1327:
descriptors "head injury" (57.1%), and "brain injury" (28.6%) the most while New
Zealand used "head knock" (46.7%), "head clash" (13.3%), and "brain damage" (13.3%). For the consequences of concussion, the UK and Ireland mentioned "Second Impact Syndrome "(22.2%), "Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy" (22.2%) and "Parkinson's disease and other neurological conditions" (11.1%) the most. America most commonly mentioned "Alzheimer's, dementia and neurocognitive problems" (13.6%) and "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" (11.7%), while Canada saw the most frequent mention of "depression and suicide" (10.5%). Also, the use of misleading terms such as "mild concussion", "minor concussion" and "slight concussion" are commonplace in the media. Although media articles are often written by individuals (i.e. journalists) who are not medically trained, these articles have been found to potentially influence perceptions regarding concussion for a wide audience due to the global reach of the internet.
1045:(then known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), issued a highly detailed policy for dealing with injured players with suspected concussions. Under the policy, a player suffering from a suspected concussion is not allowed to return to play in that game. Players are not cleared to play after the injury for a minimum of 21 days, unless they are being supervised in their recovery by a medical practitioner. Even when medical advice is present, players must complete a multi-step monitoring process before being cleared to play again; this process requires a minimum of six days. In 2012, the IRB modified the policy, instituting a Pitchside Suspected Concussion Assessment (PSCA), under which players suspected of having suffered concussions are to leave the field for 5 minutes while doctors assess their condition via a series of questions. Players who pass the PSCA are allowed to return to play.
1224:
concussions. The most common recommendation for primary prevention was the "education of athletes, colleagues and the public ...". Several other guidelines included rule changes, and the adherence of rules during games. Regarding helmets, there was consensus that they may not always protect against concussions. 2 guidelines recommended the development of concussion policies, or the incorporation of concussions into existing head injury policies. Another 2 guidelines recommended supervision of sports injuries. Further research into the effectiveness of guidance for schools on concussion prevention is needed.
613:β also known as soccerβ is a major source of sports-related concussions around the world. Even though 50β80% of injuries in football are directed to the legs, head injuries have been shown to account for between 4 and 22% of football injuries. There is the possibility that heading the ball could damage the head, as the ball can travel at 100 km/hour; although most professional footballers have reported that they experienced head injuries from colliding with other players and the ground. A multi-year study by the University of Colorado published in
1319:, portray the issue as a common cause of long-term neurological disability and the direct cause of a chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative tauopathy found in individuals with a history of exposure to severe or repeated head trauma. The increasing concern over the potential long-term effects of sport-related concussions has heightened scrutiny of the practice of collision sports, particularly American football, with some individuals advocating for its abolition.
267:
hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball. In addition to concussions caused by a single severe impact, multiple minor impacts may also cause brain injury. Less than 10% of cases experience a loss of consciousness, and many typical symptoms appear after the initial concussion evaluation. The overall incidence risk of concussion is higher in adults than in youth, as the injury rate per 1,000 athletic exposures for youth is 0.23, compared to 0.28 in collegiate athletes.
195:, defined as a set of symptoms that continue after a concussion is sustained. Post-concussion symptoms can be classified as physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptoms. Physical symptoms include headache, nausea, and vomiting. Athletes may experience cognitive symptoms that include speaking slowly, difficulty remembering and concentrating. Emotional and sleep symptoms include irritability, sadness, drowsiness, and trouble falling asleep.
51:
998:'s (NHL) concussion policy began in 1997, and players who sustain concussions are evaluated by a team doctor in a quiet room. In March 2011, the NHL adopted guidelines for the league's concussion policy. Before the adoptions, examinations on the bench for concussions was the minimum requirement, but the new guidelines make it mandatory for players showing concussion-like symptoms to be examined by a doctor in the locker room.
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1204:
head. The aim of this technology is to allow greater cushioning for neurological structures in the event of head trauma. Despite being unable to prevent serious traumatic brain injury, the device has been associated with a protective effect against microstructural changes in the brain after regular impact. However, further research is necessary to determine if the device's efficacy is substantiated. Since
211:, which can result in severe injury or death. Second-impact syndrome is a result of a second head injury before the brain has adequate time to heal between concussions. It typically give signs and symptoms of a post-concussion syndrome (visual, motor, or sensory abnormalities and difficulties with cognitive processes). Even minor repeated head blow may result in malignant
5926:
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after the season. The 11 who received a concussion diagnosis during the season were given additional scans within 72 hours, two weeks and two months of the incident. The scans found microscopic white matter and inflammatory changes in the brains of individuals who had sustained a clinically diagnosed concussion during the period of the study."
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500:
Girls also sustained more concussions in softball, compared to boys in baseball. Female athletes also had longer recovery times than males, and also had lower scores on visual memory tests. Girls also have longer recovery times for concussions, which may be due to a greater rate of blood flow in the brain.
1322:
Sports concussion has been discussed in mainstream media over many years. Media coverage of professional athletes experiencing irreversible damage after repeated brain trauma and of the under-reported rates and risks of paediatric concussion have heightened awareness surrounding head injury in sports
1083:
The problem with the PSCA is a concussed player can pass the assessment. I know from first hand experience it can be quite ineffective in deciding if a player is concussed. It is argued that allowing the five-minutes assessment is better than zero minutes but it is not as clear cut as one might hope.
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year, 3.6% of reported injuries were concussions, with 30.5% of concussions occurring during rebounds. Incidence rates for concussions in NCAA men's basketball is lower than NCAA women's basketball, at 0.16 concussion per 1,000 athletes compared to 0.22 per 1,000 athletes respectively. The difference
499:
suffer more concussions than male athletes. A December 2008 report states that 29,167 female high school soccer players in the United States suffered from concussions in 2005, compared to 20,929 male players. In high school basketball, 12,923 girls suffered from concussions while only 3,823 boys did.
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Mission: UPMCβs
Concussion Program is dedicated to providing comprehensive concussion care and conducting research to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of concussions. They focus on developing innovative concussion management protocols and educating healthcare professionals, athletes,
1420:
Mayo Clinic Sports
Medicine Research focuses on concussion through clinical and research initiatives to confirm objective diagnostic tests, explore new treatments for improved recovery, and implement preventive strategies to lower risks. Concussions are one area of specialty and many publications on
1223:
A systematic review investigated the effects of policies on preventing sports injuries of children at school (ages 4β18) including 26 policies, 14 of which were from the US, and 10 of which were concussion-specific . Of the 10 studies specific to concussion, and 6 studies on guidelines on preventing
1124:
Concussion may results in myriad symptoms including difficulty concentrating, focusing, and remembering, that are typically managed with rest from daily activities. The consensus is that concussions have negligible effect on educational performance and school grades in youth. However, a recent study
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Mission: The CTE Center is dedicated to conducting high-impact, innovative research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma in athletes, military personnel, and others. Their research aims to understand the causes, risk factors, and mechanisms
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The
University of Michigan Concussion Center serves as a central point for concussion-related clinical care, research, and outreach & engagement. Links to research and public advocacy programs are available. The mission of the U-M Concussion Center is to improve health by advancing concussion
1203:
Neck collar technology is being explored for more widespread use in sports since 2019. The Q-Collar (previously known as Bauer
Neuroshield) is an example of such a device. Neck collars are designed to gently constrict blood flow through the jugular vein in the neck, increasing fluid pressure in the
1120:
medical journal, many girls do not get necessary care and prevention regarding concussions, and 56 percent of players (or their families) reporting concussion symptoms never sought treatment. Studies show that girls are reporting nearly twice as many concussions as boys in the sports that they both
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The
Concussion bin was replaced by the head bin in 2012 with the players assessment taking 10 minutes. If concussed the player must then recover by first returning to general activities in life, then progressing back to playing. Returning to play, the player must follow the Graduated Return to Play
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charged that the established concussion protocols could easily be manipulated. A key part of the protocols is the "Cogsport" test (also known as COG), a computer-based test of cognitive function. Each player undergoes the test before the start of a new season, and is then tested again on it after a
1001:
Dr. Paul Echlin and Dr. Martha
Shenton of Brigham and Women's Hospital and other researchers, conducted a study where "Forty-five male and female Canadian university hockey players were observed by independent physicians during the 2011β2012 season. All 45 players were given M.R.I. scans before and
901:
and translational acceleration than in football impacts because of a lower effective punch mass. They cause proportionately more rotational acceleration than in football. Modeling shows that the greatest strain is in the midbrain late in the exposure, after the primary impact acceleration in boxing
712:
There has been widespread debate on protective headgear in soccer. Known as a sport associated with intricate footwork, speed, and well-timed passes, soccer also is classified as a high- to moderate-intensity contact/collision sport, with rates of head injury and concussion similar to those seen in
1219:
and
Prevention created the HEADS UP program, a free online informational tool. It was launched in 2007, aiming to improve concussion identification and management. The online tool is available on CDC's website and has been used by 2 million individuals into 2019. The online resource was updated in
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that create a risk of a head injury or concussion, including basketball, cheerleading, soccer, and football. As a consequence, schools and youth sports groups may implement programs to reduce the risk of concussion, ensure prompt diagnosis and provision of medical care, and that young participants
590:
If a player is cleared by the
Unaffiliated Neurotrauma Consultant (UNC), then they are allowed to play but will be monitored closely throughout the game. If a player is diagnosed with a concussion, then that player is not allowed back in the game. A return to play process is issued, which includes
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Ten low-quality studies in a review suggested the beneficial effects of lessons for beginners, mainly composed of children and young adults. Numerous studies have also suggested that while helmets can be of great use in reducing the risk and severity of head injury, they have little effect on the
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Custom-fitted mouth guards were found to be effective in 4 of 5 studies done in a review. Having the playing season in the autumn/winter decreases the risk of injury, with the highest risk occurring in the summer. Another study found a change in the rules associated with tackles, scrums and mauls
879:
Bicycling is a sport that places participants at risk of concussions and head injuries. Each year in the US there are approximately 80,000 bicycling related head injuries that require treatment in an emergency room. Roughly 33% of non-fatal bicyclist injuries are to the head. Many casual and even
716:
There are clear rules from FIFA regarding what to do when a player gets a concussion. FIFA's guidelines say that a player who has been knocked unconscious should not play again that day. The rules do however allow for "a transient alteration of conscious level" following a head injury, which says
266:
It is estimated that as many as 1.6β3.8 million concussions occur in the US per year in competitive sports and recreational activities; this is a rough estimate, since as many as 50% of concussions go unreported. Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in
American football, ice
1326:
Terminology in media for sports related concussions differs based on the geographical location. Articles in America used the descriptors "head trauma" (11.7%) and "brain trauma" (6.8%) the most, while articles from the UK and Ireland primarily mentioned "blow to head" (22.2%). Australia used the
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A UK-based community study found reductions in injury rates after the removal of monkey bars and increases in depth of the bark beneath equipment. A community intervention trial in New Zealand concluded the effectiveness of programs encouraging schools to reduce playground hazards. Another study
169:
in the United States and Canada included policies for managing concussion risk. Sports-related concussions are generally analyzed by athletic training or medical staff on the sidelines using an evaluation tool for cognitive function known as the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT), a symptom
1154:
has also created the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) and Sideline Response System (SRS) to record the frequency and severity of player hits during practices and games. On every helmet with the system, MX Encoders are implemented, which can automatically record every hit. Eight NFL teams had
514:
Women's basketball is one of the women's sports with the highest risks of getting a concussion. Women have a greater risk of getting a concussion by dribbling/ball handling rather than defending. Also it was found that female college basketball players typically receive concussions during games
182:
Concussion symptoms can last for an undetermined amount of time depending on the player and the severity of the concussion. Concussion symptoms can be described as immediate and delayed. The immediate symptoms experienced after concussions include memory loss, disorientation, and poor balance.
1262:
A review found regulatory approaches to be effective in reducing injury rates. E.g. mandatory use of protective equipment, implementation of new rules such as disallowing 'checking' from behind and 'high sticking' (raising the stick above shoulder height). A study found an inverse relationship
1227:
A systematic review conducted by the Social Science Research Unit in London in 2007 concluded that athletic injuries for young people (ages 12β24) are reduced under supervision by a coach, however strong evidence for interventions to reduce sports-related injuries remains lacking. As such, the
817:
The Team Physician may also evaluate the player in the clubhouse. Player completes the SCAT3(Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, version 3)form in the clubhouse. If the player seems to not have sustained a concussion, he can return the game.The trainer can then evaluate the player throughout the
966:'s Sports Concussion Symposium, from 2006 to 2011, 765 NHL players were diagnosed with a concussion. At the Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center Ice Hockey Summit: Action on Concussion conference in 2010, a panel made a recommendation that blows to the head are to be prohibited, and to outlaw
896:
report in 1996 ranked amateur boxing as the safest contact sport in America. However, concussions are one of the most serious injuries that can occur from boxing, and in an 80-year span from 1918 to 1998, there were 659 boxers who died from brain injury. Rates of concussion in boxing may be
602:, a study took place which "researchers recruited nine former NFL players who retired decades ago and who ranged in age from 57 to 74. The men had played a variety of positions and self-reported a wide range of concussions, varying from none for a running back to 40 for a defensive tackle."
681:
According to Downs and Abwender in their 2002 article "Neuropsychological Impairment in Soccer Athletes", "participation in soccer may be associated with poorer neuropsychological performance, although the observed pattern of findings does not specifically implicate heading as the cause".
594:
Almost every team has experienced a player who will "keep playing, then manage to stumble off the field, unnoticed by the coaches, cameras or press. He might take a breather for a series or two. But he can walk, so he wants to play. He gets back in the game and back to his teammates."
847:(NBA) announced the establishment of a concussions policy for league. The players and staff must have annual education on topics surrounding concussion during play, including mechanisms of injury, signs, symptoms and interventions. The policies surrounding concussion management in
1199:
approved Banyan Biomarkers Inc. to market devices involving the use of blood samples to evaluate concussions in adults. Banyan BTI (Brain Trauma Indicator) is a blood sample product that the FDA permitted for use before the decision to further assess head injury with CT scanning.
582:
to perform tests of concentration, thinking and balance. In 2011, the league introduced an assessment test which combines a symptoms checklist, a limited neurological examination, a cognitive evaluation, and a balance assessment. For a player to be allowed to return, he must be
1186:
In addition to force impact sensors used to assess traumatic brain injury, studies have been conducted to assess levels of biological markers for the presence of brain concussion. A variety of concurrently researched biomarkers have been associated with concussions, including
1125:
found that male students who sustained a sports-related concussion or sports-related fracture experienced significant drops in school grades post-injury, by approximately 1.73%. In addition, students with a concussion or head trauma missed significantly more days of school.
154:(DP), was first described in 1928. An awareness of the risk of concussions in other sports began to grow in the 1990s, and especially in the mid-2000s, in both the medical and the professional sports communities, as a result of the study of brains of prematurely deceased
858:
For 24 hours after the primary evaluation, the player is monitored closely by the team's medical staff, so long as they are not diagnosed with a concussion. The player must complete at least one other evaluation before the next game or practice, whichever comes
1788:
McCrory, Paul; Feddermann-Demont, Nina; DvoΕΓ‘k, JiΕΓ; Cassidy, J David; McIntosh, Andrew; Vos, Pieter E; Echemendia, Ruben J; Meeuwisse, Willem; Tarnutzer, Alexander A (June 2017). "What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review".
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There have been numerous attempts at preventing concussions, such as the establishment of the PACE (Protecting Athletes Through Concussion Education) program, which works with the imPACT system used by every NFL and some NHL teams as of 2012. In 2008, the
1246:
found a change of environment in sports fields and playgrounds to reduce the incidence of injuries, including 'quick release bases', bases which detach easily from the ground upon contact with a player sliding, often used in recreational softball.
559:
partnered with the UNC to determine whether professional football players suffer any health effects after any injuries, although the findings were criticized by the NFL for being unreliable due to being based on self-reporting by the players.
4063:
Rozbacher, Adrian; Selci, Erin; Leiter, Jeff; Ellis, Michael; Russell, Kelly (15 July 2017). "The Effect of Concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on School Grades, National Examination Scores, and School Attendance: A Systematic Review".
246:(TBI) have also been established to have effects on the motor dysfunction and movement disorders, however a systematic review has concluded that more investigation is needed to fully understand the long term effects of concussions and TBIs.
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head injury, and the results compared, to determine possible impairment. According to Lamont, some players deliberately do poorly on the pre-season test, so that they will be more likely to match or beat their previous results during play.
865:
The player, under direction of the team's medical staff, must avoid physical exertion and exposure to electronic devices, so as not to aggravate symptoms. Physical activity must be reintroduced gradually according to the medical staff's
1296:
A review concluded that the use of face protectors is effective in decreasing facial injuries. Moreover, it was concluded that mouth guards lead to less oral and head injuries. Conflicting evidence was found for the use of knee braces.
5567:
5502:
1228:
authors endorse the establishment of a national sports injury database in order to strengthen the base of evidence for interventions. The review outlined several interventions to prevent injuries specific to certain sports.
4387:"The Science of Jugular Compression: A Potential Solution to Protect Athletes and Youth from Sport-Related Concussion and a Testimonial on the Use of the Q-Collar Medical Device as a Part of a Concussion Protocol Program"
765:
have been installed on racetrack walls, with foam-padded supports on each side of the helmet that allow a driver's head to move in the event of a crash. Despite this, 29 concussions were identified between 2004 and 2012.
507:, with a concussion rate of 2.72 per 1,000 player hours. Even though men's ice hockey allows body checking, while women's ice hockey does not, the rate of concussions for men is 46% lower, at 1.47 per 1,000 player hours.
818:
entirety of the game after the injury occurs. If the player is thought to have a concussion, the team, the trainer, and team physician can determine whether to place the player on the 7-day or 10 day injured List (IL).
869:
A physician must provide an assessment regarding the presence or absence of concussion within 24 hours of the incident. In addition, the Director of the NBA Concussion Program must be informed about the concussion
183:
Delayed symptoms experienced in the later stages include sleeping disorders and behavioral changes. Both immediate and delayed symptoms can continue for long periods of time and have a negative impact on recovery.
942:
As many skills in gymnastics involve flipping or a blind landing, incidence of head injury is increased. A 15-year study found an incidence of 1.7% for concussion and closed head injury for high school gymnasts.
781:, NASCAR considered adding baseline testing to its concussion policies. NASCAR was one of few motorsport organizations that did not have baseline testing, until 2014, when it began at the start of the seasons.
1263:
between ice surface size and injury rate, and the use of correctly fitted helmets in injury reduction. Another review found an association between the use of face protectors and a decrease in facial injuries.
2242:
Pellman, Elliot J.; Viano, David C.; Withnall, Chris; Shewchenko, Nick; Bir, Cynthia A.; Halstead, P. David (2006). "Concussion in Professional Football: Helmet Testing to Assess Impact PerformanceβPart 11".
804:
All teams are to run baseline neurocognitive testing for all players and umpires using the ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) system during spring training or after a player
166:
4447:
Myer, G.D.; Yuan, W.; Barber Foss, K.D.; Thomas, S.; Smith, D.; Leach, J.; Kiefer, A.W.; Dicesar, C.; Adams, J.; Gubanich, P.J.; Kitchen, K.; Schneider, D.K.; Braswell, D.; Krueger, D.; Altaye, M. (2016).
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534:
American football causes 250,000 concussions annually, and 20% of high-school football players experience a concussion every year. In 2000, researchers from the Sports Medicine Research Laboratory at the
2853:
4450:"Analysis of head impact exposure and brain microstructure response in a season-long application of a jugular vein compression collar: a prospective, neuroimaging investigation in American Football"
2286:
Ozolins, Bede; Aimers, Nicole; Parrington, Lucy; Pearce, Alan J. (2016). "Movement disorders and motor impairments following repeated head trauma: A systematic review of the literature 1990β2015".
2415:
Harmon, Kimberly G; Drezner, Jonathan A; Gammons, Matthew; Guskiewicz, Kevin M; Halstead, Mark; Herring, Stanley A; Kutcher, Jeffrey S; Pana, Andrea; Putukian, Margot; Roberts, William O (2013).
578:'s (NFL) policy began in 2007, with injured players examined on field by the medical team. The league's policy included the "NFL Sidelines Concussion Exam", which requires players who have taken
4671:
Masson, Maxime; Lamoureux, Julie; de Guise, Elaine (October 2019). "Self-reported risk-taking and sensation-seeking behavior predict helmet wear amongst Canadian ski and snowboard instructors".
2137:
Pfister, M.; Schaub, M.C.; Watterson, J.G.; Knecht, M.; Waser, P.G. (November 1975). "Radioactive labelling and location of specific thiol groups in myosin from fast, slow and cardiac muscles".
539:
analyzed 17,549 players from 242 different schools. 888 (5.1%) of the players analyzed have at least one concussion a season, and 131 (14.7%) of them have had another concussion the year later.
1305:
One approach to reduction of head injuries in bicycling involves developing and improving helmets in order to protect bicyclists in the event of an accident that results in a blow to the head.
855:
If concussion is suspected, the injured player is removed from the game immediately and monitored to ensure safety. A neurological exam is conducted by the team's physician or athletic trainer.
3922:
Kerr, Z. Y.; Cortes, N.; Caswell, A. M.; Ambegaonkar, J. P.; Hallsmith, K. R.; Milbert, A. F.; Caswell, S. V. (2017). "Concussion Rates in U.S. Middle School Athletes, 2015β2016 School Year".
934:
Head injuries that result in concussion are a significant cause of injury in cricket, with the rate of concussion for elite male cricket estimated at an annual average of 0.9 per 100 players.
713:
football, ice hockey, lacrosse, and rugby. While the benefits of helmets and other head protection are more obvious in the other sports, the role of headgear in soccer was unclear as of 2013.
3232:
3542:
2372:
McPherson, April L.; Nagai, Takashi; Webster, Kate E.; Hewett, Timothy E. (June 2019). "Musculoskeletal Injury Risk After Sport-Related Concussion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
1111:
In 2010, more high school soccer players suffered concussions than basketball, baseball, wrestling, and softball players combined, according to the Center for Injury Research and Policy.
5067:
3498:
2329:
McPherson, April L.; Nagai, Takashi; Webster, Kate E.; Hewett, Timothy E. (2019). "Musculoskeletal Injury Risk After Sport-Related Concussion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
862:
If the player is diagnosed with a concussion, they are prohibited from participating (on the same day or the next day) and must undergo the required return-to-participation protocol.
3895:
5917:
5525:
591:
five steps, "1. Rest and recovery 2. Light aerobic exercise 3. Continued aerobic exercise/strength training 4. Football specific activities 5. Full football activity/clearance"
1084:
Concussion symptoms regularly take 10 minutes or longer to actually present. Consequently the five-minute PSCA may be giving concussed players a license to return to the field.
131:. A sports-related concussion is defined as a "complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by biomechanical forces". Because concussions cannot be seen on
4355:
717:
that a player can return to play following assessment by medical staff. The rules also state that a player who is injured with head damage is not to be played for five days.
2102:
Elgart, Edward S.; Gusovsky, Tatiana; Rosenberg, Murray D. (November 1975). "Preparation and characterization of an enzymatically active immobilized derivative of myosin".
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professional bicyclists don't take safety precautions seriously, and in 2016 more than half of bicyclists involved in fatal crashes were reported not wearing a helmet.
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5546:
5508:
1114:
The number of girls suffering concussions in soccer accounts for the second largest amount of all concussions reported by young athletes. According to a study in the
630:
determined that 3% of active and 30% of former players had persistent symptoms of concussions, and that 35% of the active and 32% of that former players had abnormal
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1049:
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A review found one multi-agency collaboration in publicising the risks of head injury effective in raising awareness and increasing sales of horse-riding helmets.
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and recreation. The frequency of concussion in some of the world's biggest sports such as soccer, football, and rugby has increased the amount of media coverage.
61:
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258:(MSK) injuries. In addition, athletes that experience a concussion are twice as likely to sustain a musculoskeletal injury compared to non-concussed athletes.
274:(NCAA) injury reports estimated concussion rates among student athletes who participate in NCAA sports during the 2011β2012 through 2014β2015 academic years:
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1160:
556:
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2861:
1215:
Efforts to manage concussion risk in youth and high school sports include online informational resources designed for coaches and parents. For example, the
4253:
1254:
Two reviews independently concluded that modified/'break-away bases' are more effective than standard bases in the prevention of sliding-related injuries.
536:
203:
Ignoring concussions makes athletes more vulnerable to incurring further head trauma, stressing the importance of rigorous concussion testing protocols in
4995:
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974:, the NHL prohibited blindside hits to the head, but did not ban hits to the face. The conference also urged the NHL and its minor entities to join the
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3004:
797:
254:
In addition, returning to sports with impaired sensorimotor function after experiencing a sports-related concussion increases the risk of sustaining
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1023:
The NHL has been criticized for allowing team doctors to determine whether an injured player can return to the ice, instead of independent doctors.
706:
271:
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5690:
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Kerr, Zachary Y.; Roos, Karen G.; Djoko, Aristarque; Dalton, Sara L.; Broglio, Steven P.; Marshall, Stephen W.; Dompier, Thomas P. (March 2017).
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miscalculated because concussions do not always result from a knockout blow. Olympic boxers deliver punches with high impact velocity but lower
619:
confirmed that athlete-to-athlete collisions that occur during heading, not impact with the ball itself, is generally the cause for concussion.
215:
and even death. Nonetheless, second-impact syndrome is an infrequent finding, predominately involving young athletes, and only rarely is fatal.
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behavior appear to be two domains that need to be addressed in order to optimize prevention efforts for traumatic brain injury in this sport.
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2708:
1764:
979:
774:
4888:
3564:
Koh, Jae O; Cassidy, J. David; Watkinson, E. Jane (2009). "Incidence of concussion in contact sports: A systematic review of the evidence".
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663:
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4502:"Effectiveness of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HEADS UP coaches' online training as an educational intervention"
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and was told that he would miss a year of playing football. Δech resumed his goalkeeper duties on 20 January 2007 in a match against
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5720:
5475:
2773:
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1098:
95:
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Accidental injury, risk-taking behaviour and the social circumstances in which young people (aged 12-24) live: a systematic review
814:
Trainers can remove the player from the game and to the clubhouse for further evaluation if the player has sustained a concussion.
1179:
which establish cognitive function baselines against which the athlete is monitored over time. The CCAT online tool developed by
705:
decided to leave the player on after regaining consciousness and having passed a medical assessment. This broke the rules of the
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224:
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Players on a 7-day concussion IL still unable to return to play after nine days are automatically transferred to a 10-day IL.
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3808:
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792:'s (MLB) policy started in 2007, with injured players examined by a team athletic trainer on the field. On 29 March 2011,
627:
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5618:
5371:
5159:
3329:
1196:
2643:
2549:"Epidemiologic Measures for Quantifying the Incidence of Concussion in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports"
1967:
Ganti, Latha; Khalid, Hussain; Patel, Pratik Shashikant; Daneshvar, Yasamin; Bodhit, Aakash N; Peters, Keith R (2014).
5822:
5514:
5422:
5386:
5224:
3634:"Head injury and concussion in cricket: Incidence, current guidance, and implications of sports concussion literature"
2724:
4828:
3293:
3009:
2883:
5882:
5787:
5561:
5264:
3516:
1744:
1384:
1151:
1053:
1032:
746:
579:
2481:
1006:"We celebrate the big hit, we don't like the big head hit. There is an important distinction because we celebrate
5480:
5391:
5376:
5234:
5209:
3688:
1344:, and the parents of Owen Thomas, who hanged himself after sustaining brain damage during his football career at
638:
73:
4875:
4104:"Academic outcomes following adolescent sport-related concussion or fracture injury: A prospective cohort study"
5797:
5777:
5670:
5284:
1540:
1209:
1104:
667:
599:
575:
192:
77:
5872:
5294:
5259:
1446:
knowledge. Their goal is to lead in concussion research and clinical practice to benefit neurological health.
1885:
Harmon K. G.; Drezner J. A.; Gammons M.; Guskiewicz K. M.; Halstead M.; Herring S. A.; Roberts W. O. (2013).
800:
announced new protocols for the league's concussion policy. The new policy includes the following protocols:
5842:
5628:
5001:
McKeithan, Lydia; Hibshman, Natalie; Yengo-Kahn, Aaron; Solomon, Gary S.; Zuckerman, Scott (15 March 2019).
3209:
913:
893:
778:
726:
1632:
1624:
971:
959:
5437:
5417:
5204:
5174:
1331:
1315:
995:
909:
686:
243:
228:
208:
112:
4767:"'It was only a mild concussion': Exploring the description of sports concussion in online news articles"
3366:
5432:
4990:
4016:
Concussions and Our Kids: America's Leading Expert on How to Protect Young Athletes and Keep Sports Safe
3607:
1749:
1345:
1135:
1007:
983:
967:
925:
916:, which his doctor believed were caused by numerous blows to the head," which led to his death in 2016.
898:
808:
If a player sustains head impact during a game, the play is stopped and the player's injury is assessed.
793:
789:
120:
3102:
1064:, "despite looking dazed and confused, Smith passed the PSCA and was back on the field minutes later."
908:, possibly the most famous boxer of all time, was "diagnosed with 'a cluster of symptoms that resemble
223:
Repeated concussions have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders among athletes, including
3711:
2687:"The Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion." Clin Sports Med, 1 January 2012. Web. 8 February 2013.
5962:
5633:
5608:
5412:
5329:
5179:
5129:
5084:
4163:
4115:
3986:
2172:
Saunders, Richard L. (27 July 1984). "The Second Impact in Catastrophic Contact-Sports Head Trauma".
1349:
631:
610:
151:
37:
2207:
Cantu, Robert C. (August 2007). "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the National Football League".
5767:
5650:
5638:
5603:
5381:
5366:
5359:
5339:
5109:
5091:
2804:
1648:
645:
204:
2955:
5802:
5706:
5623:
5442:
4688:
3589:
3084:
2935:
2621:
2596:
2397:
2354:
2311:
2268:
2084:
1824:
1358:
1220:
2016 and an interventional study conducted an assessment of the efficacy of the updated version.
1089:(GRTP) protocol, by having clearance from a medical professional, and no symptoms of concussion.
770:
757:, led to NASCAR establishing policies to assist in driver safety such as the introduction of the
754:
127:(CTE), which in professional athletes has led to premature retirement, erratic behavior and even
4254:"Failure to use HIT system exposes league to future concussion liability | ProFootballTalk"
954:
has also been known to have concussions inflict numerous players. Because of this, the NHL made
119:, from children and teenagers to professional athletes. Repeated concussions are known to cause
4337:"FDA authorizes marketing of first blood test to aid in the evaluation of concussion in adults"
5957:
5852:
5665:
5344:
5319:
5214:
5199:
5034:
4788:
4740:
4641:
4598:
4531:
4479:
4429:
4408:"Abstracts from The 35th Annual National Neurotrauma Symposium July 7β12, 2017 Snowbird, Utah"
4318:
4143:
4081:
3939:
3900:
3581:
3424:
3139:
3076:
2923:
2913:
2704:
2698:
2578:
2529:
2438:
2389:
2346:
2303:
2260:
2224:
2189:
2154:
2119:
2076:
2059:
Edwards, Jonathan C; Bodle, Jeffrey D (2014). "Causes and Consequences of Sports Concussion".
2041:
2000:
1908:
1816:
1754:
1731:
1375:
1353:
1336:
1273:
702:
540:
496:
171:
155:
4853:
3442:
5593:
5588:
5254:
5194:
5024:
5014:
4778:
4730:
4722:
4680:
4588:
4580:
4521:
4513:
4469:
4461:
4419:
4308:
4300:
4272:
4133:
4123:
4102:
Russell, Kelly; Selci, Erin; Black, Brian; Cochrane, Karis; Ellis, Michael (25 April 2019).
4073:
3931:
3645:
3573:
3414:
3404:
3068:
2568:
2560:
2519:
2428:
2381:
2338:
2295:
2252:
2216:
2181:
2146:
2111:
2068:
2031:
1990:
1980:
1940:
1898:
1806:
1798:
1584:
1389:
1370:
734:
544:
508:
2956:"Johns Hopkins study of retired NFL players sheds light on concussion-related brain damage"
2506:
Pfister, Ted; Pfister, Ken; Hagel, Brent; Ghali, William A; Ronksley, Paul E (March 2016).
1425:
https://www.mayo.edu/research/centers-programs/sports-medicine/clinical-services/concussion
666:
hit Δech's head with his right knee, knocking the keeper out. Δech underwent surgery for a
5867:
5847:
5675:
5354:
5349:
4864:
4167:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1156:
1147:
1116:
1057:
963:
758:
615:
552:
548:
255:
5304:
3957:
3870:
3837:
3187:
Malonie, Jamie, Linda Nield, and Matthew Livley. "Can Headgear Halt Soccer Concussions?"
17:
4119:
4046:
Cook, Bob. "Study Reveals Many Girls Soccer Players Stay On Field Despite Concussions."
2456:
Rivara, G R (2014). "Consequences of Repetitive Head Impacts and Multiple Concussions".
1931:
Livingston, Scott C (2011). "The Neurophysiology Behind Concussion Signs and Symptoms".
5832:
5792:
5680:
5660:
5655:
5274:
5239:
5154:
5029:
5002:
4735:
4710:
4631:
J, Thomas; J, Kavanagh; H, Tucker; H, Burchett; J, Tripney; A, Oakley (February 2007).
4593:
4568:
4526:
4501:
4474:
4449:
4356:"Bombers star linebacker Adam Bighill trying new device to protect against concussions"
4313:
4288:
4138:
4103:
3608:"Boxing Great Muhammad Ali's 'Sad Decline' from Brain Damage Explored in New Biography"
3419:
3392:
2573:
2548:
2256:
2220:
2036:
2019:
1995:
1969:"Who gets post-concussion syndrome? An emergency department-based prospective analysis"
1968:
1139:
730:
671:
642:
212:
3632:
Whitehouse, Daniel P.; Kelleher-Unger, Isaac R.; Newcombe, Virginia F. J. (May 2021).
2417:"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: Concussion in sport"
1887:"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport"
5946:
5837:
5598:
5299:
5244:
4692:
4549:
4424:
4407:
4231:
3237:
3130:
Downs, DS and D Abwender (2002). "Neuropsychological Impairment in Soccer Athletes".
3072:
2857:
2750:
2185:
2150:
2115:
1860:
1828:
1759:
1717:
1379:
1341:
1205:
1143:
955:
762:
698:
3593:
3391:
Daneshvar, Daniel H; Nowinski, Christopher J; McKee, Ann C; Cantu, Robert C (2011).
3088:
2981:
2508:"The incidence of concussion in youth sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2401:
2358:
2315:
2272:
2088:
511:
also has lower concussion rates than women's hockey, with a rate of 2.34 per 1,000.
5752:
5726:
5716:
5309:
5249:
5219:
3363:"Concussions becoming a concern in basketball | basketball, becoming, concern"
3166:
1363:
1163:
ultimately blocked its use. Other impact-detection devices include CheckLight, by
1016:
929:
905:
690:
656:
652:
584:
232:
2299:
648:
5045:
4569:"Prevention of sports injuries in children at school: a systematic review of pol"
4465:
4304:
4128:
3935:
3732:
2524:
2507:
2433:
2416:
1903:
1886:
1802:
1480:
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Sports Medicine Concussion Program
811:
A Certified Athletic Trainer (ATC) can evaluate and treat a player during a game.
5762:
5229:
5124:
5119:
4963:
3866:
3812:
3733:"NHL commissioner Gary Bettman pleased with league's concussion protocol β ESPN"
3577:
2459:
Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture
2457:
1499:
1277:
1192:
1180:
1072:
1042:
1038:
761:. Drivers were eventually instructed to wear both head and neck restraints, and
738:
694:
4783:
4766:
4584:
1208:'s approval of the Q-Collar as a Class 1 Medical Devices, a few players in the
1146:
called the "Shockometer", which is a triangular device attached to the back of
5862:
5812:
5782:
5757:
5279:
5269:
5144:
5134:
5114:
5104:
3409:
2564:
1985:
1707:
1393:
951:
831:
750:
742:
709:, which state that any player who has lost consciousness must be substituted.
660:
108:
30:
4726:
4517:
3336:
2927:
2910:
Fourth down and inches : concussions and football's make-or-break moment
2385:
2342:
1237:
decrease the number of rugby union players suffering permanent quadriplegia.
701:'s knee. The blow left Lloris knocked out on the ground. Reluctantly manager
5583:
5551:
5289:
5099:
3896:"Rugby is still holding the concussion bomb with tongs in spite of warnings"
3488:"National Basketball Association Concussion Policy Summary β 2019β20 Season"
3270:
3107:
1061:
675:
543:
and high-school players have a higher tendency to sustain a concussion than
147:
5038:
4792:
4744:
4602:
4567:
GΓΆpfert, Anya; Van Hove, Maria; Emond, Alan; Mytton, Julie (8 April 2018).
4535:
4483:
4433:
4322:
4147:
4085:
3943:
3585:
3428:
3143:
2728:
2582:
2533:
2442:
2393:
2350:
2307:
2264:
2228:
2080:
2045:
2004:
1912:
1820:
503:
Women's ice hockey was reported as one of the most dangerous sports in the
5019:
4709:
Mannix, Rebekah; Meehan, William P.; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro (August 2016).
4077:
3080:
2618:"High school headaches: Girls' concussions outnumber boys' in most sports"
2193:
1811:
1388:
covered the topic in two episodes, one based on the book and also called "
5827:
5314:
5184:
4640:. London: Institute of Education, University of London. pp. 90β102.
3543:"Pediatricians urge parents to keep kids away from boxing, head injuries"
1944:
1041:, another full-contact sport. In 2011, the sport's world governing body,
136:
5003:"Sport-Related Concussion: Evaluation, Treatment, and Future Directions"
4807:"'Head Games' Film Focuses on Concussions, Asks If Enough is Being Done"
3233:"NASCAR May Be Considering Changes to Its Concussion Policies: Fan View"
1471:
of CTE and to develop methods for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
1150:
that has a light on the device that turns red when a concussion occurs.
36:
For concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) in children and teens, see
4684:
4028:
Snow, Kate; Koch, Sarah; Cohen, Deirdre; Hopper, Jessica (9 May 2012).
3037:
2072:
128:
5503:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
4832:
5613:
4268:"Mass. Companies team up to prevent head injuries β the Boston Globe"
4180:"Drew Brees Teams Up Against Concussions in School Sports β ABC News"
3760:"Study Finds Changes in Brains of Hockey Players Who Had Concussions"
3650:
3633:
2158:
2123:
1677:
1164:
889:
623:
143:
132:
1392:", and the other called "Football High" Political sports journalist
2774:"Concussions Exact Toll on Football Players Long After They Retire"
3059:
Tysvaer, Alf Thorvald (1992). "Head and Neck Injuries in Soccer".
1382:
about concussions within the NFL. The American documentary series
1188:
116:
2827:"NFL to require sideline test after head blows β β CNN.com Blogs"
1052:
led to criticism of the protocols. During that match, Australian
4913:
3736:
3033:"'Heading' bans in soccer may not be enough to stop concussions"
3005:"Banning Soccer 'Headers' Won't Solve Concussion Problem: Study"
1449:
504:
5049:
1455:
Boston University Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Center
3667:"Dave Stubbs: Max Pacioretty richly deserves Masterton trophy"
1366:, among other athletes, journalists, and medical researchers.
1168:
835:
is found mainly in competition activity compared to practice.
651:
suffered from a severe concussion in a match between his club
44:
4991:
Returning to Play After a Head Injury During a Sporting Event
3162:"Concussion Rules under Spotlight in Wake of Hugo Lloris Row"
1172:
158:
players, that showed an extremely high incidence of CTE (see
60:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
3712:"Hockey Urged to Ban All Blows to Head by Concussions Panel"
1176:
29:
For concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) in adults, see
3335:. Major League Baseball Players Association. Archived from
1183:
is another test to assist doctors in assessing concussion.
285:
Rates per 1000 Athlete-Exposures (95% Confidence Interval)
142:
The danger of repeated concussions has long been known for
4938:
4160:
2829:. Thechart.blogs.cnn.com. 25 February 2011. Archived from
1474:
3294:"MLB Introduces New Concussion Policy To Protect Players"
3208:. CNN. Associated Press. 21 February 2012. Archived from
2805:"Concussions now a hot issue as leagues toughen policies"
962:. According to a data release by the National Academy of
4711:"Sports-related concussions β media, science and policy"
3811:. International Rugby Board. 24 May 2011. Archived from
1933:
International Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training
207:. Subsequent impact can cause a rare condition known as
3861:
3859:
1195:
and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). In 2018, the
139:, attempts to prevent concussions have been difficult.
69:
4018:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. 40+. Print.
3266:"NASCAR to mandate baseline concussion testing in '14"
1637:
Neuropsychological evaluation by team doctor off rink
1103:
Many children and teenagers participate in sports and
5526:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2803:
Brady, Erik; Falgoust, J. Michael (25 October 2011).
2697:
McKeag, Douglas; Moeller, James L. (1 January 2007).
2667:"Women's Hockey, a Most Dangerous Game β NYTimes.com"
2174:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
773:
suffered a concussion from a crash at the end of the
4050:. Forbes Magazine, 21 January 2014. Web. 6 May 2014.
3871:"Players are deliberately cheating concussion tests"
3517:"Helmets are key when it comes to injury prevention"
1880:
1878:
1108:
are not endangered by a premature return to sports.
5745:
5699:
5576:
5539:
5489:
5463:
5451:
5405:
5328:
5083:
4765:Ahmed, Osman Hassan; Hall, Eric E. (January 2017).
3832:
3830:
3132:
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
1348:. The documentary also interviewed former athletes
5712:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
5497:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
2462:. Institute of Medicine; National Research Council
1048:However, an incident during the third Test of the
697:sustained a blow to the head by on -coming player
4704:
4702:
4289:"Potential Blood-Based Biomarkers for Concussion"
3386:
3384:
5509:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
3958:"Sport Concussion Assessment Tool β 3rd edition"
3689:"Bigger Hockey Players Causing More Concussions"
2139:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology
2104:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology
5557:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
3838:"Lamont: Players are cheating concussion tests"
1081:
1060:and was sent to pitchside. According to ESPN's
1004:
4256:. Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com. 24 June 2012.
3393:"The Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussion"
2908:Killough McClafferty, Carla (September 2013).
2884:"How does the NFL's concussion protocol work?"
2751:"Neuroscience for Kids β Football Concussions"
2644:"Concussions: Girls Have Longer Recovery Time"
2620:. News.medill.northwestern.edu. Archived from
1079:Lamont was also critical of the PSCA, noting:
5521:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
5471:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
5061:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4204:. NFLPlayers.com. 22 May 2008. Archived from
4202:"AFL-Test-Drives-Schutt'S-Shockometer / News"
1500:https://www.upmc.com/services/sports-medicine
1037:Concussions are also a significant factor in
58:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
4030:"Concussion crisis growing in girls' soccer"
4014:Cantu, Robert C., and Mark Hyman. "Soccer."
1532:Person who approves/denies player to return
1510:Policies by major professional sports league
1241:Play in public playgrounds and sports fields
1155:originally planned to use the system in the
930:Cricket ball Β§ Dangers of cricket balls
557:National Football League Players Association
150:. A form of CTE common in these two sports,
3155:
3153:
2854:"Cutler on mend after suffering concussion"
2798:
2796:
2794:
1973:International Journal of Emergency Medicine
1861:"Concussions in sports β NFL Topics β ESPN"
749:in 2000, and serious injuries sustained by
537:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
115:, are a frequent concern for those playing
5460:
5165:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
5068:
5054:
5046:
4554:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3727:
3725:
3365:. Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from
2940:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1513:
5028:
5018:
4782:
4734:
4592:
4525:
4473:
4423:
4312:
4137:
4127:
3649:
3418:
3408:
3202:"NASCAR drivers have concussion concerns"
2572:
2523:
2432:
2061:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
2035:
2024:The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
1994:
1984:
1902:
1810:
1167:and MC10., and the online test providers
798:Major League Baseball Players Association
242:Repeated concussions or mild-to-moderate
96:Learn how and when to remove this message
3779:"NHL Can Do More To Prevent Concussions"
1496:and the public about concussion safety.
1430:University of Michigan Concussion Center
1313:Recent documentaries and films, such as
276:
272:National Collegiate Athletic Association
5691:Immediately dangerous to life or health
4964:"UPMC Sports Medicine | Pittsburgh, PA"
4673:Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science
4666:
4664:
3924:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
2374:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2331:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1780:
5878:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
5150:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
4831:. Headgamesthefilm.com. Archived from
4573:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
4293:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
2933:
1587:using National Association Guidelines
1396:has also covered the topic in detail.
839:National Basketball Association policy
685:On 2 November 2013 in a match between
167:four major professional sports leagues
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4495:
4493:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4097:
4095:
4058:
4056:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
2703:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1765:Sports-related traumatic brain injury
639:2006-07 English Premier League season
495:Numerous reports have indicated that
7:
5925:
5568:Working Environment Convention, 1977
4876:The Collision of Sports and Politics
3504:from the original on 5 October 2023.
3191:, July 2013. retrieved 4 March 2014.
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1405:Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Research
1374:was a 2013 book by sports reporters
986:in banning any contact to the head.
5737:Workers' right to access the toilet
3987:"Graduated Return to Play Protocol"
3103:"Mourinho angry as keepers injured"
2700:ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine
1421:concussion research are available.
1129:Prevention efforts and technologies
976:International Ice Hockey Federation
5808:International Chemical Safety Card
4454:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3758:Klein, Jeff Z. (4 February 2014).
3515:Gerhardstein, Debby (6 May 2019).
3443:"NBA Institutes Concussion Policy"
2772:Hadhazy, Adam (2 September 2008).
2665:Klein, Jeff Z. (19 October 2010).
2512:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2421:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2257:10.1227/01.neu.0000196265.35238.7c
2221:10.1227/01.NEU.0000255514.73967.90
1891:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1791:British Journal of Sports Medicine
25:
5818:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
5476:International Labour Organization
4996:An Athlete's Guide to Concussions
4341:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3541:Gordon, Serena (29 August 2011).
3361:Schwab, Frank (21 January 2010).
3231:Bandoim, Lana (18 October 2012).
2852:Mayer, Larry (12 November 2012).
1770:Concussions in high school sports
1691:Ambulance to infield care center
1672:Team physician/Neuropsychologist
1535:Person who decides player return
1400:Concussion Research Organizations
1340:, interviewing former NHL player
1099:Concussions in high school sports
970:by 11- and 12-year-olds. For the
5924:
5896:
5895:
4425:10.1089/neu.2017.29011.abstracts
3160:Gibson, Owen (4 November 2013).
3073:10.2165/00007256-199214030-00006
2982:"Neuroscience for Kids β Soccer"
2186:10.1001/jama.1984.03350040068030
1843:"Concussion Tests and diagnosis"
1724:
1710:
1593:Head physician/Medical director
775:Good Sam Roadside Assistance 500
753:in a wreck in September 2001 at
570:Concussions in American football
530:Concussions in American football
225:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
160:concussions in American football
125:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
49:
3710:Klein, Jeff (20 October 2010).
3691:. LiveScience. 10 November 2008
3264:Gluck, Jeff (24 October 2013).
3031:Seaman, Andrew (13 July 2015).
2597:"Girls, sports and concussions"
1740:Concussions in Australian sport
845:National Basketball Association
678:to protect his weakened skull.
564:National Football League policy
5773:Environment, health and safety
5428:Occupational health psychology
5077:Occupational safety and health
4500:Daugherty, Jill (6 May 2019).
4182:. Abcnews.go.com. 26 June 2012
2727:. Hughston.com. Archived from
1056:clashed heads with the Lions'
219:Risk from repeated concussions
1:
5644:Personal protective equipment
5397:Workplace health surveillance
4968:UPMC | Life Changing Medicine
3665:Stubbs, Dave (19 June 2012).
3638:Translational Sports Medicine
3292:Bhasin, Kim (30 March 2011).
3189:Consultant For Paediatricians
2300:10.3109/02699052.2016.1147080
1450:https://concussion.umich.edu/
1334:created the documentary film
1217:US Centre for Disease Control
990:National Hockey League policy
628:Norway national football team
237:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
5686:Standard operating procedure
5619:Hierarchy of hazard controls
5372:Hierarchy of hazard controls
4889:"Sports Medicine - Overview"
4466:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096134
4418:(13): Aβ1βA-163. July 2017.
4305:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000117
4129:10.1371/journal.pone.0215900
3936:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.05.017
3010:U.S. News & World Report
2669:. Slapshot.blogs.nytimes.com
2553:Journal of Athletic Training
2525:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094978
2434:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941
2151:10.1016/0005-2744(75)90220-x
2116:10.1016/0005-2744(75)90219-3
1904:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941
1803:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097393
1523:Year baseline testing began
1050:2013 Lions tour of Australia
659:. During the match, Reading
5823:NIOSH air filtration rating
5515:Health and Safety Executive
5423:Occupational health nursing
5387:Occupational exposure limit
5225:Hospital-acquired infection
5190:Exposure to human nail dust
3994:Sports Concussion Institute
3965:Sports Concussion Institute
3809:"IRB Concussion Guidelines"
3578:10.1080/0269905031000088869
3330:"2017β2021 Basic Agreement"
2482:"Sports-Related Concussion"
1666:Evaluation by medical team
1560:Evaluation by medical team
72:, discuss the issue on the
5979:
5883:Workplace health promotion
5788:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
5562:Worker Protection Standard
5265:Noise-induced hearing loss
4784:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.07.003
4585:10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000346
4550:"HEADS UP to Youth Sports"
3397:Clinics in Sports Medicine
2725:"Sport-Related Concussion"
2018:Bey, T; Ostick, B (2009).
1745:Concussion grading systems
1526:Year current policy began
1272:incidence of concussions.
1105:extracurricular activities
1096:
1033:Concussions in rugby union
1030:
923:
567:
527:
191:There is the potential of
170:severity checklist, and a
35:
28:
5891:
5481:World Health Organization
5392:Occupational epidemiology
5377:Prevention through design
5235:Laboratory animal allergy
5160:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
5135:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
4771:Physical Therapy in Sport
4343:. FDA. 10 September 2019.
4230:. Riddell. Archived from
3410:10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.006
2565:10.4085/1062-6050-51.6.05
1986:10.1186/s12245-014-0031-6
1566:Medical staff/Consultant
843:On 12 December 2011, the
401:
300:
284:
281:
279:
18:Concussions in ice hockey
5798:Hostile work environment
5778:Environmental toxicology
5671:Redundancy (engineering)
5285:Repetitive strain injury
4829:"Head Games: The People"
4727:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.99
4715:Nature Reviews Neurology
4518:10.1177/0017896919846185
4506:Health Education Journal
2984:. Faculty.washington.edu
2753:. Faculty.washington.edu
2646:. Webmd.com. 11 May 2012
2386:10.1177/0363546518785901
2343:10.1177/0363546518785901
2020:"Second impact syndrome"
1529:First step after injury
1210:Canadian Football League
830:In the 2005 high school
693:, Tottenham goal keeper
668:depressed skull fracture
626:study of players of the
600:Johns Hopkins University
576:National Football League
244:traumatic brain injuries
193:post-concussion syndrome
187:Post-concussion syndrome
5843:Quality of working life
5629:Administrative controls
3521:National Safety Council
1520:Year policy introduced
1475:https://www.bu.edu/cte/
1330:In 2012, film producer
1161:NFL Players Association
894:National Safety Council
515:rather than practices.
5438:Occupational therapist
5418:Industrial engineering
5210:Glassblower's cataract
5175:Decompression sickness
4809:. Athleticbusiness.com
4412:Journal of Neurotrauma
4066:Journal of Neurotrauma
1212:have used it in play.
1086:
1021:
996:National Hockey League
737:, along with those of
209:second-impact syndrome
199:Second-impact syndrome
121:neurological disorders
113:traumatic brain injury
5908:Occupational diseases
5873:Workers' compensation
5433:Occupational medicine
5295:Silo-filler's disease
5260:Mule spinners' cancer
5020:10.3390/medsci7030044
4078:10.1089/neu.2016.4765
3669:. Montrealgazette.com
1750:Head injury criterion
1136:Arena Football League
984:Ontario Hockey League
926:Concussion substitute
899:head injury criterion
892:'s violent nature, a
790:Major League Baseball
5953:Sports controversies
5634:Engineering controls
5609:Emergency evacuation
5413:Environmental health
5180:De Quervain syndrome
5170:Concussions in sport
4556:. CDC. 5 March 2019.
4394:Parliament of Canada
4287:Papa, Linda (2016).
4161:PACE program website
3869:(19 December 2013).
1945:10.1123/ijatt.16.5.5
1350:Christopher Nowinski
914:Parkinson's syndrome
632:electroencephalogram
611:Association football
606:Association football
152:dementia pugilistica
78:create a new article
70:improve this article
38:Pediatric concussion
5768:Effects of overtime
5651:Job safety analysis
5639:Hazard substitution
5604:Emergency procedure
5382:Exposure assessment
5367:Occupational stress
5360:Psychosocial hazard
5340:Occupational hazard
5205:Flock worker's lung
4166:5 July 2012 at the
4120:2019PLoSO..1415900R
2864:on 15 November 2012
2778:Scientific American
2624:on 14 December 2013
2486:www.reliasmedia.com
910:Parkinson's disease
229:Alzheimer's disease
205:professional sports
5803:Indoor air quality
5707:Diving regulations
5624:Hazard elimination
5443:Safety engineering
4685:10.1037/cbs0000153
4228:"HITSβ’ Technology"
3789:on 1 November 2013
3764:The New York Times
3716:The New York Times
3449:. 12 December 2011
3369:on 21 October 2010
3212:on 29 October 2013
3206:Sports Illustrated
2731:on 6 February 2013
2073:10.1111/jlme.12126
972:2010β11 NHL season
960:1979β80 NHL season
771:Dale Earnhardt Jr.
5940:
5939:
5853:Safety data sheet
5666:Operations manual
5547:Bangladesh Accord
5535:
5534:
5345:Biological hazard
4918:Concussion Center
4647:978-0-9551548-8-1
4460:(20): 1276β1285.
4385:Stefanovic, Deb.
4072:(14): 2195β2203.
3901:Irish Independent
3111:. 14 October 2006
2962:. 26 January 2015
2919:978-1-4677-1067-1
2710:978-0-7817-7028-6
1755:Shock data logger
1732:Philosophy portal
1701:
1700:
1583:Evaluation by an
1376:Mark Fainaru-Wada
1292:American football
1274:Sensation seeking
1015:NHL Commissioner
958:mandatory in the
703:Andre Villas Boas
524:American football
488:
487:
156:American football
111:, a type of mild
106:
105:
98:
80:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5970:
5928:
5927:
5899:
5898:
5594:Contingency plan
5589:Code of practice
5461:
5255:Metal fume fever
5070:
5063:
5056:
5047:
5042:
5032:
5022:
5007:Medical Sciences
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4884:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:League of Denial
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4803:
4797:
4796:
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4762:
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4748:
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4668:
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4628:
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4427:
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4368:
4366:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4273:The Boston Globe
4264:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4208:on 16 March 2013
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4176:
4170:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4141:
4131:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4060:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4025:
4019:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3815:on 14 April 2013
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3785:. Archived from
3774:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:10.1002/tsm2.222
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
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3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3492:
3484:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3403:(1): 1β17, vii.
3388:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3342:on 28 April 2019
3341:
3334:
3326:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3298:Business Insider
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3241:. Archived from
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3157:
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3099:
3093:
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3047:
3045:
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3017:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
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2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2931:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2860:. Archived from
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2833:on 23 April 2011
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2715:
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2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
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2497:
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2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2380:(7): 1754β1762.
2369:
2363:
2362:
2337:(7): 1754β1762.
2326:
2320:
2319:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1964:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1785:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1616:Depends on team
1613:Depends on team
1610:Depends on team
1585:athletic trainer
1514:
1505:Policies summary
1492:
1491:
1487:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1390:League of Denial
1371:League of Denial
1159:season, but the
1148:football helmets
1067:In 2013, former
1019:
735:2001 Daytona 500
674:, now wearing a
634:(EEG) readings.
580:hits to the head
509:College football
277:
165:As of 2012, the
101:
94:
90:
87:
81:
53:
52:
45:
21:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5887:
5868:Toxic workplace
5848:Risk management
5741:
5695:
5676:Risk assessment
5572:
5531:
5485:
5456:
5447:
5401:
5355:Physical hazard
5350:Chemical hazard
5331:
5324:
5089:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5000:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4911:
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4897:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4835:on 18 June 2012
4827:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4764:
4763:
4752:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4637:
4630:
4629:
4610:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4548:
4547:
4543:
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4446:
4445:
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4401:
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4364:
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4352:
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4335:
4334:
4330:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4234:on 23 June 2012
4226:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4168:Wayback Machine
4159:
4155:
4114:(4): e0215900.
4101:
4100:
4093:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4041:
4027:
4026:
4022:
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4009:
3999:
3997:
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3955:
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3847:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3783:The Hockey News
3777:Proteau, Adam.
3776:
3775:
3771:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3739:. 23 April 2011
3731:
3730:
3723:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3563:
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3558:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3245:on 22 July 2013
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3061:Sports Medicine
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2932:
2920:
2912:. Minneapolis.
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
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2782:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2766:
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2754:
2749:
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2744:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
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2649:
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2541:
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2490:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
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2455:
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2450:
2414:
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2409:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2206:
2205:
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2171:
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2166:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1797:(11): 877β887.
1787:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1669:Team physician
1512:
1507:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1311:
1303:
1294:
1286:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1131:
1117:JAMA Pediatrics
1101:
1095:
1058:Richard Hibbard
1035:
1029:
1020:
1014:
992:
964:Neuropsychology
949:
940:
932:
924:Main articles:
922:
886:
877:
841:
828:
787:
759:Car of Tomorrow
723:
616:JAMA Pediatrics
608:
572:
566:
532:
526:
521:
497:female athletes
493:
270:An analysis of
264:
256:musculoskeletal
252:
221:
201:
189:
180:
123:, particularly
102:
91:
85:
82:
67:
54:
50:
41:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5976:
5974:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5858:Source control
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5833:Process safety
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5793:Health physics
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Safety culture
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5661:Permit To Work
5658:
5656:Lockout-tagout
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5458:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5320:Writer's cramp
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5275:Pneumoconiosis
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5240:Lead poisoning
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5215:Golfer's elbow
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Fiddler's neck
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Chronic stress
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Cardiovascular
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5050:
5044:
5043:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4985:External links
4983:
4981:
4980:
4955:
4930:
4905:
4879:
4868:
4857:
4846:
4820:
4798:
4750:
4721:(8): 486β490.
4698:
4679:(2): 121β130.
4660:
4646:
4608:
4579:(4): e000346.
4559:
4541:
4512:(7): 784β797.
4489:
4439:
4399:
4372:
4346:
4328:
4279:
4259:
4245:
4219:
4193:
4171:
4153:
4091:
4052:
4039:
4020:
4007:
3978:
3949:
3930:(6): 914β918.
3914:
3887:
3855:
3844:. 27 July 2013
3826:
3800:
3769:
3750:
3721:
3702:
3680:
3657:
3644:(3): 319β326.
3624:
3599:
3572:(10): 901β17.
3556:
3545:. Usatoday.com
3533:
3507:
3460:
3434:
3380:
3353:
3310:
3284:
3256:
3223:
3193:
3180:
3149:
3122:
3094:
3051:
3023:
2995:
2973:
2947:
2918:
2900:
2875:
2844:
2818:
2807:. Usatoday.Com
2790:
2764:
2742:
2716:
2709:
2689:
2680:
2657:
2635:
2609:
2588:
2559:(3): 167β174.
2539:
2518:(5): 292β297.
2498:
2473:
2448:
2407:
2364:
2321:
2294:(8): 937β947.
2278:
2234:
2215:(2): 223β225.
2199:
2180:(4): 538β539.
2164:
2145:(1): 193β209.
2129:
2110:(1): 178β192.
2094:
2051:
2010:
1950:
1918:
1874:
1852:
1834:
1812:1959.17/164207
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1721:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:Medical staff
1588:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:Medical staff
1561:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1481:
1478:
1456:
1453:
1431:
1428:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1359:New York Times
1310:
1309:Media coverage
1307:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1140:impact monitor
1130:
1127:
1094:
1091:
1071:international
1031:Main article:
1028:
1025:
1012:
991:
988:
956:hockey helmets
948:
945:
939:
936:
921:
918:
902:and football.
885:
882:
876:
873:
872:
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
840:
837:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
786:
783:
769:In 2012, when
763:SAFER barriers
731:Dale Earnhardt
722:
719:
607:
604:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
520:
517:
492:
491:Women in sport
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
458:
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
291:
287:
286:
283:
280:
263:
260:
251:
248:
220:
217:
213:cerebral edema
200:
197:
188:
185:
179:
176:
104:
103:
64:of the subject
62:worldwide view
57:
55:
48:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5975:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5933:
5932:
5923:
5919:
5918:Organizations
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5838:Public health
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5731:United States
5728:
5725:
5722:
5721:United States
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Diving safety
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:International
5462:
5459:
5457:organizations
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5330:Occupational
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Sports injury
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Low back pain
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Farmer's lung
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5085:Occupational
5082:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4865:Football High
4861:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4847:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4635:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4299:(3): 108β15.
4298:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:Yahoo! Sports
3234:
3227:
3224:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:(3): 200β13.
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3003:Mozes, Alan.
2999:
2996:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2863:
2859:
2858:Chicago Bears
2855:
2848:
2845:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:(2): 128β32.
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
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5305:Surfer's ear
5250:Mesothelioma
5220:Hearing loss
5169:
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5006:
4971:. Retrieved
4967:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4942:
4939:"CTE Center"
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
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4892:
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4801:
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4633:
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4360:The Guardian
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4292:
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4236:. Retrieved
4232:the original
4222:
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4206:the original
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4184:. Retrieved
4174:
4156:
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4000:28 September
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3993:
3981:
3971:28 September
3969:. Retrieved
3964:
3952:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3907:13 September
3905:. Retrieved
3899:
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:
3867:Lamont, Rory
3846:. Retrieved
3841:
3817:. Retrieved
3813:the original
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3787:the original
3782:
3772:
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3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3715:
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3693:. Retrieved
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3660:
3641:
3637:
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3615:. Retrieved
3611:
3602:
3569:
3566:Brain Injury
3565:
3559:
3547:. Retrieved
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:
3510:
3495:NBA Official
3494:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:NBA Official
3446:
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3371:. Retrieved
3367:the original
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3301:. Retrieved
3297:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3269:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:the original
3236:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3205:
3196:
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3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:The Guardian
3165:
3138:(1): 103β7.
3135:
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3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3106:
3097:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3036:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3008:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2959:
2950:
2909:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2888:SBNation.com
2887:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:the original
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2781:. Retrieved
2777:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:the original
2719:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:the original
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2591:
2556:
2552:
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2515:
2511:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2458:
2451:
2427:(1): 15β26.
2424:
2420:
2410:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2291:
2288:Brain Injury
2287:
2281:
2251:(1): 78β95.
2248:
2245:Neurosurgery
2244:
2237:
2212:
2209:Neurosurgery
2208:
2202:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1976:
1972:
1936:
1932:
1897:(1): 15β26.
1894:
1890:
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1837:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1643:Team doctor
1640:Team doctor
1498:
1494:
1473:
1469:
1448:
1444:
1423:
1419:
1383:
1369:
1368:
1364:Alan Schwarz
1357:
1354:Cindy Parlow
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1284:Horse riding
1270:
1261:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1202:
1185:
1132:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1093:Youth sports
1087:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1054:George Smith
1047:
1036:
1022:
1017:Gary Bettman
1005:
1000:
993:
950:
941:
933:
912:,' known as
906:Muhammad Ali
904:
887:
878:
842:
829:
788:
768:
724:
715:
711:
684:
680:
676:rugby helmet
664:Stephen Hunt
636:
621:
614:
609:
597:
593:
589:
585:asymptomatic
573:
551:players. In
541:Division III
533:
513:
502:
494:
293:Competition
269:
265:
253:
241:
233:Parkinsonism
222:
202:
190:
181:
164:
141:
107:
92:
83:
59:
42:
26:
5963:Concussions
5763:Drug policy
5700:Legislation
5406:Professions
5230:Indium lung
5125:Brucellosis
5120:Berylliosis
4893:Mayo Clinic
4365:19 November
3880:26 December
3848:26 December
3819:16 February
3453:26 November
3303:26 November
2868:12 November
2466:12 November
2030:(1): 6β10.
1847:Mayo Clinic
1332:Steve James
1278:risk-taking
1193:Tau protein
1181:Axon Sports
1169:ImPACT Test
1142:created by
1073:Rory Lamont
1043:World Rugby
1039:rugby union
1027:Rugby union
870:evaluation.
866:discretion.
739:Kenny Irwin
721:Auto racing
695:Hugo Lloris
637:During the
545:Division II
475:Volleyball
419:Ice hockey
405:Basketball
346:Ice hockey
318:Basketball
250:Other risks
109:Concussions
5947:Categories
5863:Toxic tort
5813:Job strain
5783:Ergonomics
5758:Break room
5280:Radium jaw
5270:Phossy jaw
5145:Chalicosis
5115:Barotrauma
5105:Asbestosis
4943:www.bu.edu
4914:"Homepage"
4653:1 December
3875:ESPN Scrum
3842:ESPN Scrum
3793:30 October
3612:PEOPLE.com
3277:24 October
3249:21 October
3115:16 October
2491:3 November
1939:(5): 5β9.
1776:References
1394:Dave Zirin
1337:Head Games
1316:Concussion
1258:Ice hockey
1173:BrainCheck
1138:tested an
1097:See also:
1062:UK channel
952:Ice hockey
947:Ice Hockey
938:Gymnastics
832:basketball
826:Basketball
755:Darlington
751:Steve Park
747:Tony Roper
743:Adam Petty
661:midfielder
646:goalkeeper
549:Division I
388:Wrestling
86:March 2013
31:Concussion
5584:Checklist
5552:ISO 45001
5540:Standards
5290:Silicosis
5100:Acrodynia
5013:(3): 44.
4693:210359660
3271:USA Today
3108:BBC Sport
2936:cite book
2928:828775853
2602:7 October
1829:206882999
1385:Frontline
1362:reporter
1301:Bicycling
1177:XLNTbrain
875:Bicycling
779:Talladega
687:Tottenham
672:Liverpool
649:Petr Δech
624:Norwegian
461:Softball
433:Lacrosse
360:Lacrosse
332:Football
304:Baseball
296:Practice
262:Incidence
148:wrestlers
74:talk page
5958:Injuries
5913:Journals
5902:Category
5828:Overwork
5746:See also
5499:(Canada)
5490:National
5453:Agencies
5315:Tinnitus
5185:Erethism
5092:injuries
5087:diseases
5039:30884753
4793:27639135
4777:: 7β13.
4745:27364748
4603:29955375
4536:31530957
4484:27307271
4434:28661788
4323:27482776
4164:Archived
4148:31022262
4108:PLOS ONE
4086:28084891
4034:NBC News
3944:28739314
3617:19 April
3594:41598307
3586:12963556
3499:Archived
3429:21074078
3346:28 April
3173:21 March
3144:11832883
3089:37042212
2966:19 April
2893:20 March
2583:27331336
2534:26626271
2443:23243113
2402:51911315
2394:30074832
2359:51911315
2351:30074832
2316:11524717
2308:27120772
2273:10666909
2265:16385332
2229:17762733
2089:35061638
2081:25040374
2046:19561758
2005:25635191
1913:23243113
1821:29098981
1704:See also
1250:Baseball
1069:Scotland
1013:β
982:and the
888:Despite
805:signing.
796:and the
785:Baseball
519:By sport
402:Women's
290:Overall
137:CT scans
68:You may
5931:Commons
5511:(Spain)
5505:(Italy)
5332:hygiene
5130:Burnout
5030:6473667
4887:Print.
4839:14 July
4813:14 July
4736:5333496
4594:6018845
4527:6747698
4475:5099231
4314:5055836
4238:26 June
4139:6483210
4116:Bibcode
3743:30 June
3673:14 July
3420:2987636
3081:1439395
3044:13 July
3038:Reuters
3016:13 July
2960:The Hub
2837:30 June
2811:30 June
2574:5384815
2194:6737652
2037:2672291
1996:4306054
1867:30 June
1697:NASCAR
1694:NASCAR
1517:League
1152:Riddell
1121:play.
920:Cricket
733:at the
691:Everton
657:Reading
653:Chelsea
622:A 1992
447:Soccer
374:Soccer
239:(ALS).
227:(CTE),
178:Dangers
172:balance
129:suicide
5614:Hazard
5577:Safety
5110:Asthma
5037:
5027:
4973:5 June
4948:5 June
4923:5 June
4898:5 June
4791:
4743:
4733:
4691:
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4186:4 July
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4084:
4048:Forbes
3996:. 2008
3967:. 2013
3942:
3695:4 July
3592:
3584:
3549:4 July
3427:
3417:
3373:4 July
3216:1 July
3142:
3087:
3079:
2988:4 July
2926:
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2783:1 July
2757:1 July
2735:1 July
2707:
2673:4 July
2650:4 July
2628:4 July
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2079:
2044:
2034:
2003:
1993:
1979:: 31.
1911:
1827:
1819:
1678:NASCAR
1484:": -->
1459:": -->
1434:": -->
1409:": -->
1356:, and
1175:, and
1165:Reebok
978:, the
890:boxing
884:Boxing
859:first.
555:, the
301:Men's
282:Sport
174:test.
144:boxers
133:X-rays
117:sports
5753:Break
4689:S2CID
4638:(PDF)
4390:(PDF)
3990:(PDF)
3961:(PDF)
3590:S2CID
3526:9 May
3502:(PDF)
3491:(PDF)
3340:(PDF)
3333:(PDF)
3085:S2CID
2398:S2CID
2355:S2CID
2312:S2CID
2269:S2CID
2085:S2CID
1825:S2CID
1688:2003
1685:2003
1682:2003
1663:2011
1629:1997
1607:2011
1604:2011
1601:2011
1580:2007
1577:2011
1574:2007
1232:Rugby
1189:S100B
851:are:
727:death
643:Czech
484:0.27
481:0.64
478:0.37
470:0.18
467:0.42
464:0.26
456:0.18
453:1.65
450:0.54
442:0.25
439:1.28
436:0.45
428:0.31
425:2.11
422:0.78
414:0.39
411:1.00
408:0.53
397:0.48
394:4.31
391:0.89
383:0.14
380:0.67
377:0.26
369:0.19
366:0.91
363:0.30
355:0.20
352:2.40
349:0.74
341:0.48
338:3.25
335:0.75
327:0.34
324:0.53
321:0.38
313:0.04
310:0.16
307:0.09
76:, or
5564:(US)
5528:(US)
5517:(UK)
5455:and
5090:and
5035:PMID
4975:2024
4950:2024
4925:2024
4900:2024
4841:2012
4815:2012
4789:PMID
4741:PMID
4655:2019
4642:ISBN
4599:PMID
4532:PMID
4480:PMID
4430:PMID
4367:2019
4319:PMID
4240:2012
4214:2012
4188:2012
4144:PMID
4082:PMID
4002:2017
3973:2017
3940:PMID
3909:2016
3882:2013
3850:2013
3821:2013
3795:2013
3745:2012
3737:ESPN
3697:2012
3675:2012
3619:2018
3582:PMID
3551:2012
3528:2020
3455:2019
3425:PMID
3375:2012
3348:2019
3305:2019
3279:2013
3251:2012
3218:2012
3175:2016
3140:PMID
3117:2006
3077:PMID
3046:2015
3018:2015
2990:2012
2968:2018
2942:link
2924:OCLC
2914:ISBN
2895:2018
2870:2012
2839:2012
2813:2012
2785:2012
2759:2012
2737:2012
2705:ISBN
2675:2012
2652:2012
2630:2012
2604:2015
2579:PMID
2530:PMID
2493:2019
2468:2014
2439:PMID
2390:PMID
2347:PMID
2304:PMID
2261:PMID
2225:PMID
2190:PMID
2155:PMID
2120:PMID
2077:PMID
2042:PMID
2001:PMID
1909:PMID
1869:2012
1817:PMID
1659:2003
1654:2011
1633:2011
1625:1997
1621:NHL
1598:NBA
1571:MLB
1556:2009
1551:2008
1546:2007
1486:edit
1461:edit
1436:edit
1411:edit
1378:and
1346:Penn
1276:and
1157:2010
994:The
980:NCAA
928:and
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