150:, an American geographer, undertook a survey of existing connected farmsteads in New England in 1958. Through his travels and survey he was able to determine, to some level of accuracy, the distribution of connected barns and farmsteads in New England. Zelinsky found that the connected farm was most frequently found in specific parts of New England, namely in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, where connected barns occurred over almost the entire states. Indeed, the style still persists in popular American architecture. Connected farms were also frequently observed by Zelinsky in southern Maine, eastern Vermont, and portions of northern
22:
194:. The first section or "little house" was usually a small 1½-story wood-frame home with a dormered roof. As the farmer prospered and his family grew, a larger two-story addition or "big house" was usually added. The summer kitchen was an outbuilding detached from the main house to remove the heat generated by cooking from the main house during the warmer months. The kitchen often had an attic above for
79:
Connected to the back house is a standard livestock barn. This style was banned in many areas due to fire concerns, but the bans were lifted in the 18th century. Originally, all four buildings would have parallel roof lines. In later years (post-1800), when kitchens became more of a room of the house, the Little House became an
29:. The barn dates from the late 18th century. The house was built in three stages during the 19th century. The unconnected garage was a 20th-century addition. All doors of the structure are visible in this view from the south side, where winter sun would melt accumulated snow and ice. Following the 20th-century outbreak of
95:. The connected farmstead is unique in not only its connection of house to barn to shed, and so forth, but also because the architectural style of the home was often used on the other structures, including barns, connected to it. The time period when connected farms were popular coincided with the period of the
248:
is an arrangement which places the living quarters above the farm building and, usually, the farm animals. This type of connected farm was common as a defensive arrangement; living quarters were located high above for security reasons. In what
Brunskill called the "simply connected arrangement" the
86:
Connected barns describe the site plan of one or more barns integrated into other structures on a farm in the New
England region of the United States. The New England connected farmstead, as many architectural historians have termed the style, consisted of numerous farm buildings all connected into
118:
Those who built connected farms changed their farms by extending the architectural style and order of the house to their barns. This was a truly radical development by New
England farmers, and it is this characteristic, more than that of house and barn connection itself, that is one of the unique
78:
The typical New
England connected farm complex consists of the "big house", which acts as the standard family living quarters. Connected to the "big house" is the "little house", which contains the kitchen area. Next to it is the "back house", which was traditionally a carriage or wagon house.
70:, or other structures connected in a rambling fashion. This style evolved from carrying out farm work while remaining sheltered from winter weather. In the United Kingdom there are four distinct types of connected farmsteads, all dissimilar to the New England style.
202:
was later added to connect the kitchen to the farmhouse. Connecting this outbuilding created the historically ubiquitous "Big house, little house, colonnade & kitchen" architectural style seen in many 18th and 19th century homes on the eastern shore such as
239:
confines the family and the farm building under the same roof. However, there are no cross passages and no intercommunication between structures. Typical configurations include farm buildings used for both livestock and
235:, thus subdividing the structure, or from the outright construction of a new building adjacent to the original. Longhouses usually have cross passages, and communication flows freely through the structures. The
57:
in the United
Kingdom. North American connected farms date back to the 17th century, while their British counterparts have also existed for several centuries. New England connected farms are characterized by a
524:
426:
190:
built farmhouses that grew as the owner prospered. This style of house known the
Eastern Shore Style or "big house, little house, colonnade and kitchen" is unique to the
519:
87:
one continuous structure. Houses, ells, sheds, barns, and other outbuildings all were combined to form one long building. Architectural styles varied, from
207:. Winters are milder in the Delmarva region, and unlike New England connected farmsteads the barn, while usually nearby, was not attached to the house.
198:
lodgings. The structure was located near the house, allowing the delivery of a meal while the food was still hot. On many eastern shore farms a
402:
507:
361:
Chase-Harrell, Pauline (1985). "Review of Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: The
Connected Farm Buildings of New England".
195:
123:
These types of structures were common throughout New
England during the 19th century, but were found most frequently in
204:
323:
Hubka, Thomas C. (1986). "The New
England Farmhouse Ell: Fact and Symbol of Nineteenth-Century Farm Improvement".
183:
180:
168:
544:
37:
remains of the line which provided summer shade along the southern and western sides of the building.
443:
236:
477:
378:
340:
306:
191:
80:
399:
503:
298:
30:
469:
370:
332:
290:
224:
96:
406:
278:
147:
34:
21:
539:
227:
identified four key types of connected farm structures found in
England and Wales. The
187:
163:
92:
26:
500:
Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: The Connected Farm Buildings of New England
533:
231:
is generally two connected buildings which result from the addition of more and more
136:
128:
88:
460:
Brunskill, R. W. (1982). "Houses and Attached Farm Buildings in England and Wales".
245:
107:
100:
151:
46:
59:
302:
228:
199:
99:, so most connected barns are of this type. Occasionally the older style
481:
344:
216:
132:
63:
50:
382:
310:
473:
336:
179:
During the colonial period and into the 19th century farmers on the
374:
294:
220:
124:
54:
20:
232:
67:
249:
domestic structure is connected to any type of farm building.
241:
158:
413:
magazine, Summer 1985, p. 10, National Building Museum
414:
502:, University Press of New England, Hanover NH 1984,
119:
aspects of New England connected farm architecture."
281:(October 1958), "The New England Connecting Barn",
167:remodeled a homestead in this style located in
8:
223:for centuries. The architectural historian
455:
453:
112:Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn
45:is an architectural design common in the
103:was moved or also connected to a house.
462:Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture
325:Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture
263:
394:
392:
273:
271:
269:
267:
215:Connected structures have existed in
7:
356:
354:
14:
49:region of the United States, and
106:Noted historian and architect
1:
433:. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
416:. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
110:commented in his 1984 book,
561:
74:New England connected farm
363:The New England Quarterly
279:Zelinsky, Wilbur Fraser
169:Carlisle, Massachusetts
121:
38:
211:In the United Kingdom
116:
24:
429:, Project Overview,
427:The Carlisle Project
405:1 April 2007 at the
283:Geographical Review
83:off the Big House.
498:Hubka, Thomas C.,
192:Delmarva Peninsula
175:Delmarva Peninsula
161:television series
39:
25:Connected farm in
16:Architectural term
31:Dutch elm disease
552:
486:
485:
457:
448:
447:
440:
434:
423:
417:
396:
387:
386:
358:
349:
348:
320:
314:
313:
275:
225:Ronald Brunskill
97:New England barn
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
551:
550:
549:
530:
529:
516:
495:
493:Further reading
490:
489:
474:10.2307/3514278
459:
458:
451:
442:
441:
437:
425:Liebman, Lisa.
424:
420:
407:Wayback Machine
397:
390:
360:
359:
352:
337:10.2307/3514327
322:
321:
317:
277:
276:
265:
260:
255:
213:
177:
148:Wilbur Zelinsky
145:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
558:
556:
548:
547:
542:
532:
531:
528:
527:
525:Carlisle house
522:
515:
514:External links
512:
511:
510:
494:
491:
488:
487:
449:
435:
431:This Old House
418:
400:Built in Maine
398:Lowry, Bates.
388:
375:10.2307/365049
369:(3): 477–479.
350:
315:
295:10.2307/211674
289:(4): 274–293,
262:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
212:
209:
188:Chesapeake Bay
176:
173:
164:This Old House
144:
141:
93:Gothic Revival
75:
72:
43:connected farm
27:Windham, Maine
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
557:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
535:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
509:
508:0-87451-310-3
505:
501:
497:
496:
492:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
456:
454:
450:
445:
439:
436:
432:
428:
422:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
395:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
357:
355:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
272:
270:
268:
264:
257:
252:
250:
247:
244:storage. The
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
208:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
174:
172:
170:
166:
165:
160:
155:
153:
149:
142:
140:
138:
137:Massachusetts
134:
130:
129:New Hampshire
126:
120:
115:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
84:
82:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
499:
465:
461:
438:
430:
421:
410:
366:
362:
328:
324:
318:
286:
282:
246:bastle house
237:laithe house
214:
178:
162:
156:
146:
143:Distribution
122:
117:
111:
108:Thomas Hubka
105:
101:English barn
85:
77:
42:
40:
35:American elm
18:
545:House types
468:: 159–168.
331:: 161–166.
152:Connecticut
47:New England
534:Categories
444:"Kitchens"
411:Blueprints
253:References
233:partitions
60:farm house
303:0016-7428
229:longhouse
200:colonnade
33:only one
520:Overview
403:Archived
482:3514278
345:3514327
217:England
186:of the
181:Eastern
133:Vermont
64:kitchen
51:England
506:
480:
383:365049
381:
343:
311:211674
309:
301:
240:grain/
540:Barns
478:JSTOR
379:JSTOR
341:JSTOR
307:JSTOR
258:Notes
221:Wales
205:Selma
196:slave
184:Shore
125:Maine
89:Greek
55:Wales
504:ISBN
299:ISSN
219:and
157:The
135:and
68:barn
53:and
470:doi
371:doi
333:doi
291:doi
242:hay
159:PBS
91:to
81:ell
536::
476:.
464:.
452:^
409:,
391:^
377:.
367:58
365:.
353:^
339:.
327:.
305:,
297:,
287:48
285:,
266:^
171:.
154:.
139:.
131:,
127:,
114::
66:,
62:,
41:A
484:.
472::
466:1
446:.
385:.
373::
347:.
335::
329:2
293::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
