69:
2887:, who find it prudent initially to avoid confrontations with any large concentrations of government/occupying forces. However, through the use of small attacks, shows of strength, atrocities etc. in out of the way areas, they may be able to lure their opponents into spreading themselves out into isolated outposts, linked by convoys and patrols, in order to control territory. The guerrilla forces may then attempt to use force concentrations of their own; using unpredictable and unexpected concentrations of their forces, to destroy individual patrols, convoys and outposts. In this way they can hope to defeat their enemy in detail.
2222:. The rate in which each army delivers damage to the opponent is proportional to the number of units – in the model each unit shoots at a given rate – and to the ability or effectiveness of each surviving unit to kill the enemy. The sizes of both armies decrease at different rates depending on the size of the other, and casualties of the superior army approach zero as the size of the inferior army approaches zero. This can be written in equations:
3036:
2875:. By the third century A.D. these Legions had been dispersed along the frontiers in frontier fortifications, and within the Empire as internal security troops. In the first case Rome's military might was disposed in a manner in which it had a concentration of force capable of offensive action; in the second case it could defend effectively but could only attack and counterattack with difficulty.
2744:
2119:
3071:
to absorb and disperse the momentum of a massed Soviet attack. Mobile anti-tank teams and counterattacking NATO armies would seek to cut off the leading Soviet echelons from their supporting echelons and then reduce the isolated elements with superior air power and conventional munitions, and if this
2835:
No one side has a monopoly on military art, and what is obvious to one side is obvious to the other. A far more likely scenario is that both forces will choose to use their infantry to hold a line and to concentrate their armour, and rather than a line in the sand, the infantry line would be more of
2820:
However, as the defensive line increases from the imaginary four units in length, the advantage slips from the defender to the attacker. The longer the line to be held, the thinner the defenders will be spread. With the defender having sacrificed his mobility to dig in, the attacker can choose where
2711:
This model clearly demonstrates (see picture) that an inferior force can suffer devastating losses even when the superior force is only slightly larger, in case of equal per-unit qualitative capabilities: in the first example (see picture, top plot) the superior force starts only 40% larger, yet it
2073:
we may infer, that it is very difficult in the present state of Europe, for the most talented
General to gain a victory over an enemy double his strength. Now if we see double numbers prove such a weight in the scale against the greatest Generals, we may be sure, that in ordinary cases, in small as
3015:
themselves, but so were the vital assets—bridges, marshalling yards, fuel depots, etc.—needed to give them mobility. As it was in this case, the blitzkrieg solution was the worst of both worlds, neither being far enough forward to maximise the use of their defensive fortifications, nor far enough
2804:
Traditionally it is accepted that a defending force has a 3:1 advantage over an attacker. In other words, a defending force can hold off three times its own number of attackers. Imagine, then, that the defensive line is four units in length, so that each portion of the line can be held by a single
2800:
Imagine two equally matched sides each with two infantry and two armoured divisions. Now visualize a straight defensive line with the two infantry and two armoured divisions, deployed equally along the length of the line. Hypothetically the attacker can win by concentrating his armour at one point
2729:
campaign. In this case, the laws supported Canon's establishment of a "revolutionary base area" by concentrating resources on a single geographical area until dominance could be achieved, in this case in
Scotland. After this, they carefully defined regions to be individually attacked again with a
2109:
So a two to one advantage in units will quadruple the firepower and inflict four times the punishment, three times as many units will have nine times the combat ability and so on. Basically the greater the numerical superiority that one side has, the greater the damage he can inflict on the other
2126:
There is no battlefield where battle tactics can be reduced to a pure race of delivering damage while ignoring all other circumstances. However, in some types of warfare, such as a battle for air superiority, confrontation of armoured forces in World War II or battleship-based naval battles, the
2968:
doctrine was developed and established during the run up to World War II. A fundamental key to conventional
Warfare is the concentration of force at a particular point (the Schwerpunkt). Concentration of force increases the chance of victory in a particular engagement. Correctly chosen and
2890:
Regular forces, in turn, may act in order to invite such attacks by concentrations of enemy guerrillas, in order to bring an otherwise elusive enemy to battle, relying on its own superior training and firepower to win such battles. This was successfully practiced by the French during the
2836:
a trip wire, to warn of where the enemy has chosen to launch his attack, with the armoured forces jostling to find the right place to attack or counterattack. Other considerations, then, must come into play for a decisive blow to be achieved.
2720:
In the 1960s, Lanchester's laws were popularised by the business consultant Nobuo Taoka and found favour with a segment of the
Japanese business community. The laws were used to formulate plans and strategies to attack
2712:
brings about the total annihilation of the inferior force while suffering only 40% losses. Quality of the force may outweigh the quantitative inferiority of the force (middle plot) when it comes to battle outcomes.
2923:. To overcome this shortcoming rather than deploying their fighters uniformly along the fronts, the Germans concentrated their fighters into large mobile Jagdgeschwader formations, the most famous of which was
3084:
2094:
that calculated that the combat power of a military force is the square of the number of members of that unit so that the advantage a larger force has is the difference of the squares of the two forces, i.e.
2213:
2730:
more focused allocation of resources. The sales and distribution forces built up to support these regions in turn were used in the final "determined push in London with a numerically larger salesforce".
2650:
2560:
2122:
Idealized simulation of two forces damaging each other, neglecting all other circumstances than the 1) size of army 2) rate of damaging (killing). The plots illustrate the principle of
Lanchester's laws.
2847:
Force concentration has been a part of the military commander's repertoire since the dawn of warfare, though maybe not by that name. Commanders have always tried to have the advantage of numbers. The
2839:
Such considerations may be economic or political in nature, e.g. one side is unable or unwilling to allow the sanctity of its soil to be violated, and thus insists on defending a line on a map.
2074:
well as great combats, an important superiority of numbers, but which need not be over two to one, will be sufficient to ensure the victory, however disadvantageous other circumstances may be.
2825:. Thus, concentrating two divisions and attacking at a single point generates a far greater force than is achieved by spreading two divisions into a line and pushing forward on a broad front.
2359:
2290:
33:
is the practice of concentrating a military force so as to bring to bear such overwhelming force against a portion of an enemy force that the disparity between the two forces alone acts as a
3027:, with Allied naval and air superiority and non-existent room to manoeuvre, neither a water's edge defensive strategy nor a holding back and counterattacking strategy could succeed.
3111:
submunition. Against such weapons massed concentrations of armour and troops would no longer be a virtue but a liability. From the mid eighties and onward a much greater level of
2432:
2817:. This single unit should be able to hold off 3 times its own number. With the attacking force having only two armoured units, the defenders should have the advantage.
2706:
2679:
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3216:
3100:
2131:
model the potential outcome of the conflict fairly well. Balance between the two opponent forces incline to the side of superior force by the factor of
2828:
Concentration of force in this scenario requires mobility (to permit rapid concentration) and power (to be effective in combat once concentrated). The
68:
3079:
In an effort to avoid the use of nuclear munitions in an otherwise conventional war, the US invested heavily in a family of technologies it called "
992:
2984:
in 1944 could have followed one of the two models offered in the hypothetical example. The first was to distribute the available forces along the
1419:
3000:
from which it would be nipped off by the cutting of their supply lines and then defeated in detail. The superiority of concentrated forces using
1775:
3478:
3096:
1970:
1748:
363:
2218:
This result could be understood if the rate of damage (considered as the only relevant factor in the model) is solved as a system of
2134:
2787:
1424:
2754:
2566:
2476:
1502:
1485:
1847:
1272:
117:
2863:, in the first years of the first millennium, Rome's Legions were grouped into battle groups of three or four Legions, on the
3004:
in the hypothetical example carried the proviso of "all other things being equal"; by 1944 things were far from being equal.
2928:
2708:, these equations need to be solved using the known initial conditions (the initial size of the two armies prior to combat).
1611:
2832:
embodies these two properties and for the past seventy years has been seen as the primary weapon of conventional warfare.
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1475:
2996:
concentrated and well away from the beaches. Territory could then be conceded to draw the invasion force away from their
1965:
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2227:
1975:
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1439:
2931:, that could be moved rapidly and unexpectedly to different points along the front. This allowed them to create a
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1057:
406:
280:
134:
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exploited, victory in a given engagement or a chain of small engagements is often sufficient to win the battle.
2054:, which aimed to cause disproportionate losses on the enemy and therefore destroy the enemy's ability to fight.
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and when to attack. Either penetrating the line or turning a flank and thus being able to destroy the enemy in
2806:
2000:
1867:
1414:
1107:
925:
773:
2939:
in a local area in support of ground operations or just to destroy Allied fighters in the overall strategy of
3481:, especially Book 3, Chapter VIII ("Superiority of Numbers"), and Chapter XI ("Assembly of Forces in Space").
2896:
3020:
2900:
2883:
As they are usually the smaller in number an appreciation of force concentration is especially important to
2087:
1953:
1935:
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1250:
1172:
1117:
715:
378:
2989:
2924:
2468:
2395:
2047:
1820:
1795:
1517:
1429:
1302:
1177:
778:
755:
201:
100:
2916:
2219:
1409:
1342:
1295:
949:
912:
875:
793:
745:
629:
439:
247:
156:
2950:
was one tactic that was evolved to cause maximum damage to the enemy with the minimum of casualties.
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107:
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3263:
3185:
2892:
2105:
If force A still has 2 units and force B has 5 units then the advantage force B has is 5²−2² or 21.
2102:
If force A still has 2 units and force B has 4 units then the advantage force B has is 4²−2² or 12.
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1651:
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1312:
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1032:
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401:
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161:
85:
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3440:
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If force A has say 2 units and force B has 3 units, then the advantage force B has is 3²−2² or 5.
1985:
1840:
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1142:
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1022:
1007:
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166:
95:
78:
34:
2684:
2657:
2439:
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3259:
3160:
3140:
3112:
3104:
3080:
3008:
2805:
defending division. Assume that they can take on the oncoming armour on equal terms (with
2127:
ratio of armed forces could become the dominant factor. In that case, equations stated in
1805:
1790:
1708:
1664:
1606:
1262:
1257:
1147:
1137:
1052:
1027:
969:
810:
740:
730:
669:
582:
567:
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462:
262:
242:
90:
2726:
2434:
is the rate in which army 1 damages army 2 (affected by unit quality or other advantage)
2912:
1990:
1980:
1728:
1152:
1112:
1090:
1077:
1067:
1037:
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907:
710:
701:
592:
545:
525:
515:
485:
452:
340:
297:
252:
124:
57:
2463:
is a coefficient which describes army 1's ability to inflict damage per unit per time.
17:
3497:
3452:
3397:
3342:
3165:
2985:
2936:
2848:
2814:
2725:. The "Canon–Xerox copier battle" in the UK, for example, reads like a classic
2467:
The above equations result in the following homogeneous second-order linear ordinary
1827:
1815:
1671:
1591:
1507:
1490:
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1202:
1182:
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220:
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112:
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2981:
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2014:
1940:
1920:
1915:
1810:
1755:
1389:
1384:
1207:
1122:
870:
604:
505:
302:
206:
3024:
2992:
back into the sea where and when they landed. The second was to keep the German
2084:
1925:
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1641:
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1167:
1132:
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788:
691:
475:
196:
191:
3125:
3064:
2959:
1882:
1852:
1574:
943:
3436:
3381:
3326:
2851:
for example, was one way of achieving a force concentration during a battle.
3234:
3092:
2997:
2810:
2215:. For example, two tanks against one tank are superior by a factor of four.
2058:
1872:
1696:
1646:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1446:
1237:
1232:
1197:
639:
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292:
181:
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3011:
not only were major force concentrations vulnerable to tactical and heavy
3052:
3044:
2947:
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1495:
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275:
149:
3444:
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2118:
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783:
659:
320:
315:
285:
224:
186:
3473:
3412:
3357:
3108:
3012:
2993:
2978:
2872:
2868:
1404:
805:
622:
358:
3428:
3373:
3318:
2772:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3188:(1909). "Book 3 (Of strategy in general): Superiority_of_numbers".
3303:"Assessing the Conventional Balance: The 3:1 Rule and Its Critics"
3085:
intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
3034:
2864:
2117:
880:
416:
411:
3277:"A British Military Theory Finds Favour Among Japan's Businesses"
3055:, to combat the overwhelming Soviet supremacy in armour and men,
3047:, confirming the fate of massed tanks operating without aircover.
3056:
2829:
176:
171:
3083:", the two parts of these programmes were an enhanced realtime
2208:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {Power_{2}}{Power_{1}}}\right)^{2}}
2737:
49:
2645:{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dt^{2}}}N_{2}=c_{2}c_{1}N_{2}}
2555:{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dt^{2}}}N_{1}=c_{2}c_{1}N_{1}}
3358:"Dynamic Analysis and the Conventional Balance in Europe"
3019:
Similarly, for the
Japanese in the final stages of the
2761:
3087:
capability, and the second part a series of stand off
3413:"Why the Soviets Can't Win Quickly in Central Europe"
2687:
2660:
2569:
2479:
2442:
2398:
2369:
2299:
2230:
2137:
3016:
away and concentrated to give it room to manoeuvre.
2801:(with his infantry holding the rest of the line).
2700:
2673:
2644:
2554:
2455:
2426:
2382:
2353:
2284:
2207:
2899:, but a subsequent attempt to replicate this at
2354:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}N_{2}=-c_{1}N_{1}}
2285:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}N_{1}=-c_{2}N_{2}}
2813:fireplans etc.) and that they have had time to
3254:Lanchester, F.W., "Mathematics in Warfare" in
2022:
8:
3115:became desirable rather than concentration.
3490:, 2003, HarperCollins Publishers, New York.
2046:Force concentration became integral to the
3215:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2110:side and the smaller the cost to himself.
2029:
2015:
39:
2788:Learn how and when to remove this message
2692:
2686:
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2659:
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2626:
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2199:
2186:
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2143:
2136:
2390:is the number of units in the first army
993:List of military strategies and concepts
3177:
2915:became increasingly unable to meet the
47:
3208:
37:in favour of the concentrated forces.
7:
2427:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}N_{2}}
2654:To determine the time evolution of
25:
2061:examination of past battles, the
2742:
67:
2946:Similarly the Second World War
2935:in numbers, that could achieve
2919:in terms of outright number of
1:
3411:Mearsheimer, John J. (1982).
3301:Mearsheimer, John J. (1989).
3231:"Article at Lanchester Press"
3095:weapon systems, such as the
2855:Disposition of Roman Legions
2050:operational doctrine of the
3356:Epstein, Joshua M. (1988).
2768:the claims made and adding
1486:Military–industrial complex
965:Operational manoeuvre group
3525:
3039:Burnt out vehicles on the
2957:
1550:Loss-of-strength gradient
407:Combat information center
3479:online version available
3256:The World of Mathematics
3151:List of military tactics
2903:led to decisive defeat.
2859:At the beginning of the
1868:Military science fiction
1353:Technology and equipment
774:List of military tactics
3059:planned to use much of
2988:and throw the invading
2911:During World War I the
2088:Frederick W. Lanchester
2069:(1780–1831) concluded:
1936:Wartime sexual violence
1692:Full-spectrum dominance
1503:Supply-chain management
3417:International Security
3362:International Security
3307:International Security
3048:
2973:Defence of France 1944
2925:Manfred von Richthofen
2702:
2675:
2646:
2556:
2469:differential equations
2457:
2428:
2384:
2355:
2286:
2220:differential equations
2209:
2123:
2076:
1848:Awards and decorations
1821:Peace through strength
1796:Low-intensity conflict
1430:Conscientious objector
1303:Area of responsibility
18:Concentrate (military)
3038:
2703:
2701:{\displaystyle N_{2}}
2676:
2674:{\displaystyle N_{1}}
2647:
2557:
2458:
2456:{\displaystyle c_{1}}
2429:
2385:
2383:{\displaystyle N_{1}}
2356:
2287:
2210:
2121:
2071:
440:Torpedo data computer
430:Ship gun fire-control
3258:, Vol. 4 (1956) Ed.
3186:von Clausewitz, Karl
2734:Hypothetical example
2685:
2658:
2567:
2477:
2440:
2396:
2367:
2297:
2228:
2135:
2078:
1966:Military occupations
1801:Military engineering
1703:Unrestricted Warfare
1560:Force multiplication
458:Military manoeuvrers
3469:Carl von Clausewitz
3031:Cold War and beyond
2893:First Indochina War
2067:Carl von Clausewitz
1652:Penal military unit
1637:Rules of engagement
1313:Command and control
938:Operations research
402:Director (military)
392:Fire-control system
162:Command and control
43:Part of a series on
31:Force concentration
3504:Military doctrines
3485:Dunnigan, James F.
3264:Simon and Schuster
3049:
2753:possibly contains
2698:
2671:
2642:
2552:
2453:
2424:
2380:
2351:
2282:
2205:
2124:
2114:Mathematical model
2065:military theorist
1761:Counter-insurgency
1682:Command of the sea
1627:Jewish laws on war
1602:Geneva Conventions
1138:Divide and conquer
933:Military operation
898:Tactical objective
397:Fire-control radar
374:Electronic-warfare
3156:Saturation patrol
3146:Human wave attack
3091:air-launched and
3074:nuclear munitions
2982:defence of France
2933:local superiority
2879:Guerrilla warfare
2798:
2797:
2790:
2755:original research
2716:Business strategy
2597:
2507:
2412:
2313:
2244:
2193:
2129:Lanchester's laws
2092:Lanchester's laws
2079:Lanchester's laws
2048:Prussian military
2039:
2038:
1931:Horses in warfare
1878:Anti-war movement
1781:Gunboat diplomacy
1771:Disaster response
1719:Philosophy of war
1714:Principles of war
1687:Deterrence theory
1632:Right of conquest
1555:Lanchester's laws
1323:Principles of war
1013:Counter-offensive
998:Military campaign
903:Target saturation
826:Counterinsurgency
435:Gun data computer
369:Close air support
331:Aircraft carriers
27:Military strategy
16:(Redirected from
3516:
3509:Military tactics
3457:
3456:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3279:. Archived from
3273:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3233:. Archived from
3227:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3182:
3136:Economy of force
3089:precision guided
3069:defence in depth
3051:For much of the
3041:Highway of Death
3023:campaign of the
3002:maneuver warfare
2921:fighter aircraft
2897:Battle of Nà Sản
2885:guerrilla forces
2793:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:inline citations
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2245:
2243:
2232:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2144:
2052:mass of decision
2042:Mass of decision
2031:
2024:
2017:
1786:Humanitarian aid
1724:Security dilemma
1545:Power projection
1328:Economy of force
1308:Chain of command
1023:Defence in depth
1008:Commerce raiding
831:Defeat in detail
167:Defense ministry
71:
62:
61:
52:
40:
35:force multiplier
21:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3494:
3493:
3488:How To Make War
3465:
3460:
3429:10.2307/2538686
3410:
3409:
3405:
3374:10.2307/2538999
3355:
3354:
3350:
3319:10.2307/2538780
3300:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3161:Schlieffen Plan
3141:Force dispersal
3121:
3113:force dispersal
3105:M712 Copperhead
3081:Assault Breaker
3063:territory as a
3033:
3009:air superiority
2998:lodgement areas
2975:
2962:
2956:
2909:
2881:
2857:
2845:
2809:, pre-prepared
2794:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2718:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2393:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2341:
2331:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2272:
2262:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2182:
2169:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2116:
2085:First World War
2081:
2044:
2035:
2006:
2005:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1806:Multilateralism
1791:Law enforcement
1751:
1741:
1740:
1709:Just war theory
1667:
1657:
1656:
1607:Geneva Protocol
1577:
1567:
1566:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1173:Network-centric
1093:
1083:
1082:
990:
980:
979:
928:
918:
917:
866:Rapid dominance
771:
761:
760:
716:Electromagnetic
625:
615:
614:
601:
554:
502:
478:
468:
467:
463:Combat training
444:
421:
387:Combat systems:
383:
345:
341:Auxiliary ships
307:
267:
263:Military police
229:
152:
142:
141:
81:
55:
54:
53:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3403:
3368:(4): 154–165.
3348:
3293:
3268:
3247:
3222:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3032:
3029:
3021:Island hopping
2974:
2971:
2966:armour warfare
2958:Main article:
2955:
2952:
2913:Central Powers
2908:
2907:Aerial warfare
2905:
2880:
2877:
2856:
2853:
2849:declined flank
2844:
2841:
2796:
2795:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2717:
2714:
2695:
2691:
2668:
2664:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2465:
2464:
2450:
2446:
2435:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2391:
2377:
2373:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2080:
2077:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Military terms
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:Tripwire force
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1251:Administrative
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:New generation
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Fleet in being
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1091:Grand strategy
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:Scorched earth
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
991:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:Deep operation
952:
947:
940:
935:
929:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
884:
883:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
781:
772:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
756:Unconventional
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
704:
702:Disinformation
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
673:
672:
667:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
600:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
501:
500:
499:
498:
493:
488:
479:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
460:
455:
453:Basic training
450:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
382:
381:
379:Reconnaissance
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
306:
305:
300:
298:Special forces
295:
290:
289:
288:
278:
273:
266:
265:
260:
255:
253:Reconnaissance
250:
245:
240:
235:
228:
227:
218:
213:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
122:
121:
120:
115:
105:
104:
103:
96:Post-classical
93:
88:
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
64:
63:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3521:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3283:on 2007-04-18
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3237:on 2007-06-29
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3198:]. London
3197:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3166:Shock and awe
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3072:failed, with
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3045:1990 Gulf war
3042:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:Atlantic Wall
2983:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:air supremacy
2934:
2930:
2929:Flying Circus
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:Allied Powers
2914:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2901:Dien Bien Phu
2898:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2792:
2789:
2781:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2751:This section
2749:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2693:
2689:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2472:
2470:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Warrior caste
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:Show of force
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Peacebuilding
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:Air supremacy
1670:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Islamic rules
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Court-martial
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Arms industry
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Broken-backed
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
983:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Expeditionary
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
922:
921:
914:
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3313:(4): 54–89.
3310:
3306:
3296:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:the original
3271:
3260:Newman, J.R.
3255:
3250:
3239:. Retrieved
3235:the original
3225:
3200:. Retrieved
3195:
3190:
3180:
3131:Blotto games
3078:
3050:
3018:
3007:With Allied
3006:
2976:
2963:
2945:
2932:
2910:
2889:
2882:
2861:Roman Empire
2858:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2784:
2775:
2752:
2727:people's war
2723:market share
2719:
2710:
2653:
2563:
2473:
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2224:
2217:
2125:
2108:
2082:
2072:
2056:
2051:
2045:
1941:Fifth column
1921:War resister
1916:Women in war
1811:Peacekeeping
1756:Arms control
1701:
1390:Mobilization
1385:Conscription
1343:Intelligence
1296:Organization
942:
871:Encirclement
751:Radiological
687:Conventional
541:Subterranean
448:Development:
447:
424:
386:
348:
311:Naval units:
310:
303:Signal corps
270:
248:Intelligence
233:Specialties:
232:
157:Organization
108:Early modern
30:
29:
3423:(1): 3–39.
3266:, 2138–2157
3065:flood plain
3061:West German
3025:Pacific War
2871:and in the
2090:formulated
2083:During the
1926:War studies
1749:Non-warfare
1677:Appeasement
1642:Martial law
1481:War economy
1420:Transgender
1373:Recruitment
1133:Containment
1018:Culminating
926:Operational
846:Envelopment
789:Air assault
670:Air cavalry
630:Air defence
610:Information
511:Cold-region
476:Battlespace
425:Historical:
271:Land units:
197:Space force
192:Coast guard
125:Late modern
86:Prehistoric
3498:Categories
3287:2007-05-11
3241:2007-05-06
3202:2016-04-27
3191:Vom Kriege
3173:References
3126:Blitzkrieg
3107:, and the
2960:Blitzkrieg
2954:Blitzkrieg
2762:improve it
1986:War crimes
1976:Operations
1883:Foot drill
1853:Battle cry
1766:deterrence
1425:Harassment
1400:Specialism
1223:Technology
1218:Succession
1163:Liberation
1098:Asymmetric
1033:Empty fort
944:Blitzkrieg
913:Withdrawal
876:Investment
655:Camouflage
650:Biological
588:Underwater
563:Amphibious
482:Aerospace
349:Air units:
326:Submarines
135:fourth-gen
130:industrial
118:napoleonic
3453:154732192
3437:0162-2889
3398:153344264
3382:0162-2889
3343:154036000
3327:0162-2889
3211:cite book
3093:artillery
3043:from the
2941:attrition
2867:, on the
2811:artillery
2778:June 2020
2766:verifying
2329:−
2260:−
2059:empirical
1873:War novel
1776:Grey-zone
1736:War games
1697:Overmatch
1647:War crime
1597:Desertion
1587:Ceasefire
1582:Armistice
1469:Logistics
1447:Mercenary
1435:Volunteer
1366:Personnel
1338:Engineers
1283:Sociology
1238:World war
1233:Total war
1213:Strategic
1203:Religious
1188:Political
1183:Perpetual
1158:Irregular
1073:Offensive
1048:Defensive
1043:Deception
1003:Attrition
856:Guerrilla
851:Formation
794:Airbridge
726:Loitering
640:Artillery
293:Artillery
243:Engineers
211:Irregular
182:Air force
3119:See also
3053:Cold War
2948:Big Wing
2063:Prussian
2057:From an
1888:War song
1863:War film
1496:Materiel
1415:Children
1395:Training
1333:Medicine
1318:Doctrine
1273:Training
1208:Resource
1193:Princely
1143:Economic
1128:Conquest
1123:Colonial
1118:Cold war
1103:Blockade
988:Strategy
960:Maneuver
721:Infantry
677:Chemical
531:Mountain
491:Airborne
354:Fighters
321:Warships
276:Infantry
202:Reserves
150:Military
3463:Sources
3445:2538686
3390:2538999
3335:2538780
3109:BLU-108
3013:bombers
2994:Panzers
2964:Modern
2895:at the
2843:History
2760:Please
2001:Writers
1996:Weapons
1961:Battles
1910:Related
1898:Wargame
1893:Uniform
1841:Culture
1622:Perfidy
1617:Justice
1538:Science
1523:Outpost
1476:History
1456:Warrior
1452:Soldier
1440:foreign
1378:counter
1278:Service
1228:Theater
1168:Limited
1148:Endemic
1063:Nuclear
836:Foxhole
811:Cavalry
799:Airdrop
784:Airlift
769:Tactics
741:Nuclear
731:Missile
660:Cavalry
645:Barrage
623:Weapons
583:Surface
364:Command
359:Bombers
316:Frogman
286:Cavalry
258:Medical
225:Militia
207:Regular
187:Marines
101:castles
91:Ancient
79:History
58:outline
3474:On War
3451:
3443:
3435:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3196:On War
2990:Allies
2873:Levant
2869:Danube
2823:detail
2815:dig in
1981:Sieges
1665:Theory
1405:Morale
1263:Policy
1258:Branch
1038:Mosaic
1028:Fabian
975:Covert
908:Trench
893:Screen
816:Charge
806:Battle
779:Aerial
697:Denial
665:Horses
593:Seabed
546:Tunnel
526:Jungle
516:Desert
486:Aerial
3449:S2CID
3441:JSTOR
3394:S2CID
3386:JSTOR
3339:S2CID
3331:JSTOR
3194:[
3067:in a
2865:Rhine
2807:ATGWs
1954:Lists
1410:Women
1348:Ranks
1268:Staff
1198:Proxy
1113:Class
1068:Naval
1053:Depth
888:Swarm
881:Siege
861:Naval
841:Drone
736:Music
711:Robot
707:Drone
692:Cyber
635:Armor
605:Cyber
578:Green
573:Brown
536:Urban
496:Space
417:Radar
412:Sonar
281:Armor
238:Staff
216:Ranks
3433:ISSN
3378:ISSN
3323:ISSN
3217:link
3101:ICMs
3097:MLRS
3057:NATO
2979:Nazi
2977:The
2830:tank
2681:and
1991:Wars
1508:Base
1058:Goal
970:Raid
568:Blue
506:Land
177:Navy
172:Army
3425:doi
3370:doi
3315:doi
2927:'s
2764:by
1575:Law
1518:FOB
1513:MOB
558:Sea
50:War
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3477:,
3471:,
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3431:.
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