3116:
1857:
1460:
1124:
1699:
1298:
2859:
2660:
788:
347:
2461:
643:
499:
2750:
2551:
117:
These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right.
2359:
1040:
2951:
1922:
1631:
1525:
1230:
3446:
910:
2246:
2021:
821:
684:
3081:
3018:
2789:
1743:
2898:
1994:
243:
125:
way, through the use of adjectives such as "dilute" for solutions of relatively low concentration and "concentrated" for solutions of relatively high concentration. To
2282:
2207:
2132:
2057:
2699:
2590:
2500:
2398:
2171:
2096:
1887:
1770:
1596:
1569:
1490:
1373:
1346:
1195:
1168:
993:
966:
878:
715:
570:
543:
426:
395:
274:
735:
590:
446:
294:
114:
3148:
161:. The point of saturation depends on many variables, such as ambient temperature and the precise chemical nature of the solvent and solute.
1782:
3120:
1385:
3193:
1052:
3141:
193:
145:, there exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is said to be
1639:
1238:
3283:
213:
40:
20:
38:
of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished:
353:
3436:
3366:
3134:
2795:
2596:
743:
149:. If additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve, except in certain circumstances, when
3421:
302:
2404:
3313:
3055:
2991:
1704:
The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass fractions.
1539:
1530:
The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole ratios.
3298:
3233:
598:
454:
2705:
2506:
1927:
The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass ratios.
2317:
105:
in 1550 or earlier, similar terms attested in
Italian (1589), Spanish (1589), English (1606), French (1632).
3253:
3060:
998:
912:. Since the definition of the equivalence factor depends on context (which reaction is being studied), the
113:
3507:
3351:
3346:
3203:
2904:
158:
62:. The concentration can refer to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently refers to solutes and
3451:
3431:
1892:
1601:
1495:
1200:
848:
75:
35:
883:
3165:
3157:
1935:
Concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution with temperature, due mainly to
513:
71:
67:
58:
52:
3278:
3248:
398:
365:
169:
46:
101:, action or an act of coming together at a single place, bringing to a common center, was used in
2976:
2224:
1999:
1304:
824:
799:
662:
146:
141:
a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. Unless two substances are
2767:
1721:
2876:
1972:
221:
3456:
3415:
3318:
1936:
3068:
2252:
2177:
2102:
2027:
3391:
3386:
3218:
3178:
3095:
3032:
835:
Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. These should
122:
2677:
2568:
2478:
2376:
2149:
2074:
1865:
1748:
1574:
1547:
1468:
1351:
1324:
1173:
1146:
971:
944:
856:
693:
548:
521:
404:
373:
252:
3361:
3293:
3258:
3243:
3238:
3223:
3188:
2985:
687:
150:
3376:
3426:
3381:
3371:
3288:
3183:
3173:
2996:
2970:
720:
575:
431:
279:
154:
3501:
3471:
3308:
3213:
1138:
189:
3091:
3028:
793:
Being dimensionless, it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18 or 18%; its unit is 1.
157:
will occur, leading to coexisting phases, either completely separated or mixed as a
3328:
3323:
1713:
1316:
83:
3481:
3396:
3086:
3023:
504:
The SI unit is mol/m. However, more commonly the unit mol/L (= mol/dm) is used.
3476:
3466:
3461:
3338:
82:
is reduction of concentration, e.g. by adding solvent to a solution. The verb
3090:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
3027:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
796:
There seems to be no standard notation in the
English literature. The letter
3486:
3441:
3356:
3099:
3036:
185:
102:
27:
121:
Often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in a
3115:
3303:
935:
929:
173:
142:
1197:(in moles) divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture
3406:
3208:
3198:
3049:
134:
63:
3126:
1852:{\displaystyle \zeta _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i}}}.}
184:(for example, "high serum levels of bilirubin" are concentrations of
181:
130:
3228:
913:
177:
112:
1455:{\displaystyle r_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i}}}.}
917:
246:
3130:
1119:{\displaystyle b_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}}.}
1924:, the mass ratio is almost identical to the mass fraction.
1527:, the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.
1694:{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.}
1293:{\displaystyle x_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.}
86:
means to increase concentration, the opposite of dilute.
70:. The molar (amount) concentration has variants, such as
2981:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2973: – Change in concentration when mixing two liquids
204:
There are four quantities that describe concentration:
545:
is defined as the number of entities of a constituent
2988: – Step-wise dilution of a substance in solution
2907:
2879:
2798:
2770:
2708:
2680:
2599:
2571:
2509:
2481:
2407:
2379:
2320:
2255:
2227:
2180:
2152:
2105:
2077:
2030:
2002:
1975:
1895:
1868:
1785:
1751:
1724:
1642:
1604:
1577:
1550:
1498:
1471:
1388:
1354:
1327:
1241:
1203:
1176:
1149:
1055:
1001:
974:
947:
886:
859:
802:
746:
723:
696:
665:
601:
578:
551:
524:
457:
434:
407:
376:
305:
282:
255:
224:
3447:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
3405:
3337:
3267:
3164:
3048:
2945:
2892:
2853:
2783:
2744:
2693:
2654:
2584:
2545:
2494:
2455:
2392:
2353:
2276:
2240:
2201:
2165:
2126:
2090:
2051:
2015:
1988:
1916:
1881:
1851:
1764:
1737:
1693:
1625:
1590:
1563:
1519:
1484:
1454:
1367:
1340:
1292:
1224:
1189:
1162:
1118:
1034:
987:
960:
904:
872:
815:
782:
729:
709:
678:
637:
584:
572:in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture
564:
537:
493:
440:
420:
389:
341:
288:
268:
237:
914:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
823:used here is normative in German literature (see
2854:{\displaystyle m_{i}/(m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i})}
2655:{\displaystyle n_{i}/(n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i})}
1307:is often used to describe small mole fractions.
1303:The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated
853:Normality is defined as the molar concentration
428:(in moles) divided by the volume of the mixture
133:(for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of
2979: – Ratio of part of a mixture to the whole
783:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}={\frac {V_{i}}{V}}.}
1943:Table of concentrations and related quantities
995:(in moles) divided by the mass of the solvent
918:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3142:
342:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{V}}.}
8:
2456:{\displaystyle n_{i}/m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}
690:) is defined as the volume of a constituent
1571:is the fraction of one substance with mass
3149:
3135:
3127:
3014:
3012:
1348:is defined as the amount of a constituent
1170:is defined as the amount of a constituent
968:is defined as the amount of a constituent
2937:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2884:
2878:
2842:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2775:
2769:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2685:
2679:
2643:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2576:
2570:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2486:
2480:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2384:
2378:
2341:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2232:
2226:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2157:
2151:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2082:
2076:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2007:
2001:
1980:
1974:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1873:
1867:
1837:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1756:
1750:
1729:
1723:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1582:
1576:
1555:
1549:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1476:
1470:
1440:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1359:
1353:
1332:
1326:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1181:
1175:
1154:
1148:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1007:
1006:
1000:
979:
973:
952:
946:
892:
891:
885:
864:
858:
807:
801:
766:
760:
751:
745:
722:
701:
695:
670:
664:
638:{\displaystyle C_{i}={\frac {N_{i}}{V}}.}
621:
615:
606:
600:
577:
556:
550:
529:
523:
494:{\displaystyle c_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{V}}.}
477:
471:
462:
456:
433:
412:
406:
381:
375:
325:
319:
310:
304:
281:
260:
254:
229:
223:
2745:{\displaystyle m_{i}/m_{\mathrm {tot} }}
2546:{\displaystyle n_{i}/n_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1946:
1745:is defined as the mass of a constituent
3008:
2354:{\displaystyle c_{i}/f_{\mathrm {eq} }}
16:Ratio of part of a mixture to the whole
1035:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}
137:(for example, water). By contrast, to
717:divided by the volume of the mixture
276:divided by the volume of the mixture
7:
3069:participating institution membership
2946:{\displaystyle V_{i}/\sum _{j}V_{j}}
1931:Dependence on volume and temperature
1129:The SI unit for molality is mol/kg.
1375:divided by the total amount of all
3087:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
3024:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2829:
2826:
2823:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2345:
2342:
1917:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1908:
1905:
1902:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1626:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1617:
1614:
1611:
1520:{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1511:
1508:
1505:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1225:{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1216:
1213:
1210:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
896:
893:
14:
1772:divided by the total mass of all
1598:to the mass of the total mixture
920:discourage the use of normality.
905:{\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {eq} }}
880:divided by an equivalence factor
3114:
164:Concentrations are often called
2848:
2814:
2649:
2615:
214:Mass concentration (chemistry)
129:a solution, one must add more
21:Concentration (disambiguation)
1:
2997:Standard state § Solutes
3437:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
2241:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}
2016:{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
1776:constituents in a mixture:
1379:constituents in a mixture:
1046:the mass of the solution):
941:The molality of a solution
816:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}
679:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}
174:levels on the vertical axis
3526:
3422:Acid dissociation constant
2784:{\displaystyle \zeta _{i}}
1738:{\displaystyle \zeta _{i}}
1711:
1537:
1314:
1136:
933:
927:
846:
839:be called concentrations.
511:
363:
211:
18:
3121:Concentration (chemistry)
3056:Oxford English Dictionary
2992:Wine/water mixing problem
2893:{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}
1989:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}}
1540:Mass fraction (chemistry)
686:(not to be confused with
518:The number concentration
238:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}}
934:Not to be confused with
370:The molar concentration
356:is kg/m (equal to g/L).
168:, reflecting the mental
3387:Solubility table (data)
3254:Apparent molar property
3100:10.1351/goldbook.V06643
3061:Oxford University Press
3037:10.1351/goldbook.C01222
2277:{\displaystyle V_{i}/V}
2202:{\displaystyle N_{i}/V}
2127:{\displaystyle n_{i}/V}
2052:{\displaystyle m_{i}/V}
218:The mass concentration
109:Qualitative description
3352:Total dissolved solids
3347:Solubility equilibrium
3272:and related quantities
2947:
2894:
2855:
2785:
2746:
2695:
2656:
2586:
2547:
2496:
2457:
2394:
2355:
2278:
2242:
2203:
2167:
2128:
2092:
2064:g/100mL (= g/dL)
2053:
2017:
1990:
1918:
1883:
1853:
1766:
1739:
1695:
1627:
1592:
1565:
1521:
1486:
1456:
1369:
1342:
1294:
1226:
1191:
1164:
1120:
1036:
989:
962:
906:
874:
817:
784:
731:
711:
680:
639:
586:
566:
539:
495:
442:
422:
391:
343:
290:
270:
239:
118:
3452:Partition coefficient
3432:Polar aprotic solvent
2948:
2895:
2856:
2786:
2747:
2696:
2694:{\displaystyle w_{i}}
2657:
2587:
2585:{\displaystyle r_{i}}
2548:
2497:
2495:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
2458:
2395:
2393:{\displaystyle b_{i}}
2356:
2279:
2243:
2219:volume concentration
2204:
2168:
2166:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
2144:number concentration
2129:
2093:
2091:{\displaystyle c_{i}}
2054:
2018:
1991:
1919:
1889:is much smaller than
1884:
1882:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
1854:
1767:
1765:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
1740:
1696:
1628:
1593:
1591:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
1566:
1564:{\displaystyle w_{i}}
1522:
1492:is much smaller than
1487:
1485:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
1457:
1370:
1368:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
1343:
1341:{\displaystyle r_{i}}
1295:
1227:
1192:
1190:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
1165:
1163:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
1121:
1037:
990:
988:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
963:
961:{\displaystyle b_{i}}
907:
875:
873:{\displaystyle c_{i}}
849:Normality (chemistry)
818:
785:
732:
712:
710:{\displaystyle V_{i}}
681:
640:
587:
567:
565:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
540:
538:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
496:
443:
423:
421:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
392:
390:{\displaystyle c_{i}}
344:
291:
271:
269:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
240:
200:Quantitative notation
116:
76:osmotic concentration
3367:Enthalpy of solution
3294:Volume concentration
3289:Number concentration
3123:at Wikimedia Commons
2905:
2877:
2796:
2768:
2706:
2678:
2597:
2569:
2507:
2479:
2405:
2377:
2318:
2253:
2225:
2178:
2150:
2103:
2075:
2069:molar concentration
2028:
2000:
1973:
1893:
1866:
1783:
1749:
1722:
1640:
1602:
1575:
1548:
1496:
1469:
1386:
1352:
1325:
1239:
1201:
1174:
1147:
1053:
999:
972:
945:
884:
857:
825:Volumenkonzentration
800:
744:
721:
694:
663:
658:volume concentration
652:Volume concentration
648:The SI unit is 1/m.
599:
576:
549:
522:
514:Number concentration
508:Number concentration
455:
432:
405:
374:
303:
280:
253:
222:
153:may occur. Instead,
103:post-classical Latin
72:normal concentration
59:volume concentration
53:number concentration
19:For other uses, see
3279:Molar concentration
3249:Dilution (equation)
3059:(Online ed.).
2293:Related quantities
1967:mass concentration
1950:Concentration type
366:Molar concentration
360:Molar concentration
47:molar concentration
3319:Isotopic abundance
3284:Mass concentration
3158:Chemical solutions
2977:Dose concentration
2943:
2932:
2890:
2851:
2781:
2742:
2691:
2652:
2582:
2543:
2492:
2453:
2390:
2351:
2274:
2238:
2199:
2163:
2124:
2088:
2049:
2013:
1986:
1914:
1879:
1849:
1762:
1735:
1691:
1623:
1588:
1561:
1544:The mass fraction
1517:
1482:
1452:
1365:
1338:
1305:parts-per notation
1290:
1222:
1187:
1160:
1143:The mole fraction
1116:
1032:
985:
958:
902:
870:
831:Related quantities
813:
780:
727:
707:
676:
635:
582:
562:
535:
491:
438:
418:
397:is defined as the
387:
339:
286:
266:
245:is defined as the
235:
208:Mass concentration
119:
41:mass concentration
3495:
3494:
3119:Media related to
3067:(Subscription or
2962:
2961:
2923:
2366:M (= mol/L)
2139:M (= mol/L)
1937:thermal expansion
1844:
1686:
1447:
1285:
1111:
775:
730:{\displaystyle V}
630:
585:{\displaystyle V}
486:
441:{\displaystyle V}
401:of a constituent
334:
289:{\displaystyle V}
249:of a constituent
192:that are greater
3515:
3392:Solubility chart
3219:Phase separation
3179:Aqueous solution
3151:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3102:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3064:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3016:
2982:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2871:volume fraction
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1947:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1029:
994:
992:
991:
986:
984:
983:
967:
965:
964:
959:
957:
956:
911:
909:
908:
903:
901:
900:
899:
879:
877:
876:
871:
869:
868:
822:
820:
819:
814:
812:
811:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
770:
761:
756:
755:
736:
734:
733:
728:
716:
714:
713:
708:
706:
705:
685:
683:
682:
677:
675:
674:
644:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
625:
616:
611:
610:
591:
589:
588:
583:
571:
569:
568:
563:
561:
560:
544:
542:
541:
536:
534:
533:
500:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
481:
472:
467:
466:
447:
445:
444:
439:
427:
425:
424:
419:
417:
416:
396:
394:
393:
388:
386:
385:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
329:
320:
315:
314:
295:
293:
292:
287:
275:
273:
272:
267:
265:
264:
244:
242:
241:
236:
234:
233:
155:phase separation
3525:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3401:
3362:Solvation shell
3333:
3271:
3263:
3259:Miscibility gap
3244:Serial dilution
3239:Supersaturation
3189:Buffer solution
3160:
3155:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3092:volume fraction
3080:
3076:
3066:
3050:"concentration"
3047:
3046:
3042:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2986:Serial dilution
2980:
2967:
2933:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2838:
2817:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2724:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2639:
2618:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2525:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2423:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2336:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1945:
1933:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1833:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1718:The mass ratio
1716:
1710:
1668:
1658:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1436:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:The mole ratio
1319:
1313:
1267:
1257:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1081:
1071:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1002:
997:
996:
975:
970:
969:
948:
943:
942:
939:
932:
926:
887:
882:
881:
860:
855:
854:
851:
845:
833:
803:
798:
797:
762:
747:
742:
741:
719:
718:
697:
692:
691:
688:volume fraction
666:
661:
660:
654:
617:
602:
597:
596:
574:
573:
552:
547:
546:
525:
520:
519:
516:
510:
473:
458:
453:
452:
430:
429:
408:
403:
402:
377:
372:
371:
368:
362:
321:
306:
301:
300:
278:
277:
256:
251:
250:
225:
220:
219:
216:
210:
202:
180:, which can be
151:supersaturation
111:
92:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:Protic solvent
3424:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Lattice energy
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Eutectic point
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Solid solution
3181:
3176:
3174:Ideal solution
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3110:
3109:External links
3107:
3104:
3103:
3074:
3040:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2971:Dilution ratio
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:ppm, ppb, ppt
2956:
2953:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2866:ppm, ppb, ppt
2864:
2861:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2791:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2757:ppm, ppb, ppt
2755:
2752:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2673:
2672:mass fraction
2669:
2668:
2667:ppm, ppb, ppt
2665:
2662:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2558:ppm, ppb, ppt
2556:
2553:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2502:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2473:mole fraction
2470:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2305:other unit(s)
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2160:
2156:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2023:
2010:
2006:
1983:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:other unit(s)
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1929:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1876:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1759:
1755:
1732:
1728:
1712:Main article:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1633:, defined as:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1585:
1581:
1558:
1554:
1538:Main article:
1535:
1532:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1362:
1358:
1335:
1331:
1315:Main article:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1184:
1180:
1157:
1153:
1137:Main article:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
982:
978:
955:
951:
928:Main article:
925:
922:
898:
895:
890:
867:
863:
847:Main article:
844:
841:
832:
829:
810:
806:
791:
790:
779:
774:
769:
765:
759:
754:
750:
726:
704:
700:
673:
669:
653:
650:
646:
645:
634:
629:
624:
620:
614:
609:
605:
581:
559:
555:
532:
528:
512:Main article:
509:
506:
502:
501:
490:
485:
480:
476:
470:
465:
461:
437:
415:
411:
384:
380:
364:Main article:
361:
358:
350:
349:
338:
333:
328:
324:
318:
313:
309:
285:
263:
259:
232:
228:
212:Main article:
209:
206:
201:
198:
110:
107:
95:Concentration-
91:
88:
84:to concentrate
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3508:Concentration
3506:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:Mass fraction
3312:
3310:
3309:Mole fraction
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:Concentration
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Phase diagram
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Flory–Huggins
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:concentration
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2008:
2004:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1897:
1874:
1870:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1757:
1753:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1688:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1606:
1583:
1579:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1534:Mass fraction
1533:
1531:
1528:
1500:
1477:
1473:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1360:
1356:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1287:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1205:
1182:
1178:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1139:Mole fraction
1133:Mole fraction
1132:
1130:
1113:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1003:
980:
976:
953:
949:
937:
931:
923:
921:
919:
915:
888:
865:
861:
850:
842:
840:
838:
830:
828:
826:
808:
804:
794:
777:
772:
767:
763:
757:
752:
748:
740:
739:
738:
724:
702:
698:
689:
671:
667:
659:
651:
649:
632:
627:
622:
618:
612:
607:
603:
595:
594:
593:
579:
557:
553:
530:
526:
515:
507:
505:
488:
483:
478:
474:
468:
463:
459:
451:
450:
449:
435:
413:
409:
400:
382:
378:
367:
359:
357:
355:
336:
331:
326:
322:
316:
311:
307:
299:
298:
297:
283:
261:
257:
248:
230:
226:
215:
207:
205:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
115:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
89:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:concentration
29:
22:
3377:Raoult's law
3329:Ternary plot
3324:Mixing ratio
3268:
3085:
3077:
3054:
3043:
3022:
1934:
1926:
1861:
1773:
1717:
1714:Mixing ratio
1703:
1543:
1529:
1464:
1376:
1320:
1317:Mixing ratio
1302:
1142:
1128:
1043:
940:
852:
836:
834:
795:
792:
657:
655:
647:
517:
503:
369:
351:
217:
203:
165:
163:
138:
126:
120:
99:concentratio
98:
94:
93:
79:
57:
51:
45:
39:
31:
25:
3482:Lyonium ion
3397:Miscibility
3382:Henry's law
2762:mass ratio
2563:mole ratio
2299:Definition
1956:Definition
194:than normal
190:blood serum
182:high or low
127:concentrate
123:qualitative
3477:Amphiphile
3472:Lipophilic
3467:Hydrophile
3462:Hydrophobe
3339:Solubility
3234:Saturation
3204:Suspension
3071:required.)
3003:References
2310:normality
1708:Mass ratio
1311:Mole ratio
159:suspension
3487:Lyate ion
3442:Solvation
3357:Solvation
3299:Normality
2925:∑
2882:ϕ
2836:−
2773:ζ
2637:−
2371:molality
2230:σ
2005:γ
1978:ρ
1831:−
1788:ζ
1727:ζ
1434:−
843:Normality
805:σ
749:σ
668:σ
308:ρ
227:ρ
186:bilirubin
147:saturated
90:Etymology
68:solutions
36:abundance
28:chemistry
3502:Category
3457:Polarity
3416:Category
3304:Molality
3166:Solution
2965:See also
2664:mol/mol
2555:mol/mol
2302:SI unit
1959:SI unit
936:Molarity
930:Molality
924:Molality
143:miscible
80:Dilution
64:solvents
3407:Solvent
3209:Colloid
3199:Mixture
2465:mol/kg
2296:Symbol
1953:Symbol
354:SI unit
188:in the
135:solvent
34:is the
2863:kg/kg
2754:kg/kg
2363:mol/m
2136:mol/m
399:amount
170:schema
166:levels
139:dilute
131:solute
56:, and
3229:Alloy
3082:IUPAC
3065:
3019:IUPAC
2214:1/cm
2061:kg/m
1774:other
1377:other
178:graph
176:of a
2955:m/m
2286:m/m
2211:1/m
916:and
656:The
352:The
247:mass
74:and
3096:doi
3094:".
3033:doi
3031:".
1996:or
1862:If
1465:If
1044:not
837:not
827:).
196:).
172:of
66:in
26:In
3504::
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3053:.
3021:,
3011:^
2468:m
1939:.
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737::
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2420:/
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2410:n
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2327:i
2323:c
2272:V
2268:/
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2197:V
2193:/
2187:i
2183:N
2159:i
2155:C
2122:V
2118:/
2112:i
2108:n
2084:i
2080:c
2047:V
2043:/
2037:i
2033:m
2009:i
1982:i
1909:t
1906:o
1903:t
1898:m
1875:i
1871:m
1847:.
1839:i
1835:m
1825:t
1822:o
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1803:m
1797:=
1792:i
1758:i
1754:m
1731:i
1689:.
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1664:i
1660:m
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1580:m
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1450:.
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1425:o
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1406:n
1400:=
1395:i
1391:r
1361:i
1357:n
1334:i
1330:r
1288:.
1280:t
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1269:n
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1259:n
1253:=
1248:i
1244:x
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1214:o
1211:t
1206:n
1183:i
1179:n
1156:i
1152:x
1114:.
1106:t
1103:n
1100:e
1097:v
1094:l
1091:o
1088:s
1083:m
1077:i
1073:n
1067:=
1062:i
1058:b
1042:(
1027:t
1024:n
1021:e
1018:v
1015:l
1012:o
1009:s
1004:m
981:i
977:n
954:i
950:b
938:.
897:q
894:e
889:f
866:i
862:c
809:i
778:.
773:V
768:i
764:V
758:=
753:i
725:V
703:i
699:V
672:i
633:.
628:V
623:i
619:N
613:=
608:i
604:C
580:V
558:i
554:N
531:i
527:C
489:.
484:V
479:i
475:n
469:=
464:i
460:c
436:V
414:i
410:n
383:i
379:c
337:.
332:V
327:i
323:m
317:=
312:i
284:V
262:i
258:m
231:i
23:.
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