229:, were crated and shipped overseas in KD form, in various degrees of completeness, to Allied countries to sustain their war effort. Assembly lines were preferably set up in local automotive factories where appropriate tooling and equipment could be easily found, but, where needed, other types of buildings could be used, especially in on-the-field situations, and on occasion, even open-air rebuilding camps were set up, managed by military personnel. Owing to male mobilization, sometimes a female workforce was employed. CKD military vehicles could be stored for shipment in one-vehicle-per-crate form (or SUP, Single Unit Pack), or as several vehicles (usually two to three) divided in two or more crates. Vehicles shipped to certain countries could be lacking some items, such as cabs, beds, or tires, that were built and provided locally.
33:
1062:
195:
preferences, the manufacturer needs to "localize" the car further, i.e., increase the share of parts produced by local manufacturers, such as tires, wheels, seats, headlights, windscreens and glass, batteries, interior plastics, etc., even down to the engine and transmission. At some point, the steel body could be pressed, welded, and painted locally, effectively making KD assembly only a few steps away from full-scale production.
1035:; again using European-made fuselages, wings, and tail sections. However, the Mobile final assembly line will use more locally sourced components than the Tianjin line; engines, interior components, and avionics will be sourced mainly from American suppliers. Both the Airbus Tianjin and Mobile plants receive their fuselages, wings, and tail sections from Europe via
167:
1077:
mail-order catalog offered over 400 styles of homes. Buyers were provided with all of the materials and the instructions needed to build a house. Everything that arrived by train or in the mail was designed to fit together, therefore buyers could build the houses themselves or hire contractors. Sears
366:
of its
European operations in late 1978, the Rootes business basis in Iran became the primer for the very significant PSA Peugeot Citroën business in Iran involving engine and CKD deliveries, particularly from the 405, introduced in 1990 and facelifted as the Pars in 1999 and 206 introduced in 2001.
103:
industries, as well as electronics, furniture and other products. Businesses sell knocked-down kits to their foreign affiliates or licensees for various reasons, including the avoidance of import taxes, to receive tax preferences for providing local manufacturing jobs, or even to be considered as a
157:
Knock-down kit assembly plants are less expensive to establish and maintain because they do not need modern robotic equipment, and the workforce may be less costly than in the country of origin. The plants may also be effective for low-volume production. The CKD concept allows firms in developing
194:
for assembly (a "complete" kit) or obtained from third parties (an "incomplete" kit); all of the interiors are already installed at the originating factory. The term SKD for semi-knocked-down refers to a kit with a complete, welded car body, usually coated or already painted. To gain extra tax
441:. Local content requirements were met by using Australian suppliers for the interiors (seats, carpeting, etc.) as well as for lights, heaters, and other components. Various Rambler models were assembled in New Zealand from the early 1960s until 1971 by Campbell Motors in
643:. Mahindra planned to export CKDs to the United States as complete vehicles that will be assembled in the United States from kits of parts shipped in crates. However, Mahindra's United States CKD and export plans never materialized and were subject to several lawsuits.
328:(FDI). The arrangement benefited the French automaker because its product range lacked large-sized cars, and it needed to offer an "executive" model for its European markets. The situation changed by 1977. By this time, AMC sought outside support for a new car in the
1753:
87:), which is a kit of entirely unassembled parts of a product. It is also a method of supplying parts to a market, particularly in shipping to foreign nations, and serves as a way of counting or pricing. CKD is a common practice in the
464:
and providing local employment, despite the small size of the local market. Following economic reforms in the 1980s, including the lowering of import tariffs, and the ability to import
Australian-built vehicles duty-free under the
666:, but not all of Europe since only cars imported to the EU benefit from circumventing the 10% import duty (e.g. cars to Norway are shipped directly from the United States). For the most part, the car is still manufactured in the
784:
provisions for US public transit agencies and tariff rules. Since 2009 the
Plattsburgh assembly plant has had full stainless steel welding and fabrication capability, allowing for cars to be fully assembled and completed
1764:
150:. The degree of "knock-down" depends on the desires and technical abilities of the receiving organization or government import regulations. Developing nations may pursue trade and economic policies that call for
123:(although it has never been assembled) is a kit of the partially assembled parts of a product. Both types of KDs, complete and incomplete, are collectively referred to within the auto industry as
1428:
206:, the Ford Motor Company was already shipping car parts from its Michigan plants for final assembly in the regions of the United States or foreign countries where the cars would be sold.
759:
738:
Many rail equipment builders have used kits or incomplete vehicles, often to meet local assembly and production requirements or quotas, or to satisfy tariffs. Some examples include:
477:, because they were less expensive than locally assembled used cars, and outsold the 'NZ New' vehicles. The last companies to construct CKD kits in New Zealand were Toyota, Nissan,
1458:
719:, to Anniston for final assembly. NABI expanded production operations in Anniston to allow full production with its first fully domestically produced bus unit in 2008.
674:. During the final assembly in the Netherlands, various parts are added to the car, most notably the rear subframe with the drive train as well as the battery pack.
788:
146:
because the knock-downs were never built up in the first place. The parts shipments are often not in the form of kits, but rather bulk-packed by type of part into
1310:
402:, Nigeria, Portugal, Perú, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Uruguay; the 504, mainly in Argentina, Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, South-Africa, Australia, and China by the
1675:
154:
or local content regulations. Companies with CKD operations help the country substitute the finished products it imports with locally assembled substitutes.
1280:
158:
markets to gain expertise in a particular industry. At the same time, the CKD kit exporting company gains new markets that would otherwise be closed.
1509:
296:. Beginning in 1962, and continuing until 1967, AMC also sold CKD kits of its passenger cars to Renault. They were assembled in Renault's factory in
1031:
and locally sourced components for interiors. Airbus opened a similar A320 final assembly line in the United States in
September 2015, located in
394:. The 404 and 504 were massively marketed worldwide through local CKD assembly shops: the 404 was assembled, besides France and Argentina, in
1149:
32:
403:
339:, which opened in 1963, completed vehicles in CKD form from Sweden for North American consumers. Halifax Assembly closed in December 1998.
629:
1701:
945:
727:
The practice of selling "knocked down" railcars, called by that name, pre-dates the 20th century, as evidenced by an advertisement by
1600:
1393:
1368:
63:) is a collection of parts required to assemble a product. The parts are typically manufactured in one country or region, and then
1820:
949:
875:
689:, assembly plant in 1963, as part of an expansion into the US market. Unfinished KD (knocked down) coach bodies are shipped from
867:
811:. Later the plant was tasked with the local manufacturing of further CRH2 train orders, through technology transfer from Japan.
226:
171:
1790:
222:
1641:
1412:
969:
232:
1061:
893:
889:
704:
469:
agreement, many car companies ended assembly in New
Zealand. They switched to importing completely built-up vehicles from
1727:
1830:
1337:
937:
1314:
243:. Mahindra expanded its operations to include domestic manufacture of Jeep vehicles with a high level of local content
1087:
1056:
434:
252:
1539:
1483:
755:
701:" provisions (49 USC 5323(j) and 49 CFR Part 661) for public agencies purchasing new equipment with federal funds.
179:
940:'s assembly plant in Hsinchu County, Taiwan has assembled several rolling stock models using knock-down kits from
965:
953:
765:
751:
466:
325:
278:
1288:
438:
183:
1078:
sourced building materials at a high volume, thus keeping prices low and competitive with the local builders.
821:, assembly plant produces final completed cars using stainless body assemblies shipped from the Lapa plant in
997:
248:
485:, which closed their plants in 1998 when the government announced plans to abolish import tariffs on cars.
1825:
1517:
1097:
919:
682:
593:
336:
131:), and cars assembled in the country of origin and exported whole to the destination market are known as
863:
777:
773:
686:
398:, Belgium, Canada (at the SOMA plant shared with Renault), Chile, Ireland, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia,
36:
281:(BMC) products were still either imported or assembled from CKD kits in several international markets.
1100:
founded a mail-order business for knock-down furniture in response to a lack of affordable furniture.
624:. Unlike the CKD Dodge Sprinter, the ProMaster is fully imported to the U.S. from a Chrysler plant in
804:
743:
474:
363:
289:
931:
213:, a significant number of US- and Canadian-built vehicles, most notably light and heavy trucks like
879:
862:. Car shells are assembled, outfitted, and completed for delivery at this site, which is served by
829:
used the same production method when it built new passenger cars at the
Hornell shops in the 1990s.
800:
792:
671:
597:
517:
461:
442:
151:
88:
693:, by flatbed trailer and completed, outfitted, and delivered at Pembina. This practice simplifies
142:
Technically, the terms "knock-down", "incompletely disassembled kit", and "kits of parts" are all
71:, on the other hand, stands for "Completely Built Up" and signifies import of a finished product.
1241:
1012:
941:
886:
859:
855:
837:
690:
635:
In 2009, Mahindra & Mahindra
Limited announced that it would export pickup trucks powered by
609:
446:
426:
187:
147:
1566:
1596:
1389:
1364:
1145:
961:
957:
818:
708:
478:
430:
178:
In the automotive industry, the most basic form of a vehicle in the KD kit lacks the wheels,
833:
826:
728:
582:, Volkswagen Group had a plant that was expected to have an annual output of 150,000 units.
521:
418:
355:
105:
1198:
1416:
1116:
1032:
927:
781:
698:
473:, Australia, or Europe. More significantly, the easing of import restrictions led to many
769:
1036:
909:
796:
663:
612:—essentially to circumvent the 25% tariff on imported light trucks known as the "
589:
329:
297:
100:
17:
1814:
1096:
being easily disassembled for transportation. In the late 1940s, Australian designer
1028:
976:
972:
905:
871:
851:
844:
sent commuter train bodies from Japan to US finishers, including an
American unit of
841:
747:
667:
659:
655:
639:
from India to the United States in knockdown kit (CKD) form, again to circumvent the
636:
567:
529:
505:
244:
1093:
993:
559:
555:
513:
422:
383:
347:
343:
267:
210:
1754:"Blueprint to Patterncraft: DIY Furniture Patterns and Packs in Postwar Australia"
1649:
1408:
1192:
822:
1092:
Knock-down furniture dates back to at least the mid-19th century, with the 1859
808:
647:
640:
621:
613:
563:
414:
399:
391:
387:
379:
368:
317:
263:
1142:
Doing business in newly privatized markets: global opportunities and challenges
1235:
1024:
1001:
913:
694:
617:
605:
585:
533:
525:
516:
for full-scale production and equipping it with a domestic engine. The German
425:. The components were shipped in containers to Australia from AMC's plants in
321:
259:
199:
1256:
1166:
421:
versions of their automobiles to markets such as
Australia, New Zealand, and
996:, packaging them with serviceable aircraft. This allows them to be used for
901:
836:
in 1982 until the opening of a full-body manufacturing and assembly line in
551:
509:
395:
359:
214:
1616:
324:. The deal allowed AMC to sell its cars in new markets without significant
288:
began negotiations for a first partnership agreement with AMC to assemble
1020:
1019:, China, assembles fuselage, wing, and tail sections made in Europe with
989:
845:
712:
218:
143:
378:
introduced CKD-based production of a light pick-up vehicle based on the
332:
market segment, which led to the first of many agreements with
Renault.
1459:"Mahindra Planning Kit Assembly of Diesel Pickups To Avoid Chicken Tax"
1016:
923:
716:
651:
547:
489:
410:
375:
309:
305:
301:
285:
386:) under the name Peugeot 4TB. In 1973, this model was replaced by the
1008:
897:
814:
625:
579:
571:
543:
536:
454:
450:
351:
313:
293:
64:
1676:"Sears Sold 70,000 Homes From Their Catalog. Are You Living in One?"
596:
vans for sale in the United States and Canada at Mercedes-Benz and
166:
1074:
1060:
601:
482:
470:
236:
165:
96:
31:
460:
New Zealand had developed a car assembly industry as a means of
1104:
1044:
1040:
1015:
aircraft outside Europe. The Airbus A320 final assembly line in
575:
501:
497:
433:. Assembly of Rambler and AMC vehicles in Australia was done by
371:
produced 281'000 Peugeot vehicles, securing a 36% market share.
274:
240:
358:). Bought by Chrysler in 1967 and then part of the sale to the
1702:"Sears Is Fading, But Memories Of Its Mail-Order Homes Endure"
493:
492:, which has almost prohibitive import taxes on finished cars.
92:
1791:"Ikea's Billy bookcase designer Gillis Lundgren dies aged 86"
1281:"Le cimetière des autos oubliées: Renault Rambler (1962-67)"
1484:"Tesla Motors Opens Assembly Plant in Tilburg, Netherlands"
992:
are also sold as "knock-downs" after they have ended their
1237:
148th MVA Ordnance - WWII - Dad in France on Assembly Line
417:
for distribution in Europe. American Motors also provided
1728:"The Chair Men: Gebrüder Thonet and the Number 14 Chair"
654:, the Netherlands. It is used for the assembly of their
413:, began assembly of CKD kits of AMC's newly introduced
799:, that carried out final assembly of first 10 sets of
1409:"ZAZ increased car output by 7% in Q1 2006" Bank AVAL
616:". The Sprinter was eventually replaced in the Dodge/
1311:"Peugeot Pars: petite histoire de la 405 iranienne"
1065:Advertisement for knocked-down kits for houses, in
780:, facilities for final assembly. These are to meet
270:that applied to sales of fully assembled vehicles.
1540:"Tesla assembly plant in Tilburg at full capacity"
620:lineup with the similar Ram ProMaster, a rebadged
926:in Kasado, Japan, with assembly completed at the
409:In 1968, the independent German automotive firm,
67:to another country or region for final assembly.
239:began its business in 1947 with assembling CKD
711:, in 1993, with incomplete buses shipped from
512:cars. It went as far as adopting a version of
1313:(in French). 5 September 2015. Archived from
870:, allowing delivery of new cars by rail. The
750:body shells and trucks north for assembly by
406:which developed a specific crew cab version.
27:Collection of manufactured parts for assembly
8:
1595:. Indiana University Press. pp. 56–57.
1567:"MCI Celebrates 80 Years of Buss Production"
1510:"Customs clearance & import tax US cars"
1386:Assembly: New Zealand car production 1921-98
882:were purchased and delivered in this method.
39:CKD crate being unloaded in a Swedish harbor
1642:"Expansion of Rochelle Production Facility"
1388:. New Zealand: Reed Books. pp. 1–223.
1144:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 281.
1107:began selling flat-pack furniture in 1956.
762:was purchased and delivered in this method.
273:By 1959, and with the introduction of the
1452:
1450:
1287:(in French). 4 April 2007. Archived from
1260:Tommy Lind's History of Renault 1898-1975
1171:Tommy Lind's History of Renault 1898-1975
1135:
1133:
1131:
768:ships incomplete cars from its plant at
546:, KD assembling facilities are owned by
1669:
1667:
1127:
803:high-speed trains, itself derived from
650:started operating an assembly plant in
574:using facilities that once belonged to
1244:from the original on 12 December 2021.
1191:Ford, Henry; Crowther, Samuel (1922).
896:fleets have aluminium bodies built by
795:has a joint venture assembly plant in
922:fleets have aluminum bodies built by
524:also produces SKDs in Ukraine at its
382:in Peugeot's Berazategui factory (in
108:projects with "buy national" rules).
7:
1621:Market Street Railway, San Francisco
1336:Uldane, Mauricio (6 February 2015).
1224:. No. 37. 1991. pp. 13–22.
858:, located in an industrial park off
404:Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company
350:to Iran where they were sold as the
1197:. Garden City Publishing. pp.
1007:The European aircraft manufacturer
832:From their first US order from the
630:North American Free Trade Agreement
457:, Hino, Renault, and Peugeot cars.
1726:Murphy, Adrian (5 November 2019).
1411:, retrieved on: 3 September 2007.
1094:Thonet No. 14 chair bentwood chair
300:, and sold through its dealers in
25:
1593:History of the J.G. Brill Company
1435:(Press release). 28 February 2009
1359:Automobile Club of Italy (1972).
1011:uses knock-down kits to assemble
174:for assembly, probably a Plymouth
79:A common form of knock-down is a
1700:Abid, Ayesha (20 October 2018).
1429:"The Volkswagen Plant in Kaluga"
1338:"La primera camioneta de SAFRAR"
528:plant, producing cars under its
266:car in CKD form to avoid the UK
1648:. 30 April 2013. Archived from
1617:"Historic Streetcars: Car 1074"
1285:The graveyard of forgotten cars
1043:, as the plants are located in
904:with assembly completed at the
854:opened an assembly facility in
233:Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
104:bidder at all (for example, in
1789:Morby, Alice (14 March 2016).
455:Datsun (later known as Nissan)
190:. They are either supplied as
1:
1674:Dahl, Timothy (16 May 2016).
1433:volkswagen-media-services.com
1363:. Herald Books. p. 402.
1257:"International agreements..."
705:North American Bus Industries
121:incompletely disassembled kit
1565:Plachno, Larry (June 2013).
938:Taiwan Rolling Stock Company
588:has a CKD assembly plant in
172:AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik
1167:"Partnerships - a solution"
1140:Miller, Russell R. (2000).
1088:Ready-to-assemble furniture
1057:Kit houses in North America
807:, using parts shipped from
742:Between 1938 and 1951, the
496:assembles CKD kits of some
435:Australian Motor Industries
367:In 2004, Peugeot's partner
253:American Motors Corporation
1847:
1457:Kong, Benson (June 2009).
1103:Swedish furniture company
1085:
1054:
756:Toronto Transit Commission
752:Canadian Car & Foundry
202:co-wrote his 1922 memoir,
180:internal combustion engine
1761:Design History Foundation
1220:"CMP Assembly Overseas".
1039:using specially designed
966:Taoyuan Metro 1000 series
954:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
789:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
534:Volkswagen Passenger Cars
326:foreign direct investment
279:British Motor Corporation
1752:Carter, Nanette (2011).
1075:Sears, Roebuck & Co.
948:trains for Taipei Metro
449:), which had also built
439:Port Melbourne, Victoria
390:and later (1990) by the
258:In the 1950s and 1960s,
225:, and vehicles from the
170:CKD kit as delivered to
1821:Automotive technologies
1073:From 1908 to 1940, the
988:Unserviceable military
488:Other examples include
346:UK began exporting CKD
249:Kaiser Jeep Corporation
18:Completely knocked down
1516:. 2017. Archived from
1384:Webster, Mark (2002).
1340:(in Spanish). Taringa!
1098:Frederick Charles Ward
1070:
1027:made in the EU or the
920:British Rail Class 385
868:Philadelphia Belt Line
840:, thirty years later,
733:Street Railway Journal
683:Motor Coach Industries
594:Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
337:Halifax Assembly Plant
175:
40:
1591:Brill, Debra (2001).
1064:
968:) and Nippon Sharyo (
774:Plattsburgh, New York
707:opened operations in
687:Pembina, North Dakota
169:
113:semi-knocked-down kit
35:
1415:11 July 2007 at the
805:E2 Series Shinkansen
744:St Louis Car Company
600:dealers, along with
364:Chrysler Corporation
354:(meaning "arrow" in
1831:International trade
1571:National Bus Trader
1222:Wheels & Tracks
880:SEPTA Regional Rail
878:and Philadelphia's
801:China Railways CRH2
776:, and (until 2002)
672:Fremont, California
462:import substitution
152:import substitution
148:shipping containers
125:knocked-down export
81:complete knock-down
1652:on 14 October 2017
1071:
942:Hitachi Rail Italy
887:London Underground
874:cars for Denver's
860:Columbus Boulevard
856:South Philadelphia
838:Rochelle, Illinois
793:CSR Qingdao Sifang
691:Winnipeg, Manitoba
610:Chrysler Group LLC
592:that re-assembles
447:Toyota New Zealand
427:Kenosha, Wisconsin
176:
41:
1680:Popular Mechanics
1646:Nippon Sharyo USA
1546:. 7 February 2017
1291:on 15 August 2012
1151:978-1-56720-260-1
1067:Popular Mechanics
876:RTD commuter rail
819:Hornell, New York
709:Anniston, Alabama
550:, which produced
431:Brampton, Ontario
374:In 1967 as well,
16:(Redirected from
1838:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:on 25 April 2021
1769:
1763:. Archived from
1758:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1544:GoPress Mobility
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1490:. 27 August 2013
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1317:on 24 March 2019
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1194:My Life and Work
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1137:
834:South Shore Line
827:Morrison-Knudsen
729:JG Brill Company
522:Volkswagen Group
419:right-hand drive
204:My Life and Work
106:public transport
53:knocked-down kit
21:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1520:on 15 June 2017
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1417:Wayback Machine
1407:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
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1254:
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1234:
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1229:
1219:
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1202:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1117:Rules of origin
1113:
1090:
1084:
1059:
1053:
1033:Mobile, Alabama
998:cannibalization
986:
928:Newton Aycliffe
782:Buy America Act
725:
699:Buy America Act
697:and meets the "
680:
608:'s takeover of
604:dealers before
348:Hillman Hunters
292:automobiles in
164:
133:built-up export
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1808:
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1086:Main article:
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1055:Main article:
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980:
956:(Taipei Metro
935:
932:Country Durham
917:
910:Washwood Heath
883:
849:
830:
812:
797:Qingdao, China
786:
778:Barre, Vermont
763:
724:
721:
679:
676:
664:European Union
637:diesel engines
590:South Carolina
298:Haren, Belgium
221:/GPA, GMC-353/
163:
160:
76:
73:
45:knock-down kit
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1826:Manufacturing
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1037:ocean freight
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842:Nippon Sharyo
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748:PCC streetcar
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668:Tesla Factory
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628:under of the
627:
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49:knockdown kit
46:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1760:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1645:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1543:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:the original
1513:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:
1437:. Retrieved
1432:
1423:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:the original
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:the original
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1193:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1160:
1141:
1102:
1091:
1072:
1066:
1006:
994:service life
987:
770:La Pocatière
737:
732:
726:
703:
681:
662:SUV for the
645:
634:
598:Freightliner
584:
560:BMW 5 Series
556:BMW 3 Series
541:
514:Daewoo Lanos
487:
475:used imports
459:
423:South Africa
408:
384:Buenos Aires
373:
344:Rootes Group
341:
334:
283:
272:
268:purchase tax
257:
231:
211:World War II
208:
203:
198:By the time
197:
191:
184:transmission
177:
156:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
101:rail vehicle
84:
80:
78:
68:
60:
56:
55:, or simply
52:
48:
44:
42:
29:
1656:28 November
1626:28 November
1576:28 November
1550:8 September
1468:23 November
1463:Motor Trend
1344:28 November
1013:A320 family
1002:spare parts
809:Kobe, Japan
772:Quebec, to
735:from 1898.
685:opened its
641:chicken tax
622:Fiat Ducato
614:Chicken Tax
564:Kaliningrad
400:New Zealand
392:504 pick-up
388:404 pick-up
380:Peugeot 403
369:Iran Khodro
330:sub-compact
318:Netherlands
264:Lotus Seven
75:Definitions
1815:Categories
1800:30 January
1795:dezeen.com
1774:30 January
1737:30 January
1711:30 January
1685:30 January
1524:30 January
1494:30 January
1361:World cars
1321:30 January
1295:30 January
1265:30 January
1176:30 January
1123:References
1069:, May 1908
914:Birmingham
894:1996 Stock
825:, Brazil.
791:(KHI) and
766:Bombardier
695:US Customs
658:sedan and
606:Fiat Group
586:Daimler AG
526:Solomonovo
518:automotive
479:Mitsubishi
322:Luxembourg
260:Lotus Cars
251:and later
227:CMP family
200:Henry Ford
162:Automotive
89:automotive
1732:Europeana
1514:carfax.eu
1488:tesla.com
1439:22 August
1082:Furniture
930:works in
908:works in
902:Barcelona
823:São Paulo
760:PCC fleet
646:In 2013,
632:(NAFTA).
552:Hummer H2
437:(AMI) in
396:Australia
360:PSA Group
342:In 1967,
284:In 1961,
262:sold its
215:Willys MB
144:misnomers
57:knockdown
1413:Archived
1242:Archived
1111:See also
1047:cities.
1021:avionics
990:aircraft
984:Aircraft
846:Sumitomo
785:on-site.
746:shipped
713:Budapest
335:Volvo's
219:Ford GPW
95:, heavy
65:exported
37:Plymouth
1051:Housing
1025:engines
1017:Tianjin
924:Hitachi
866:on the
864:Conrail
731:in the
717:Hungary
660:Model X
656:Model S
652:Tilburg
548:Avtotor
537:marques
494:AutoZAZ
490:Ukraine
445:(later
415:Javelin
411:Karmann
376:Peugeot
362:by the
356:Persian
310:Belgium
306:Austria
302:Algeria
290:Rambler
286:Renault
255:(AMC).
209:During
188:battery
1599:
1392:
1367:
1205:8 June
1148:
1009:Airbus
973:EMU700
946:EMU101
898:Alstom
815:Alstom
758:(TTC)
754:. The
626:Mexico
580:Kaluga
572:Moscow
566:, and
558:, and
544:Russia
520:giant
510:Daewoo
508:, and
481:, and
451:Toyota
443:Thames
352:Paykan
320:, and
316:, the
314:France
294:Europe
186:, and
99:, and
47:(also
1768:(PDF)
1757:(PDF)
1201:, 167
1041:ships
678:Buses
648:Tesla
602:Dodge
578:. In
530:Škoda
483:Honda
471:Japan
429:, or
247:from
241:Jeeps
237:India
192:parts
119:) or
97:truck
1802:2024
1776:2024
1739:2024
1713:2024
1687:2024
1658:2021
1628:2021
1597:ISBN
1578:2021
1552:2017
1526:2024
1496:2024
1470:2012
1441:2009
1390:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1346:2021
1323:2024
1297:2024
1267:2024
1207:2010
1178:2024
1146:ISBN
1105:IKEA
1045:port
1023:and
975:and
964:and
962:C381
958:C371
892:and
890:1995
885:The
723:Rail
576:AZLK
532:and
502:Opel
498:Lada
275:Mini
223:CCKW
1706:NPR
1000:of
970:TRA
952:),
900:in
817:'s
670:in
618:Ram
570:in
562:in
542:In
467:CER
235:in
139:).
137:BUX
129:KDX
117:SKD
93:bus
85:CKD
69:CBU
59:or
1817::
1793:.
1759:.
1730:.
1704:.
1678:.
1666:^
1644:.
1619:.
1569:.
1542:.
1512:.
1486:.
1461:.
1449:^
1431:.
1283:.
1240:.
1199:81
1169:.
1130:^
1004:.
960:,
912:,
715:,
554:,
539:.
504:,
500:,
453:,
312:,
308:,
304:,
277:,
182:,
111:A
91:,
61:KD
51:,
43:A
1804:.
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1741:.
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1660:.
1630:.
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1528:.
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1373:.
1348:.
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1180:.
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979:)
944:(
934:.
916:.
848:.
217:/
135:(
127:(
115:(
83:(
20:)
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