Complex post-traumatic stress disorder

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tailored to the individual. Recent neuroscientific research has shed some light on the impact that severe childhood abuse and neglect (trauma) has on a child's developing brain, specifically as it relates to the development in brain structures, function and connectivity among children from infancy to adulthood. This understanding of the neurophysiological underpinning of complex trauma phenomena is what currently is referred to in the field of traumatology as 'trauma informed' which has become the rationale which has influenced the development of new treatments specifically targeting those with childhood developmental trauma. Martin Teicher, a Harvard psychiatrist and researcher, has suggested that the development of specific complex trauma related symptomatology (and in fact the development of many adult onset psychopathologies) may be connected to gender differences and at what stage of childhood development trauma, abuse or neglect occurred. For example, it is well established that the development of

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acknowledging any pre-existing experiences of trauma which could lead to a higher risk of experiencing future traumas. It also asserts that this wider range of symptoms and higher risk of traumatization are related by hidden confounder variables and there is no causal relationship between symptoms and trauma experiences. In the diagnosis of PTSD, the definition of the stressor event is narrowly limited to life-threatening events, with the implication that these are typically sudden and unexpected events. Complex PTSD vastly widened the definition of potential stressor events by calling them adverse events, and deliberating dropping reference to life-threatening, so that experiences can be included such as neglect, emotional abuse, or living in a war zone without having specifically experienced life-threatening events. By broadening the stressor criterion, an article published by the

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like PTSD, depression and anxiety. For example, in a 2016, meta-analysis, four out of eight EMDR studies resulted in statistical significance, indicating the potential effectiveness of EMDR in treating certain conditions. Additionally, subjects from two of the studies continued to benefit from the treatment months later. Seven of the studies that employed psychometric tests showed that EMDR led to a reduction in depression symptoms compared to those in the placebo group. Like EMDR, the other therapies are especially effective for complex trauma related to domestic violence and less effective when the condition is related to experiences of war or childhood sexual abuse.

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move forward in their recovery because of their present involvement in unsafe or oppressive relationships. In order to gain their autonomy and their peace of mind, survivors may have to make difficult and painful life choices. Battered women may lose their homes, their friends, and their livelihood. Survivors of childhood abuse may lose their families. Political refugees may lose their homes and their homeland. The social obstacles to recovery are not generally recognized, but they must be identified and adequately addressed in order for recovery to proceed.

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services. Both historically and currently, at the individual as well as the societal level, "dissociation from the acknowledgement of the severe impact of childhood abuse on the developing brain leads to inadequate provision of services. Assimilation into treatment models of the emerging affective neuroscience of adverse experience could help to redress the balance by shifting the focus from top-down regulation to bottom-up, body-based processing."

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psychologists, social workers, licensed therapists (MFTs) and psychiatrists. Although most trauma neuroscientifically informed practitioners understand the importance of utilizing a combination of both 'top down' and 'bottom up' interventions as well as including somatic interventions (sensorimotor psychotherapy or somatic experiencing or yoga) for the purposes of processing and integrating trauma memories.

1251: 709:, then it is more likely that the survivor will experience post-traumatic stress symptoms. If a person dies, and the survivor was close to the person who died, then it is more likely that symptoms of grief will also develop. When the death is of a loved one, and was sudden or violent, then both symptoms often coincide. This is likely in children exposed to community violence. 1265: 938:

avoidance of traumatic stimuli and applying coping skills learned in phase one. The care provider may also begin challenging assumptions about the trauma and introducing alternative narratives about the trauma. The final phase would consist of solidifying what has previously been learned and transferring these strategies to future stressful events.

331:). However, the situation for many children is quite different. Children can suffer chronic trauma such as maltreatment, family violence, dysfunction, or a disruption in attachment to their primary caregiver. In many cases, it is the child's caregiver who causes the trauma. The diagnosis of PTSD does not take into account how the 1237: 800:— in which someone becomes tightly biochemically bound to someone who abuses them and the responses they learned to survive, navigate and deal with the abuse they suffered then become automatic responses, embedded in their personality over the years of trauma — a normal reaction to an abnormal situation. 1204:

Following the failure of DES-NOS to gain formal recognition in the DSM-IV, the concept was re-packaged for children and adolescents and given a new name, developmental trauma disorder. Supporters of DTD appealed to the developers of the DSM-5 to recognize DTD as a new disorder. Just as the developers

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Though acceptance of the idea of complex PTSD has increased with mental health professionals, the fundamental research required for the proper validation of a new disorder is insufficient as of 2013. The disorder was proposed under the name DES-NOS (Disorder of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified)

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Complex post trauma stress disorder is a long term mental health condition which is often difficult and relatively expensive to treat and often requires several years of psychotherapy, modes of intervention and treatment by highly skilled, mental health professionals who specialize in trauma informed

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Survivors with complex trauma often struggle to find a mental health professional who is properly trained in trauma informed practices. They can also be challenging to receive adequate treatment and services to treat a mental health condition which is not universally recognized or well understood by

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Since CPTSD or DTD in children is often caused by chronic maltreatment, neglect or abuse in a care-giving relationship the first element of the biopsychosocial system to address is that relationship. This invariably involves some sort of child protection agency. This both widens the range of support

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While these treatments have been recommended, there is still a lack of research on the best and most efficacious treatments for complex PTSD. Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy are effective in treating CPTSD symptoms

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Herman believes recovery can only occur within a healing relationship and only if the survivor is empowered by that relationship. This healing relationship need not be romantic or sexual in the colloquial sense of "relationship", however, and can also include relationships with friends, co-workers,

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was able to compare and contrast CPTSD, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder and found that it could distinguish between individual cases of each and when it was co-morbid, arguing for a case of separate diagnoses for each. BPD may be confused with CPTSD by some without proper knowledge of the

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In practice, the forms of treatment and intervention varies from individual to individual since there is a wide spectrum of childhood experiences of developmental trauma and symptomatology and not all survivors respond positively, uniformly, to the same treatment. Therefore, treatment is generally

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The above components can be conceptualized as a model with three phases. Not every case will be the same, but the first of phase will emphasize the acquisition and strengthening of adequate coping strategies as well as addressing safety issues and concerns. The next phase would focus on decreasing

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25% of those diagnosed with BPD have no known history of childhood neglect or abuse and individuals are six times as likely to develop BPD if they have a relative who was diagnosed so compared to those who do not. One conclusion is that there is a genetic predisposition to BPD unrelated to trauma.

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Complex presentations are often excluded from studies because they do not fit neatly into the simple nosological categorisations required for research power. This means that the most severe disorders are not studied adequately and patients most affected by early trauma are often not recognised by

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Securing a safe environment requires strategic attention to the patient's economic and social ecosystem. The patient must become aware of her own resources for practical and emotional support as well as the realistic dangers and vulnerabilities in her social situation. Many patients are unable to

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For CPTSD to manifest traumatic grief, the violence would occur under conditions of captivity, loss of control and disempowerment, coinciding with the death of a friend or loved one in life-threatening circumstances. This again is most likely for children and stepchildren who experience prolonged

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Varied changes in perception of the perpetrators, such as a preoccupation with the relationship with a perpetrator (including a preoccupation with revenge), an unrealistic attribution of total power to a perpetrator (though the individual's assessment may be more realistic than the clinician's),

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history of exposure to early life developmentally adverse interpersonal trauma such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, violence, traumatic losses or other significant disruption or betrayal of the child's relationships with primary caregivers, which has been postulated as an etiological basis for

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One of the main justifications offered for this proposed disorder has been that the current system of diagnosing PTSD plus comorbid disorders does not capture the wide array of symptoms in one diagnosis. Because individuals who suffered repeated and prolonged traumas often show PTSD plus other

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There is no one treatment which has been designed specifically for use with the adult complex PTSD population (with the exception of component based psychotherapy) there are many therapeutic interventions used by mental health professionals to treat PTSD. As of February 2017, the American

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Adults with CPTSD have sometimes experienced prolonged interpersonal traumatization beginning in childhood, rather than, or as well as, in adulthood. These early injuries interrupt the development of a robust sense of self and of others. Because physical and emotional pain or neglect was often

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Thus, a differentiation between the diagnostic category of CPTSD and that of PTSD has been suggested. PTSD can exist alongside CPTSD; however a sole diagnosis of PTSD often does not sufficiently encapsulate the breadth of symptoms experienced by those who have experienced prolonged traumatic

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needs, they may have particular difficulty in responding sensitively especially to their infants' and young children's routine distress — such as during routine separations, despite these parents' best intentions and efforts. Although the great majority of survivors do not abuse others, this

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Complex PTSD embraces a wider range of symptoms relative to PTSD, specifically emphasizing problems of emotional regulation, negative self-concept, and interpersonal problems. Diagnosing complex PTSD can imply that this wider range of symptoms is caused by traumatic experiences, rather than

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It is widely acknowledged by those who work in the trauma field that there is no one single, standard, 'one size fits all' treatment for complex PTSD. There is also no clear consensus regarding the best treatment among the greater mental health professional community which included clinical

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for lack of sufficient diagnostic validity research. Chief among the stated limitations was a study which showed that 95% of individuals who could be diagnosed with the proposed DES-NOS were also diagnosable with PTSD, raising questions about the added usefulness of an additional disorder.

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Continuous traumatic stress disorder (CTSD), which was introduced into the trauma literature by Gill Straker in 1987, differs from CPTSD. It was originally used by South African clinicians to describe the effects of exposure to frequent, high levels of violence usually associated with

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or paralysis of initiative, shame, guilt and self-blame, a sense of defilement or stigma, and a sense of being completely different from other human beings (may include a sense of specialness, utter aloneness, a belief that no other person can understand, or a feeling of nonhuman

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Uncontrollable disruptions or distortions of attachment bonds precede the development of post-traumatic stress syndromes. People seek increased attachment in the face of danger. Adults, as well as children, may develop strong emotional ties with people who intermittently

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modalities designed to process and integrate childhood trauma memories for the purposes of mitigating symptoms and improving the survivor's quality of life. Delaying therapy for people with complex PTSD, whether intentionally or not, can exacerbate the condition.

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inflicted by attachment figures such as caregivers or other siblings, these individuals may develop a sense that they are fundamentally flawed and that others cannot be relied upon. This can become a pervasive way of relating to others in adult life, described as

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concurrent psychiatric disorders, some researchers have argued that a single broad disorder such as CPTSD provides a better and more parsimonious diagnosis than the current system of PTSD plus concurrent disorders. Conversely, an article published in

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of such traumas as child sexual abuse and domestic abuse. However, it was soon suggested that PTSD failed to account for the cluster of symptoms that were often observed in cases of prolonged abuse, particularly that which was perpetrated against

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Researchers conducting a longitudinal investigation of identical twins found that "genetic factors play a major role in individual differences of borderline personality disorder features in Western society." A 2014 study published in the

171:, negative self-beliefs (e.g., feelings of shame, guilt, failure for wrong reasons), and interpersonal difficulties. Examples of C-PTSD's symptoms are prolonged feelings of terror, worthlessness, helplessness, distortions in identity or 538:

Alterations in relations with others, such as isolation and withdrawal, disruption in intimate relationships, a repeated search for a rescuer (may alternate with isolation and withdrawal), persistent distrust, and repeated failures of

897:. However, the first stage of establishing safety must always include a thorough evaluation of the surroundings, which might include abusive relationships. This stage might involve the need for major life changes for some patients. 3889:

Melton, Hollie; Meader, Nick; Dale, Holly; Wright, Kath; Jones-Diette, Julie; Temple, Melanie; Shah, Iram; Lovell, Karina; McMillan, Dean; Churchill, Rachel; Barbui, Corrado; Gilbody, Simon; Coventry, Peter (14 September 2020).

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It has been suggested that treatment for complex PTSD should differ from treatment for PTSD by focusing on problems that cause more functional impairment than the PTSD symptoms. These problems include emotional dysregulation,

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Many commonly used treatments are considered complementary or alternative since there still is a lack of research to classify these approaches as evidence based. Some of these additional interventions and modalities include:

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PTSD descriptions fail to capture some of the core characteristics of CPTSD. These elements include captivity, psychological fragmentation, the loss of a sense of safety, trust, and self-worth, as well as the tendency to be

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explains DTD as numerous encounters with interpersonal trauma such as physical assault, sexual assault, violence or death. It can also be brought on by subjective events such as abandonment, betrayal, defeat or shame.

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One of the current challenges faced by many survivors of complex trauma (or developmental trauma disorder) is support for treatment since many of the current therapies are relatively expensive and not all forms of

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Ford JD, Grasso D, Greene C, Levine J, Spinazzola J, van der Kolk B (August 2013). "Clinical significance of a proposed developmental trauma disorder diagnosis: results of an international survey of clinicians".

3647:"A randomized clinical trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), fluoxetine, and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: treatment effects and long-term maintenance" 1002:

For example, "Limited evidence suggests that predominantly cognitive behavioral therapy treatments are effective, but do not suffice to achieve satisfactory end states, especially in Complex PTSD populations."

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Roth S, Newman E, Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Mandel FS (October 1997). "Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder".

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difficulty in parenting may have adverse repercussions for their children's social and emotional development if parents with this condition and their children do not receive appropriate treatment.

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Forman-Hoffman, Valerie; Cook Middleton, Jennifer; Feltner, Cynthia; Gaynes, Bradley N.; Palmieri Weber, Rachel; Bann, Carla; Viswanathan, Meera; Lohr, Kathleen N.; Baker, Claire (17 May 2018).

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In 1988, Herman suggested that a new diagnosis of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) was needed to describe the symptoms and psychological and emotional effects of long-term trauma.

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The utility of PTSD-derived psychotherapies for assisting children with CPTSD is uncertain. This area of diagnosis and treatment calls for caution in use of the category CPTSD. Julian Ford and

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Zlotnick C, Zakriski AL, Shea MT, Costello E, Begin A, Pearlstein T, Simpson E (April 1996). "The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder".

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CPTSD may share some symptoms with both PTSD and borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, there is enough evidence to also differentiate CPTSD from borderline personality disorder.

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claims this has led to confusing differences between competing definitions of complex PTSD, undercutting the clear operationalization of symptoms seen as one of the successes of the DSM.

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Repeated traumatization during childhood leads to symptoms that differ from those described for PTSD. Cook and others describe symptoms and behavioral characteristics in seven domains:

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of Harvard University was the first psychiatrist and scholar to conceptualise Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) as a (new) mental health condition in 1992, within her book

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Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Roth S, Mandel F, Kaplan S, Resick P (January 1997). "Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES)".

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and PTSD do not include insecure attachment in their criteria. As a consequence of this aspect of CPTSD, when some adults with CPTSD become parents and confront their own children's

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has included CPTSD since its initial publication in 2018 and an official psychometrics exists for assessing the ICD-11 CPTSD, which is the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ).

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who were seeking treatment for the lingering effects of combat stress. In the 1980s, various researchers and clinicians suggested that PTSD might also accurately describe the

2288: 2192: 4045: 3970: 1297: 346:) has been proposed as the childhood equivalent of CPTSD. This developmental form of trauma places children at risk for developing psychiatric and medical disorders. 713:

domestic or chronic community violence that ultimately results in the death of friends and loved ones. The phenomenon of the increased risk of violence and death of

371: – poor affect regulation, difficulty identifying and expressing emotions and internal states, and difficulties communicating needs, wants, and wishes 6050: 5076: 535:

or paradoxical gratitude, a sense of a special or supernatural relationship with a perpetrator, and acceptance of a perpetrator's belief system or rationalizations.

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Attachment – problems with relationship boundaries, lack of trust, social isolation, difficulty perceiving and responding to others' emotional states

4260: 3704:"Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder" 999:, treating complex PTSD often involves addressing interpersonal relational difficulties and a different set of symptoms which make it more challenging to treat. 812:, treating complex PTSD often involves addressing interpersonal relational difficulties and a different set of symptoms which make it more challenging to treat. 3646: 679:. It has also been used to describe ongoing relationship trauma frequently experienced by people leaving relationships which involved intimate partner violence. 5157: 5031: 4730: 1079: 1217:

has posited there is no evidence that being labeled with a single disorder leads to better treatment than being labeled with PTSD plus concurrent disorders.

755:, beat, and, threaten them. The persistence of these attachment bonds leads to confusion of pain and love. Trauma can be repeated on behavioural, emotional, 619:. Most importantly, there is a loss of a coherent sense of self: this loss, and the ensuing symptom profile, most pointedly differentiates CPTSD from PTSD. 5061: 4326:

Keane TM (May 2013). "Interview: does complex trauma exist? A 'long view' based on science and service in the trauma field. Interview by Lisa M Najavits".

4726:"Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes?" 2914: 2644: 838:

that can be given to the child but also the complexity of the situation, since the agency's statutory legal obligations may then need to be enforced.

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Biomedical symptoms – sensory-motor developmental dysfunction, sensory-integration difficulties; increased medical problems or even

6595: 3558: 2925: 2425: 1972: 1807: 415:; problems with cause-effect thinking; and language developmental problems such as a gap between receptive and expressive communication abilities. 3124: 701:

coincide. There are conceptual links between trauma and bereavement since loss of a loved one is inherently traumatic. If a traumatic event was

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Pynoos RS, Nader K (1988). "Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications".

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Grossman FK, Spinazzola J, Zucker M, Hopper E (2017). "Treating adult survivors of childhood emotional abuse and neglect: A new framework".

5170: 1811: 3852: 3305:"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology" 3048: 1101:

is effective for PTSD symptoms, emotion regulation and interpersonal problems for people whose complex trauma is related to sexual abuse.

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Complex trauma means complex reactions and this leads to complex treatments. Hence, treatment for CPTSD requires a multi-modal approach.

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A number of practical, therapeutic and ethical principles for assessment and intervention have been developed and explored in the field:

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Ford JD, Cloitre M (2009). "Chapter 3: Best Practices in Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents". In Courtois CA, Herman JL (eds.).

2378: 789: 408: 5776: 5651: 5195: 3630: 3610: 2040: 989: 2374:"Distorted maternal mental representations and atypical behavior in a clinical sample of violence-exposed mothers and their toddlers" 6605: 6509: 6239: 2204: 1965:

Complex Trauma in Children and Adolescents: White Paper from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Complex Trauma Task Force

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van der Kolk BA (2005). "Developmental trauma disorder: toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories".

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Disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS), enduring personality change after catastrophic experience (EPCACE)

6264: 5274: 5047: 2955: 734: 180: 4500:"Untangling Psychiatric Comorbidity in Young Children Who Experienced Single, Repeated, or Hurricane Katrina Traumatic Events" 4072: 2577:

Hulley, Joanne; Wager, Khai; Gomersall, Tim; Bailey, Louis; Kirkman, Gill; Gibbs, Graham; Jones, Adele D. (13 November 2022).

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Psychological Association PTSD Guideline Development Panel (GDP) strongly recommends the following for the treatment of PTSD:

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Internal Family Systems Skills Training Manual: Trauma-Informed Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, PTSD & Substance Abuse

3711: 1279: 996: 981: 948: 809: 781: 672: 577: 379: 184: 164: 145: 31: 3409: 3255: 3079: 2579:"Continuous Traumatic Stress: Examining the Experiences and Support Needs of Women After Separation From an Abusive Partner" 824:

have suggested that CPTSD may not be as useful a category for diagnosis and treatment of children as a proposed category of

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It may help to understand the intersection of attachment theory with CPTSD and BPD if one reads the following opinion of

6549: 6534: 6282: 5598: 5165: 5117: 4560: 4301: 3948: 3360: 2513:"Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery" 1138: 1050: 973: 532: 4643: 3985: 3751: 6514: 6336: 6306: 3949:

Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Update

2963: 2879: 2337: 2157: 2113: 2073: 1995: 1647: 1117: 780:, Herman expresses the additional concern that patients with CPTSD frequently risk being misunderstood as inherently ' 332: 4668: 2806:

Rando TA (1 January 1994). "Complications in Mourning Traumatic Death". In Corless IB, Germino BB, Pittman M (eds.).

1768: 3703: 6590: 6384: 6366: 6360: 6324: 6103: 5563: 5002: 1532: 1085: 1062: 977: 965: 448:(2013). Individuals with Complex PTSD also demonstrate lasting personality disturbances with a significant risk of 4504: 6462: 6457: 6318: 6229: 6224: 6133: 5568: 5508: 5092: 4447:"Developmental trauma disorder: pros and cons of including formal criteria in the psychiatric diagnostic systems" 3892:"Interventions for adults with a history of complex traumatic events: the INCiTE mixed-methods systematic review" 3182: 1435: 911: 508: 253: 125: 4401: 1963: 1222: 444:. This symptom is neither included in the diagnosis of dissociative disorder nor in that of PTSD in the current 6554: 6475: 6470: 6312: 6294: 6270: 5709: 5583: 5329: 5132: 5066: 4789: 4231: 4162: 3821: 2929: 1882:"The Evolving Construct of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): DSM-5 Criteria Changes and Legal Implications" 894: 4697: 2228:"The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD" 2227: 2149: 1776: 4556:"Parenting after trauma: Supporting parents and caregivers in the treatment of children impacted by violence" 984:

are well established forms of evidence-based intervention. These treatments are approved and endorsed by the

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A relational bridge must be developed to engage, retain and maximize the benefit for the child and caregiver.

6276: 5849: 5102: 4853: 4766: 4402:"Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis" 2717: 1745: 1125: 969: 631: 281: 168: 101: 2562: 6449: 6444: 6436: 6348: 6342: 6300: 6065: 5644: 5142: 3625: 3511: 3456:"Neglect of the complex: why psychotherapy for post-traumatic clinical presentations is often ineffective" 3007: 2297: 1715: 1303: 1291: 1073: 845:

Identifying and addressing threats to the child's or family's safety and stability are the first priority.

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Changes in systems of meaning, such as a loss of sustaining faith and a sense of hopelessness and despair.

519:, and reliving experiences (either in the form of intrusive PTSD symptoms or in ruminative preoccupation). 277: 4872: 4191: 1933: 6600: 6499: 6354: 5739: 5553: 5368: 5304: 1332:

Cook A, Blaustein M, Spinazzola J, Van Der Kolk B (2005). "Complex trauma in children and adolescents".

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levels. Repetition on these different levels causes a large variety of individual and social suffering.

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has included CPTSD since its eleventh revision that was published in 2018 and came into effect in 2022 (

188: 3853:"Mental health problems in complex trauma: the most promising therapies are identified in a new review" 3645:

van der Kolk BA, Spinazzola J, Blaustein ME, Hopper JW, Hopper EK, Korn DL, Simpson WB (January 2007).

3405:"Evidence-based treatment for adult women with child abuse-related Complex PTSD: a quantitative review" 2280: 4828:"Borderline Personality Disorder, Developmental Trauma and Structural Dissociation of the Personality" 6524: 6250: 6148: 6098: 6045: 6030: 6009: 5934: 5801: 5791: 5761: 5689: 5588: 5236: 4938: 3964: 1285: 1167: 1098: 833:

complex traumatic stress disorders. Diagnosis, treatment planning and outcome are always relational.

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Tapping In: A Step-by-Step Guide to Activating Your Healing Resources Through Bilateral Stimulation

2741: 2302: 2196: 2150:"Dissociation: An insufficiently recognized major feature of Complex posttraumatic stress disorder" 1149: 1020: 821: 743: 627: 623: 500: 441: 418:

Self-concept – fragmented and/or disconnected autobiographical narrative, disturbed

404: 347: 234: 81: 6395: 4261:"Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial" 2840:

Green BL (2000). "Traumatic Loss: Conceptual and Empirical Links Between Trauma and Bereavement".

1525:"A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD" 6529: 6423: 6219: 5994: 5766: 5724: 5578: 5470: 5420: 5373: 5341: 5324: 4962: 4382: 4365: 4293: 3868: 3583: 3538: 3385: 3202: 3075:"Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis" 3040: 2896: 2859: 2698: 2624: 2258: 2020: 1940: 1664: 1613: 1557: 1409: 1351: 1334: 914:, and interpersonal problems. Six suggested core components of complex trauma treatment include: 851:

Diagnosis, treatment planning and outcome monitoring are always relational (and) strengths based.

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was originally given to adults who had suffered because of a single-event trauma (e.g., during a

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van der Kolk BA, Hodgdon H, Gapen M, Musicaro R, Suvak MK, Hamlin E, Spinazzola J (April 2019).

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Straker G (1987). "The Continuous Traumatic Stress Syndrome. The Single Therapeutic Interview".

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two conditions because those with BPD also tend to have PTSD or to have some history of trauma.

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Distel MA, Trull TJ, Derom CA, Thiery EW, Grimmer MA, Martin NG, et al. (September 2008).

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Schechter DS, Zygmunt A, Coates SW, Davies M, Trabka K, McCaw J, et al. (September 2007).

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Cloitre M, Shevlin M, Brewin C, Bisson J, Roberts N, Maercker A, Karatzias T, Hyland P (2018).

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Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, et al. (December 2017).

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Allistair and Hull echo the sentiment of many other trauma neuroscience researchers (including

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Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving: A Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma

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De Jongh A, Resick PA, Zoellner LA, van Minnen A, Lee CW, Monson CM, et al. (May 2016).

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Changes in emotional regulation, including experiences such as persistent

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The previous edition ( 254:World Health Organization 96:, emotional over-stress, 66: 57: 6606:Stress-related disorders 6555:Suicide among LGBT youth 5584:Psychological projection 5446:Referee and umpire abuse 4744:10.1037/0022-006X.67.1.3 4717:10.5298/1081-5937-38.1.6 4232:W. W. Norton and Company 4163:W. W. Norton and Company 3959:(inactive 1 March 2024). 3822:W. W. Norton and Company 3474:10.1192/pb.bp.114.046995 1777:Directions in Psychiatry 895:therapeutic relationship 609:adolescent developmental 315:Children and adolescents 5850:Character assassination 5103:Emotional dysregulation 4951:10.1196/annals.1364.022 4900:van der Kolk B (2015). 4854:W.W. Norton and Company 4767:W.W. 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Farrington 5960:Psychological abuse 5685:Disability bullying 5675:Abusive supervision 5499:Abusive supervision 5426:Psychological abuse 5401:Institutional abuse 5242:Personal boundaries 5232:Family estrangement 5227:Emotional blackmail 4943:2006NYASA1071..277V 3984:Manfield P (2010). 3865:10.3310/alert_44248 3859:. 2 February 2021. 2589:(9–10): 6275–6297. 2197:Arlington, Virginia 1601:10.1192/bjp.2020.43 1397:10.1192/bja.2019.48 1021:Bessel van der Kolk 882:Establishing safety 876:Trauma and Recovery 822:Bessel van der Kolk 778:Trauma and Recovery 761:neuroendocrinologic 626:, particularly the 624:attachment disorder 442:insecure attachment 405:executive functions 348:Bessel van der Kolk 235:Judith Lewis Herman 82:clinical psychology 6530:Playing the victim 6458:Matti Juhani Saari 6450:Jokela High School 6445:Pekka-Eric Auvinen 6289:Nicola Ann Raphael 6220:Anti-Bullying Week 5995:Social undermining 5767:Workplace bullying 5725:Peer victimization 5579:Playing the victim 5471:Surveillance abuse 5421:Professional abuse 5342:Cruelty to animals 4581:Bannit SP (2012). 4574:10.1002/imhj.10050 4366:Psychiatric Annals 4342:10.1002/jclp.21991 4015:Parnell L (2008). 3783:Parnell L (1999). 3729:10.1002/jclp.10099 3572:10.1037/ort0000225 3236:10.1002/jcad.12143 2778:. Research Press. 2247:10.1111/acps.12956 1943:. pp. 401–408 1941:Psychiatric Annals 1817:on 5 December 2013 1661:10.1007/BF00977235 1638:Herman JL (1992). 1580:Cloitre M (2020). 1335:Psychiatric Annals 628:pervasive insecure 214:. You can help by 98:intrusive thoughts 6591:Anxiety disorders 6578: 6577: 6283:Dawn-Marie Wesley 6215:Anti-Bullying Day 6203: 6202: 5925:Kiss up kick down 5710:Military bullying 5627: 5626: 5604:Traumatic bonding 5250: 5249: 5205:Family challenges 5191:Social psychiatry 5148:Suicidal ideation 4987:978-1-4928-7184-2 4917:978-0-14-312774-1 4888:978-0-393-70759-5 4879:Norton Publishing 4863:978-0-393-70401-3 4776:978-0-393-70849-3 4696:Fisher S (2010). 4684:978-0-415-70823-4 4655:978-1-941536-55-1 4623:978-1-4129-8143-9 4614:SAGE Publications 4594:978-0-8356-0896-1 4241:978-0-393-70613-0 4172:978-0-393-70786-1 4084:978-1-68373-087-3 4052:on 1 January 2020 4030:978-1-59179-788-3 3997:978-1-4537-3813-9 3831:978-0-393-70745-8 3796:978-0-393-70298-9 3764:on 28 August 2021 3750:Fisher J (2001). 3164:978-1-60623-039-8 2977:10.1002/jts.20046 2819:978-0-86720-631-9 2785:978-0-87822-329-9 2751:978-1-56032-525-3 2351:10.1002/jts.20047 2171:10.1002/jts.20049 1718:. 1 December 2021 1497:978-0-465-08730-3 1257:Psychiatry portal 1243:Psychology portal 731:Attachment theory 719:Cinderella effect 513:depersonalization 376:depersonalization 319:The diagnosis of 232: 231: 131: 130: 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6613: 6337:Kenneth Weishuhn 6307:Sladjana Vidovic 6195:Lizzie Velásquez 6154:Kenneth Westhues 6109:Dorothy Espelage 6089: 5990:Social exclusion 5950:Personal attacks 5885:False accusation 5787:Legal profession 5750:Higher education 5654: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5466:Structural abuse 5441:Police brutality 5347:Disability abuse 5277: 5270: 5263: 5254: 5098:Eating disorders 5041: 5034: 5027: 5018: 4991: 4970: 4925: 4896: 4867: 4842: 4832: 4822: 4794: 4784: 4755: 4720: 4702: 4692: 4663: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4602: 4577: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4468: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4306: 4300:. Archived from 4265: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4135: 4125: 4116:(12): e0166752. 4099: 4093: 4092: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4022: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3908:10.3310/hta24430 3886: 3877: 3876: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3708: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3676:. Archived from 3651: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3528: 3526:10.1002/da.22469 3502: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3461:BJPsych Bulletin 3451: 3445: 3444: 3434: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3280: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3153:(1st ed.). 3146: 3133: 3132: 3129:Healing-Arts.org 3121: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3047:. Archived from 3015:(9): 1219–1229. 3004: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2960: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2928:. Archived from 2919: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2614: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2540: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2491: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2403: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2305: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2035: 2029: 2028: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1970: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1909: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1838: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1816: 1810:. 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Quest Books. 4580: 4553: 4549: 4547:Further reading 4544: 4543: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4307:on 4 March 2018 4304: 4276:(6): e559–565. 4263: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4242: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4173: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4085: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4023:. Sounds True. 4014: 4013: 4009: 3998: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3961: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3832: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3683:on 4 March 2018 3680: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3368:(10): 652–666. 3353: 3352: 3348: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3148: 3147: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3054:on 4 March 2016 3051: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2935:on 4 March 2016 2932: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2459: 2458: 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494:inhibited anger 450:revictimization 437: 387:impulse control 317: 312: 250: 248:Classifications 228: 222: 219: 212:needs expansion 197: 150:complex traumas 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6619: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6560:Victim blaming 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6488:Related topics 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6402: 6400: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6319:Tyler Clementi 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6259: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6079: 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5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5431:Physical abuse 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5359:Domestic abuse 5356: 5355: 5354: 5352:military draft 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5186:Schema therapy 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5113:Hypersexuality 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5009: 4998: 4997:External links 4995: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4926: 4916: 4897: 4887: 4868: 4862: 4843: 4823: 4785: 4775: 4756: 4721: 4693: 4683: 4664: 4654: 4639: 4622: 4603: 4593: 4578: 4568:(2): 111–125. 4550: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4512:(4): 475–492. 4490: 4452:BMC Psychiatry 4434: 4415:(2): 187–200. 4392: 4373:(5): 401–408. 4355: 4318: 4251: 4240: 4216: 4182: 4171: 4147: 4094: 4083: 4063: 4036: 4029: 4007: 3996: 3976: 3939: 3878: 3841: 3830: 3806: 3795: 3775: 3742: 3694: 3637: 3617: 3593: 3548: 3519:(5): 359–369. 3497: 3446: 3395: 3346: 3317:(3): 174–186. 3292: 3241: 3230:(3): 288–298. 3212: 3170: 3163: 3157:. p. 60. 3155:Guilford Press 3134: 3116: 3065: 2990: 2971:(5): 385–388. 2946: 2906: 2887:(4): 445–473. 2869: 2832: 2818: 2798: 2784: 2764: 2750: 2726: 2708: 2681:(3): 185–199. 2663: 2652:(2): 129–134. 2634: 2569: 2552: 2523:(3): 187–205. 2503: 2474:(3): 665–686. 2452: 2433:(2): 186–192. 2415: 2386:(2): 123–147. 2364: 2345:(5): 389–399. 2317: 2303:10.1.1.600.157 2296:(4): 412–425. 2268: 2241:(6): 536–546. 2218: 2184: 2140: 2100: 2059: 2030: 2003:(2): 195–205. 1985: 1954: 1921: 1892:(4): 277–289. 1869: 1828: 1787: 1759: 1729: 1699: 1674: 1655:(3): 377–391. 1623: 1594:(3): 129–131. 1567: 1510: 1496: 1455: 1419: 1390:(3): 145–152. 1361: 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Perry 1008: 1005: 956: 953: 943: 940: 935: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 890: 889: 886: 883: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 817: 814: 805: 802: 798:traumatic bond 790:self-defeating 726: 723: 684: 681: 657:civil conflict 576:Main article: 573: 570: 568: 565: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 536: 528: 520: 497: 478: 477: 474: 469: 466: 463: 460: 436: 433: 432: 431: 416: 397: 395:sleep problems 383: 372: 365: 359: 316: 313: 311: 308: 249: 246: 230: 229: 209: 207: 196: 193: 177:hypervigilance 129: 128: 106:hypervigilance 91: 85: 84: 75: 69: 68: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6618: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6565:Victimisation 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6471:Elliot Rodger 6469: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 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6061:GRIN Campaign 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024:Organizations 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880:Embarrassment 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782:Legal aspects 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:LGBT bullying 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 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3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3902:(43): 1–312. 3901: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3857:NIHR Evidence 3854: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3776: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723:: 1465–1487. 3722: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193:: S105–S110. 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2833: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2727: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2674:Death Studies 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2207:on 4 May 2013 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165:(5): 413–23. 2164: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081:(4): 539–55. 2080: 2076: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1989: 1986: 1974: 1967: 1966: 1958: 1955: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1748:. 13 May 2022 1747: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1155:neurofeedback 1153: 1151: 1150:group therapy 1148: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1027:) who argue: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1004: 1000: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 954: 952: 950: 941: 939: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 916: 915: 913: 907: 903: 898: 896: 887: 884: 881: 880: 879: 877: 869: 864: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 834: 829: 827: 823: 815: 813: 811: 803: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 771: 764: 762: 758: 754: 747: 745: 740: 736: 732: 724: 722: 720: 716: 710: 708: 704: 700: 694: 690: 682: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665:gang violence 662: 658: 652: 648: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 589: 585: 579: 571: 566: 564: 562: 558: 554: 546: 541: 537: 534: 529: 525: 521: 518: 517:derealization 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482: 481: 475: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 451: 447: 443: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381: 377: 373: 370: 366: 364: 360: 357: 356: 355: 352: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 314: 309: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 247: 245: 242: 240: 236: 226: 223:February 2024 217: 213: 210:This section 208: 205: 201: 200: 194: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:sense of self 170: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6601:Traumatology 6540:Scapegoating 6331:Jamie Hubley 6277:Hamed Nastoh 6190:Liam Hackett 6170:Andrea Adams 6144:Debra Pepler 6015:Verbal abuse 5945:Name calling 5915:Intimidation 5875:Discrediting 5835:Blacklisting 5807:Toxic leader 5569:Minimisation 5564:Manipulation 5544:Exaggeration 5518: 5480: 5476:Verbal abuse 5456:Sexual abuse 5436:Social abuse 5406:Intimidation 5222:Complex PTSD 5221: 5217:Codependency 5093:Dissociation 4976: 4934: 4930: 4922:Google Books 4920:– via 4902: 4893:Google Books 4891:– via 4873: 4848: 4838: 4834: 4802: 4796: 4781:Google Books 4779:– via 4761: 4735: 4729: 4708: 4704: 4689:Google Books 4687:– via 4669: 4660:Google Books 4658:– via 4644: 4635:Google Books 4633:– via 4627:. Retrieved 4608: 4599:Google Books 4597:– via 4583: 4565: 4559: 4509: 4503: 4493: 4456: 4450: 4412: 4408: 4395: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4336:(5): 510–5. 4333: 4327: 4321: 4309:. Retrieved 4302:the original 4273: 4267: 4254: 4246:Google Books 4244:– via 4226: 4219: 4202: 4198: 4185: 4177:Google Books 4175:– via 4157: 4150: 4113: 4107: 4097: 4089:Google Books 4087:– via 4073: 4066: 4054:. Retrieved 4050:the original 4039: 4018: 4010: 4002:Google Books 4000:– via 3986: 3979: 3942: 3899: 3895: 3856: 3836:Google Books 3834:– via 3816: 3809: 3801:Google Books 3799:– via 3785: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3759:the original 3745: 3716: 3710: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3678:the original 3660:(1): 37–46. 3657: 3653: 3640: 3629: 3620: 3609: 3596: 3566:(1): 86–93. 3563: 3557: 3551: 3516: 3510: 3500: 3468:(2): 86–89. 3465: 3459: 3449: 3414: 3408: 3398: 3365: 3359: 3349: 3314: 3308: 3260: 3254: 3244: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3190: 3186: 3150: 3128: 3119: 3084: 3078: 3068: 3056:. 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Retrieved 1481: 1443: 1387: 1383: 1339: 1333: 1219: 1211: 1203: 1186: 1103: 1091: 1068: 1044: 1035: 1030: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1001: 994: 966:intervention 958: 945: 936: 912:dissociation 908: 905: 900: 891: 875: 873: 840: 836: 831: 819: 807: 777: 775: 769: 766: 749: 741: 738: 715:stepchildren 711: 696: 653: 649: 621: 617:revictimized 613: 581: 550: 533:idealization 524:helplessness 509:dissociation 479: 472:Somatization 454: 438: 426:, excessive 363:somatization 353: 343: 339: 337: 318: 302:) since the 299: 295: 289: 273: 269: 251: 243: 238: 233: 220: 216:adding to it 211: 158: 149: 141: 137: 133: 132: 126:dissociation 122:somatization 94:Hyperarousal 36: 18:Complex PTSD 6570:Victimology 6545:Self-esteem 6399:(incidents) 6349:Amanda Todd 6343:Audrie Pott 6301:Megan Meier 6104:Wendy Craig 6041:Bullying UK 5905:Humiliation 5890:Gaslighting 5619:Victimology 5594:Psychopathy 5416:Persecution 5391:Humiliation 5381:Gaslighting 5364:Elder abuse 5315:Child abuse 5128:Mood swings 5123:Impulsivity 4738:(1): 3–12. 4705:Biofeedback 4311:31 December 4199:Biofeedback 3965:cite report 2716:Ambrose J. 2566:(8): 46–79. 2121:(1): 3–16. 2048:(1): 43–9. 1978:14 November 1947:14 November 1821:14 November 1692:7 September 1488:Basic Books 1451:icd.who.int 1449:. Genova – 1110:biofeedback 1095:Mindfulness 786:masochistic 757:physiologic 588:Vietnam War 490:self-injury 424:self-esteem 378:, discrete 50:Other names 6585:Categories 6476:Isla Vista 6419:Jeff Weise 6379:Conrad Roy 6355:Jadin Bell 6139:Dan Olweus 6129:Gary Namie 5930:Mind games 5910:Incivility 5900:Harassment 5865:Defamation 5574:Narcissism 5396:Incivility 5386:Harassment 5158:Management 5133:Projection 4711:(1): 6–8. 4629:29 October 3029:1871/17379 2939:29 October 2825:28 October 2791:28 October 2757:28 October 2211:2 November 1503:29 October 1312:References 1099:relaxation 644:attachment 601:caregivers 527:identity). 420:body image 391:aggression 367:Affect or 118:depression 78:Psychiatry 6411:Columbine 6180:Tim Field 6163:Activists 6092:Academics 6036:Ban Bossy 5975:Screaming 5920:Isolation 5549:Isolation 5369:Financial 5143:Splitting 5138:Self-harm 4675:Routledge 4056:1 January 3916:2046-4924 3873:243089569 3768:2 January 3687:1 January 3417:: 23613. 3263:: 28186. 3207:142651680 3087:: 25097. 3058:16 August 2901:143338491 2864:144608897 2703:218524887 2629:253508847 2603:0886-2605 2298:CiteSeerX 2025:189939468 1669:189943097 1618:213910628 1438:(2022). " 1414:201977205 1406:2056-4678 1356:141684244 804:Treatment 782:dependent 605:childhood 547:Diagnosis 486:dysphoria 401:attention 338:The term 73:Specialty 6424:Red Lake 6251:suicides 6249:Notable 6071:Kidscape 6005:Taunting 6000:Swatting 5965:Rudeness 5855:Coercion 5830:Betrayal 5823:Elements 5802:Teaching 5792:Medicine 5772:Academia 5661:Bullying 5461:Stalking 5374:Marriage 5335:marriage 5330:military 5310:Bullying 4967:28935850 4959:16891578 4841:: 44–73. 4819:21391103 4752:10028203 4536:26213455 4485:23286319 4429:22506521 4387:75373197 4350:23564601 4290:25004196 4142:27992435 4109:PLOS ONE 3934:32924926 3737:12455016 3674:17284128 3580:28080123 3543:25010506 3535:26840244 3492:26191439 3441:25563302 3390:27336625 3382:27640984 3341:16311898 3287:26290178 3111:25279111 3045:17447787 3037:17988414 2985:16281236 2850:: 1–17. 2695:11010626 2621:36373601 2612:10052415 2547:18007959 2498:19486844 2410:18985165 2359:16281237 2263:52150781 2255:30178492 2179:16281239 2054:11232103 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