs in samurai society from the time of 1668:

is the supreme law in Japan. An independent judiciary has the power to review laws and government acts for

196: 6641: 6191:(about judicial system, judicial statistics, court procedure, court cases, judicial training system, etc.) 5786:

The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes 8: A Preparatory Draft for The Revised Penal Code of Japan 1961

3833: 3103: 3095: 2903: 2800: 2792: 2333: 2227: 413: 405: 180: 6586: 6506: 6266: 5847:"Japan's crime rate hits postwar low, but child abuse, domestic violence and offenses by elderly on rise" 3978: 6736: 4781: 4044: 4032: 4007: 3997: 3423: 3366: 2325: 2319: 2273: 2173: 1887: 1661: 76: 65: 6596: 6571: 6486: 5269:

to be considered legally born for purely beneficial purposes; this is the equivalent of the common law

5079: 2957:

and sell their land to farmers at very cheap rates (one historical reason for agriculture's support of

6257:

Japanese Knowledge (XXG) article on "List of Japanese laws" (contains links to many key Japanese laws)

2695:). Juridical acts are all declarations of will with specific legal consequences, including contracts, 130: 6626: 6511: 6228: 3464: 2258: 2223: 2039: 1962: 1883: 1072: 983: 348: 255: 157: 6516: 6496: 6271: 6656: 6551: 6481: 6396: 6327: 5897: 4049: 4002: 3908: 3125: 3114: 3099: 3066: 3053: 2634: 2266: 264: 188: 6711: 6606: 6566: 6521: 6281: 6216: 6107:

International Law, Human Rights, and Japanese Law: The Impact of International Law on Japanese Law

5647: 5572:, Routledge, London, at 102, cited in "Japan", Y. Matsuda, S. J. Deery & R. J. Mitchell (ed), 5315: 4610: 4237:(2nd ed, Vol 1, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1987), pp. 361, 370–371; R. David and J. E. C. Brierley, 4158: 1948: 6526: 6476: 6471: 6366: 6304: 5680: 5491:

Law on the Lease of Land and Houses, Laws No. 49 and No. 50, 1921 (replaced by Law No. 90, 1991).

4384: 4054: 3679: 3590:

perspective. The major professions, each of which has a separate qualification process, include:

3343: 2700: 2595: 2453: 2368: 2246: 2145: 2129: 2084: 2022: 1976: 1957: 1952: 1899: 1846: 1698: 1002: 492: 81: 3957: 3947: 3937: 3927: 2888:

Like other civil codes, the Japanese Civil Code classifies types of property rights, including:

2148:) was ‘granted’ to the subjects by the Emperor in 1889. Japan's Meiji Constitution emulated the 2010:(楽市・楽座) policy, which dissolved guilds and allowed some free marketplaces, and the principle of 1767: 5468: 5372: 5216: 4691:

Lectures on the New Japanese Civil Code as Materials for the Study of Comparative Jurisprudence

105: 6466: 6416: 6386: 6376: 6205: 6145: 6131: 6117: 6089: 6009:

Civil Code / Commercial Code / Code of Civil Procedure of Japan: Laws and Regulations of Japan

5991: 5977: 5942: 5920: 5905: 5651: 5531: 5472: 5376: 5319: 5272: 5220: 4812: 4773: 4769: 4671: 4614: 4516: 4506: 4457: 4447: 4421: 4411: 4372: 4362: 4340: 4186: 4162: 4027: 3350: 3034: 2911: 2882: 2878: 2650: 2604: 2570: 2566: 2384: 2383:

The modernization of Japanese law by transplanting law from Western countries began after the

2133: 1990:

Edo Castle with surrounding residential palaces and moats, from a 17th-century screen painting

1872:, promulgated in 702. Within the central government, the law codes established offices of the 1789: 1669: 1062: 383: 42: 6246: 6682: 6561: 6556: 6436: 6252:

Ono,Shusei "A Comparative Study of the Transfer of Property Rights in Japanese Civil Law(1)"

5643: 5464: 5368: 5311: 5212: 4606: 4154: 3723: 3637: 3021: 2930: 2881:); different types of property are sometimes subject to different rules. For example, while 2744:

is not required and gifts are also considered contracts. Certain types of contract, such as

2395:

The first major legislation enacted in Japan was the Criminal Code of 1880, followed by the

2388: 2360: 2080: 1725: 989: 328: 230: 112: 99: 2324:

The present national authorities and legal system are constituted upon the adoption of the

2305: 296: 6576: 6531: 6501: 6401: 6223: 5769: 5428:

R. Kagan, "On the Routinization of Tort Claims: Takao Tanase's 'The Management of Disputes

4794: 4017: 2833: 2820: 2461: 2278: 2185: 1923: 371: 6305:"IPCA [International Parental - Child Abduction System] – Background Information" 6247:

Laws & Regulations on Setting Up Business in Japan: Human Resource Management (JETRO)

3073: 3060: 3047: 2527:

Supreme Court. Because of this, scholars have commented that Supreme Court decisions are

2180:) were initially considered as models but abandoned. European legal systems – especially 1873: 2490:

concrete. The Supreme Court tend to allow broad delegations of power to the government.

2403:(six codes) and the term began to be used to mean the whole of Japan's statute law. The 6601: 6381: 6371: 5415:

Takao Tanase, "The Management of Disputes: Automobile Accident Compensation in Japan",

5107: 4239:

Major Legal Systems in the World Today, An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law

3444: 2946: 2939: 2696: 2686: 2375:

or otherwise refuse to approve a law passed by the Diet, or exercise emergency powers.

1995: 1854: 1584: 1012: 51: 5824: 17: 6730: 6705: 6646: 6581: 6546: 6461: 6411: 6391: 5759: 3973: 2874: 2741: 2536: 2356: 2344: 2141: 2115:

often resolved disputes internally, based on written or unwritten codes and customs.

2030: 1869: 449: 420: 288: 217: 3928:"Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases: Important Judicial Decisions for 2004" 1975:

and manor lords. It was the first systematic code for the samurai class. Later, the

6687: 6541: 6431: 6421: 6406: 3387: 3339: 2950: 2919: 2852: 2586: 2364: 2156: 1965:, and which clarified the standards for judging the settlement of disputes between 1858: 1834: 1826: 1816: 1772: 1706: 1665: 1602: 479: 469: 340: 3958:"Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases: Important Legal Precedents for 2007" 3948:"Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases: Important Legal Precedents for 2006" 3938:"Trends in Japanese Constitutional Law Cases: Important Legal Precedents for 2005" 2774:

Contracts are sometimes void because they go against public order or good morals (

1879: 6161: 5032: 4715:

Griffin, Edward G. "The Universal Suffrage Issue in Japanese Politics, 1918–25."

2309:

The National Diet is the national legislature, responsible for enacting new laws.

6715: 6491: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6350: 6261: 3027: 2899: 2894: 2625: 2551: 2329: 2242: 2177: 2137: 2088: 1941: 1821: 1808: 1783: 1776: 1694: 1690: 6002:

Penal Code / Code of Criminal Procedure of Japan: Laws and Regulations of Japan

1898:(shogunate) established by the samurai. Locally, Japan was reorganized into 66 2945:

Despite this emphasis on tenant rights, the government exercises a formidable

2752: 2704: 2616: 2532: 2457: 2097: 2018: 1850: 462: 6102:, revised edn. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2006 (1st edn. 1998). 4961:

See e.g. Law on Water Pollution Controls, Law No. 138, 1970, Art. 3, para. 1.

4461: 4425: 4376: 2942:

complex, which offered several previous tenants special deals on apartments.

2689:

to hold rights, assume duties, and incur liabilities through juridical acts (

6200: 4520: 3789: 2889: 2412: 2337: 2245:, Japan was turned into a totalitarian state, which continued until Japan's 1862: 1714: 1693:. Little is known about Japanese law prior to the seventh century, when the 4856:"Japanese Law Translation - [Law text] - The Constitution of Japan" 3919: 3467:(現行犯) and serious offenses for which a warrant cannot be obtained in time. 2103: 1842: 6194: 6065:

Japanese Contract and Anti-Trust Law: A Sociological and Comparative Study

5248:

F. Takakura, ‘Shōhō-ten no Tanjō (The Emergence of the Commercial Code)’,

5024:

Transparency of Japanese Law Project – Group for International Finance Law

4405: 4224:

Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 90.

4894:

edited by Poh-Ling Tan, "Asian Legal Systems" Butterworths, London, 1997.

4500: 4475: 3745: 2934: 2923: 2907: 2804: 2768: 2732: 2608: 2603:

is considered one source from which an obligation emerges, together with

2480:), then ministerial ordinances. Article 11 of the Cabinet Law (Japanese: 2297:

has undergone major reforms and changes in the past two decades as well.

2286: 2218: 2079:

Justice in the Edo period was very much based on one's status. Following

1797: 1710: 124: 3143:

Wages, hours and other working conditions must be fixed by law (s. 27).

2281:. On gender equality, women were enfranchised for the first time in the 2168:

The early modernization of Japanese law was primarily based on European

2144:(parliament) would be established, and the first Japanese Constitution ( 510:

Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block

6206:

Decade History and Future Prospects of Intellectual Property High Court

6114:

Japanese Law in Context: Readings in Society, the Economy, and Politics

2837: 1967: 1915: 1775:, which was an imperial palace modeled after Tang China palaces in the 1733: 252: 5969:. Trans. by Anthony H. Angelo. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1976. 5205:

Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "General Rules and Institutions of Private Law".

4970:

For an exception, see Judgment of the Supreme Court, 20 January 1971,

2561:(民法 Minpō) was created in 1896. It was heavily influenced by the 1887 2347:

is the bicameral supreme legislative body of Japan, consisting of the

1930:

remained strong, and a dual legal order existed with samurai laws and

1705:

Two of the most significant systems of human philosophy and religion,

6285: 2954: 2745: 2092: 1999: 1746: 1737: 6060:. Trans. by Leo Kanowitz. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2002. 6044:

Product Safety and Liability Law in Japan: From Minamata to Mad Cows

6188: 4649:

Thayer, N. B. (1996). The Japanese prime minister and his cabinet.

2796: 2304: 2199: 2155: 1986: 1985: 1760: 1721: 1686: 1653: 5067:

Nihon-koku Kenpō no Riron (Theories of the Constitution of Japan)

3972:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3895:

destroy evidence and; 3) whether he might flee the jurisdiction.

3382:

instead of sabers, according to the advice of the United States.

2910:), and commonage (collective rights over land, such as forests). 6049:

Hiroo Sono, Luke Nottage, Andrew Pardieck, & Kenji Saigusa.

5915:

Francisco Barberán, Kiyohiko Kuroda, & Fuminobu Okabe, eds.

3079: 2965:

is another well-known example of eminent domain power in Japan.

2915: 2824: 2600: 2590:(物権) and covers property and security rights over real property. 2514:

In the civil law system of Japan, courts follow the doctrine of

2372: 2057: 1932: 6323: 6319: 6299:

Columbia Law School's Center for Japanese Legal Studies (CJLS)

6231:– Presentation and theses on IP in English by Japanese judges. 5801:"Japan's crime problem? Too many police, not enough criminals" 5555:"Japan", Y. Matsuda, S. J. Deery & R. J. Mitchell (eds.), 3836:. There is also one Family Court tied to each District Court. 2128:

Major reforms in Japanese law took place with the fall of the

1579: 4741:

R. P. G. Steven, "Hybrid Constitutionalism in Prewar Japan",

2498:

Ministries and administrative agencies also issue circulars (

2051:), which set out the relationship between the shogunate, the 5902:

Código civil japonés: Estudio preliminar, traducción y notas

2673:

The Civil Code's General Part also defines rights capacity (

2359:

originates from the National Diet, with the approval of the

1841:(令) provides for administrative organization, taxation, and 6109:. London: Clarendon; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 4905:

The Japanese Legal System: Introductory Cases and Materials

4599:

Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "The History of Modern Japanese Law".

2431:

The Code of Criminal Procedure (刑事訴訟法 Keiji-soshō-hō, 1948)

6023:

Modern Trends in Tort Law: Dutch and Japanese Law Compared

5958:

Curtis J. Milhaupt, J. Mark Ramseyer, & Mark D. West.

4444:

Art and palace politics in early modern Japan, 1580s–1680s

3940:, trans. John Donovan, Yuko Funaki, and Jennifer Shimada, 2539:

by the Supreme Court is also often cited by lower courts.

500:

List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan

6171:(contains the overview and court cases in various areas) 6126:

Kenneth L. Port, Gerald Paul McAlinn, & Salil Mehra.

6030:

The Essentials of Japanese Patent Law: Cases And Practice

5304:

Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "Law of Obligations and Contracts".

4996:

H. Shiono, ‘Administrative Guidance’, in K. Tsuji (ed.),

4540:

Wren, Harold G. "The Legal System of Pre-Western Japan."

2464:), the Patent Law, Copyright Law, and the Trademark Law. 2428:

The Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法 Nippon-koku-kenpō, 1946)

1890:, eight central government ministries, and a prestigious 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 4756:

Legal Reform in Occupied Japan: A Participant Looks Back

3365:) of 1869, primarily influenced by the Chinese Ming and 2855:

is outlined in Book Two of the Civil Code. Real rights (

2807:, meaning that they are valid until a contracting party 2434:

The Code of Civil Procedure (民事訴訟法 Minji-soshō-hō, 1996)

1914:本所法) began to develop. Furthermore, as the power of the 5960:

The Japanese Legal System: Cases, Codes, and Commentary

5570:

Industrial Relations in Japan: The Peripheral Workforce

4241:(2nd ed, London, Stevens and Sons, 1978), pp. 479, 500. 3920:

English summaries of important family law related cases

2869:

Real rights in a thing are good against all the world (

2861:) concern the rights of a person over a thing, a right 2751:

The Civil Code lists 13 nominate contracts, including:

2014:(喧嘩両成敗), which punished both sides involved in brawls. 6130:, 3rd edn. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2015. 5941:. Seattle, Wa.: University of Washington Press, 2007. 5869:

Art. 33 and Art. 35 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

2781:

Contractual consent can sometimes be defective due to

505:

List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan

6242:

Labor law (in English) – includes Worker Dispatch law

6168:(Japanese Law Translation Database System in English) 6086:

Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox

6081:, 4th edn. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2017. 4668:

Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox

4645: 4643: 4476:"Japan | History, Flag, Map, Population, & Facts" 2494:

Administrative rules, guidances and local regulations

2160:

Meiji Constitution promulgation by Toyohara Chikanobu

2087:, who were appointed from the daimyo, similar to the 1845:(the people's labor obligations), similar to today's 5962:, 2nd edn. NY: Foundation Press; Thomson/West, 2012. 5011:

An Equitable Framework for Humanitarian Intervention

4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 2828:

by Pollution, or the 1994 Law on Product Liability.

6655: 6615: 6357: 6287:

electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies

6128:

Comparative Law: Law and the Legal Process in Japan

5825:"Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) | Data" 5671:Lenz, K-F. (2005). "Penal Law". In Röhl, W. (ed.). 5636:Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "Criminal Law and Procedure". 2929:Japan has gradually strengthened the rights of the 1940:), the latter having developed on the basis of old 1825:(律令), were enacted in Japan, especially during the 5990:, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 5955:. St. Paul, Minn.: West Academic Publishing, 2018. 5338:T. Uchida and V. Taylor, "Japan's 'Era of Contract 2061:, and the Laws on Religious Establishments (寺院諸法度 6282:The Reluctant Japanese Litigant: A new assessment 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5080:"An overview of the criminal law system in Japan" 4828:M. Ibusuki, "Japanese Law via the Internet" 2005 4730:Koreans in Japan: Critical voices from the margin 4359:Buddhism and the state in sixteenth-century Japan 6079:The rule of law in Japan: a comparative analysis 5761:World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems—Japan 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 3504:The national level police organizations are the 2771:at stake, citing the duty to act in good faith. 1689:are believed to have been heavily influenced by 6294:The Australian Network for Japanese Law (ANJeL) 5919:. Cizur Menor: Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi, 2013. 5779: 5777: 3800: 3778: 3768:Certified social insurance and labor consultant 3756: 3734: 3712: 3690: 3668: 3648: 3628: 3605: 6284:, discussion paper by Masayuki Yoshida in the 6144:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 3794: 3772: 3750: 3728: 3706: 3684: 3662: 3642: 3622: 3599: 3481: 3475: 3360: 3354: 3071: 3058: 3045: 3032: 3019: 3011: 2998: 2993: 2979: 2974: 2856: 2708: 2690: 2674: 2481: 6335: 5934:, 2nd edn. London: Routledge-Cavendish, 2002. 5642:. Oxford University Press. pp. 426–442. 5587:Labour Law & Industrial Relations in Asia 5574:Labour Law & Industrial Relations in Asia 5557:Labour Law & Industrial Relations in Asia 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5310:. Oxford University Press. pp. 136–163. 4286:by Masaji Chiba, "Japan" Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), 3950:, trans. Asami Miyazawa and Angela Thompson, 3486:) may review cases and initiate prosecution. 1882:(Grand Council of State), which included the 1629: 8: 6267:Japanese Family Laws in English and Japanese 6039:. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2007. 6032:. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2006. 6025:. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999. 5270: 2786: 2714: 2680: 1902:and 592 counties, with appointed governors. 5904:, 2nd edn. Madrid: Thomson-Aranzadi, 2006. 4948:Judgment of the Supreme Court, 1 May 1958, 4361:. Princeton, New Jersey. pp. 196–200. 4153:. Oxford University Press. pp. 26–52. 4147:Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "The Sources of Law". 3078:, a now abolished form based on the German 2136:in the late 1800s. At the beginning of the 6342: 6328: 6320: 5951:Colin P. A. Jones & Frank S. Ravitch. 5685:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5504:. LBC Information Services, Sydney. p. 38. 4831:"GlobaLex - Japanese Law via the Internet" 4389:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4299:Masaji Chiba, "Japan" Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), 2620:(親族), including marriage and guardianship. 2119:Modern developments and Japanese law today 1636: 1622: 28: 6088:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. 5976:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. 5788:. Sweet & Maxwell Limited. p. 1. 5648:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.003.0019 5589:, 1993, Longman Cheshire: Sydney, at 177. 5576:, 1993, Longman Cheshire: Sydney, at 175. 5559:, 1993, Longman Cheshire: Sydney, at 175. 5316:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.003.0008 4985:Law and Policy in International Business, 4745:, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter 1977) pp. 99–133. 4611:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.003.0001 4159:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.003.0003 2599:(債権). Like in other civil law countries, 2371:, the Emperor does not have the power to 2124:Legal reforms after the Meiji Restoration 2091:of medieval England. Certain conducts of 2068:The Code of One Hundred Articles (御定書百箇条 2045:Laws for the Imperial and Court Officials 244:Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle) 6140:J. Mark Ramseyer & Minoru Nakazato. 6116:. Harvard University Asia Center, 2001. 5399:(Cambridge, Massachusetts), pp. 128–130. 5029:"Finance - Transparency of Japanese Law" 4939:Part 1, 2nd edn (Tokyo, 1994), pp. 57–67 4811:(University of Washington Press, 2007). 3960:, trans. Mark A. Levin and Jesse Smith, 3160: 2953:to dismantle the estates of the defunct 2755:, sale, exchange, loan for consumption ( 2723:if they exceed their scope of purposes. 1849:. Other provisions correspond to modern 4807:Id.; see generally, Daniel Foote, ed., 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4070: 2573:. The code is divided into five books: 1922:) came to be established. In the early 789:Japanese House of Councillors elections 40: 6309:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Japan 5917:Introducción al derecho japonés actual 5678: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5469:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1 5373:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1 5217:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5054:Hanrei no Yomikata (How to read Cases) 4790: 4779: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4437: 4435: 4382: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4211:, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 89–90. 3962:Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 3952:Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 3942:Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 3932:Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 3450:crime situation in Japan is possible. 1857:. Ritsuryō was strongly influenced by 6011:. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2015. 6004:. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2015. 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5457:Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "Property Law". 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5361:Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "Law of Torts". 5356: 5354: 5352: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5132:Minpō-Ronshū (Treatise on Civil Law), 5102: 5100: 4702:P. Alminjon, B. Nolde, and M. Wolff, 4685: 4683: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 2629:(相続), including wills and succession. 7: 5108:"Japanese Civil Code | Japanese law" 4706:(Paris, 1950), Tome II, pp. 427–428. 4290:, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 118. 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 2522:Despite the importance of case law, 2422:The Commercial Code (商法 Shōhō, 1899) 2379:The Six Codes in modern Japanese law 2206:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 1878:(chancellor), who presided over the 1868:One major reform on the law was the 77:Constitution of Japan (1947–present) 5526:Antonio Augusto Cancado Trinidade. 4303:, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 91. 4276:, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 91. 4259:, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 90. 3162:Japanese criminal sentencing, 1994 2397:Constitution of the Empire of Japan 1697:was developed and codified. Before 6142:Japanese Law: An Economic Approach 5673:History of Law in Japan since 1868 5502:Asian Laws Through Australian Eyes 4499:Hashimoto, Masanobu; 橋本政宣 (2002). 3817:Japan In-House Lawyers Association 2425:The Criminal Code (刑法 Keihō, 1907) 2363:as a formality. Under the current 25: 6058:Japanese Employment and Labor Law 5134:vol. 6 (Tokyo, 1980), pp. 90–149. 3506:National Public Safety Commission 2165:signed with western governments. 1833:(律) is the equivalent of today's 1811:in 607. Later, in 630, the first 6710: 6701: 6700: 6315:from the original on 2023-12-11. 6201:Intellectual Property High Court 6112:Curtis J. Milhaupt et al., eds. 4860:www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp 4410:. Florence: Taylor and Francis. 3967: 3157:Criminal justice system of Japan 1794:Seventeenth-article Constitution 1596: 437:Intellectual Property High Court 355: 312: 295: 195: 129: 104: 50: 5845:Osumi, Magdalena (2019-11-29). 5528:International Law for Humankind 4937:Gyōsei-hō (Administrative Law), 4235:Introduction to Comparative Law 3342:(1867–1912), the powers of the 3039:(G.K.), similar to an American 3026:(K.K.), similar to an American 2419:The Civil Code (民法 Minpō, 1896) 1736:(or Yamato) ruled by the Queen 6668:British Indian Ocean Territory 6272:Summaries of major court cases 6212:Guidebook of the IP High Court 4998:Public Administration in Japan 4404:Kleinschmidt, Harald. (2007). 3008:Limited liability partnerships 2253:Japanese law post-World War II 1726:transplantation of foreign law 1652:refers to the legal system in 82:Meiji Constitution (1890–1947) 1: 5939:Law in Japan: A Turning Point 5344:Law in Japan: A Turning Point 5265:fiction which allows a fetus 4809:Law in Japan: A Turning Point 4505:. Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. 4446:. Leiden: Brill. p. 88. 2973:The Code of Civil Procedure ( 2569:, and to a lesser extent the 2049:kinchū narabini kuge shohatto 2043:(公事方御定書). It also issued the 428:Justices of the Supreme Court 6217:IP judgments listed by topic 5967:Introduction to Japanese Law 5026:2006–2009 Kyushu University 4717:The Journal of Asian Studies 4635:The Emergence of Meiji Japan 4502:Kinsei kuge shakai no kenkyū 4442:Lillehoj, Elizabeth (2011). 2963:Narita International Airport 2031:Laws for the Military Houses 6063:Willem M. Visser ‘t Hooft. 5463:. Oxford University Press. 5367:. Oxford University Press. 5211:. Oxford University Press. 4743:Journal of Japanese Studies 4605:. Oxford University Press. 4060:New (2006) Corporations Law 3801: 3790:Land and House Investigator 3779: 3757: 3735: 3713: 3702:Certified public accountant 3691: 3669: 3649: 3629: 3606: 3560:Training and qualifications 3476: 3355: 3082:(limited liability company) 3072: 3059: 3046: 3033: 3020: 3012: 2999: 2980: 2176:) and past Japanese codes ( 1033:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6758: 6100:The Spirit of Japanese Law 6067:. London: Routledge, 2002. 6046:. London: Routledge, 2012. 5397:Environmental Law in Japan 5395:J. Gresser et al. (1981), 4023:Legal systems of the world 3825: 3814: 3497: 3442: 3154: 3123: 3112: 3093: 3013:yūgen sekinin jigyō kumiai 2531:even more binding than in 2317: 2239:Japanese invasion of China 1781: 524:Japanese general elections 6696: 6035:Gerald Paul McAlinn, ed. 5953:The Japanese Legal System 5896:Francisco Barberán & 5799:Tokyo, David McNeill in. 5675:. Leiden. pp. 607ff. 5056:(Tokyo, 1986), pp. 14–16. 3985:Federal Research Division 3904:International family law 3795: 3773: 3751: 3729: 3707: 3685: 3663: 3643: 3623: 3600: 3482: 3361: 3293: 3262:6–12 months at hard labor 3223: 3177: 3090:Intellectual property law 3065:, similar to an American 3052:, similar to an American 3041:limited liability company 2994: 2975: 2857: 2709: 2691: 2675: 2482: 1979:more or less adopted the 1906:Laws under the shogunates 168:Imperial Household Agency 6417:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6162:Japanese Law Translation 5764:, Takushoku University, 5515:Japanese Employment Laws 5252:1999, No. 1155, pp. 5–15 4013:Judicial system of Japan 3828:Judicial system of Japan 3724:Certified tax accountant 3658:Administrative scrivener 3500:Law enforcement in Japan 3407:Classification of crimes 2458:labor and employment law 2353:House of Representatives 1918:rose, samurai laws (武家法 1803:Japan began to dispatch 976:Administrative divisions 306:House of Representatives 32:This article is part of 6678:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6053:. Wolters Kluwer, 2019. 5500:V. Taylor, ed. (1997). 5346:(Tokyo, 2007), p. 454ff 5112:Encyclopedia Britannica 4704:Traité de droit comparé 4480:Encyclopedia Britannica 4357:McMullin, Neil (2014). 4233:K Zweigert and H Kotz, 4185:. p. 49. Oxford, 2003. 3930:, trans. Daryl Takeno, 3630:gaikokuhō jimu bengoshi 3618:Attorney at foreign law 3454:16th consecutive year. 3300:1–2 years at hard labor 3254:1–2 years at hard labor 2918:, preferential rights, 2912:Real rights in security 2516:jurisprudence constante 2191:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 2002:developed feudal laws ( 1928:imperial court in Kyoto 1771:, the main building to 1676:Historical developments 932:Unified local elections 270:Administrative Agencies 6742:Legal history of Japan 6277:National Police Agency 6189:Supreme Court of Japan 5417:Law and Society Review 5271: 4789:Cite journal requires 3914:Lagerfeld v. Yamaguchi 3510:National Police Agency 3424:anti-prostitution laws 3104:Japanese trademark law 3096:Japanese copyright law 2992:Japanese Company Law ( 2892:, surface rights (aka 2787: 2715: 2681: 2651:German Commercial Code 2387:in 1868, in which the 2310: 2267:Occupation authorities 2263:Allied military forces 2209: 2195:civil law legal system 2161: 1991: 1870:Taihō (Great Law) Code 1779: 1051:Diplomatic missions of 18:Companies Act of Japan 6262:Links on Japanese law 6051:Contract Law in Japan 6037:Japanese Business Law 5937:Daniel H. Foote, ed. 5932:Japanese Legal System 5261:This is known as the 5069:(Tokyo, 1987), p. 684 5013:(Oxford: Hart, 2013). 4719:31.2 (1972): 275–290. 4045:Constitution of Japan 4033:Women in law in Japan 4008:Human rights in Japan 3998:Constitution of Japan 3840:Rights of the accused 3815:Further information: 3270:6–12 months in prison 3192:3 years at hard labor 2877:) and movables (i.e. 2614:Book Four deals with 2584:Book Two is entitled 2472:Delegated legislation 2326:Constitution of Japan 2320:Constitution of Japan 2308: 2274:Japanese Constitution 2204:Establishment of the 2203: 2159: 2070:osadamegaki hyakkajyō 1989: 1888:Minister of the Right 1782:Further information: 1764: 1662:Japanese Constitution 6592:United Arab Emirates 5568:Chalmers, N. (1989) 5084:Government of Canada 4987:1997, No. 1, p. 1ff. 4272:Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), 4255:Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), 4207:Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), 3822:Courts and procedure 3802:tochi kaoku chōsashi 3780:shakai hoken rōmushi 3465:in flagrante delicto 3184:7–10 years in prison 2443:Other sources of law 2349:House of Councillors 2259:the Second World War 2224:General Election Law 2074:Kujikata Osadamegaki 2040:Kujikata Osadamegaki 1963:Minamoto no Yoritomo 1884:Minister of the Left 349:House of Councillors 158:Chrysanthemum Throne 6619:limited recognition 6237:Japan Patent Office 6195:Ministry of Justice 6166:Ministry of Justice 6021:Ewoud Hondius, ed. 5974:Basic Japanese Laws 5898:Rafael Domingo Osle 4633:M.B. Jansen (ed.), 4301:Asian Legal Systems 4288:Asian Legal Systems 4274:Asian Legal Systems 4257:Asian Legal Systems 4209:Asian Legal Systems 4050:Japanese Civil Code 4003:Government of Japan 3909:Sweden v. Yamaguchi 3890:the time of arrest. 3316:2–3 years in prison 3308:1–2 years in prison 3278:1–2 years in prison 3208:5–7 years in prison 3200:3–5 years in prison 3163: 3133:Labor Standards Act 3126:Japanese labour law 3115:Family law in Japan 3100:Japanese patent law 3067:limited partnership 3054:general partnership 2559:Civil Code of Japan 2150:German constitution 2085:shogunate officials 1926:, the power of the 1892:Ministry of Deities 1186:Trinidad and Tobago 163:Imperial Succession 6290:, 13 October 2003. 6222:2015-08-12 at the 6028:Hiroya Kawaguchi. 5768:2016-05-31 at the 4754:Alfred C. Oppler, 4732:. Routledge, 2013. 4728:Ryang, Sonia, ed. 4637:(Cambridge, 1995). 4181:Malcolm D. Evans. 4055:Local Autonomy Law 3956:Teruki Tsunemoto, 3946:Teruki Tsunemoto, 3936:Teruki Tsunemoto, 3926:Teruki Tsunemoto, 3680:Judicial scrivener 3458:Criminal procedure 3344:Tokugawa shogunate 3161: 2776:contra bonos mores 2716:Handlungsfähigkeit 2665:General provisions 2596:Law of Obligations 2593:Book Three is the 2454:administrative law 2369:Meiji Constitution 2351:(upper house) and 2311: 2291:Capital punishment 2210: 2162: 2146:Meiji Constitution 2130:Tokugawa Shogunate 2072:) was part of the 2023:Tokugawa shogunate 1992: 1981:Goseibai Shikimoku 1977:Ashikaga shogunate 1958:Goseibai Shikimoku 1953:Kamakura Shogunate 1900:imperial provinces 1847:administrative law 1780: 1699:Chinese characters 1685:The early laws of 6724: 6723: 6661:other territories 6098:John Owen Haley. 6084:John Owen Haley. 6077:Carl F. Goodman. 5972:Hiroshi Oda, ed. 5925:978-84-9014-912-6 5910:978-84-9767-632-8 5657:978-0-19-923218-5 5536:978-90-04-18428-2 5478:978-0-19-923218-5 5382:978-0-19-923218-5 5325:978-0-19-923218-5 5273:en ventre sa mère 5226:978-0-19-923218-5 5052:T. Nakano (ed.), 4758:(Princeton, 1976) 4666:John Owen Haley, 4620:978-0-19-923218-5 4453:978-90-04-21126-1 4417:978-1-351-87370-3 4368:978-1-4008-5597-1 4345:978-0-8133-4970-1 4183:International Law 4168:978-0-19-923218-5 4028:Politics of Japan 3580:Legal professions 3351:Meiji Restoration 3331: 3330: 3246:¥300–500,000 fine 3238:¥200–300,000 fine 3230:¥100–200,000 fine 2879:personal property 2821:French Civil Code 2783:vitiating factors 2769:reliance interest 2759:), loan for use ( 2655:Handelsgesetzbuch 2623:Book Five covers 2605:unjust enrichment 2571:French Civil Code 2567:German Civil Code 2385:Meiji Restoration 2134:Meiji Restoration 2021:(1603–1868), the 1998:(1467–1615), the 1670:constitutionality 1646: 1645: 1068:Visa requirements 1063:Japanese passport 1026:Foreign relations 1013:Submunicipalities 515:Political parties 384:Hiroyuki Nagahama 43:Politics of Japan 16:(Redirected from 6749: 6714: 6704: 6703: 6673:Christmas Island 6359:Sovereign states 6344: 6337: 6330: 6321: 6316: 6072:Legal philosophy 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5772: 5756: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5633: 5590: 5583: 5577: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5538: 5530:. Boston, 2003. 5524: 5518: 5513:Curtis Seubert: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5454: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5358: 5347: 5342:", in D. Foote, 5341: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5301: 5278: 5276: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5239:Law No. 90, 1991 5237: 5231: 5230: 5202: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5031:. Archived from 5020: 5014: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4862:. Archived from 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4833:. Archived from 4826: 4820: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4765: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4726: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4700: 4694: 4687: 4678: 4670:(Oxford, 1994), 4664: 4658: 4647: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4596: 4545: 4538: 4525: 4524: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4407:Warfare in Japan 4401: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4354: 4348: 4337: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4283: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4248: 4242: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4200: 4194: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4144: 3988: 3971: 3970: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3634: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3439:Crime statistics 3364: 3363: 3358: 3164: 3077: 3064: 3051: 3038: 3025: 3022:Kabushiki kaisha 3015: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2860: 2859: 2790: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2694: 2693: 2685:), which is the 2684: 2678: 2677: 2617:family relations 2577:Book One is the 2485: 2484: 2389:Japanese Emperor 2314:The Constitution 2025:established the 1955:established the 1792:established the 1638: 1631: 1624: 1603:Japan portal 1601: 1600: 1599: 359: 329:Fukushiro Nukaga 316: 299: 199: 133: 108: 54: 29: 21: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6692: 6660: 6651: 6632:Northern Cyprus 6618: 6611: 6353: 6348: 6303: 6224:Wayback Machine 6158: 6007:Carsten Rasch. 6000:Carsten Rasch. 5965:Yosiyuki Noda. 5888: 5886:Further reading 5883: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5855: 5853: 5851:The Japan Times 5844: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5809: 5807: 5805:The Irish Times 5798: 5797: 5793: 5784:Rothman, Fred. 5783: 5782: 5775: 5770:Wayback Machine 5757: 5694: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5635: 5634: 5593: 5584: 5580: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5512: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5456: 5455: 5436: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419:24 (1990), 651. 5414: 5403: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5360: 5359: 5350: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5303: 5302: 5281: 5260: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5204: 5203: 5138: 5129: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5089: 5087: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5064: 5060: 5051: 5047: 5038: 5036: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4930: 4926:Law No. 5, 1947 4925: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4898: 4889: 4878: 4869: 4867: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4806: 4802: 4788: 4778: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4753: 4749: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4688: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4648: 4641: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4598: 4597: 4548: 4544:20 (1968): 217. 4539: 4528: 4513: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4454: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4418: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4381: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4338: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4280: 4267: 4263: 4249: 4245: 4232: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4201: 4197: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4146: 4145: 4072: 4068: 4041: 4018:Juries in Japan 3994: 3980:Country Studies 3977: 3968: 3901: 3862: 3842: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3805: 3792: 3783: 3770: 3761: 3748: 3746:Patent attorney 3739: 3726: 3717: 3714:kōnin kaikeishi 3704: 3695: 3682: 3673: 3660: 3640: 3620: 3610: 3597: 3595:Attorney at law 3582: 3571: 3562: 3543: 3522: 3502: 3496: 3494:Law enforcement 3477:fushinpan seido 3460: 3447: 3441: 3409: 3400: 3356:Shinritsu Koryo 3336: 3324:Other sentences 3286:Other sentences 3216:Other sentences 3159: 3153: 3128: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3106: 3094:Main articles: 3092: 2990: 2971: 2969:Civil Procedure 2850: 2838:general damages 2817: 2729: 2697:quasi-contracts 2682:Rechtsfähigkeit 2667: 2647:Commercial Code 2548: 2512: 2496: 2474: 2462:competition law 2450: 2445: 2381: 2322: 2316: 2303: 2279:judicial review 2255: 2126: 2121: 2053:imperial family 2012:kenka ryōseibai 2008:rakuichi rakuza 1924:Kamakura period 1908: 1861:ethics. Unlike 1786: 1759: 1757:Ritsuryō system 1683: 1678: 1642: 1613: 1609:Other countries 1597: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1576: 1568: 1535: 1077: 1059: 1047: 1028: 1018: 1017: 994: 978: 968: 967: 966: 935: 934: 928: 926: 792: 791: 785: 783: 527: 526: 520: 495: 485: 484: 466: 452: 442: 441: 433: 409: 400: 390: 389: 388: 386: 372:Hidehisa Otsuji 344: 301: 283: 275: 274: 261: 259: 246: 239: 225: 213: 183: 173: 172: 149: 102: 92: 91: 72: 45: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6755: 6753: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6347: 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4491: 4467: 4452: 4431: 4416: 4396: 4367: 4349: 4305: 4292: 4278: 4268:Masaji Chiba, 4261: 4243: 4226: 4220:Masaji Chiba, 4213: 4195: 4174: 4167: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3944: 3934: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3823: 3820: 3810: 3809: 3787: 3765: 3743: 3721: 3699: 3677: 3655: 3635: 3633:, or "gaiben") 3614: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3498:Main article: 3495: 3492: 3459: 3456: 3445:Crime in Japan 3443:Main article: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3247: 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4: 3: 2: 6754: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:South Ossetia 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6289: 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5826: 5820: 5817: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5758:T. Moriyama, 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5674: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5035:on 2009-06-14 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022:T. Morishita 5019: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890:Masaji Chiba 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4866:on 2021-03-03 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4837:on 2009-04-19 4836: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4817:0-295-98731-6 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4693:(Tokyo, 1904) 4692: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676:0-19-509257-0 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4512:4-642-03378-5 4508: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4492: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4191:0-19-928270-6 4188: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4039:Specific laws 4038: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3974:public domain 3963: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3834:Supreme Court 3829: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3803: 3791: 3788: 3781: 3769: 3766: 3759: 3747: 3744: 3737: 3725: 3722: 3715: 3703: 3700: 3693: 3681: 3678: 3671: 3670:gyōsei shoshi 3659: 3656: 3651: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3295:Drug offenses 3292: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3087: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2988:Corporate law 2987: 2985: 2982: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875:real property 2872: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2788:Willensmangel 2784: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742:Consideration 2737: 2734: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2683: 2671: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2524:stare decisis 2520: 2517: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2367:, unlike the 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Statutory law 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:National Diet 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2313: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283:1946 election 2280: 2275: 2272:The post war 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:neo-Confucian 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2063:jiin shohatto 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2035:Buke shohatto 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1949:Hojo Yasutoki 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1549:Latin America 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 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44: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 6737:Law of Japan 6657:Dependencies 6587:Turkmenistan 6552:Saudi Arabia 6456: 6351:Law of Asia 6308: 6286: 6229:Publications 6141: 6127: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6085: 6078: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6008: 6001: 5988:Japanese Law 5987: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5938: 5931: 5916: 5901: 5874: 5865: 5854:. Retrieved 5850: 5840: 5829:. Retrieved 5827:. World Bank 5819: 5808:. Retrieved 5804: 5794: 5785: 5760: 5672: 5666: 5639:Japanese Law 5638: 5586: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5556: 5527: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5501: 5496: 5487: 5460:Japanese Law 5459: 5424: 5416: 5396: 5391: 5364:Japanese Law 5363: 5343: 5334: 5307:Japanese Law 5306: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5235: 5208:Japanese Law 5207: 5131: 5130:E. Hoshino, 5126: 5115:. Retrieved 5111: 5088:. Retrieved 5086:. 2021-08-30 5083: 5074: 5066: 5061: 5053: 5048: 5037:. Retrieved 5033:the original 5023: 5018: 5010: 5005: 4997: 4992: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4957: 4949: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4922: 4912: 4904: 4899: 4891: 4868:. Retrieved 4864:the original 4859: 4850: 4839:. Retrieved 4835:the original 4824: 4808: 4803: 4782:cite journal 4763: 4755: 4750: 4742: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4703: 4698: 4690: 4667: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4634: 4629: 4602:Japanese Law 4601: 4541: 4501: 4494: 4483:. Retrieved 4479: 4470: 4443: 4406: 4399: 4358: 4352: 4300: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4182: 4177: 4150:Japanese Law 4149: 3979: 3966: 3961: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3913: 3907: 3893: 3879: 3869: 3849: 3831: 3811: 3692:shihō shoshi 3583: 3563: 3529: 3514: 3503: 3488: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3452: 3448: 3416: 3401: 3398:Criminal law 3392: 3388:World War II 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3348: 3340:Meiji period 3337: 3319:1,791 (17%) 3311:3,490 (32%) 3303:3,894 (36%) 3294: 3224: 3178: 3151:Criminal law 3145: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3085: 3074:Yūgen kaisha 3061:Gōshi kaisha 3048:Gōmei kaisha 2991: 2972: 2951:World War II 2944: 2933:, such that 2928: 2893: 2887: 2883:registration 2870: 2867:in personam. 2866: 2865:rather than 2862: 2853:Property law 2851: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2738: 2730: 2720: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2654: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2624: 2615: 2609:contract law 2594: 2585: 2579:General Part 2578: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2549: 2541: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2477: 2475: 2466: 2451: 2437: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2382: 2365:constitution 2342: 2323: 2295: 2271: 2256: 2236: 2232: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2167: 2163: 2127: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2048: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1980: 1972: 1971:and between 1966: 1956: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1919: 1911: 1909: 1895: 1875:Daijō daijin 1874: 1867: 1838: 1835:criminal law 1830: 1827:Taika Reform 1820: 1817:Tang Dynasty 1802: 1787: 1773:Heijo Palace 1766: 1751: 1743: 1730: 1719: 1709:(China) and 1707:Confucianism 1704: 1684: 1666:World War II 1650:law of Japan 1649: 1647: 1336:Saudi Arabia 1126:South Africa 982: 960: 931: 927: 788: 784: 777: 523: 519: 470:Japanese yen 461: 456: 426: 419: 412: 404: 382: 377: 370: 363: 354: 347: 341:Banri Kaieda 339: 335:Vice Speaker 334: 327: 320: 311: 304: 294: 287: 242: 229: 216: 203: 194: 187: 144: 139:Crown Prince 137: 128: 123: 111: 100:The Monarchy 86: 69: 66:Constitution 26: 6716:Asia portal 6617:States with 6537:Philippines 6477:South Korea 6472:North Korea 6367:Afghanistan 4935:H. Shiono, 4689:N. Hozumi, 4657:(2), 71–86. 4651:SAIS Review 4542:Hastings LJ 3616:Registered 3575:confession. 3390:presented. 3338:Before the 3327:1591 (15%) 3249:1161 (11%) 3241:2084 (19%) 3233:4130 (38%) 3173:Prevalence 3035:Gōdō kaisha 3028:corporation 2900:emphyteusis 2895:superficies 2791:), such as 2746:suretyships 2721:ultra vires 2626:inheritance 2587:Real Rights 2546:Private law 2535:countries. 2330:Legislature 2243:Pacific War 2237:During the 2142:Nation Diet 2089:Curia Regis 1809:Sui Dynasty 1807:to China's 1777:Nara period 1691:Chinese law 1681:Early Japan 1521:New Zealand 1466:Netherlands 1346:South Korea 1326:Philippines 1311:North Korea 1206:Afghanistan 1073:Visa policy 984:Prefectures 282:Legislature 113:The Emperor 6731:Categories 6597:Uzbekistan 6572:Tajikistan 6487:Kyrgyzstan 6467:Kazakhstan 6387:Bangladesh 6377:Azerbaijan 5856:2020-05-31 5831:2020-05-31 5810:2020-05-31 5263:nasciturus 5117:2019-10-30 5090:2023-02-25 5039:2009-08-01 4952:12-7-1272. 4870:2019-10-30 4841:2009-08-01 4485:2020-06-01 4066:References 3860:Procedures 3826:See also: 3569:Discretion 3541:Technology 3367:Qing codes 3349:After the 3289:1064 (9%) 3219:133 (26%) 3187:103 (20%) 3109:Family law 2904:servitudes 2871:erga omnes 2765:transactio 2761:commodatum 2713:; German: 2679:; German: 2635:occupation 2533:common law 2174:Qing codes 2111:) and the 2047:(禁中並公家諸法度 2037:) and the 2019:Edo period 1936:laws (公家法 1851:family law 1768:Daigokuden 1728:to Japan. 1544:Arab world 1461:Montenegro 1251:East Timor 1226:Bangladesh 1216:Azerbaijan 557:1898 (Aug) 552:1898 (Mar) 547:1894 (Sep) 542:1894 (Mar) 463:Kazuo Ueda 265:Ministries 189:Government 6683:Hong Kong 6637:Palestine 6562:Sri Lanka 6557:Singapore 6437:Indonesia 5681:cite book 5277:doctrine. 4462:833766152 4426:988176089 4385:cite book 4377:889251193 3587:civil law 3520:Resources 3281:512 (5%) 3273:541 (5%) 3265:571 (5%) 3257:857 (8%) 3211:88 (17%) 3203:94 (18%) 3195:96 (19%) 3170:Sentence 3000:kaisha-hō 2935:landlords 2914:include: 2908:easements 2890:ownership 2834:liability 2819:Like the 2785:(German: 2731:Japanese 2727:Contracts 2552:civil law 2550:Japanese 2510:Precedent 2415:are now: 2413:Six Codes 2338:Judiciary 2334:Executive 2249:at 1945. 2234:by 1936. 2170:civil law 2138:Meiji Era 2004:bunkokuhō 1983:as well. 1947:In 1232, 1863:Roman law 1859:Confucian 1747:Shintoism 1715:Confucius 1658:civil law 1511:Australia 1451:Lithuania 1351:Sri Lanka 1341:Singapore 1321:Palestine 1266:Indonesia 1201:Venezuela 1131:Argentina 1003:Districts 990:Governors 493:Elections 475:Banknotes 398:Judiciary 365:President 256:coalition 181:Executive 6706:Category 6627:Abkhazia 6577:Thailand 6532:Pakistan 6512:Mongolia 6507:Maldives 6502:Malaysia 6402:Cambodia 6313:Archived 6220:Archived 6016:Branches 5766:Archived 5267:in utero 4521:52370917 3992:See also 3899:Case law 3758:benrishi 3736:zeirishi 3650:kōshōnin 3624:外国法事務弁護士 3607:bengoshi 3508:and the 3297:(10,766) 3227:(10,920) 2924:mortgage 2848:Property 2825:Tort law 2809:rescinds 2805:voidable 2733:contract 2601:tort law 2529:de facto 2500:tsutatsu 2448:Statutes 2287:Zaibatsu 2241:and the 2178:Ritsuryo 2132:and the 2055:and the 1942:Ritsuryo 1837:, while 1822:Ritsuryō 1798:Buddhism 1788:In 604, 1784:Ritsuryō 1711:Buddhism 1695:Ritsuryō 1476:Portugal 1426:Holy See 1361:Thailand 1316:Pakistan 1296:Mongolia 1291:Maldives 1286:Malaysia 1241:Cambodia 1176:Paraguay 1161:Colombia 1136:Barbados 1101:Ethiopia 1091:Djibouti 1055:in Japan 457:Governor 146:Fumihito 125:Naruhito 34:a series 6602:Vietnam 6517:Myanmar 6497:Lebanon 6427:Georgia 6382:Bahrain 6372:Armenia 6164:by the 5891:General 5250:Jurist, 4974:25-1-1. 4774:1551420 3796:土地家屋調査士 3774:社会保険労務士 3334:History 3225:Assault 2801:mistake 2565:of the 2361:Emperor 2208:in 1940 2093:daimyos 2033:(武家諸法度 2017:In the 2000:daimyos 1994:In the 1973:gokenin 1968:gokenin 1951:of the 1916:samurai 1912:honjohō 1880:Dajōkan 1815:to the 1734:Yamatai 1554:Oceania 1501:Ukraine 1436:Ireland 1431:Iceland 1421:Hungary 1411:Germany 1401:Denmark 1391:Croatia 1386:Belgium 1381:Austria 1376:Albania 1371:Vietnam 1301:Myanmar 1256:Georgia 1221:Bahrain 1211:Armenia 1196:Uruguay 1166:Ecuador 1141:Bolivia 1121:Somalia 1116:Nigeria 1111:Namibia 1081:Algeria 1042:history 322:Speaker 253:Komeito 231:Cabinet 6647:Taiwan 6582:Turkey 6547:Russia 6482:Kuwait 6462:Jordan 6452:Israel 6412:Cyprus 6397:Brunei 6392:Bhutan 6148: 6134: 6120: 6092: 5994: 5980: 5945: 5923: 5908: 5654: 5534: 5475: 5379: 5322: 5223: 4972:Minshū 4950:Keishū 4815: 4772: 4674: 4617: 4519: 4509: 4460: 4450: 4424: 4414: 4375: 4365: 4343: 4189: 4165: 3976:. 3638:Notary 3179:Murder 3167:Crime 3102:, and 2931:tenant 2922:, and 2920:pledge 2906:(i.e. 2863:in rem 2793:duress 2757:mutuum 2607:, and 2478:seirei 2257:After 2247:defeat 2186:French 2182:German 2113:chōnin 2104:chōnin 1944:laws. 1938:kugehō 1920:bukehō 1896:bakufu 1886:, the 1843:corvée 1805:envoys 1738:Himiko 1539:Africa 1496:Sweden 1486:Serbia 1481:Russia 1471:Poland 1446:Kosovo 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