1884:(in 1889) also commented that the level of play was much better than it had been 25 years earlier. Hendriks suggests, based on all these remarks, that "a strong club player of today would not fare badly amidst the strongest players of halfway through the 19th century". As for earlier players, Hendriks guesses that "Greco, Philidor, and the Modenese masters...could compete with the strongest players of the first half of the 19th century", and estimates the ratings of La Bourdonnais, McDonnell, Staunton, and
1205:
fewer inaccuracies than decisive games, he only considered decisive games. He gave the following estimated ratings for 47 players at their peak years, on a scale corresponding to Elo ratings in 2023. (In his view, ratings inflated from their introduction in the 1970s until about 2006, when deflation began; by 2023, this had more or less cancelled out the earlier inflation, so that the 1970s ratings and the 2023 ratings are comparable, but those in between are not.)
3032:
1880:, and concluded that the average rating of the players at the tournament was 2129. In 1912, Tarrasch wrote that "the level of the masters back then roughly equals that of the stronger participants in the main tournament of today"; IM Willy Hendriks suggests, based on what this difference between the best and simply a main tournament would mean in the modern era, that this was an improvement of 150–200 points between 1878 and 1912. Steinitz (in 1883) and
1520:: "It was an age of mediocre players, among whom Philidor stood easily first, but even he made mistakes repeatedly which would have been fatal against players of average skill who were not frightened into incapacity by the reputation of the master. At its best Philidor's play falls short of that accuracy of conception and richness of combination which characterized the play of De la Bourdonnais and MacDonnell." The contemporary
2356:
1848:
a much lower level than today's stars, perhaps at the level of an ordinary grandmaster today, while most of the players of that time who are not famous today were likely not even of what we would now call master strength . This is partly due to unfamiliarity with what are now considered standard plans and ideas, but also to missing more tactics." Regarding the game
4175:
2218:, when asked if he thought that in the future Garry Kasparov or Magnus Carlsen would be considered the 'GOAT' (Greatest Of All Time), Levon Aronian stated that "I kind of feel that Magnus will be the greatest for a long long time, because for me he is probably already the greatest but it is still continuing. It will take a long time to beat his achievements."
5956:
3018:
3004:
659:
The average Elo rating of top players has risen over time. For instance, the average of the top 10 active players rose from 2751 in July 2000 to 2794 in July 2014, a 43-point increase in 14 years. The average rating of the top 100 players, meanwhile, increased from 2644 to 2703, a 59-point increase.
2151:
outstanding player in chess history, though there are powerful advocates too for Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, and
Kasparov. Many chess players will dismiss such comparisons as meaningless, akin to the futile attempt to grade the supreme musicians of all time. But the manner in which Fischer stormed
1847:
Kaufman has contended for some time that the standard of play in the past was much worse than it is today, both based on annotating past games and from his own tournament experience going back to the 1960s. He writes regarding games of the 1930s: "It seemed to me that the superstar players played at
1187:
These predictions have proven not only to be extremely close to the actual results when players have played concrete games against one another, but to also fare better than those based on Elo scores. The results demonstrate that the level of chess players has been steadily increasing. Magnus
Carlsen
3516:
Correction: There was one error, I missed Capa's match with Kostic in 1919 due to Kostic's first name being given inconsistently. Fixing this raises Capa to 2633 in the absolute list, to 2868 (third place) in the list where number 1 in 1900 = Carlsen, and to 2821 (shared sixth place) in the list of
1709:
Again, Kaufman considers that this somewhat underrates Morphy because of his fast play and the much higher rate of improvement per year before 1900; Kaufman writes "he might have rivaled
Fischer for the top spot if we could properly correct for these factors." Finally, Kaufman provided a third list
1563:
Returning to
Kaufman's caveats regarding the ratings he gave, Chigorin is likely underrated because of his predilection for gambit play, which increases the number of inaccuracies; similarly, Euwe and Bogoljubow are likely underrated because most of their games considered were against Alekhine, who
880:
In 2005, Sonas used
Chessmetrics to evaluate historical annual performance ratings and came to the conclusion that Kasparov was dominant for the most years, followed by Karpov and Lasker. He also published the following list of the highest ratings ever attained according to calculations done at the
693:
Many statisticians besides Elo have devised similar methods to retrospectively rate players. Jeff Sonas' rating system is called "Chessmetrics". This system takes account of many games played after the publication of Elo's book, and claims to take account of the rating inflation that the Elo system
2258:
from the 10 greatest players of all time. Hikaru stated that Bobby
Fischer should "obviously be number 3" and that Garry Kasparov and Magnus Carlsen should be at number 1 and number 2 respectively with the caveat that Kasparov is only number 1 due to his time as number 1 in the world being greater
2236:
In
January 2020, Carlsen said, "Kasparov had 20 years uninterrupted as the world No 1. And I would say for very few of those years was there any doubt that he was the best player. He must be considered as the best in history." He made a similar claim in 2021, saying "Garry Kasparov, in my opinion,
1843:
Morphy is similarly again underrated in
Kaufman's view, and Kaufman estimates that he should be somewhere between fourth to nineteenth place on the above list if the factors affecting him could be corrected for. Fischer focused solely on chess and might be overrated compared to the others, whereas
1575:
Kaufman finds that the quality of play rose steadily by about 2.5 Elo points per year from 1900 to 2023 (though the rate may have increased in the most recent years due to the advent of the
Internet and strong chess engines); the rate was greater in the 19th century. Correcting for this leads to a
704:
Of course, a rating always indicates the level of dominance of a particular player against contemporary peers; it says nothing about whether the player is stronger/weaker in their actual technical chess skill than a player far removed from them in time. So while we cannot say that Bobby
Fischer in
1204:
accuracy scores. He considered only world championship matches and tournaments (official or unofficial, and including women's championships), Candidates and Interzonal events, and non-title matches between the world champion and top contenders. In order to avoid the problem that draws exhibit far
1497:
In some cases, Kaufman offered caveats. La Bourdonnais and Morphy usually played much faster than their opponents, essentially playing rapid rather than classical by today's standards, and so their true strengths were likely about 100 points higher than their games suggest. There were not enough
1052:
attempts to establish a rating system claiming to compare directly the strength of players active in different eras, and so determine the strongest player of all time (through December 2004). Considering games played between sixty-four of the strongest players in history, they came up with the
122:
adopted Elo's system for rating current players, so one way to compare players of different eras is to compare their Elo ratings. The best-ever Elo ratings are tabulated below. As of September 2023, there are 133 chess players in history who broke 2700, and 14 of them exceeded 2800.
1548:(1.e4 e5 2.Nf3, a move Philidor thought was bad) is today considered the best second move for White after 1.e4 e5. The Modenese masters did praise Philidor's endgame analysis, though even that has some problems: Philidor correctly analyses his eponymous position in the
2152:
his way to Reykjavik, his breathtaking dominance at the Palma de Majorca Interzonal, the trouncings of Taimanov, Larsen, and Petrosian—all this was unprecedented. There never has been an era in modern chess during which one player has so overshadowed all others.
1510:(moreover, Philidor did not play by the modern rules, as then a player could not have two queens). According to Rod Edwards' Edo ratings, Deschapelles and La Bourdonnais were almost exactly tied in 1821, the one year when both were active. Regarding Philidor,
667:
Elo said it was futile to attempt to use ratings to compare players from different eras and that they could only measure the strength of a player as compared to their contemporaries. He also stated that the process of rating players was in any case rather
705:
the early 1970s or José Capablanca in the early 1920s were the "strongest" players of all time, we can say with a certain amount of confidence that they were the two most dominant players of all time. That is the extent of what these ratings can tell us.
34:
in history. There is agreement on a statistical system to rate the strengths of current players, called the Elo system, but disagreement about methods used to compare players from different generations who never competed against each other.
2249:
published a Youtube video entitled "Hikaru's Hot Takes on the Ten Best Chess Players of All Time" in which he reviewed a chess.com article on "The 10 Best Chess Players Of All Time." In this video he suggested that it was unfair to exclude
1710:
reducing the adjustment for earlier players to 2 Elo points per year rather than 2.5, which Kaufman estimated "should make the list a fairly accurate estimate of how these players would, in fact, rate in 2017 if born around 1987":
1494:(Morphy's top four opponents averaged 2021 over the years 1857–1859. The games at the 2020–21 Candidates averaged 2777, and those at the 2019 Women's Candidates averaged 2530. The level of the reference engine is roughly 3400.)
2416:
The table below organises the world champions in order of championship wins. (For the purpose of this table, a successful defence counts as a win, even if the match was drawn.) The table is made more complicated by the
1572:(because his 2018 title match against Carlsen had all classical games drawn), but Kaufman suggests that "he might well be number two of all time, based on peak FIDE rating and the deflation since Kasparov's peak".
1860:
1929, he writes "If someone told me this was a recent game, I would guess the players to be rated around 2000. But they were among the top five at the time!" He mentions Kasparov as saying in the 1980s that even
2377:
2043:
gave the opinion: "I think Fischer was and still is the greatest chess player of all time. During his absence other good chess players have appeared. But no one equals Fischer's talent and perfection."
1564:
tended to play extremely sharp openings. Menchik's games that were considered were against stronger opposition, so she is somewhat underrated (her real strength probably passed 2200). There were too few
697:
One caveat is that a Chessmetrics rating takes into account the frequency of play. According to Sonas, "As soon as you go a month without playing, your Chessmetrics rating will start to drop."
2165:(World Champion from 2000 to 2007) did not name a greatest player, but stated: "The other world champions had something 'missing'. I can't say the same about Kasparov: he can do everything."
1865:(who had finished last "in a certain tournament") "was stronger than Capablanca had been half a century earlier", and writes: "Although not a diplomatic thing to say, it was probably true".
1576:
list comparing players relatively according to their time, rather than the above list which compares them absolutely. The following list is valid for 2017 (the midpoint of Carlsen's peak):
2130:
readers" resulted in Fischer having the highest percentage of votes and finishing as No. 1, ahead of Kasparov, Alekhine, Capablanca, Botvinnik, Karpov, Tal, Lasker, Anand and Korchnoi.
679:
he compared it to "the measurement of the position of a cork bobbing up and down on the surface of agitated water with a yard stick tied to a rope and which is swaying in the wind".
3797:
He (Fischer) and Kasparov were the greatest in history, but I judge Kasparov as a little ahead. Fischer was a phenomenon from 1970 to 1972 while Kasparov was on top for many years.
2099:
When interviewed in 2008 shortly after Fischer's death, he ranked Fischer and Kasparov as the greatest, with Kasparov a little ahead by virtue of being on top for so many years.
3267:
3249:
3231:
3213:
3195:
1136:
The idea of this approach is to compare the moves played by humans to top engine moves, with the rationale that players more likely to choose these moves are also stronger.
66:. He gave ratings to players corresponding to their performance over the best five-year span of their career. According to this system the highest ratings achieved were:
1156:
2.3.2a (then-strongest chess program) and a modified version of Guid and Bratko's program "Crafty". CAPS (Computer Aggregated Precision Score) is a system created by
2172:: "I always considered him to be a colossal talent, one of the greatest in the whole history of chess", "I think that in terms of play Anand is in no way weaker than
4146:
2230:
said that Kasparov is the greatest player of all time, adding that while Fischer may have been better at his best, Kasparov remained at the top for much longer.
5736:
1200:
published an article in 2023 estimating the ratings of chess players throughout history by comparing their games with the choices of top engines, using
53:
5288:
5751:
5711:
4079:
5731:
1188:(in 2013) tops the list, while Vladimir Kramnik (in 1999) is second, Bobby Fischer (in 1971) is third, and Garry Kasparov (in 2001) is fourth.
1124:, has a Divinsky number of 873, which would be a beginner-level Elo rating). Keene and Divinsky's system has met with limited acceptance, and
5726:
3655:
3630:
3580:
3517:
where they would be if age 30 now. Probably there are other similar data errors I haven't caught., especially among the players of long ago.
1503:
5278:
3912:
3045:
5671:
5534:
5519:
5283:
1549:
5809:
5274:
5269:
4597:
3336:
1486:
2176:", and "In the last 5–6 years he's made a qualitative leap that's made it possible to consider him one of the great chess players".
5746:
5646:
5539:
5504:
3896:
3856:
3762:
3684:
3605:
3396:
3371:
3271:
3253:
3235:
3217:
3199:
3072:
2403:
4259:
3571:
Hendriks, Willy (2020). "1. Footnotes to Greco; 2. The Nimzowitsch of the 17th century; 3. With a little help from the opponent".
3178:
5716:
5706:
5624:
5509:
4254:
1145:
3803:
5701:
5691:
4207:
5696:
5686:
5681:
4344:
4306:
2381:
1873:
709:
Nevertheless, Sonas' website does compare players from different eras. Including data until December 2004, the ratings were:
6001:
5996:
5831:
5741:
5676:
5252:
5014:
4565:
2303:
2102:
In 2012, Anand stated that he considered Fischer the best player and also the greatest, because of the hurdles he faced.
5090:
4570:
1536:) criticised Philidor's analyses of the opening, and modern theory sides with the Modenese masters: Philidor's favoured
1952:. He considered Morphy to be "perhaps the most accurate", writing: "In a set match he would beat anyone alive today."
5845:
5794:
5499:
3872:
3445:
1511:
5385:
3778:
5918:
5896:
5804:
5789:
5448:
5400:
5395:
5053:
4731:
4575:
2719:
2327:
2069:
1984:
1937:
1751:
1593:
1336:
1082:
71:
1160:
that compares players from different eras by finding the percentage of moves that matches that of a chess engine.
5991:
5850:
5784:
5634:
5529:
5524:
5373:
4064:
1533:
2188:
wrote that most experts ranked Kasparov as the best ever player, with probably Fischer second and Karpov third.
5826:
5799:
5641:
4751:
4746:
4703:
4602:
4179:
3938:
2366:
1180:, all 26,000 games played since then by chess world champions have been processed by a supercomputer using the
5358:
3989:
1545:
700:
Sonas, like Elo, claims that it is impossible to compare the strength of players from different eras, saying:
17:
3965:
Most experts place him (Fischer) the second or third best ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead of Karpov.
1552:, but he wrongly thought that all positions in this endgame could be reduced to that one, which is false. IM
5935:
5460:
5125:
4471:
3363:
2385:
2370:
1881:
1480:
1149:
2124:
At the beginning of 2001 a large poll for the "Ten Greatest Chess Players of the 20th Century, selected by
5986:
5514:
5443:
4741:
4587:
4492:
4337:
4269:
1862:
1793:
1623:
1507:
1372:
310:
5155:
5651:
5574:
5455:
4837:
4560:
4519:
4301:
285:
5150:
1541:
5363:
5300:
5259:
5220:
5002:
4992:
4922:
4736:
4667:
4592:
4477:
4276:
3840:
2272:
2215:
2113:
1956:
585:
4132:
1955:
In 1970, Fischer named Morphy, Steinitz, Capablanca, Botvinnik, Petrosian, Tal, Spassky, Reshevsky,
5816:
5596:
5353:
5343:
5230:
5200:
5170:
5142:
5115:
5058:
4959:
4927:
4887:
4842:
4555:
4497:
4372:
4320:
4315:
4242:
4200:
4147:"Karpov at 70: "My great blunder was I agreed to hold the match with Kasparov in the Soviet Union""
2919:
2894:
1853:
1537:
1378:
3968:
1868:
Other players have agreed with Kaufman's contention of significant improvement over the years. GM
5923:
5821:
5564:
5368:
5009:
4897:
4509:
4377:
3500:
3147:
2617:
2201:
1988:
1933:
1885:
1745:
1599:
1529:
1516:
1438:
1354:
1330:
1228:
1121:
971:
853:
535:
460:
93:
3916:
3823:
3031:
1432:
1120:
These "Divinsky numbers" are not on the same scale as Elo ratings (the last person on the list,
958:
804:
2233:
In December 2015 he said he would like to play Fischer and Kasparov at their peak performance.
5906:
5779:
5591:
5549:
5475:
5427:
5410:
5390:
5242:
5180:
5120:
5095:
4942:
4907:
4902:
4882:
4870:
4713:
4681:
4647:
4627:
4464:
4458:
4437:
4419:
4286:
3892:
3852:
3827:
3758:
3651:
3626:
3601:
3576:
3392:
3367:
3068:
2869:
2590:
2540:
2315:
2288:
2280:
2255:
2169:
2141:
Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time
2053:
2000:
1925:
1799:
1781:
1701:
1647:
1420:
1294:
1240:
1181:
1144:
A computer-based process of analyzing chess abilities across history came from Matej Guid and
1076:
997:
932:
781:
661:
335:
77:
49:
5901:
5774:
5616:
5559:
5465:
5415:
5264:
5210:
5205:
5195:
5110:
5031:
5021:
4997:
4964:
4536:
4450:
4224:
3469:
3009:
2694:
2667:
2642:
2331:
2284:
2162:
2073:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2004:
1949:
1929:
1921:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1811:
1757:
1689:
1683:
1671:
1653:
1521:
1468:
1444:
1402:
1396:
1306:
1276:
1234:
1177:
1112:
1023:
1010:
635:
560:
485:
360:
129:
Table of top 20 rated players of all-time, with date their best ratings were first achieved
3340:
2342:
Karpov named Capablanca, Alekhine, Fischer, himself, and Kasparov as his top five in 2021.
1152:, Slovenia, in 2006. A similar project was conducted for World Champions in 2007–08 using
5866:
5840:
5661:
5656:
5606:
5544:
5348:
5323:
5308:
5105:
5063:
5046:
4947:
4865:
4827:
4805:
4790:
4721:
4698:
4657:
4652:
4531:
4514:
4354:
3888:
3877:
3807:
3750:
3532:
3323:
3182:
2944:
2246:
2211:, Levon Aronian stated that he considers Garry Kasparov the strongest player of all time.
2208:
2126:
2081:
2020:
1917:
1787:
1695:
1569:
1557:
1474:
1456:
1408:
1360:
1300:
1246:
1094:
1045:
842:
610:
410:
385:
210:
107:
Though published in 1978, Elo's list did not include five-year averages for later players
5130:
5041:
3688:
1282:
3546:
5965:
5881:
5629:
5470:
5333:
5328:
5165:
5160:
5026:
4984:
4954:
4783:
4726:
4614:
4582:
4548:
4541:
4526:
4487:
4482:
4409:
4404:
4249:
4193:
3972:
3356:
3175:
2819:
2565:
2513:
2486:
2461:
2323:
2311:
2307:
2292:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2227:
2185:
2173:
2093:
2089:
2065:
2012:
1992:
1972:
1769:
1763:
1739:
1727:
1721:
1641:
1629:
1611:
1605:
1587:
1525:
1499:
1348:
1312:
1264:
1252:
1216:
1210:
1106:
1088:
1064:
1058:
984:
945:
919:
871:
859:
827:
185:
160:
112:
101:
81:
3913:"The most important interviews by GM Vladimir Kramnik, World Chess Champion 2000–2007"
3411:
3302:
3286:
3160:
3113:
3084:
2259:
than Carlsen's. At the end of the video, Hikaru said he "can live with" the top 5 as:
5980:
5940:
5930:
5913:
5586:
5569:
5491:
5380:
5338:
5318:
5100:
5082:
5073:
5036:
4969:
4892:
4877:
4832:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4632:
4394:
4332:
4043:
3884:
3800:
3319:
2769:
2744:
2319:
2268:
2197:
2057:
2016:
1996:
1941:
1905:
1896:
Many prominent players and chess writers have offered their own rankings of players.
1877:
1805:
1715:
1665:
1581:
1553:
1450:
1270:
1222:
1197:
1100:
1070:
1041:
906:
738:
235:
108:
5960:
5886:
5871:
5601:
5422:
5405:
5313:
5247:
5190:
5185:
4917:
4912:
4852:
4795:
4686:
4642:
4414:
4399:
4389:
4325:
4291:
4264:
4232:
4083:
3976:
3037:
3023:
1857:
1462:
1426:
1342:
1173:
1128:
has been accused of arbitrarily selecting players and bias towards modern players.
688:
31:
3100:
5235:
5225:
4974:
4937:
4820:
4431:
4426:
4384:
4237:
3848:
2844:
2355:
2296:
2251:
2077:
2061:
2008:
1960:
1945:
1913:
1835:
1775:
1733:
1659:
1635:
1617:
1414:
1318:
1258:
97:
87:
1844:
Reshevsky and Lasker were not full-time professionals and could be underrated.
1168:
In 2017, Jean-Marc Alliot of the Toulouse Computer Science Research Institute (
5876:
4932:
4768:
4758:
4691:
4675:
4367:
4112:
4095:
4080:
Magnus Carlsen: ‘You need to be very fortunate to be No 1 in fantasy football’
4028:
4014:
2999:
2969:
2085:
1817:
1677:
1288:
510:
435:
3753:; Stefanovic, George (1992). "Belgrade; Interview with GM Miguel Quinteros".
1502:
games against roughly matched opposition to judge the earlier French players
5891:
5215:
5175:
4778:
4773:
4662:
4637:
4362:
3811:
3164:
1869:
1366:
1324:
1201:
1157:
260:
115:. It did list January 1978 ratings of 2780 for Fischer and 2725 for Karpov.
59:
5769:
3427:
4174:
3782:
5579:
4860:
4622:
3648:
On the Origin of Good Moves: A Skeptic's Guide to Getting Better at Chess
3573:
On the Origin of Good Moves: A Skeptic's Guide to Getting Better at Chess
2794:
1390:
4113:"Hikaru's Hot Takes on the Ten Best Chess Players of All Time - YouTube"
3114:"ChessBase News | Rating inflation – its causes and possible cures"
660:
Many people believe that this rise is mostly due to an anomaly known as
4296:
4117:
4099:
1384:
4438:
1979:
in the English magazine CHESS. He followed this up with his 1976 book
4763:
4065:
Chess prodigy Magnus Carlsen: 'Bobby Fischer is my dream opponent'.
3993:
4216:
1153:
5955:
4281:
3942:
3017:
2418:
119:
4189:
4018:"Well, in my opinion Garry is the strongest player of all time"
2052:
In 2000, when Karpov, Korchnoi and Kasparov were still active,
1544:(1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6) are considered inferior nowadays, while the
30:
Several methods have been suggested for comparing the greatest
4068:
4044:"Magnus Carlsen: – Jeg tar verdensrekorden – VG Nett om Sjakk"
2349:
664:, making it impractical to compare players of different eras.
2214:
In a 2022 interview after the 5th round of the first leg in
1556:
and IM Willy Hendriks both consider the 17th-century player
3939:"Vladimir Kramnik on Chess, Anand, Topalov, and his future"
27:
Comparison of the best chess players throughout the years
4185:
1176:
interpretation of a chess game. Starting with those of
3670:
Bobby Fischer, "The Ten Greatest Masters in History",
1888:
on a modern scale to have been "slightly above 2000".
1169:
58:
The most well known statistical method was devised by
2306:, as he was commenting on the game, Hikaru mentioned
2168:
In an interview in 2011, Vladimir Kramnik said about
5859:
5762:
5615:
5490:
5436:
5299:
5141:
5081:
5072:
4983:
4851:
4712:
4613:
4449:
4353:
4223:
3779:"The Grandmaster on his ten greatest chess players"
3623:
John Nunn's Chess Puzzle Book: New Enlarged Edition
3446:"Who Was The Best World Chess Champion In History?"
2419:
split between the "Classical" and FIDE world titles
3876:
3646:Hendriks, Willy (2020). "28. Back to the future".
3355:
3740:, Irving Chernev, 1995 (reprint of 1976 edition).
3704:, by Mike Fox and Richard James, 1993, pp. 129–30
3303:"The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part II"
3287:"The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV"
1983:, in which he ranked his all-time top twelve: 1.
3990:"Aronian names Alekhine best player of all time"
3757:. International Chess Enterprises. p. 255.
3444:(DanielRensch), Daniel Rensch (3 January 2017).
3738:Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games
3412:Computers choose: who was the strongest player?
2334:as the top chess players of all time in order.
2207:In a 2015 interview after the 8th round of the
2139:BBC award-winning journalists, from their book
702:
3161:The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part I
18:Comparing top chess players throughout history
4201:
8:
3674:, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1964), pp. 56–61.
3065:The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
64:The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
4029:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqK_eEA-9GQ
4015:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGdywyQlo2E
3625:. London: Gambit Publications. p. 69.
2384:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1132:Moves played compared with computer choices
62:in 1960 and elaborated on in his 1978 book
5078:
4208:
4194:
4186:
3992:. WhyChess. 22 August 2012. Archived from
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3291:Part IV gives links to the 3 earlier parts
3268:"Peak Average Ratings: 20 year peak range"
3250:"Peak Average Ratings: 15 year peak range"
3232:"Peak Average Ratings: 10 year peak range"
2423:
2237:the greatest player there's ever been..."
2222:Magnus Carlsen (2012, 2015, 2020 and 2021)
885:
127:
3527:
3525:
3214:"Peak Average Ratings: 5 year peak range"
3196:"Peak Average Ratings: 1 year peak range"
2404:Learn how and when to remove this message
54:List of chess players by peak FIDE rating
3600:. New in Chess. pp. 13, 18, 24–25.
2304:Game 6 of World Chess Championships 2023
1040:In contrast to Elo and Sonas's systems,
711:
4133:"The 10 Best Chess Players of All Time"
3755:No Regrets • Fischer–Spassky 1992
3056:
2184:In his 2008 obituary of Bobby Fischer,
2048:Viswanathan Anand (2000, 2008 and 2012)
1963:the greatest chess players in history.
3354:Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992).
3101:World Top chess players and Statistics
3801:Morelia-Linares Super-GM starts today
2346:World Champions by world title reigns
2135:David Edmonds and John Eidinow (2004)
1184:chess engine (rated above 3310 Elo).
1172:) presented a new method, based on a
7:
3545:Winter, Edward (22 September 2023).
3176:About the Chessmetrics Rating System
3148:"Arpad Emre Elo – 100th anniversary"
3046:List of FIDE chess world number ones
2382:adding citations to reliable sources
2279:but he would put from 6 through 10:
2192:Levon Aronian (2012, 2015, and 2022)
4096:Magnus Carlsen ranks Garry Kasparov
3702:the Even More Complete Chess Addict
3499:Kaufman, Larry (4 September 2023).
1550:rook and bishop versus rook endgame
4032:The Soviet School of Trash Talking
3085:Arpad Emre Elo – 100th anniversary
25:
3845:Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?
3728:magazine, April 1974, pp. 201–202
2147:Fischer, some will maintain, was
2118:Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?
5954:
5625:List of strong chess tournaments
4173:
3941:. 31 August 2011. Archived from
3030:
3016:
3002:
2354:
2157:Vladimir Kramnik (2005 and 2011)
4598:Gökyay Association Chess Museum
2241:Hikaru Nakamura (2021 and 2023)
1504:François-André Danican Philidor
3501:"Accuracy, Ratings, and GOATs"
3428:"Compare the World Champions!"
1971:In 1974, popular chess author
1874:Carlsbad 1911 chess tournament
596:30 years, 11 months
1:
5723:Computer chess championships
3915:. Kramnik.com. Archived from
3824:Anand takes a dig at Kasparov
3358:The Oxford Companion to Chess
3116:. Chessbase.com. 27 July 2009
2204:the best player of all time.
1900:Bobby Fischer (1964 and 1970)
1477:, 1976 (peak years 1843–1851)
1471:, 2144 (peak years 1889–1893)
1459:, 2214 (peak years 1861–1866)
1453:, 2232 (peak years 1861–1862)
1447:, 2254 (peak years 1958–1960)
1441:, 2262 (peak years 1872–1886)
1435:, 2362 (peak years 1905–1907)
1429:, 2396 (peak years 1965–1972)
1423:, 2402 (peak years 1893–1908)
1417:, 2411 (peak years 1857–1859)
1411:, 2414 (peak years 1928–1934)
1405:, 2454 (peak years 1908–1912)
1399:, 2458 (peak years 1872–1886)
1393:, 2500 (peak years 1935–1938)
1387:, 2522 (peak years 1991–1999)
1381:, 2529 (peak years 1969–1975)
1375:, 2554 (peak years 1897–1898)
1369:, 2566 (peak years 2018–2023)
1363:, 2582 (peak years 1950–1954)
1357:, 2585 (peak years 1978–1988)
1351:, 2596 (peak years 1907–1914)
1345:, 2616 (peak years 1990–1996)
1339:, 2633 (peak years 1921–1931)
1333:, 2648 (peak years 1927–1934)
1327:, 2651 (peak years 2011–2016)
1321:, 2651 (peak years 1932–1949)
1315:, 2654 (peak years 1990–1992)
1309:, 2655 (peak years 1953–1961)
1303:, 2658 (peak years 1974–1981)
1297:, 2659 (peak years 1948–1955)
1291:, 2663 (peak years 1956–1965)
1285:, 2669 (peak years 1998–2005)
1279:, 2675 (peak years 1963–1969)
1273:, 2681 (peak years 1965–1970)
1267:, 2687 (peak years 1953–1957)
1261:, 2711 (peak years 1958–1960)
1255:, 2746 (peak years 1974–1984)
1249:, 2773 (peak years 2005–2009)
1243:, 2780 (peak years 2007–2014)
1237:, 2785 (peak years 2000–2007)
1231:, 2786 (peak years 2020–2022)
1225:, 2802 (peak years 1970–1972)
1219:, 2821 (peak years 1993–2001)
1213:, 2858 (peak years 2013–2021)
646:38 years, 6 months
621:21 years, 5 months
571:25 years, 7 months
546:32 years, 7 months
521:21 years, 3 months
496:18 years, 5 months
421:27 years, 9 months
396:40 years, 3 months
371:41 years, 3 months
346:41 years, 2 months
321:25 years, 9 months
296:33 years, 4 months
271:23 years, 3 months
246:31 years, 4 months
221:22 years, 2 months
196:36 years, 2 months
171:23 years, 5 months
3885:HarperCollins Publishers Inc
1975:published an article titled
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954:
951:
941:
938:
928:
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912:
902:
899:
471:31 years, 1 month
5500:Bishop and knight checkmate
3547:"Jeremy Silman (1954-2023)"
1512:Harold James Ruthven Murray
6018:
5668:Other world championships
2968:
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2918:
2893:
2868:
2843:
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2539:
2512:
2485:
2460:
1872:analysed the games of the
686:
47:
5949:
5510:Opposite-coloured bishops
3969:Obituary of Bobby Fischer
3879:Bobby Fischer Goes to War
3337:"Divinsky-Keene rankings"
2200:stated that he considers
1534:Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani
819:Alexander Alekhine, 2781
5642:World Chess Championship
4603:World Chess Hall of Fame
3875:; Eidinow, John (2004).
1568:games assessed to judge
839:Alexander Alekhine, 2794
694:has allegedly suffered.
655:Average rating over time
5936:Simultaneous exhibition
5846:Chess newspaper columns
5535:Rook and bishop vs rook
5520:Queen and pawn vs queen
4046:. Vg.no. 1 January 1970
3806:6 February 2009 at the
3596:Kaufman, Larry (2014).
3430:, by Charles Sullivan,
3387:Winter, Edward (1996).
3364:Oxford University Press
2421:between 1993 and 2006.
2143:(HarperCollins, 2004):
2039:In a 1992 interview GM
2035:Miguel Quinteros (1992)
1882:Joseph Henry Blackburne
1514:wrote in his 1913 book
1489:, 1704 (peak year 1834)
1483:, 1859 (peak year 1834)
1481:Louis de la Bourdonnais
1465:, 2155 (peak year 1929)
1150:University of Ljubljana
868:Mikhail Botvinnik, 2789
865:Mikhail Botvinnik, 2810
810:Mikhail Botvinnik, 2843
5386:Richter–Veresov Attack
5374:Queen's Indian Defence
3716:, November 1970, p. 70
3531:"A History of Chess",
2154:
2132:
2056:listed his top 10 as:
1977:Who were the greatest?
1794:Harry Nelson Pillsbury
1624:Harry Nelson Pillsbury
1560:superior to Philidor.
1508:Alexandre Deschapelles
1373:Harry Nelson Pillsbury
1164:Markovian model (2017)
707:
311:Maxime Vachier-Lagrave
5652:Candidates Tournament
5540:Rook and pawn vs rook
5505:King and pawn vs king
5456:List of chess gambits
5359:King's Indian Defence
5037:Isolated Queen's Pawn
4561:List of chess players
4503:Top player comparison
4302:Internet chess server
3598:Sabotage the Grünfeld
2338:Anatoly Karpov (2021)
2196:In a 2012 interview,
2180:Leonard Barden (2008)
2161:In a 2005 interview,
2145:
2122:
2116:reported in his book
1967:Irving Chernev (1974)
1908:listed his top 10 in
1546:King's Knight Opening
881:start of each month:
816:José Capablanca, 2798
813:José Capablanca, 2813
796:Emanuel Lasker, 2809
787:José Capablanca, 2843
773:Anatoly Karpov, 2818
753:Garry Kasparov, 2856
687:Further information:
286:Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
6002:Comparison of sports
5997:Chess rating systems
5364:Nimzo-Indian Defence
5260:Scandinavian Defense
5221:Semi-Italian Opening
5126:King's Indian Attack
5015:first-move advantage
4668:Threefold repetition
4593:Bobby Fischer Center
4478:Charlemagne chessmen
4472:Göttingen manuscript
4277:Correspondence chess
4182:at Wikimedia Commons
3785:on 20 November 2003.
3343:on 26 November 2009.
3316:Warriors of the Mind
2720:José Raúl Capablanca
2378:improve this section
2328:José Raúl Capablanca
2216:FIDE Grand Prix 2022
1752:José Raúl Capablanca
1594:José Raúl Capablanca
1540:(1.e4 e5 2.Bc4) and
1337:José Raúl Capablanca
1192:Larry Kaufman (2023)
1126:Warriors of the Mind
1083:José Raúl Capablanca
1050:Warriors of the Mind
1035:Warriors of the Mind
793:Emanuel Lasker, 2816
790:Anatoly Karpov, 2821
770:Anatoly Karpov, 2820
767:Emanuel Lasker, 2847
764:Emanuel Lasker, 2854
761:Garry Kasparov, 2879
750:Garry Kasparov, 2862
747:Garry Kasparov, 2863
744:Garry Kasparov, 2875
586:Alexander Morozevich
72:José Raúl Capablanca
5597:Two knights endgame
5344:Bogo-Indian Defence
5231:Two Knights Defense
5171:Nimzowitsch Defence
4861:Artificial castling
4498:Soviet chess school
4373:Dubrovnik chess set
4102:channel, 6 May 2021
3996:on 19 November 2012
3691:on 6 February 2009.
3621:Nunn, John (2009).
3181:15 May 2012 at the
2920:Rustam Kasimdzhanov
2895:Alexander Khalifman
1863:Ljubomir Ljubojević
1854:Savielly Tartakower
1487:Alexander McDonnell
1379:Nona Gaprindashvili
1053:following top ten:
836:Bobby Fischer, 2810
833:Bobby Fischer, 2841
130:
39:Statistical methods
5827:endgame literature
5369:Old Indian Defense
5279:Accelerated Dragon
5151:Alekhine's Defence
4883:Checkmate patterns
4752:symbols in Unicode
4747:annotation symbols
4510:Geography of chess
4378:Staunton chess set
3841:Gligorić, Svetozar
3814:, 15 February 2008
3685:"Fischer's Top 10"
3474:ICGA Journal, 39–1
3470:Who is the master?
3389:Chess Explorations
3301:Sonas, J. (2005).
3285:Sonas, J. (2005).
2618:Alexander Alekhine
2202:Alexander Alekhine
1886:Pierre Saint-Amant
1746:Alexander Alekhine
1600:Alexander Alekhine
1542:Philidor's Defence
1530:Giambattista Lolli
1517:A History of Chess
1439:Johannes Zukertort
1355:Maia Chiburdanidze
1331:Alexander Alekhine
1229:Ian Nepomniachtchi
1122:Johannes Zukertort
972:Alexander Alekhine
854:Alexander Alekhine
536:Ian Nepomniachtchi
461:Alexander Grischuk
128:
94:Alexander Alekhine
5974:
5973:
5851:Chess periodicals
5780:Chess in the arts
5712:Chess composition
5550:Philidor position
5486:
5485:
5428:Trompowsky Attack
5411:Semi-Slav Defence
5301:Queen's Pawn Game
5181:Four Knights Game
5156:Caro–Kann Defence
5121:Zukertort Opening
4908:Discovered attack
4628:Cheating in chess
4465:Versus de scachis
4178:Media related to
4086:, 10 January 2020
3979:, 19 January 2008
3849:B.T. Batsford Ltd
3828:Viswanathan Anand
3657:978-90-5691-879-8
3632:978-1-906454-03-6
3582:978-90-5691-879-8
3163:, Jeff Sonas, at
3150:. 30 August 2003.
2993:
2992:
2870:Ruslan Ponomariov
2591:Viswanathan Anand
2541:Mikhail Botvinnik
2414:
2413:
2406:
2256:Viswanathan Anand
2120:(Batsford, 2002):
2114:Svetozar Gligorić
1957:Svetozar Gligorić
1876:with the help of
1800:Mikhail Botvinnik
1782:Viswanathan Anand
1702:Viswanathan Anand
1648:Mikhail Botvinnik
1421:Siegbert Tarrasch
1295:Mikhail Botvinnik
1241:Viswanathan Anand
1077:Mikhail Botvinnik
1029:
1028:
998:Viswanathan Anand
933:Mikhail Botvinnik
878:
877:
782:Mikhail Botvinnik
662:ratings inflation
650:
649:
336:Viswanathan Anand
78:Mikhail Botvinnik
50:Elo rating system
16:(Redirected from
6009:
5992:History of chess
5961:Chess portal
5959:
5958:
5902:Leela Chess Zero
5833:Oxford Companion
5785:early literature
5775:Chess aesthetics
5515:Pawnless endgame
5466:Bongcloud Attack
5444:List of openings
5416:Chigorin Defense
5354:Grünfeld Defence
5265:Sicilian Defence
5211:Ponziani Opening
5206:Philidor Defence
5201:Petrov's Defence
5143:King's Pawn Game
5116:Larsen's Opening
5079:
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4135:. 30 March 2023.
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3831:
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3793:
3787:
3786:
3781:. Archived from
3775:
3769:
3768:
3751:Seirawan, Yasser
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3687:. Archived from
3681:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3650:. New in Chess.
3643:
3637:
3636:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3575:. New in Chess.
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3551:chesshistory.com
3542:
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3520:
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3384:
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3345:
3344:
3339:. Archived from
3333:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3274:on 9 March 2012.
3270:. Archived from
3264:
3258:
3257:
3256:on 9 March 2012.
3252:. Archived from
3246:
3240:
3239:
3238:on 9 March 2012.
3234:. Archived from
3228:
3222:
3221:
3220:on 9 March 2012.
3216:. Archived from
3210:
3204:
3203:
3202:on 9 March 2012.
3198:. Archived from
3192:
3186:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3138:
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3126:
3125:
3123:
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3021:
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3012:
3010:Biography portal
3007:
3006:
3005:
2695:Tigran Petrosian
2668:Vladimir Kramnik
2643:Wilhelm Steinitz
2424:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2358:
2350:
2332:Vladimir Kramnik
2163:Vladimir Kramnik
2041:Miguel Quinteros
1981:The Golden Dozen
1892:Subjective lists
1850:Aron Nimzowitsch
1830:Wilhelm Steinitz
1824:Samuel Reshevsky
1812:Tigran Petrosian
1758:Vladimir Kramnik
1690:Wilhelm Steinitz
1684:Tigran Petrosian
1672:Samuel Reshevsky
1654:Vladimir Kramnik
1538:Bishop's Opening
1522:Modenese masters
1469:Mikhail Chigorin
1445:Elisaveta Bykova
1403:Akiba Rubinstein
1397:Wilhelm Steinitz
1307:Samuel Reshevsky
1277:Tigran Petrosian
1235:Vladimir Kramnik
1178:Wilhelm Steinitz
1113:Tigran Petrosian
1024:Wilhelm Steinitz
1011:Vladimir Kramnik
886:
712:
678:
677:
673:
642:
636:Vassily Ivanchuk
628:
617:
603:
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561:Teimour Radjabov
553:
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517:
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486:Alireza Firouzja
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361:Vladimir Kramnik
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5945:
5855:
5841:Chess libraries
5758:
5662:FIDE Grand Prix
5657:Chess World Cup
5611:
5607:Wrong rook pawn
5545:Lucena position
5482:
5432:
5349:Catalan Opening
5324:English Defence
5309:Budapest Gambit
5295:
5253:Austrian Attack
5137:
5106:English Opening
5068:
5064:School of chess
5047:Minority attack
4979:
4948:Queen sacrifice
4847:
4708:
4704:White and Black
4699:Touch-move rule
4658:Perpetual check
4653:Fifty-move rule
4609:
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3945:on 23 June 2012
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3808:Wayback Machine
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3533:H. J. R. Murray
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3399:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3324:Nathan Divinsky
3314:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3185:, by Jeff Sonas
3183:Wayback Machine
3174:
3170:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3083:
3079:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2945:Veselin Topalov
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2375:
2359:
2348:
2340:
2247:Hikaru Nakamura
2243:
2224:
2209:Sinquefield Cup
2194:
2182:
2159:
2137:
2127:Chess Informant
2111:
2107:Chess Informant
2050:
2037:
1969:
1902:
1894:
1841:
1788:Veselin Topalov
1707:
1696:Veselin Topalov
1570:Fabiano Caruana
1558:Gioachino Greco
1492:
1475:Howard Staunton
1457:Adolf Anderssen
1409:Efim Bogoljubow
1361:David Bronstein
1301:Viktor Korchnoi
1247:Veselin Topalov
1194:
1166:
1142:
1134:
1118:
1095:Viktor Korchnoi
1046:Nathan Divinsky
1038:
959:José Capablanca
843:Viktor Korchnoi
805:José Capablanca
691:
685:
675:
671:
669:
657:
640:
626:
615:
611:Sergey Karjakin
601:
590:
576:
565:
551:
540:
526:
515:
501:
490:
476:
465:
451:
440:
426:
415:
411:Hikaru Nakamura
401:
390:
386:Veselin Topalov
376:
365:
351:
340:
326:
315:
301:
293:September 2018
290:
276:
265:
251:
240:
226:
215:
211:Fabiano Caruana
201:
190:
176:
165:
151:
56:
48:Main articles:
46:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6015:
6013:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5979:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5884:
5882:Chess composer
5879:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5824:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:North American
5734:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5630:Chess Olympiad
5627:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5476:Scholar's mate
5473:
5468:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5391:Queen's Gambit
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Benoni Defence
5329:Indian Defence
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5272:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5243:Owen's Defence
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5166:Modern Defence
5163:
5161:French Defence
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Bird's Opening
5093:
5087:
5085:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5027:Pawn structure
5024:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5007:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4871:Alekhine's gun
4863:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:Half-open file
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4727:Chess notation
4724:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4682:Pawn promotion
4679:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4585:
4583:Women in chess
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4493:Hypermodernism
4490:
4488:Romantic chess
4485:
4483:Lewis chessmen
4480:
4475:
4468:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4321:world rankings
4313:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4250:Computer chess
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4169:
4168:External links
4166:
4164:
4163:
4138:
4124:
4104:
4088:
4072:
4067:, 2015-12-16,
4057:
4035:
4021:
4007:
3981:
3973:Leonard Barden
3956:
3930:
3919:on 12 May 2008
3904:
3897:
3873:Edmonds, David
3864:
3857:
3832:
3816:
3788:
3770:
3763:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3714:CHESS magazine
3706:
3694:
3676:
3663:
3656:
3638:
3631:
3613:
3606:
3588:
3581:
3563:
3537:
3521:
3478:
3462:
3436:
3420:
3404:
3397:
3379:
3372:
3346:
3328:
3308:
3293:
3277:
3259:
3241:
3223:
3205:
3187:
3168:
3153:
3139:
3127:
3105:
3093:
3077:
3067:, Arco, 1978.
3063:Arpad E. Elo,
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3027:
3013:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
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2875:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2820:Vasily Smyslov
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
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2775:
2772:
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2700:
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2614:
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2610:
2607:
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2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2566:Magnus Carlsen
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:Anatoly Karpov
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:Garry Kasparov
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2462:Emanuel Lasker
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:FIDE/Classical
2447:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2412:
2411:
2362:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2324:Anatoly Karpov
2312:Garry Kasparov
2308:Magnus Carlsen
2242:
2239:
2228:Magnus Carlsen
2223:
2220:
2193:
2190:
2186:Leonard Barden
2181:
2178:
2158:
2155:
2136:
2133:
2110:
2109:readers (2001)
2104:
2049:
2046:
2036:
2033:
1973:Irving Chernev
1968:
1965:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1770:Emanuel Lasker
1767:
1764:Vasily Smyslov
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1740:Anatoly Karpov
1737:
1731:
1728:Magnus Carlsen
1725:
1722:Garry Kasparov
1719:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1642:Anatoly Karpov
1639:
1633:
1630:Vasily Smyslov
1627:
1621:
1615:
1612:Magnus Carlsen
1609:
1606:Emanuel Lasker
1603:
1597:
1591:
1588:Garry Kasparov
1585:
1578:
1526:Ercole del Rio
1491:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1349:Emanuel Lasker
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1313:Vasyl Ivanchuk
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1265:Vasily Smyslov
1262:
1256:
1253:Anatoly Karpov
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1217:Garry Kasparov
1214:
1211:Magnus Carlsen
1207:
1193:
1190:
1165:
1162:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1107:Vasily Smyslov
1104:
1098:
1092:
1089:Emanuel Lasker
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1065:Anatoly Karpov
1062:
1059:Garry Kasparov
1055:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
987:
985:Anatoly Karpov
982:
979:
975:
974:
969:
966:
962:
961:
956:
953:
949:
948:
946:Emanuel Lasker
943:
940:
936:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:
920:Garry Kasparov
917:
914:
910:
909:
904:
901:
897:
896:
893:
890:
876:
875:
872:Vasily Smyslov
869:
866:
863:
860:Anatoly Karpov
857:
851:
847:
846:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:Emanuel Lasker
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
779:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
684:
681:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
638:
633:
630:
623:
622:
619:
613:
608:
605:
598:
597:
594:
588:
583:
580:
573:
572:
569:
568:November 2012
563:
558:
555:
548:
547:
544:
538:
533:
530:
523:
522:
519:
513:
508:
505:
498:
497:
494:
493:December 2021
488:
483:
480:
473:
472:
469:
468:December 2014
463:
458:
455:
448:
447:
446:26 years
444:
443:November 2018
438:
433:
430:
423:
422:
419:
413:
408:
405:
398:
397:
394:
388:
383:
380:
373:
372:
369:
363:
358:
355:
348:
347:
344:
338:
333:
330:
323:
322:
319:
313:
308:
305:
298:
297:
294:
288:
283:
280:
273:
272:
269:
268:February 2017
263:
258:
255:
248:
247:
244:
238:
233:
230:
223:
222:
219:
213:
208:
205:
198:
197:
194:
188:
186:Garry Kasparov
183:
180:
173:
172:
169:
163:
161:Magnus Carlsen
158:
155:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
113:Anatoly Karpov
105:
104:
102:Vasily Smyslov
90:
84:
82:Emanuel Lasker
74:
45:
42:
40:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6014:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Chess players
5985:
5984:
5982:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5942:
5941:Solving chess
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5931:Chess prodigy
5929:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5914:Chess problem
5912:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:opening books
5820:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5810:short stories
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:Art and media
5761:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5575:triangulation
5573:
5571:
5570:Tarrasch rule
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:Queen vs rook
5528:
5526:
5525:Queen vs pawn
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:London System
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Modern Benoni
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:Dutch Defence
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:King's Gambit
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Grob's Attack
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Dunst Opening
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Benko Opening
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5083:Flank opening
5080:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Transposition
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:Chess museums
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Notable games
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4345:World records
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:Rating system
4314:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4181:
4180:Chess players
4176:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4008:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3898:0-06-051024-2
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3858:0-7134-8764-X
3854:
3851:. p. 8.
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3764:1-879479-09-5
3760:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3607:9789056915391
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3535:, pp. 865–870
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3398:1-85744-171-0
3394:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3373:0-19-280049-3
3369:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:Raymond Keene
3317:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3073:0-668-04721-6
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Bobby Fischer
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Boris Spassky
2742:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2408:
2405:
2397:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2363:This section
2361:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:Bobby Fischer
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:Levon Aronian
2191:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Bobby Fischer
1899:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:Boris Spassky
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:Bobby Fischer
1714:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:Boris Spassky
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:Bobby Fischer
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:Jeremy Silman
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:Louis Paulsen
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:Boris Spassky
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:Bobby Fischer
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:Larry Kaufman
1191:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:Early efforts
1139:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:Boris Spassky
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:Bobby Fischer
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Raymond Keene
1036:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1002:
999:
996:
989:
986:
983:
976:
973:
970:
963:
960:
957:
950:
947:
944:
937:
934:
931:
924:
921:
918:
911:
908:
907:Bobby Fischer
905:
898:
894:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
882:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:Bobby Fischer
737:
734:
733:
730:20-year peak
729:
727:15-year peak
726:
724:10-year peak
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
695:
690:
682:
680:
665:
663:
654:
645:
643:October 2007
639:
637:
634:
631:
625:
624:
620:
614:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
595:
589:
587:
584:
581:
575:
574:
570:
564:
562:
559:
556:
550:
549:
545:
539:
537:
534:
531:
525:
524:
520:
518:October 2015
514:
512:
509:
506:
500:
499:
495:
489:
487:
484:
481:
475:
474:
470:
464:
462:
459:
456:
450:
449:
445:
439:
437:
434:
431:
425:
424:
420:
418:October 2015
414:
412:
409:
406:
400:
399:
395:
389:
387:
384:
381:
375:
374:
370:
368:October 2016
364:
362:
359:
356:
350:
349:
345:
339:
337:
334:
331:
325:
324:
320:
314:
312:
309:
306:
300:
299:
295:
289:
287:
284:
281:
275:
274:
270:
264:
262:
259:
256:
250:
249:
245:
239:
237:
236:Levon Aronian
234:
231:
225:
224:
220:
218:October 2014
214:
212:
209:
206:
200:
199:
195:
189:
187:
184:
181:
175:
174:
170:
164:
162:
159:
156:
150:
149:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
126:
125:
124:
121:
116:
114:
110:
109:Bobby Fischer
103:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
68:
67:
65:
61:
55:
51:
43:
38:
36:
33:
32:chess players
19:
5887:Chess engine
5872:Chess boxing
5832:
5602:Wrong bishop
5449:theory table
5423:Torre Attack
5406:Slav Defence
5314:Colle System
5289:Scheveningen
5248:Pirc Defence
5191:Italian Game
5186:Giuoco Piano
5131:Réti Opening
5054:Piece values
5042:Maróczy Bind
5003:the exchange
4993:Compensation
4923:Interference
4913:Double check
4687:Time control
4674:
4648:by agreement
4576:grandmasters
4520:South Africa
4502:
4470:
4463:
4439:Score sheets
4385:Chess pieces
4292:Online chess
4238:Chess titles
4233:Chess theory
4154:. Retrieved
4150:
4141:
4127:
4116:
4107:
4091:
4084:The Guardian
4075:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3984:
3977:The Guardian
3964:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:the original
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:the original
3907:
3878:
3867:
3844:
3835:
3819:
3796:
3791:
3783:the original
3773:
3754:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3689:the original
3679:
3671:
3666:
3647:
3641:
3622:
3616:
3597:
3591:
3572:
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3550:
3540:
3515:
3508:. Retrieved
3504:
3476:, April 2017
3473:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3449:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3388:
3382:
3357:
3349:
3341:the original
3331:
3315:
3311:
3305:. Chessbase.
3296:
3289:. Chessbase.
3280:
3272:the original
3262:
3254:the original
3244:
3236:the original
3226:
3218:the original
3208:
3200:the original
3190:
3171:
3156:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3108:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3064:
3059:
3038:World portal
3024:Chess portal
2456:Total reign
2415:
2400:
2391:
2376:Please help
2364:
2341:
2301:
2244:
2235:
2232:
2225:
2213:
2206:
2195:
2183:
2167:
2160:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2051:
2038:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1867:
1846:
1842:
1708:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1515:
1496:
1493:
1463:Vera Menchik
1433:Géza Maróczy
1427:Alla Kushnir
1343:Susan Polgar
1283:Judit Polgár
1195:
1186:
1167:
1143:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1049:
1039:
1034:
879:
721:5-year peak
718:1-year peak
708:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:Chessmetrics
683:Chessmetrics
666:
658:
318:August 2016
117:
106:
63:
57:
29:
5817:Chess books
5617:Tournaments
5471:Fool's mate
5236:Vienna Game
5226:Scotch Game
5059:Prophylaxis
4975:Zwischenzug
4960:Undermining
4928:Overloading
4888:Combination
4737:descriptive
4432:Chess table
4427:Chess clock
4243:Grandmaster
4151:chess24.com
3830:, The Hindu
3510:7 September
3391:. Cadogan.
3103:at FIDE.com
2845:Mikhail Tal
2316:Vishy Anand
2252:Paul Morphy
2029:Nimzowitsch
1961:Bent Larsen
1836:Paul Morphy
1776:Reuben Fine
1734:Mikhail Tal
1660:Paul Morphy
1636:Reuben Fine
1618:Mikhail Tal
1415:Paul Morphy
1319:Reuben Fine
1259:Mikhail Tal
1146:Ivan Bratko
670:approximate
543:March 2023
343:March 2011
243:March 2014
98:Paul Morphy
88:Mikhail Tal
5981:Categories
5924:joke chess
5877:Chess club
5565:opposition
5022:Middlegame
5010:Initiative
4933:Pawn storm
4898:Deflection
4769:Key square
4759:Fianchetto
4692:Fast chess
4676:En passant
4368:chessboard
4098:, chess24
4050:21 October
4000:21 October
3923:21 October
3887:. p.
3672:Chessworld
3135:Chess Life
3120:21 October
3052:References
2970:Ding Liren
2444:Undisputed
2433:Undisputed
2273:Capablanca
2070:Capablanca
2027:, and 12.
2025:Rubinstein
1985:Capablanca
1938:Capablanca
1912:magazine:
1910:Chessworld
1818:Paul Keres
1678:Paul Keres
1289:Paul Keres
618:July 2011
593:July 2008
511:Anish Giri
436:Ding Liren
393:July 2015
193:July 1999
44:Elo system
5907:Stockfish
5897:Deep Blue
5892:AlphaZero
5800:paintings
5592:Tablebase
5556:Strategy
5461:Irregular
5216:Ruy Lopez
5176:Open Game
4943:Sacrifice
4903:Desperado
4806:connected
4779:Open file
4774:King walk
4732:algebraic
4663:Stalemate
4638:Checkmate
4363:Chess set
4355:Equipment
3812:Chessbase
3556:7 October
3505:Chess.com
3455:3 January
3450:Chess.com
3432:TrueChess
3416:Chessbase
3165:Chessbase
3089:Chessbase
2439:Classical
2394:June 2013
2365:does not
2289:Botvinnik
2245:In 2021,
2226:In 2012,
2021:Bronstein
2005:Petrosian
2001:Botvinnik
1950:Reshevsky
1904:In 1964,
1870:John Nunn
1367:Ju Wenjun
1325:Hou Yifan
1202:Chess.com
1182:Stockfish
1174:Markovian
1158:Chess.com
604:18 (tie)
579:18 (tie)
429:10 (tie)
404:10 (tie)
379:10 (tie)
261:Wesley So
168:May 2014
118:In 1970,
60:Arpad Elo
5966:Category
5919:glossary
5580:Zugzwang
5560:fortress
5492:Endgames
5401:Declined
5396:Accepted
5074:Openings
5032:Hedgehog
4998:Exchange
4985:Strategy
4965:Windmill
4816:isolated
4801:backward
4623:Castling
4566:amateurs
4459:Timeline
4333:Variants
4287:Glossary
4270:software
4255:glossary
3843:(2002).
3804:Archived
3326:, (1989)
3179:Archived
2996:See also
2795:Max Euwe
2453:Champion
2449:Years as
2446:Champion
2442:Years as
2427:Champion
2261:Kasparov
2174:Kasparov
2094:Kasparov
2082:Korchnoi
2074:Steinitz
1989:Alekhine
1934:Alekhine
1930:Chigorin
1926:Tarrasch
1922:Steinitz
1918:Staunton
1858:Karlsbad
1566:decisive
1500:handicap
1391:Max Euwe
1048:'s book
354:8 (tie)
329:8 (tie)
5867:Arbiter
5860:Related
5717:Solving
5707:Amateur
5284:Najdorf
4866:Battery
4853:Tactics
4828:Swindle
4811:doubled
4791:Outpost
4722:Blunder
4537:Armenia
4451:History
4297:Premove
4265:engines
4260:matches
4225:Outline
4118:YouTube
4100:YouTube
3137:, 1962.
2386:removed
2371:sources
2302:During
2285:Kramnik
2269:Fischer
2265:Carlsen
2058:Fischer
2017:Spassky
2013:Smyslov
1997:Fischer
1942:Spassky
1385:Xie Jun
1148:at the
895:Player
892:Rating
874:, 2759
845:, 2766
676:
672:
641:2007–10
616:2011-07
591:2008-07
566:2012-11
541:2023-03
516:2015-10
491:2021-11
466:2014-12
441:2018-11
416:2015-10
391:2015–07
366:2016-10
341:2011-03
316:2016-08
291:2018-09
266:2017-02
241:2014-03
216:2014-10
191:1999-07
166:2014-05
140:Player
137:Rating
5805:poetry
5795:novels
5770:Caïssa
5702:Senior
5692:Junior
5275:Dragon
5270:Alapin
4955:Skewer
4821:passed
4764:Gambit
4571:female
4532:Europe
4515:Africa
4410:Knight
4405:Bishop
4156:4 July
3949:28 May
3895:
3855:
3761:
3654:
3629:
3604:
3579:
3434:, 2007
3418:, 2006
3395:
3370:
3091:, 2003
3071:
2297:Morphy
2293:Lasker
2277:Karpov
2090:Karpov
2066:Lasker
2062:Morphy
2023:, 11.
2019:, 10.
1993:Lasker
1948:, and
1914:Morphy
1838:, 2729
1832:, 2734
1826:, 2775
1820:, 2776
1814:, 2777
1808:, 2780
1802:, 2790
1796:, 2793
1790:, 2793
1784:, 2793
1778:, 2804
1772:, 2809
1766:, 2811
1760:, 2812
1754:, 2821
1748:, 2821
1742:, 2822
1736:, 2827
1730:, 2858
1724:, 2861
1718:, 2894
1704:, 2796
1698:, 2798
1692:, 2803
1686:, 2803
1680:, 2804
1674:, 2805
1668:, 2805
1662:, 2809
1656:, 2819
1650:, 2823
1644:, 2841
1638:, 2842
1632:, 2842
1626:, 2853
1620:, 2856
1614:, 2858
1608:, 2862
1602:, 2864
1596:, 2868
1590:, 2871
1584:, 2917
1532:, and
1115:, 2363
1109:, 2413
1103:, 2480
1097:, 2535
1091:, 2550
1085:, 2552
1079:, 2616
1073:, 2690
1067:, 2876
1061:, 3096
862:, 2829
856:, 2851
830:, 2863
807:, 2866
784:, 2871
741:, 2881
92:2690:
86:2700:
76:2720:
70:2725:
5752:WCSCC
5697:Youth
5687:Blitz
5682:Rapid
5672:Women
5635:Women
5587:Study
5437:Other
4970:X-ray
4893:Decoy
4878:Block
4833:Tempo
4796:Pawns
4714:Terms
4633:Check
4615:Rules
4549:India
4542:Spain
4527:China
4420:Fairy
4395:Queen
4326:norms
4217:Chess
3726:CHESS
2430:Total
2281:Anand
2170:Anand
2086:Keres
2054:Anand
2015:, 9.
2011:, 8.
2007:, 7.
2003:, 6.
1999:, 5.
1995:, 4.
1991:, 3.
1987:, 2.
1878:Fritz
1154:Rybka
1020:2826
1007:2826
994:2833
981:2848
968:2860
955:2877
942:2878
929:2885
916:2886
903:2895
889:Rank
715:Rank
632:2787
607:2788
582:2788
557:2793
532:2795
507:2798
482:2804
457:2810
432:2816
407:2816
382:2816
357:2817
332:2817
307:2819
282:2820
257:2822
232:2830
207:2844
182:2851
157:2882
143:Date
134:Rank
5790:film
5747:WCCC
5742:TCEC
5732:CSVN
5677:Team
5647:List
4918:Fork
4843:Trap
4643:Draw
4415:Pawn
4400:Rook
4390:King
4338:List
4307:list
4282:FIDE
4158:2022
4052:2013
4002:2013
3967:" –
3951:2012
3925:2013
3893:ISBN
3853:ISBN
3799:" –
3759:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3577:ISBN
3558:2023
3512:2023
3457:2017
3393:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3322:and
3122:2013
3069:ISBN
2436:FIDE
2369:any
2367:cite
2330:and
2275:and
2254:and
2092:and
1959:and
1506:and
1498:non-
1170:IRIT
1044:and
146:Age
120:FIDE
111:and
52:and
5727:CCC
4938:Pin
4742:PGN
4069:CNN
3889:310
2637:17
2560:13
2535:16
2508:15
2481:27
2380:by
2149:the
2078:Tal
2009:Tal
1946:Tal
1196:GM
1017:10
629:20
554:17
529:16
504:15
479:14
454:13
5983::
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4115:.
4082:,
3975:,
3971:,
3891:.
3883:.
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3826:,
3810:,
3549:.
3524:^
3514:.
3503:.
3481:^
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3414:,
3366:.
3362:.
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527:16
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2407:)
2401:(
2396:)
2392:(
2388:.
2374:.
1852:–
1524:(
674:—
20:)
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