348:
70:
159:(VTE) in clinical practice. For cases in which the bleeding risk is high and pharmacologic measures are contraindicated, the use of mechanical prophylaxis is recommended. Graduated compression stockings can effectively prevent VTE in hospitalized patients by applying different pressure to the leg. The meta-analysis of general surgical patients revealed that graduated compression stockings decreased their risk of developing VTE by 68% compared to placebo.
231:
114:
20:
316:, caused by incompetent perforator veins. Low-pressure compression stockings are available without prescription in most countries, and may be purchased at a pharmacy or medical supply store. Stockings with a higher pressure gradient, say, above 25–30 mmHg, may require a prescription from a doctor.
470:
and the external pressure. Following that discovery, various compression measures were introduced for therapy: laced stockings, elastic bands, and tight bandages with resin. Later, new textile materials started to be used for the production of compression stockings: natural or cellulose fibers (silk,
363:
prevention in medical and surgical patients. The analysis determined that there was a 6% risk of developing deep vein thrombosis when wearing knee-high stockings and 4% when wearing thigh-high stockings, but also found significant heterogeneity, and thus it concluded that there is not enough evidence
162:
Twenty randomized controlled trials analyzed the effectiveness of graduated compression stockings alone or with other additional prophylaxis in prevention of deep vein thrombosis. These trials included 1,681 patients after general surgery, orthopedic surgery, and medical patients. They concluded that
311:
They are worn by those who are ambulatory in most cases, helping calf muscles to perform their pumping action more efficiently to return blood to the heart. In some cases, they are worn by those at increased risk of circulatory problems, such as diabetics, whose legs are prone to excessive swelling.
166:
Combining graduated compression stockings with other mechanical and pharmacological measures can increase the effectiveness of VTE prophylaxis by 60%. However, another study performed in France involved 407 ICU patients and showed no difference in the effectiveness of the VTE prevention for patients
128:
Many physicians and vein specialists recommend wearing compression stockings after varicose vein stripping, but studies show that wearing an elastic compression stocking has no additional benefit after the application of elastic bandaging for three days in post-operative care following the stripping
582:
that could occur during long aeroplane flights. The connection, called "economy class stroke syndrome," has been reported in healthy, young travelers who had ischemic strokes during or shortly after long air trips. Prolonged sitting associated with air travel is known to be a cause of clots in the
335:
Vascular doctors and nurses may use special pads to ensure uniform higher pressure around the circumference of the ankle (to smooth out the irregular cross-sectional profile.) Self-prescription is reasonably safe assuming that the compression gradient is 15–20 mmHg, the ABI (for both legs) is
82:
Treatment is usually prescribed by a physician to relieve all manifestations of chronic venous disease and prevent venous troubles. The use of elastic compression stockings can reduce volumetric variations during standing hours. Compression stockings are recommended under the following conditions:
62:
Unlike traditional dress or athletic stockings and socks, compression stockings use stronger elastics to create significant pressure on the legs, ankles and feet. Compression stockings are tightest at the ankles and gradually become less constrictive toward the knees and thighs. By compressing the
54:
worn around the leg, compressing the limb. This reduces the diameter of distended veins and increases venous blood flow velocity and valve effectiveness. Compression therapy helps decrease venous pressure, prevents venous stasis and impairments of venous walls, and relieves heavy and aching legs.
1295:
Graduated compression stockings were used incorrectly in 29 percent of the patients and sized incorrectly in 26 percent of the patients according to new research. These stockings play an important role in preventing the formation of deep vein clots that can result in pulmonary complications and
367:
Knee-high stockings are more comfortable, easier to apply, and wearing them increases patients' compliance with treatment. Knee-high stockings are easier to size for limb measurement than thigh-high compression stockings. Thigh-high compression stockings may create a tourniquet effect and cause
271:
Stockings are best applied upon waking before the person has gotten out of bed, has been sitting or standing and before venous stasis or edema has had a chance to develop. The use of stockings for the entire day is more effective than just half the day or not using compression stockings at all.
1029:
Vignon, P., Dequin, P.-F., Renault, A., Mathonnet, A., Paleiron, N., Imbert, A., Chatellier, D., Gissot, V., Lheritier, G., Aboyans, V., Prat, G., Garot, D., Boulain, T., Diehl, J.-L., Bressollette, L., Delluc, A., & Lacut, K. (2013). "Intermittent pneumatic compression to prevent venous
190:
is the term used when inflammation and clotting occurs in a vein, most often a leg vein, due to infection, inflammation, or trauma. People with varicose veins are more often affected. Inflammation occurs suddenly, causing the thrombus to adhere firmly to the vein wall and risking clogging a
327:(ABPI) must be >1.0 per leg to wear compression stockings, otherwise the stockings may obstruct the patient's arterial flow. The ABI indicates how unobstructed a patient's leg and arm arteries are. Any competent doctor or nurse can measure and calculate a patient's ABI.
372:, performed in Italy, revealed that redness and itching of the skin was reported in 41% of patients wearing thigh-high and 27% in patients wearing knee-high compression stockings. Consequently, 22% of thigh-high wearers and 14% of knee-high wearers stopped the treatment.
291:
Doctors will typically recommend these stockings for those who are prone to blood clots, lower limb edema, and blood pooling in the legs and feet from prolonged periods of sitting or inactivity. They are also frequently used to address complications caused by
287:
These stockings are designed to remedy impaired "musculovenous pump" performance caused by incompetent leg vein valves. They are woven in such a way that the compression level is highest around the ankle and lessens towards the top of the hose.
124:
are saccular and distended veins which can expand considerably and may cause painful venous inflammation. Once developed, they will not disappear on their own. The formation of varicose veins is an externally visible sign of venous weakness.
587:(PFO), a common condition where a small hole exists between the right and left sides of the heart. PFO rarely causes any adverse medical condition and can be determined only through specific diagnostic tests such as an echocardiogram.
178:
occurs when a body part swells due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid, occurring when there is interference with the normal drainage of lymph fluid back into the blood, commonly swelling the arm, leg, neck or abdomen.
63:
surface veins, arteries and muscles, they force circulating blood through narrower channels. As a result, the arterial pressure is increased, which causes more blood to return to the heart and less blood to pool in the feet.
454:
described the use of compression bandages to treat enlarged veins of the legs. Giovanni
Michele Savonarola also treated varicose veins with the help of the leg bandages and described their proper application in his work
330:
It is crucial that compression stockings are properly sized. The compression should gradually reduce from the highest compression at the smallest part of the ankle, until a 70% reduction of pressure just below the
58:
Knee-high compression stockings are used not only to help increase circulation, but also to help prevent the formation of blood clots in the lower legs. They also aid in the treatment of ulcers of the lower legs.
742:
Berntsen, CF; Kristiansen, A; Akl, EA; Sandset, PM; Jacobsen, EM; Guyatt, G; Vandvik, PO (April 2016). "Compression
Stockings for Preventing the Postthrombotic Syndrome in Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis".
222:. Usage of compression garments on abdomen and thighs, and a combination of abdominal/thigh and leg covering compression was found to be more effective, with the latter having the most beneficial outcome.
279:
2008 showed that compression stockings were incorrectly sized in just under 30% of the cases studied. It found that additional education was needed not only for patients, but also for medical staff.
364:
that one length is superior to the other, and suggests that knee-high compression stockings should be the first choice for the deep vein thrombosis prevention in medical and surgical patients.
1112:
Bourne, Kate M.; Sheldon, Robert S.; Hall, Juliette; Lloyd, Matthew; Kogut, Karolina; Sheikh, Nasia; Jorge, Juliana; Ng, Jessica; Exner, Derek V.; Tyberg, John V.; Raj, Satish R. (2021-01-26).
140:
occurs when blood flow decreases (especially in the lower extremities), causing blood to pool in the legs and leading to blood clot (thrombus) formation. Evidence does not suggest a benefit in
1259:
The use of elastic compression stockings can reduce volumetric variations during working hours, with the use of stockings for the entire day being better than for just half the day.
475:, discovered that the application of the external pressure helped to treat blood clots in the lower extremities, that compression stockings started to be used for the treatment of
155:, low molecular weight heparin) and mechanical measures (graded compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression devices, and venous foot pumps) are used to prevent
210:
Hormones released during pregnancy and the expanding uterus (pressure on the inferior vena cava – the major vein returning blood up to the heart) can affect leg veins.
1073:
977:
1087:
665:
94:
is a condition where the opposing forces that occur in the small blood vessels and capillaries cause a net ultrafiltration of plasma water into the soft tissues.
336:>1.0 and that the stockings fit correctly. "Firm" gradient stockings (20–30 mmHg and 30–40 mmHg) should generally be worn only on medical advice.
144:
rates following DVT. Compression stockings are beneficial in reducing symptomless deep vein thrombosis among airline passengers flying for 7 hours or more.
1222:"Is the wearing of elastic stockings for half a day as effective as wearing them for the entire day?: Elastic stockings for half a day vs. entire day"
219:
163:
graduated compression stockings are effective in deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in patients who have undergone general and orthopedic surgery.
701:
Houtermans-Auckel, J.P.; van Rossum, E.; Teijink, J.A.W.; Dahlmans, A.A.H.R.; Eussen, E.F.B.; Nicolaï, S.P.A.; Welten, R.J. (1 September 2009).
1204:
1309:
383:
Compression stockings are offered in different levels of compression. The unit of measure used to classify the pressure of the stockings is
38:) are a specialized hosiery designed to help prevent the occurrence of, and guard against further progression of, venous disorders such as
355:
The graduated (gradient, graded) compression stockings and anti-embolism compression stockings come in knee-high and thigh-high length. A
347:
1408:
Larkin, B. G.; Mitchell, K. M.; Petrie, K. (2012). "Translating evidence to practice for mechanical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis".
471:
cotton, coconut) and chemical (acrylic, nylon, polyester). It was only at the end of the 19th century, after Fisher and Lasker, German
399:(5000-2500 BCE), images of soldiers with bandaged lower extremities were found in the drawings of the caves of Tassili in Sahara. The
218:
The use of lower leg compression stockings has been found to reduce symptoms and heart rate when standing upright, in patients with
518:– Stockings made with a seam that can be constructed in virtually any shape or size. Most often used in higher compression classes.
263:(laying down) in bed for fifteen minutes prior to measuring for fit. This allows for venous return and stability before measuring.
380:
Compression stockings are constructed using elastic fibers or rubber. These fibers help compress the limb, aiding in circulation.
1160:
1114:"Compression Garment Reduces Orthostatic Tachycardia and Symptoms in Patients With Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome"
1484:
Lippi, G.; Favaloro, E. J.; Cervellin, G. (2011). "Prevention of venous thromboembolism: Focus on mechanical prophylaxis".
1030:
thromboembolism in patients with high risk of bleeding hospitalized in intensive care units: the CIREA1 randomized trial".
844:
Lippi, G.; Favaloro, E. J.; Cervellin, G. (2011). "Prevention of venous thromboembolism: Focus on mechanical prophylaxis".
1739:
324:
1445:"Knee versus Thigh Length Graduated Compression Stockings for Prevention of Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Systematic Review"
630:
313:
102:
1277:
496:– Worn by non-ambulatory or post-surgical patients to help prevent pooling of blood in the legs that could lead to a
242:, septic phlebitis, oozing dermatitis and advanced peripheral neuropathy in regard to wearing compression stockings.
369:
141:
1220:
Belczak, C.E.Q.; De Godoy, J.M.P.; Ramos, R.N.; De
Oliveira, M.A.; Belczak, S.Q.; Caffaro, R.A. (2010-01-01).
403:, which dates to roughly 1600 BCE, included additional evidence of mechanical compression therapy for legs.
69:
703:"To Wear or not to Wear Compression Stockings after Varicose Vein Stripping: A Randomised Controlled Trial"
129:
of the great saphenous vein as assessed by control of limb, edema, pain, complications and return to work.
624:
152:
994:
Munoz-Figueroa, G. P.; Ojo, O. (2015). "Venous thromboembolism: use of graduated compression stockings".
1067:
971:
428:, the leading use of leg compression bandages was mainly for therapy. This is evidenced by the works of
359:
by Sajid et al. was done to compare knee-high and thigh-high graded compression stockings in regards of
1088:"SIGVARIS Offers Compression Therapy Education for Pregnant Women with Swollen Ankles & Leg Pain"
584:
476:
441:
417:(130-200 CE) used wool and linen compression bandages to prevent blood from pooling in the legs, and
360:
319:
There are several crucial cautionary steps that need to be taken before using compression stockings:
199:
137:
259:(antiseptic wound cleaning) is not necessary unless the skin is broken. The person is placed in the
400:
51:
1680:
1509:
1390:
1313:
1272:
1249:
1141:
1113:
1055:
869:
659:
433:
409:
778:
Clarke, Mike J.; Broderick, Cathryn; Hopewell, Sally; Juszczak, Ed; Eisinga, Anne (2021-04-20).
1715:
1672:
1631:
1585:
1558:
1501:
1466:
1425:
1382:
1241:
1200:
1133:
1047:
1011:
959:
910:
861:
817:
799:
760:
724:
578:
There is a possible link between a common physical defect in the heart and potentially deadly
497:
256:
156:
1744:
1707:
1662:
1621:
1609:
1548:
1540:
1493:
1456:
1417:
1372:
1233:
1125:
1039:
1003:
949:
941:
900:
853:
807:
791:
752:
714:
680:
437:
167:
who used compression stockings alone or in combination with intermittent pneumatic devices.
230:
202:
is the term used to refer to the inflammation of subcutaneous fat, a form of panniculitis.
548:– Mild compression stockings sold over-the-counter and without a physician's prescription.
450:
445:
275:
Fit is critical to the therapeutic effect of compression stockings. A study listed in the
260:
1221:
1553:
1528:
954:
929:
812:
779:
463:
238:
Caution should be used in those with advanced peripheral obstructive arterial disease,
121:
570:
eterrent hose. They are used to support the venous and lymphatic drainage of the leg.
1733:
1698:
Isayev, Y; Chan, R. K.; Pullicino, P. M. (2002). ""Economy class" stroke syndrome?".
1544:
1513:
1237:
1145:
873:
618:
467:
356:
339:
Current research reports mixed results of compression socks on athletic performance.
239:
1167:
19:
1684:
1394:
1282:
1253:
1059:
945:
795:
472:
1335:
407:
treated his patients' leg ulcers with tight bandages, which were described in his
1377:
1360:
1007:
780:"Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers"
756:
1576:"Compression stockings after deep-vein thrombosis: Knee-highs or thigh highs?".
1529:"Use and wear of anti-embolism stockings: a clinical audit of surgical patients"
425:
404:
113:
1461:
1444:
1421:
1129:
719:
702:
1667:
1650:
1043:
539:
305:
301:
297:
175:
47:
1359:
Kemmler W, von
Stengel S, Köckritz C, Mayhew J, Wassermann A, Zapf J (2009).
905:
888:
803:
418:
396:
187:
43:
1719:
1676:
1635:
1589:
1562:
1505:
1497:
1470:
1429:
1386:
1245:
1137:
1051:
1015:
963:
914:
865:
857:
821:
764:
728:
66:
There are two types of compression stockings, gradient and anti-embolism.
1711:
1199:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
429:
293:
148:
930:"Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis"
368:
localized restriction when rolled down. A study of patients treated for
1361:"Effect of compression stockings on running performance in men runners"
1626:
1336:"Compression clothing and athletic performance -- functional or fad?"
579:
525:
255:
First the proper size stocking is determined by measuring the legs.
105:
is when the veins cannot pump deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
928:
Sachdeva, A., Dalton, M., Amaragiri, S. V., & Lees, T. (2018).
1273:"Compression Stockings Incorrectly Used in 29 Percent of Patients"
583:
legs. Upward of 30 percent of the population is estimated to have
535:
414:
346:
229:
91:
68:
39:
18:
552:
These stockings are commonly referred to as TED hose, short for
384:
1610:"The history and historical treatments of deep vein thrombosis"
524:– Stockings constructed using special silver textile fibers.
312:
A common indicator for the prescription of such stockings is
351:
Knee-high and thigh-high anti-embolism compression stockings
512:– Seamless stockings that offer greater aesthetic appeal.
387:. They are often sold in a variety of pressure ranges.
421:(324 CE) would use tight bandages to treat leg ulcers.
395:
Use of compression therapy is not new. As early as the
1608:
Galanaud, J. P.; Laroche, J. P.; Righini, M. (2013).
1449:
European
Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
707:
European
Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
528:
has an anti-microbial effect, helping to reduce odor.
214:Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
1166:. Sigvaris. p. 2 "Comment". Archived from
889:"Mechanical methods for thrombosis prophylaxis"
1190:
1188:
1443:Sajid, M. S.; et al. (August 25, 2006).
1365:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
1118:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
1072:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
976:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
784:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1310:"What are Gradient Compression Stockings?"
893:Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis
664:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1666:
1625:
1552:
1460:
1376:
953:
904:
811:
718:
596:Knee-high compression, closed toe for men
220:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
1159:Robert Stemmer Library (February 2013).
112:
1651:"Compression therapy in venous disease"
934:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
652:Graduated Compression Hosiery and Socks
642:
314:chronic peripheral venous insufficiency
103:Chronic peripheral venous insufficiency
1065:
969:
657:
1614:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1603:
1601:
1599:
1486:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
846:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
277:American Journal of Nursing in August
7:
989:
987:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
50:. Compression stockings are elastic
444:(1537–1619); and other scientists.
442:Girolamo Fabrizio di Acquapendente
14:
506:– Made for a specific individual.
1545:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2010.00751.x
1238:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09396.x
745:The American Journal of Medicine
627:, which compress to aid athletes
1649:Blättler W, Zimmet SE (2008).
1226:British Journal of Dermatology
946:10.1002/14651858.CD001484.pub4
796:10.1002/14651858.CD004002.pub4
654:. Miramar, FL. pp. 19–20.
1:
574:Economy class stroke syndrome
325:ankle brachial pressure index
1578:Harvard Women's Health Watch
1378:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eaef3
1312:. Physiocore. Archived from
1008:10.12968/bjon.2015.24.13.680
757:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.031
631:Military anti-shock trousers
538:resulting from the onset of
466:discovered the link between
98:Chronic venous insufficiency
1533:International Wound Journal
1278:American Journal of Nursing
621:, which prevent compression
534:– Stockings used to manage
434:Giovanni Michele Savonarola
343:Knee-high versus thigh-high
1761:
1462:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.06.021
1422:10.1016/j.aorn.2012.07.011
1195:Rosdahl, Caroline (2012).
1130:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.040
996:British Journal of Nursing
720:10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.05.025
1668:10.1258/phleb.2008.081004
1197:Textbook of basic nursing
1161:"Compression Bulletin 24"
1044:10.1007/s00134-013-2814-2
906:10.1177/1076029609348645
650:FLA Orthopedics (2004).
370:post-thrombotic syndrome
308:, and other conditions.
142:post thrombotic syndrome
887:Caprini, J. A. (2010).
1527:Miller, J. A. (2011).
1498:10.1055/s-0031-1273088
858:10.1055/s-0031-1273088
625:Compression sportswear
608:Waist attachment/CHAPS
352:
235:
157:venous thromboembolism
153:unfractionated heparin
118:
74:
24:
1565:. NLM UID: 101230907.
751:(4): 447.e1–447.e20.
350:
267:Application procedure
234:Compression stockings
233:
116:
73:Compression stockings
72:
28:Compression stockings
23:Compression stockings
22:
1740:Clothing by function
1712:10.1212/wnl.58.6.960
585:patent foramen ovale
477:deep vein thrombosis
410:Corpus Hippocraticum
361:deep vein thrombosis
200:Lipodermatosclerosis
195:Lipodermatosclerosis
138:Deep vein thrombosis
133:Deep vein thrombosis
52:compression garments
1592:. NLM UID: 9423147.
1432:. NLM UID: 0372403.
1018:. NLM UID: 9212059.
681:"Compression Socks"
605:Maternity pantyhose
488:Commonly used terms
483:Society and culture
401:Edwin Smith Papyrus
376:Compression classes
16:Compression garment
1316:on 5 November 2015
1032:Intensive Care Med
353:
236:
191:superficial vein.
119:
75:
25:
1627:10.1111/jth.12127
1206:978-1-60547-772-5
498:venous thrombosis
257:Aseptic technique
226:Contraindications
147:Pharmacological (
1752:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1670:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1605:
1594:
1593:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1380:
1356:
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1349:
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1346:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1026:
1020:
1019:
991:
982:
981:
975:
967:
957:
940:(11): CD001484.
925:
919:
918:
908:
884:
878:
877:
841:
826:
825:
815:
775:
769:
768:
739:
733:
732:
722:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
676:
670:
669:
663:
655:
647:
451:Chirurgica Magna
397:Neolithic period
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1173:on 20 June 2015
1170:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1064:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1002:(13): 680–685.
993:
992:
985:
968:
927:
926:
922:
886:
885:
881:
843:
842:
829:
790:(4): CD004002.
777:
776:
772:
741:
740:
736:
700:
699:
695:
685:
683:
678:
677:
673:
656:
649:
648:
644:
639:
615:
599:Thigh-high (AG)
593:
576:
490:
485:
446:Guy de Chauliac
413:(450–350 BCE).
393:
378:
345:
285:
269:
261:supine position
253:
248:
228:
216:
208:
197:
185:
173:
135:
111:
100:
89:
80:
36:Support Bandage
17:
12:
11:
5:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1690:
1661:(5): 203–205.
1641:
1620:(3): 402–411.
1595:
1584:(9): 6. 2012.
1568:
1519:
1476:
1455:(3): 730–736.
1435:
1400:
1351:
1327:
1301:
1264:
1212:
1205:
1184:
1151:
1124:(3): 285–296.
1104:
1079:
1038:(5): 872–880.
1021:
983:
920:
879:
852:(3): 237–251.
827:
770:
734:
713:(3): 387–391.
693:
671:
641:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
628:
622:
619:Diabetic socks
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:
603:
602:Pantyhose (AT)
600:
597:
592:
589:
575:
572:
550:
549:
543:
529:
519:
513:
507:
501:
489:
486:
484:
481:
464:William Harvey
392:
389:
377:
374:
344:
341:
333:
332:
328:
284:
281:
268:
265:
252:
249:
247:
244:
227:
224:
215:
212:
207:
204:
196:
193:
184:
181:
172:
169:
134:
131:
122:Varicose veins
117:Varicose Veins
110:
109:Varicose veins
107:
99:
96:
88:
85:
79:
76:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:(3): 237–51.
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:(5): 513–27.
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
984:
979:
973:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
916:
912:
907:
902:
899:(6): 668–73.
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
735:
730:
726:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
694:
682:
675:
672:
667:
661:
653:
646:
643:
636:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
590:
588:
586:
581:
573:
571:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
547:
544:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:Circular knit
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
494:Anti-embolism
492:
491:
487:
482:
480:
478:
474:
473:phlebologists
469:
468:venous stasis
465:
460:
458:
453:
452:
447:
443:
440:(1510–1590);
439:
438:Ambroise Paré
436:(1384–1468);
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
381:
375:
373:
371:
365:
362:
358:
357:meta-analysis
349:
342:
340:
337:
329:
326:
322:
321:
320:
317:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
282:
280:
278:
273:
266:
264:
262:
258:
250:
245:
243:
241:
240:heart failure
232:
225:
223:
221:
213:
211:
205:
203:
201:
194:
192:
189:
182:
180:
177:
170:
168:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
132:
130:
126:
123:
115:
108:
106:
104:
97:
95:
93:
86:
84:
77:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1706:(6): 960–1.
1703:
1699:
1693:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1617:
1613:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1539:(1): 74–83.
1536:
1532:
1522:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1413:
1410:AORN Journal
1409:
1403:
1371:(1): 101–5.
1368:
1364:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1304:
1294:
1293:
1287:. Retrieved
1285:. 2008-08-23
1283:ScienceDaily
1276:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1232:(1): 42–45.
1229:
1225:
1215:
1196:
1175:. Retrieved
1168:the original
1154:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1068:cite journal
1035:
1031:
1024:
999:
995:
972:cite journal
937:
933:
923:
896:
892:
882:
849:
845:
787:
783:
773:
748:
744:
737:
710:
706:
696:
684:. Retrieved
674:
651:
645:
577:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
553:
551:
545:
531:
521:
515:
509:
503:
493:
461:
456:
449:
448:in his book
432:(980–1037);
423:
408:
394:
382:
379:
366:
354:
338:
334:
323:A patient's
318:
310:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
254:
237:
217:
209:
198:
186:
174:
165:
161:
146:
136:
127:
120:
101:
90:
81:
78:Medical uses
65:
61:
57:
35:
32:Flight Socks
31:
27:
26:
1340:EurekAlert!
426:Middle Ages
424:During the
405:Hippocrates
1734:Categories
1655:Phlebology
1345:2024-08-25
1320:16 October
1289:2024-06-09
679:DoctorQA.
637:References
540:lymphedema
532:Lymphedema
419:Oribassius
306:cellulitis
302:thrombosis
298:lymphedema
176:Lymphedema
171:Lymphedema
48:thrombosis
1700:Neurology
1514:260321502
1177:21 August
1146:231680752
1092:PRLog.org
874:260321502
804:1469-493X
660:cite book
516:Flat knit
462:In 1628,
246:Procedure
206:Pregnancy
188:Phlebitis
183:Phlebitis
44:phlebitis
1720:11914416
1677:18806201
1636:23297815
1590:22928203
1563:21251225
1506:21455858
1471:16931066
1430:23107032
1387:19057400
1246:19785617
1138:33478652
1097:23 March
1052:23370827
1016:26153807
964:30390397
915:19850588
866:21455858
822:33878207
765:26747198
729:19608438
686:23 March
613:See also
564:mbolism-
457:Practice
430:Avicenna
294:diabetes
283:Gradient
149:warfarin
1745:Hosiery
1685:7464801
1554:7950736
1395:5809442
1254:5210888
1060:7924724
955:6477662
813:8092568
546:Support
391:History
1718:
1683:
1675:
1634:
1588:
1561:
1551:
1512:
1504:
1469:
1428:
1393:
1385:
1296:death.
1252:
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1058:
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1014:
962:
952:
913:
872:
864:
820:
810:
802:
763:
727:
591:Styles
580:stroke
558:hrombo
526:Silver
522:Silver
504:Custom
251:Sizing
1681:S2CID
1510:S2CID
1391:S2CID
1250:S2CID
1171:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1142:S2CID
1056:S2CID
870:S2CID
536:edema
415:Galen
331:knee.
92:Edema
87:Edema
40:edema
1716:PMID
1673:PMID
1632:PMID
1586:PMID
1559:PMID
1502:PMID
1467:PMID
1426:PMID
1383:PMID
1322:2015
1242:PMID
1201:ISBN
1179:2013
1134:PMID
1099:2012
1074:link
1048:PMID
1012:PMID
978:link
960:PMID
911:PMID
862:PMID
818:PMID
800:ISSN
788:2021
761:PMID
725:PMID
688:2012
666:link
385:mmHg
46:and
1708:doi
1663:doi
1622:doi
1549:PMC
1541:doi
1494:doi
1457:doi
1418:doi
1373:doi
1234:doi
1230:162
1126:doi
1040:doi
1004:doi
950:PMC
942:doi
901:doi
854:doi
808:PMC
792:doi
753:doi
749:129
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