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1530:
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145:
loops to locations not served by the CLEC's own fiber and interconnecting the CLEC's switches with the ILECs' on a peer-to-peer basis. While not trivial dependencies, the original "facilities-based" CLECs such as TCG and MFS were beginning to become profitable by the time the
Telecom Act was adopted.
181:
loop (UNE-L), in which the CLEC has access to or operates their own local switch. The underlying copper (loop) that runs to the subscriber's premises is then leased by the CLEC, and cross-connected to the CLEC's switch. Both UNE-P and UNE-L have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. Other
213:
price to CLECs. The FCC agreed earlier in the year to rewrite rather than appeal the validity of the rules. In
December 2004, the FCC released another set of rules which phase out, over a year, all CLEC leasing of ILEC local switching, while preserving access to most copper
345:
150:), in which they resold the ILECs' service by leasing the underlying copper and port space on the ILEC's local switch. This greater dependency on the ILECs made these "UNE-P CLECs" vulnerable to changes in the UNE-P rules.
189:
Non facilities-based CLECs that operate under the UNE-P rules are able to resell wholesale services purchased from multiple ILECs, thereby establishing broader geographical coverage than ILECs or facilities-based CLECs.
102:, particularly New York, Illinois, and Massachusetts, encouraged this competition. By the early 1990s, the CAPs began to install switches in their fiber systems. Initially, they offered a "shared
356:
78:
CLECs evolved from the competitive access providers (CAPs) that began to offer private line and special access services in competition with the ILECs beginning in 1985. The CAPs (such as
118:'s switches in New York City to connect as peers. Other states followed New York's lead so that by the mid-1990s most of the large states had authorized local exchange competition.
141:
The original CAP/CLECs spent the decade from 1985–1995 deploying their own fiber optics networks and digital switches so that their only reliance on the ILEC was leasing some
1590:
130:
incorporated the successful results of the state-by-state authorization process by creating a uniform national law to allow local exchange competition. This had the
1513:
1485:
1480:
505:
134:
of stimulating the formation of many more CLECs than the markets could bear. The formation of these CLECs, with easy financing from equipment vendors and
230:, the Washington, D.C. trade group for the major telecommunication companies, filed a petition with the FCC, asking it to end the leasing rule within
62:
LEC in a given area, and receive different regulatory treatment from the newer CLECs. A data local exchange carrier (DLEC) is a CLEC specializing in
393:
182:
CLECs bypass the ILEC's network entirely, using their own facilities. These facility-based LECs include cable companies offering phone service over
1507:
1585:
1502:
1492:
1472:
1274:
1497:
1343:
1269:
450:
107:
1363:
227:
162:
1148:
696:
498:
55:
1259:
268:
263:
1254:
805:
174:
127:
477:
1279:
138:, was a significant contributor to the "telecom bubble" of the late 1990s which then turned into the "bust" of 2001–2002.
115:
79:
1564:
1554:
1315:
1212:
755:
522:
209:
certain network elements (such as local switching or the high-frequency portion of the loop) at a cost-based regulated
161:, respectively, in 1996 and 1998 as those long distance companies prepared to defend their business customers from the
146:
In contrast, many CLECs formed in the post-Telecom Act "bubble" operated using the unbundled
Network Element Platform (
1544:
1051:
491:
424:
106:" service with these switches and interconnected with the ILECs as end users rather than as co-carriers. However, the
99:
1403:
1325:
1264:
971:
83:
1175:
1136:
981:
881:
810:
743:
570:
178:
173:
With the
Triennial Review in August 2003, the FCC began to rewrite a large portion of the rules implementing the
67:
1534:
776:
711:
664:
550:
425:"Sonic is a small ISP that competes brilliantly with the big guys — so they're trying to throttle its business"
43:") competing with other, already established carriers, generally the incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC).
1373:
1358:
1202:
1153:
1076:
976:
654:
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535:
135:
103:
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649:
614:
131:
51:
401:
1197:
1001:
966:
886:
866:
788:
676:
597:
273:
153:
In the meantime, the largest facilities-based CLECs, MFS, and TCG, had IPOs and then were acquired by
1111:
1071:
1041:
798:
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1011:
946:
793:
514:
296:
194:
111:
36:
346:"Case 14-C-0370 – In the Matter of a Study on the State of Telecommunications in New York State"
1388:
1310:
1224:
1207:
1170:
1056:
1016:
846:
815:
681:
575:
1393:
1353:
1333:
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1229:
1187:
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956:
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916:
891:
851:
701:
560:
555:
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142:
1021:
876:
644:
607:
278:
244:
years, which would terminate the CLEC operations of smaller telecommunications companies.
619:
1219:
1091:
1066:
1026:
996:
871:
706:
592:
253:
40:
316:
1579:
1368:
1141:
1131:
1046:
936:
931:
921:
906:
728:
587:
183:
87:
28:
1246:
1086:
1031:
961:
926:
861:
760:
750:
602:
480:—select "CAP/CLEC" under Principal Communications Type for a complete list of CLECs
258:
1446:
1096:
1006:
991:
951:
911:
770:
90:
systems in the central business districts of the largest U.S. cities (New York,
1451:
1158:
856:
765:
721:
691:
669:
659:
634:
215:
202:
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901:
716:
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1431:
1421:
1338:
1163:
986:
154:
59:
1426:
1411:
158:
91:
1456:
1416:
738:
530:
483:
198:
95:
58:(ILECs) and competitive (CLECs). The ILECs are usually the original,
32:
1441:
1378:
686:
206:
147:
197:
allowed a lower court's ruling to stand (by refusing to hear the
1383:
487:
629:
66:
services by leasing lines from the ILEC and reselling them to
63:
451:"Large ISPs Urge FCC To Kill Remaining Line Sharing Rules"
165:' (RBOC) incipient entry into the long distance business.
16:
Telephone company that competing with established carrier
110:
authorized the nation's first CLEC when it required the
1465:
1402:
1324:
1288:
1245:
1186:
1120:
829:
521:
381:Nat'l Ass'n of Reg. Utility v. U.S. Telecom Assn.
499:
8:
1514:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1550:
506:
492:
484:
1591:United States communications regulation
340:
338:
311:
309:
307:
305:
289:
39:provider company (sometimes called a "
7:
1560:
177:. One alternative to the UNE-P is
108:New York Public Service Commission
21:competitive local exchange carrier
14:
423:Hiltzik, Michael (July 5, 2018).
218:and some interoffice facilities.
163:Regional Bell Operating Companies
1559:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1149:Free-space optical communication
269:Mobile virtual network operator
264:Regional Bell operating company
175:Telecommunications Act of 1996
128:Telecommunications Act of 1996
1:
317:"The Great Telecom Implosion"
116:Teleport Communications Group
80:Teleport Communications Group
1586:Telecommunications companies
1535:Telecommunication portal
1316:Telecommunications equipment
398:www.ictregulationtoolkit.org
100:public utilities commissions
1052:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
394:"United States: Unbundling"
1607:
756:Telecommunications history
449:Bode, Karl (May 8, 2018).
98:, etc.) A number of state
84:Metropolitan Fiber Systems
68:Internet service providers
1523:
1364:Public Switched Telephone
1176:telecommunication circuit
1137:Fiber-optic communication
882:Francis Blake (telephone)
677:Optical telecommunication
205:rules requiring ILECs to
179:unbundled network element
1275:Orbital angular-momentum
712:Satellite communications
551:Communications satellite
54:(LECs) are divided into
1154:Molecular communication
977:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
806:Undersea telegraph line
541:Cable protection system
52:Local exchange carriers
1296:Communication protocol
1082:Charles Sumner Tainter
897:Walter Houser Brattain
842:Edwin Howard Armstrong
650:Information revolution
132:unintended consequence
1270:Polarization-division
1002:Narinder Singh Kapany
967:Erna Schneider Hoover
887:Jagadish Chandra Bose
867:Alexander Graham Bell
598:online video platform
274:Local loop unbundling
193:In October 2004, the
169:Important FCC rulings
1112:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1072:Almon Brown Strowger
1042:Charles Grafton Page
697:Prepaid mobile phone
625:Electrical telegraph
222:Proposed termination
114:(the ILEC) to allow
1062:Johann Philipp Reis
821:Wireless revolution
783:The Telephone Cases
640:Hydraulic telegraph
362:on 8 September 2015
1260:Frequency-division
1237:Telephone exchange
1107:Charles Wheatstone
1037:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1012:Innocenzo Manzetti
947:Reginald Fessenden
682:Optical telegraphy
515:Telecommunications
478:FCC Carrier Search
195:U.S. Supreme Court
112:New York Telephone
37:telecommunications
1573:
1572:
1311:Store and forward
1306:Data transmission
1220:Network switching
1171:Transmission line
1017:Guglielmo Marconi
982:Internet pioneers
847:Mohamed M. Atalla
816:Whistled language
429:Los Angeles Times
404:on 18 August 2016
1598:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1404:Notable networks
1394:Wireless network
1334:Cellular network
1326:Types of network
1301:Computer network
1188:Network topology
1102:Thomas A. Watson
957:Oliver Heaviside
942:Philo Farnsworth
917:Daniel Davis Jr.
892:Charles Bourseul
852:John Logie Baird
561:Data compression
556:Computer network
508:
501:
494:
485:
466:
465:
463:
461:
446:
440:
439:
437:
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420:
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411:
409:
400:. Archived from
390:
384:
383:, Oct. 12, 2004.
378:
372:
371:
369:
367:
361:
355:. Archived from
350:
342:
333:
332:
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328:
323:. 19 August 2002
313:
300:
294:
243:
242:
238:
235:
86:(MFS)) deployed
1606:
1605:
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1597:
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1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1461:
1398:
1320:
1284:
1241:
1190:
1182:
1123:
1116:
1022:Robert Metcalfe
877:Tim Berners-Lee
825:
645:Information Age
517:
512:
474:
469:
459:
457:
448:
447:
443:
433:
431:
422:
421:
417:
407:
405:
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387:
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375:
365:
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353:www3.dps.ny.gov
348:
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324:
315:
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279:Cable telephony
250:
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224:
171:
124:
76:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1255:Space-division
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1234:
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1128:
1126:
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1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Camille Tissot
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:Claude Shannon
1064:
1059:
1057:Tivadar Puskás
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:Antonio Meucci
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Charles K. Kao
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
972:Harold Hopkins
969:
964:
959:
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929:
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914:
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872:Emile Berliner
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
827:
826:
824:
823:
818:
813:
811:Videotelephony
808:
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802:
801:
796:
786:
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763:
758:
753:
748:
747:
746:
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736:
726:
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709:
707:Radiotelephone
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593:Internet video
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472:External links
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385:
373:
334:
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254:Liberalization
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75:
72:
48:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
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1287:
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1280:Code-division
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Time-division
1263:
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1256:
1253:
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1199:
1196:
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1193:
1191:and switching
1189:
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1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
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1157:
1155:
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1147:
1143:
1142:optical fiber
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Coaxial cable
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1113:
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1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
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1073:
1070:
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1065:
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1050:
1048:
1047:Radia Perlman
1045:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
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1028:
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1023:
1020:
1018:
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1005:
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985:
983:
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978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
937:Lee de Forest
935:
933:
932:Thomas Edison
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:Donald Davies
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:Claude Chappe
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
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883:
880:
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873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
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843:
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838:
835:
834:
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828:
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809:
807:
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800:
797:
795:
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790:
787:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Smoke signals
749:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:Semiconductor
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
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703:
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588:Digital media
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247:
245:
229:
226:In May 2018,
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200:
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191:
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185:
184:coaxial cable
180:
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61:
57:
53:
46:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:United States
26:
22:
1247:Multiplexing
1122:Transmission
1087:Nikola Tesla
1077:Henry Sutton
1032:Samuel Morse
962:Robert Hooke
927:Amos Dolbear
862:John Bardeen
781:
761:Telautograph
665:Mobile phone
620:Edholm's law
603:social media
536:Broadcasting
458:. Retrieved
454:
444:
432:. Retrieved
428:
418:
406:. Retrieved
402:the original
397:
388:
380:
376:
364:. Retrieved
357:the original
352:
325:. Retrieved
321:prospect.org
320:
299:from TechWeb
292:
259:Deregulation
225:
192:
188:
172:
152:
140:
125:
77:
50:
24:
20:
18:
1447:NPL network
1159:Radio waves
1097:Alfred Vail
1007:Hedy Lamarr
992:Dawon Kahng
952:Elisha Gray
912:Yogen Dalal
837:Nasir Ahmed
771:Teleprinter
635:Heliographs
455:DSL Reports
216:local loops
88:fiber optic
1580:Categories
1493:Antarctica
1452:Toasternet
1374:Television
857:Paul Baran
789:Television
773:(teletype)
766:Telegraphy
744:transistor
722:Phryctoria
692:Photophone
670:Smartphone
660:Mass media
297:Definition
285:References
82:(TCG) and
47:Background
27:), in the
1477:Americas
1466:Locations
1437:Internet2
1198:Bandwidth
902:Vint Cerf
799:streaming
777:Telephone
717:Semaphore
608:streaming
228:USTelecom
211:wholesale
56:incumbent
1545:Category
1432:Internet
1422:CYCLADES
1339:Ethernet
1289:Concepts
1213:terminal
1164:wireless
987:Bob Kahn
830:Pioneers
655:Internet
546:Cable TV
248:See also
159:AT&T
155:WorldCom
70:(ISPs).
60:monopoly
35:, is a
1565:Commons
1555:Outline
1508:Oceania
1427:FidoNet
1412:ARPANET
1225:circuit
794:digital
523:History
460:July 9,
434:July 9,
408:23 July
366:23 July
327:23 July
239:⁄
201:) that
92:Chicago
74:History
41:carrier
1503:Europe
1473:Africa
1457:Usenet
1417:BITNET
1354:Mobile
1230:packet
739:MOSFET
734:device
531:Beacon
203:voided
199:appeal
122:Growth
96:Boston
33:Canada
1486:South
1481:North
1442:JANET
1379:Telex
1369:Radio
1208:Nodes
1203:Links
1124:media
702:Radio
687:Pager
615:Drums
581:video
576:image
566:audio
360:(PDF)
349:(PDF)
207:lease
148:UNE-P
1498:Asia
1384:UUCP
1344:ISDN
462:2018
436:2018
410:2016
368:2016
329:2016
157:and
143:DS-1
136:IPOs
126:The
31:and
25:CLEC
1389:WAN
1359:NGN
1349:LAN
630:Fax
571:DCT
104:PBX
64:DSL
1582::
453:.
427:.
396:.
351:.
337:^
319:.
304:^
186:.
94:,
19:A
1516:)
1512:(
507:e
500:t
493:v
464:.
438:.
412:.
370:.
331:.
241:2
237:1
234:+
232:2
23:(
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