412:
334:
101:
109:
326:
404:
288:
475:. While centralized infrastructure might not be needed, it is an option. Tankage can be directly shipped, or a pipeline can be utilized.Compressed air is normally filtered to protect the compressor machinery. Therefore, discharge air has very little suspended dust. There may be some lubricants emitted by some systems, but further development might reduce this with oil free compressors and intercoolers
43:
193:. It had a driving range of 140 km. Efficiency and range might be increased by a number of practical improvements. For example, combining the storage tank into the car chassis, higher pressure tanks, new rotary engines, and a more efficient heat exchanger. Also, the weight and cost of tanks and pneumatic parts might be reduced by using
394:
Hydrogen tanks require ‘high strength’ to prevent rupture and ‘high stiffness’ for durability. Strength resists an external force. Stiffness maintains a shape. Carbon fiber hydrogen fuel tanks are as light as plastic but six times the strength of steel and four times the stiffness. “When a bullet
804:
In
January 2015, there was disappointing news from France: PSA Peugeot Citroën has delayed indefinitely the development of its promising-seeming Hybrid Air powertrain, apparently because the company has been unable to find a development partner willing to share the huge costs of engineering the
775:
In
February 2017, Dr. Tim Leverton, president and head at Advanced and Product Engineering at Tata revealed that the project was "starting industrialisation" with the first vehicles to be available by 2020. Other reports indicate Tata is also reviving plans for a compressed air version of the
771:
Tata Motors announced in May 2012 that they have assessed the design past phase 1, the "proof of the technical concept", and were proceeding to full production for the Indian market. Tata moved to phase 2, "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and
747:, OneFlowAir, CityFlowAir, MiniFlowAir and MultiFlowAir. One of the main innovations of this company is its implementation of its "active chamber", which is a compartment which heats the air (through the use of a fuel) in order to double the energy output. This 'innovation' was first used in
705:
While batteries somewhat maintain their voltage throughout their discharge and chemical fuel tanks provide the same power densities from the first to the last litre, the pressure of compressed air tanks falls as air is drawn off. There are mechanical methods (e.g.
800:
Peugeot and Citroën announced that they intended to build a car using compressed air as an energy source. However, it utilizes a hybrid system. A gasoline engine propels the car more than 70 km/h or when the compressed air tank has been depleted.
767:
had planned to launch a car with an MDI compressed air engine in 2011. In
December 2009 Tata's vice president of engineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low engine temperatures were causing problems.
431:
turbine. These all convert directly from mechanical to pneumatic energy. Eliminating electricity from the cycle gives higher efficiency overall. It is also possible to use thermal solar energy with a parabolic or
411:
395:
penetrates a hydrogen tank, it does not explode. Instead, hydrogen leaks out through the bullet hole. In a standard collision test, not even a tiny amount of hydrogen was detected because none had leaked out."
805:
system. Development costs are estimated to 500 million Euros. Production volumes would have to be more than 500,000 cars a year to repay these costs. The head of the project left
Peugeot in 2014.
523:
conversion is possible, but less efficient due to Carnot conversion inefficiencies. Thermal storage of heat from a renewable solar source is also possible using a phase change material such as a
1395:
207:
This technology might develop into an inexpensive, clean transportation technology. The energy, vehicles and compressors might be produced easily by decentralized methods, even
1908:
1634:
1422:
1839:
2061:
1252:
1522:
650:
Compressed air engines reduce the cost of car production, because there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor, or mufflers.
1576:
906:
904:
902:
108:
1475:
1725:
1627:
333:
1602:"Scuderi Group to Present Preliminary Results on Air-Hybrid Study and Update on Scuderi Engine Prototype Testing at Washington Auto Show"
578:. Weight might be further reduced if the tanks support the car chassis. Pneumatic engines also have lower weights than electric engines.
612:, pneumatic steering, or pneumatic shock absorbers. Expansion of the compressed air creates cold temperatures, and can directly provide
1306:
1276:
368:
batteries and 70% lighter than steel tanks. They resist rust from air, water and condensation. They last longer with less maintenance.
352:
The air storage tanks usable in compressed air cars can be low pressure (9 atm) or high pressure (240+ atm). Thus, they can be made of
707:
100:
1868:
87:
2269:
507:
There can be a single conversion of mechanical energy to pneumatic or hydraulic energy. Therefore, compressed air can have high
1620:
1373:
740:
735:
726:
debut in 2002. It was predicted to be in production "within six months" in
January 2004. As of 2022, it was not in production.
657:
is very low compared to batteries. A fueled, compressed-air vehicle may be left unused for a longer time than an electric car.
1797:
982:
365:
254:. Direct mechanical compression avoids the Carnot inefficiencies of heat engines. Insulated storage of compressed air avoids
1497:
2187:
295:
There have been several dubious claims with undisclosed information. The "di pietro" engine has been tested partially with
2274:
1898:
1348:
1027:
836:
320:
308:
1983:
1432:
530:
325:
2201:
1710:
1227:
789:
508:
183:
155:. Air cools when expanding and heats when compressed. Thermal energy losses in the compresser and tankage reduce the
2194:
885:
1950:
1004:"Gas cylinders – High pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles"
788:
Engineair is an
Australian company. It produced prototypes of small vehicles using a rotary air engine designed by
2041:
136:. The car might be powered solely by air, or combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with other fuels such as
913:"Experimental investigation of a compressed air vehicle prototype with phase change materials for heat recovery"
1903:
1861:
1643:
637:
1262:
660:
They reduce or eliminate hazardous chemicals such as gasoline, battery acids and related metals such as lead.
2123:
2082:
1888:
1851:
846:
813:
APUQ (Association de
Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine) has made the APUQ Air Car, a car powered by a
623:
304:
300:
167:
31:
443:. This can move the compressor or pump. Solar Stirling is more efficient than solar steam or photovoltaic.
2248:
2087:
1925:
1764:
1705:
841:
216:
121:
1181:
1141:
1051:
2118:
2046:
1998:
1883:
1873:
1427:
1186:
152:
1586:
1277:"An engine which uses air as fuel: Tata Motors and technology inventor, MDI of France, sign agreement"
2243:
1827:
627:
451:
Compressed air cars are emission free. They also do not require a connection to the electric grid. A
145:
53:
2092:
1792:
1547:
1453:
934:
499:. Electric energy is not used, so there is no need for metals like copper, iron in magnets, etc.
436:
361:
353:
251:
1601:
1210:
360:
and fiber reinforced thermoplastics, This might permit low priced tankage. It might be made by
2165:
2031:
1878:
1802:
1734:
1659:
1257:
520:
492:
488:
403:
287:
255:
212:
208:
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2036:
2003:
1856:
1807:
1779:
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1314:
924:
912:
831:
676:
613:
575:
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549:
545:
541:
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484:
456:
372:
220:
125:
2233:
2223:
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1749:
1214:
695:
631:
619:
598:
568:
564:
468:
440:
342:
247:
156:
133:
1003:
63:
1284:
780:, This had previously been under consideration as part of their collaboration with MDI.
2143:
2133:
2051:
1915:
1846:
1784:
1335:
856:
691:
687:
654:
647:
after accidents, unlike systems that utilize combustion fuels or high power batteries.
609:
594:
590:
516:
464:
460:
424:
420:
263:
228:
224:
179:
160:
129:
1156:
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59:
2263:
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2170:
2148:
2008:
1920:
1817:
1769:
1739:
1700:
1581:
1476:"Peugeot Announces Plans to Release a Hybrid Car That Runs on Compressed Air by 2016"
1160:
1120:
1100:
958:
938:
472:
388:
380:
357:
271:
267:
243:
201:
560:
chemistries. A centralized manufacturing and electric grid might be less necessary.
2128:
1993:
1973:
1958:
1893:
1834:
1822:
814:
723:
605:
553:
452:
433:
219:. The compressed air for such vehicles might be produced easily by common types of
190:
175:
17:
311:
in 2017. This motor is an eccentric shaft vane motor that uses low air pressure.
1978:
1692:
1669:
1310:
1280:
851:
760:
644:
582:
572:
534:
524:
384:
259:
187:
141:
1349:"Tata Motors' air-powered car project still on, to be launch ready in 3 years"
880:
878:
876:
861:
826:
586:
428:
236:
171:
1101:"Open Accumulator Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (OA-ICAES) System"
2158:
2153:
2138:
1963:
1935:
1930:
1720:
1715:
1651:
1612:
1374:"Tata Nano could spawn electric, hybrid & air-powered variants – Report"
777:
604:
Pneumatic power has energy synergy, because it is well suited to automotive
346:
198:
1231:
258:
and battery storage. Heat-based systems might use tankage of solar-heated
2228:
2023:
2013:
1396:"Nano was to run on air, battery but Ratan Tata couldn't implement plans"
699:
496:
194:
137:
2097:
2077:
1947:
1812:
1682:
748:
376:
2218:
1968:
929:
792:. The company is seeking commercial partners to utilise its engine.
744:
552:
or recycled composites can be used. Thus it is more sustainable than
232:
719:
608:. Many car systems can be powered by small air motors. For example,
379:. Advanced 700-atmosphere pressure vessels have been developed for
132:. It is propelled by the release and expansion of the air within a
764:
710:
or auxiliary motors) to reduce this effect, but they add expense.
487:
and pneumatic components could permit compressed air cars to be a
410:
402:
391:
tanks only rupture in collisions. They do not shatter or explode.
332:
324:
286:
107:
99:
56:, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur
240:
1616:
1988:
296:
36:
1498:"Deflated: Peugeot Citroen Shelves Its Air Hybrid Technology"
630:
produce low pressure compressed air. This can be stored in a
112:
Diagram of a compressed air system with a PCM heat exchanger.
1307:"MDI's air engine technology tested on Tata Motors vehicles"
211:. Using plastic might permit open source fabrication using
27:
Vehicle that uses a motor powered by stored compressed air.
1523:"PSA : la révolution de l'Hybrid Air n'aura pas lieu"
556:. For example, there is much less use of metals, or toxic
1207:
349:
is a similar standard, for compressed natural gas tanks.
186:
reached 74%. This is as much as 90% of the efficiency of
1548:"Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine"
722:
of compressed air cars. The MDI Air Car made its public
533:
of the 2020 isothermal prototype vehicle was 59.4% of a
178:
air tanks and exhaust air recovery to power a paraffin
69:
1551:
1336:
Tata Motors enters second phase of air-car development
581:
Refueling is possible in many places using only wind,
427:
to a wind turbine or by using a river, tidal or wave
291:
Dipietro eccentric shaft with a rotary vane air engine
1028:"High pressure gas tanks in thermoplastic composites"
977:
975:
341:
The tanks must be designed to safety standards for a
419:
Compressed air can also be produced by attaching an
2211:
2179:
2106:
2070:
2022:
1946:
1778:
1748:
1691:
1668:
1650:
1046:
1044:
983:"Thermoplastic composite pressure vessels for FCVs"
1521:Fansilber, Maxime Amiot Denis (November 1, 2015).
1095:
1093:
1091:
663:Compressed air cars are safer in more situations:
1052:"OHydrogen Tank: Safety Proven (OA-ICAES) System"
337:Composite pressure vessel for hydrogen vehicles.
1070:
1068:
104:Compressed air system with a PCM heat exchanger.
1208:Learn everything about the compressed air cars!
1121:"Automated Pneumatic Bumper For Vehicle Safety"
673:the vicinity of strong magnetic electric fields
886:"Compressed air cars for urban transportation"
30:"Air car" redirects here. For other uses, see
1628:
1142:"Pumping up the silent engine | GE News"
1022:
1020:
911:Evrin, Reza Alizade; Dincer, Ibrahim (2020).
8:
743:has proposed a range of vehicles made up of
174:compressed air vehicle. This prototype used
2062:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
1635:
1621:
1613:
72:by removing unsourced speculative content.
928:
315:Compressed air tanks and collision safety
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
303:programs. The results were published by
888:. advancedsciencenews. 7 September 2020
872:
718:Various companies are investing in the
375:can be used as structural parts of the
667:potentially explosive work atmospheres
364:. Such tanks can be much lighter than
1454:"Compressed-Air Hybrid Car Developed"
640:using compressed air are very quiet.
515:such as wind turbines or hydropower.
467:. Compressed air cars do not rely on
415:Wind turbine powered hydraulic pump.
399:Compressed air production and storage
387:showed good safety. Fiber reinforced
7:
720:research, development and deployment
540:Compressed air technology adapts to
708:continuously variable transmissions
329:High-pressure hydrogen tank safety.
274:and their issues might be avoided.
166:In 2020, Dr. Reza Alizade Evrin of
1421:Matt Campbell (November 3, 2011).
1283:. February 5, 2007. Archived from
1253:"Tata Air Car to drive in by 2011"
1230:. Thefuture.net.nz. Archived from
959:"Design type air engine Di Pietro"
25:
1869:Electric motorcycles and scooters
1608:. BioAge Group. January 16, 2010.
1376:. Indian Autos Blog. Jan 25, 2017
985:. compositesworld.com. 2015-02-01
563:Efficiency is also helped by the
491:. The materials would have to be
371:To reduce car weight further the
1575:Fairley, Peter (November 2009).
1423:"The motorbike that runs on air"
1157:"How Air-Powered Cars Will Work"
41:
1916:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
1496:Duff, Mike (January 26, 2015).
736:Motor Development International
134:motor adapted to compressed air
1798:Battery electric multiple unit
231:might be attached directly to
1:
1899:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
1313:. May 7, 2012. Archived from
1076:"Wind turbine air compressor"
837:Compressed air energy storage
459:source can directly drive an
407:Wind turbine air compressor.
321:Compressed-air energy storage
309:Lodz University of Technology
2188:Who Killed the Electric Car?
1984:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
714:Developers and manufacturers
144:, or an electric plant with
52:possibly contains unsourced
2202:Revenge of the Electric Car
1793:Battery-electric locomotive
1180:Robyn Curnow (2004-01-11).
1155:Kevin Bonsor (2005-10-25).
610:active pneumatic suspension
571:relative to steel tanks or
2291:
923:(5). onlinelibrary.wiley.
772:stationary applications".
733:
318:
283:Engines for compressed air
223:. For example, multistage
151:Compressed-air cars use a
64:reliable published sources
29:
2195:What Is the Electric Car?
2042:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
1644:Alternative fuel vehicles
1030:. plastics.gl. 2014-05-01
759:As of January 2009,
270:system. Electric energy,
1904:Plug-in electric vehicle
1884:Gyro flywheel locomotive
1862:Battery electric vehicle
2270:Automotive technologies
2124:Hybrid electric vehicle
2088:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
2083:Hybrid electric vehicle
1889:Hybrid electric vehicle
1852:Electric platform truck
1577:"Deflating the Air Car"
847:Compressed air vehicles
624:regenerative suspension
301:finite element analysis
266:rather than an onboard
168:Ontario Tech University
2249:Zero-emissions vehicle
1765:Compressed-air vehicle
1706:Solar-powered aircraft
1550:. APUQ. Archived from
1456:. Gas2.org. 2013-02-18
1338:Gizmag.com, 2012-05-07
1228:"MDI's active chamber"
842:Compressed air battery
511:when using mechanical
416:
408:
338:
330:
305:Jarosław Zwierzchowski
292:
217:additive manufacturing
122:compressed-air vehicle
113:
105:
58:. Information must be
2119:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2047:Hydrogen-powered ship
1999:Flexible-fuel vehicle
1874:Electric kick scooter
1428:Sydney Morning Herald
1353:Auto Car Professional
1187:The Sunday Times (UK)
1006:. Iso.org. 2006-07-18
414:
406:
336:
328:
290:
153:thermodynamic process
111:
103:
2275:Compressed air power
2244:Wind-powered vehicle
1828:Battery electric bus
1182:"Gone with the wind"
628:regenerative braking
616:or climate control.
479:Resource consumption
227:and intercoolers or
146:regenerative braking
2093:Natural gas vehicle
1435:on November 5, 2011
1054:. hyundaimotorgroup
439:to power a thermal
354:composite materials
1760:Compressed-air car
1726:List of prototypes
1606:Green Car Congress
1213:2013-05-20 at the
638:Pistonless engines
437:solar concentrator
417:
409:
362:rotational molding
339:
331:
293:
252:solar concentrator
118:compressed-air car
114:
106:
18:Compressed air car
2257:
2256:
2166:Electric aircraft
2032:Fuel cell vehicle
1879:Fuel cell vehicle
1803:Electric aircraft
1735:Electric aircraft
1660:Fuel cell vehicle
1309:(Press release).
1287:on March 14, 2012
1279:(Press release).
1258:Popular Mechanics
784:Engineair Pty Ltd
677:radio quiet zones
531:Energy efficiency
521:mechanical energy
509:energy efficiency
489:circular industry
256:energy conversion
213:numerical control
209:circular industry
184:energy efficiency
98:
97:
90:
16:(Redirected from
2282:
2057:Hydrogen vehicle
2037:Hydrogen economy
2004:Methanol economy
1857:Electric vehicle
1808:Electric bicycle
1780:Electric battery
1678:Electric bicycle
1637:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1585:. Archived from
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1471:
1465:
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1440:
1431:. Archived from
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1412:
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1409:
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1261:. Archived from
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945:
932:
930:10.1002/est2.159
908:
897:
896:
894:
893:
882:
832:Charging station
790:Angelo Di Pietro
670:brush-fire areas
614:air conditioning
569:pressure vessels
546:circular economy
542:renewable energy
513:renewable energy
485:pressure vessels
457:renewable energy
373:pressure vessels
248:stirling engines
221:renewable energy
126:pressure vessels
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
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37:
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2234:Wave power ship
2224:Ram air turbine
2207:
2175:
2114:Bi-fuel vehicle
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2018:
1942:
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1750:Compressed-air
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1400:Hindustan Times
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1215:Wayback Machine
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811:
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796:Peugeot/Citroën
786:
757:
738:
732:
716:
696:liquid nitrogen
685:
632:pressure vessel
620:Energy recovery
599:Stirling engine
544:and possibly a
505:
481:
469:petrol stations
449:
441:Stirling engine
401:
343:pressure vessel
323:
317:
285:
280:
229:hydraulic pumps
225:air compressors
157:capacity factor
94:
83:
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67:
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2144:Plug-in hybrid
2141:
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2134:Hybrid vehicle
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2052:Hydrogen train
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2129:Hybrid train
1994:Ethanol fuel
1974:Butanol fuel
1959:Alcohol fuel
1894:Hybrid train
1835:Electric car
1823:Electric bus
1759:
1605:
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1587:the original
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1526:
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1123:. 2012-05-01
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215:, including
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182:system. Its
176:low pressure
165:
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128:filled with
117:
115:
84:
75:
68:Please help
51:
1979:Biogasoline
1693:Solar power
1670:Human power
1529:(in French)
1311:Tata Motors
1281:Tata Motors
852:Engine swap
761:Tata Motors
755:Tata Motors
645:fire hazard
589:to move an
583:solar power
573:lithium-ion
535:lithium-ion
525:molten salt
385:Crash tests
188:lithium-ion
124:powered by
78:August 2023
54:predictions
2264:Categories
1593:2009-11-23
1558:2012-01-26
1533:2018-10-29
1507:2018-10-29
1460:2013-09-08
1439:2011-11-07
1238:2010-12-12
1194:2006-05-25
1166:2006-05-25
1127:2014-05-01
1106:2018-07-13
1081:2015-07-13
1058:2019-07-13
1034:2014-05-01
1010:2010-10-13
989:2015-02-01
965:2017-10-13
944:2020-04-27
892:2020-09-07
868:References
862:Pneumatics
827:Air engine
587:hydropower
565:low weight
503:Advantages
483:Composite
429:hydropower
262:driving a
237:hydropower
172:isothermal
70:improve it
60:verifiable
2159:Solar bus
2154:Solar car
2139:Multifuel
1964:Biodiesel
1936:Solar bus
1931:Solar car
1721:Solar car
1716:Solar bus
1652:Fuel cell
1527:Les Echos
1406:23 August
1380:23 August
1358:24 August
939:219020514
778:Tata Nano
751:in 1904.
749:torpedoes
576:batteries
537:vehicle.
455:or other
447:Emissions
347:ISO 11439
199:bio-based
163:systems.
2229:Vactrain
2212:See also
2024:Hydrogen
2014:Wood gas
1926:aircraft
1321:June 14,
1291:June 14,
1211:Archived
1190:. London
821:See also
700:hydrogen
550:biobased
497:recycled
493:biobased
250:using a
195:recycled
138:gasoline
2098:Propane
2078:Autogas
1948:Biofuel
1813:Pedelec
1683:Pedelec
558:battery
377:chassis
233:trompes
2219:Maglev
2071:Others
1969:Biogas
1752:engine
1481:30 May
937:
745:AIRPod
471:or an
142:diesel
32:aircar
1785:motor
1711:boats
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765:India
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1382:2017
1360:2017
1323:2012
1293:2012
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626:and
299:and
278:Tech
241:VAWT
197:and
1989:E85
1951:ICE
925:doi
763:of
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730:MDI
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