1249:
1294:
69:
1187:
1824:
1812:
1103:
1624:
1880:
1702:
1448:
1888:
570:
1515:
1840:
entire society in order to eliminate its opponents and deter resistance. Beginning in March 1933, detailed reports on camp conditions were published in the press. Nazi propaganda demonized the prisoners as race traitors, sexual degenerates, and criminals and presented the camps as sites of re-education. After 1933, reports in the press were scarce but larger numbers of people were arrested and people who interacted with the camps, such as those who registered deaths, could make conclusions about the camp conditions and discuss with acquaintances.
1479:
in order to spare inmate productivity had little effect in practice. During the second half of the war, Auschwitz swelled in size – fueled by the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews – and became the center of the camp system. It was the deadliest concentration camp and Jews sent there faced a virtual death sentence even if they were not immediately killed, as most were. In August 1943, 74,000 of the 224,000 registered prisoners in all SS concentration camps were in
Auschwitz. In 1943 and early 1944, additional concentration camps –
1756:
1635:
1615:, who were hard-hit by the economic crisis and feared decline in status. Most had joined the Nazi movement by September 1931 and were offered full-time employment in 1933. SS leaders typically lived with their wives and children near the camps where they worked, often engaging prisoners for domestic labor. Perpetration by this leadership was based on their tight social bonds, a perceived common sense that the aims of the system were good, as well as the opportunity for material gain.
1467:. By April 1942, when the operation finished, at least 6,000 and as many as 20,000 people had been killed – the first act of systematic killing in the camp system. Beginning in August 1941, selected Soviet prisoners of war were killed within the concentration camps, usually within a few days of their arrival. By mid-1942, when the operation finished, at least 34,000 Soviet prisoners had been murdered. At Auschwitz, the SS used
2039:("The SS State"). Substantial research did not begin until the 1980s. Scholarship has focused on the fate of groups of prisoners, the organization of the camp system, and aspects such as forced labor. As late as the 1990s, German local and economic history omitted mention of the camps or presented them as exclusively the responsibility of the SS. Two scholarly encyclopedias of the concentration camps have been published:
1973:
769:
805:
721:
705:
821:
753:
837:
1844:
restaurants, barracks, factory buildings, or military camps, were joint ventures between industry and the SS. An increasing number of German civilians interacted with the camps: entrepreneurs and landowners provided land or services, doctors decided which prisoners were healthy enough to continue working, foremen oversaw labor deployments, and administrators helped with logistics.
1776:). Other prisoners had to work on constructing and expanding the camps. In the years before World War II, quarrying and bricklaying for the SS company DEST played a central role in prisoner labor. Despite prisoners' increasing economic importance, conditions declined; prisoners were seen as expendable so each influx of prisoners was followed by increasing death rate.
625:
609:
593:
737:
641:
657:
577:
787:
673:
689:
1865:, fear of arrest did not undermine public support for the camps because Germans saw the prisoners rather than the guards as criminals. She writes that demand for SS construction brigades "points to general acceptance of the concentration camps". In Cologne some construction brigade prisoners were shot in broad daylight.
1317:, the "criminal" prisoners at concentration camps needed to be isolated from society because they had committed offenses of a sexual or violent nature. In fact, most of the criminal prisoners were working-class men who had resorted to petty theft to support their families. Nazi raids of perceived asocials, including
1383:, overwhelming the capacity of the system. These prisoners were subject to unprecedented abuse leading to hundreds of deaths – more people died at Dachau in the four months after Kristallnacht than in the previous five years. Most of the Jewish prisoners were soon released, often after promising to emigrate.
1926:
counts the number of survivors at no more than 475,000, calculating that at least 1.1 million of the registered prisoners must have died. According to his estimate, at least 800,000 of the murdered prisoners were not Jewish. In addition to the registered prisoners who died, a million Jews were gassed
1478:
In 1942, the emphasis of the camps shifted to the war effort; by 1943, two-thirds of prisoners were employed by war industries. The death rate skyrocketed with an estimated half of the 180,000 prisoners admitted between July and
November 1942 dying by the end of that interval. Orders to reduce deaths
1839:
Arrests of
Germans in 1933 were often accompanied by public humiliation or beatings. If released, prisoners might return home with visible marks of abuse or psychological breakdown. Using a "dual strategy of publicity and secrecy", the regime directed terror both at the direct victim as well as the
1767:
Hard labor was a fundamental component of the concentration camp system and an aspect in the daily life of prisoners. However, the forced labor deployment was largely determined by external political and economic factors that drove demand for labor. During the first years of the camps, unemployment
1646:
were targeted and detained in concentration camps. In
Western Europe, arrests focused on resistance fighters and saboteurs, but in Eastern Europe arrests included mass roundups aimed at the implementation of Nazi population policy and the forced recruitment of workers. This led to a predominance of
999:
argues that there were precedents in other countries and that camps were "the logical extension of phenomena that had long characterized colonial rule". Although the word "concentration camp" has acquired the connotation of murder because of the Nazi concentration camps, the
British camps in South
1910:
The camps were concentrated in prewar
Germany and to a lesser extent territory annexed to Germany. No camps were built on the territory of Germany's allies that enjoyed even nominal independence. Each camp housed either men, women, or a mixed population. Women's camps were mostly for armaments
1260:
In early 1934, the number of prisoners was still falling and it was uncertain if the system would continue to exist. By mid-1935, there were only five camps, holding 4,000 prisoners, and 13 employees at the central IKL office. At the same time, 100,000 people were imprisoned in German jails, a
1848:
were in demand by municipalities to clear bomb debris and rebuild. For the prisoners, chances of survival rarely improved despite the contact with the outside world, although those few
Germans who tried to help did not encounter punishment. Germans were often shocked to see the reality of the
1717:
Conditions worsened after the outbreak of war due to reduction in food, worsening housing, and increase in work. Deaths from disease and malnutrition increased, outpacing other causes of death. However, the food provided was usually sufficient to sustain life. Life in the camps has often been
1843:
The visibility of the camps heightened during the war due to increasing prisoner numbers, the establishment of many subcamps in proximity to German civilians, and the use of labor deployments outside the camps. These subcamps, often established in town centers in such locations as schools,
1795:
located near workplaces. More workers were obtained through transfers from prisons and forced labor programs, causing the prisoner population to double twice by mid-1944. Subcamps where prisoners did construction work had significantly higher death rates than those that worked in munitions
1983:
Since their liberation, the Nazi concentration camp system has come to symbolize violence and terror in the modern world. After the war, most
Germans rejected the crimes associated with the concentration camps, while denying any knowledge or responsibility. Under the West German policy of
1927:
upon arriving in
Auschwitz; including these victims, the total death toll is estimated at 1.8 to more than two million. Most of the fatalities occurred during the second half of World War II, including at least a third of the 700,000 prisoners who were registered as of January 1945.
1578:("death's head"). The guards were housed in barracks adjacent to the camp and their duties were to guard the perimeter of the camp as well as work details. They were officially forbidden from entering the camps, although this rule was not followed. Towards the end of the 1930s, the
1269:, and criminals. Himmler won Hitler's backing and was appointed Chief of German Police on 17 June 1936. Of the six SS camps operational as of mid-1936, only two (Dachau and Lichtenburg) still existed by 1938. In the place of the camps that closed down, Eicke opened new camps at
2011:
Accounts of the concentration camps – both condemnatory and sympathetic – were publicized outside of
Germany before World War II. Many survivors testified about their experiences or wrote memoirs after the war. Some of these accounts have become internationally famous, such as
1495:
in Poland – were converted from ghettos or labor camps; these camps were populated almost entirely by Jewish prisoners. Along with the new main camps, many satellite camps were set up to more effectively leverage prisoner labor for the war effort.
1361:(DEST) was set up with funds from Speer's agency for exploiting prisoner labour to extract building materials. Flossenbürg and Mauthausen had been built adjacent to quarries, and DEST also set up brickworks at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen.
1399:. During the war, the camps became increasingly brutal and lethal due to the plans of the Nazi leadership: most victims died in the second half of the war. Five new camps were opened between the start of the war and the end of 1941:
1856:
argues that "the Germans generally turned out to be proud and pleased that Hitler and his henchmen were putting away certain kinds of people who did not fit in, or who were regarded as 'outsiders', 'asocials', 'useless eaters', or
1321:
in June 1938, targeted homeless people and the mentally ill, as well as the unemployed. Although the Nazis had previously targeted social outsiders, the influx of new prisoners meant that political prisoners became a minority.
1647:
Eastern Europeans, especially Poles, who made up the majority of the population of some camps. By the end of the war, only 5 to 10 per cent of the camp population was "Reich Germans" from Germany or Austria. More than 100,000
1248:
1435:
were also established, administratively subordinated to one of the main camps. The number of prisoners tripled from 21,000 in August 1939 to about 70,000 to 80,000 in early 1942. This expansion was driven by the demand for
1126:. The Nazis had no plan for concentration camps prior to their seizure of power. The concentration camp system arose in the following months due to the desire to suppress tens of thousands of Nazi opponents in Germany. The
5018:
1600:
personnel were recruited, making up as many as 52 per cent of guards by January 1945. The manpower shortage was reduced by relying on guard dogs and delegating some duties to prisoners. Corruption was widespread.
1692:
were converted into concentration camps. Other Jews entered the concentration camp system after being deported to Auschwitz. Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the camp system.
6286:
1177:
interior ministries, or a combination of the above. The early camps in 1933–1934 were heterogeneous and fundamentally differed from the post-1935 camps in organization, conditions, and the groups imprisoned.
1849:
concentration camps up close, but reluctant to aid the prisoners because of fear that they would be imprisoned as well. Others found the poor state of the prisoners to confirm Nazi propaganda about them.
6313:
1729:
were targeted for especially harsh treatment which led to a high mortality rate during the first half of the war. In contrast, Reich Germans enjoyed favorable treatment compared to other nationalities.
1165:, there were only a few dozen camps left. About 70 camps were established in 1933, in any convenient structure that could hold prisoners, including vacant factories, prisons, country estates, schools,
966:
during their imprisonment. Most of the fatalities occurred during the second half of World War II, including at least a third of the 700,000 prisoners who were registered as of January 1945. Following
5948:
4748:
508:
1658:
Most Jews who were persecuted and killed during the Holocaust were never prisoners in concentration camps. Significant numbers of Jews were imprisoned beginning in November 1938 because of
1371:
and German émigrés who returned home. Czech and Austrian anti-Nazis were arrested after the annexation of their countries in 1938 and 1939. Jews were also increasingly targeted, with 2,000
1592:
personnel, and those wounded or disabled, replaced those assigned to combat duties. As the war progressed, a more diverse group was recruited to guard the expanding camp system, including
4538:
340:
1463:
who could no longer work (especially those deemed racially inferior). Victims were selected by camp personnel or traveling doctors, and were removed from the camps to be murdered in
1349:" elements would be arrested to keep others working harder. At the same time, Himmler was also focusing on exploiting prisoners' labor within the camp system. Hitler's architect,
6338:
5983:
4707:
1919:, while men's camps had a wider geographical distribution. Sex segregation decreased over the course of the war and mixed camps predominated outside of Germany's prewar borders.
1368:
470:
1301:
By the end of June 1938, the prisoner population had expanded threefold in the previous six months, to 24,000 prisoners. The increase was fueled by arrests of those considered
6476:
1437:
980:
the victims of the Nazi regime have been established at many of the former camps and the Nazi concentration camp system has become a universal symbol of violence and terror.
1664:, after which they were always overrepresented as prisoners. During the height of the Holocaust from 1941 to 1943, the Jewish population of the concentration camps was low.
1241:
on 30 June 1934, in which Eicke took a leading role, the remaining SA-run camps were taken over by the SS. In December 1934, Eicke was appointed the first inspector of the
4134:
1684:—were set up outside the concentration camp system. The existing IKL camps Auschwitz and Majdanek gained additional function as extermination camps. After mid-1943, some
68:
6114:
4990:
1341:(May 1939) the first purpose-built camp for female prisoners. The mass arrests were partly motivated by economic factors. Recovery from the Great Depression lowered the
4094:
3895:
5096:
1737:(mostly Germans) or skilled laborers. Prisoner functionaries served at the whim of the SS and could be dismissed for insufficient strictness. As a result, sociologist
1293:
880:(1937 borders). Color-coded by date of establishment as a main camp: blue for 1933–1937, gray for 1938–1939, red for 1940–1941, green for 1942, yellow for 1943–1944.
5699:
1784:
551:
6318:
1722:
struggle for survival, although some mutual aid existed. Individual efforts to survive, sometimes at others' expense, could hamper the aggregate survival rate.
569:
5101:
5013:
852:
541:
6017:
5841:
1922:
About 1.65 million people were registered prisoners in the camps, of whom, according to Wagner, nearly a million died during their imprisonment. Historian
1186:
4285:
5978:
4905:
4702:
4430:
3699:
1566:
1412:
939:
465:
232:
49:
5201:
4280:
1642:
Before World War II, most prisoners in the concentration camps were Germans. After the expansion of Nazi Germany, people from countries occupied by the
727:
145:
1725:
The influx of non-German prisoners from 1939 changed the previous hierarchy based on triangle to one based on nationality. Jews, Slavic prisoners, and
4653:
1593:
1569:(SS-WVHA) to improve the camps' integration into the war economy. Despite changes in the structure, the IKL remained directly responsible to Himmler.
404:
1796:
manufacture. By the end of the war, main camps were functioning more and more as transfer stations from which prisoners were redirected to subcamps.
6052:
5501:
4533:
1823:
1750:
6400:
5921:
5649:
5044:
4995:
4813:
4663:
4337:
3656:
1964:
The liberation of the camps – documented by the Western Allies in 1945 – has played a prominent part in perception of the camp system as a whole.
1741:
emphasizes that "They took over the role of the SS in order to prevent SS encroachment" and other prisoners remembered them for their brutality.
1597:
1032:
977:
415:
2047:. According to Caplan and Wachsmann, "more books have been published on the Nazi camps than any other site of detention and terror in history".
1791:. Local authorities and private companies could hire prisoners at a fixed daily cost. This decision paved the way for the establishment of many
5225:
4332:
4127:
1726:
743:
169:
1954:, and in March 1945 from concentration camps in Germany. Both Jewish and non-Jewish prisoners died in large numbers as a consequence of these
1811:
4102:
4079:
4057:
4036:
4014:
3990:
3968:
3946:
3922:
3903:
3877:
3855:
3798:
3776:
3757:
3731:
3709:
3685:
3666:
3645:
1903:'s estimate, more than 1,100 satellite camps. This is a cumulative figure that counts all the subcamps that existed at one point; historian
1102:
5605:
5023:
4863:
4574:
4487:
3933:
2008:), some survivors of concentration camps received compensation for their imprisonment. A few perpetrators were put on trial after the war.
1543:
354:
293:
4027:(2009). "The Dynamics of Destruction: The Development of the Concentration Camps, 1933–1945". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.).
6410:
6243:
5888:
5351:
5091:
5439:
4638:
4366:
4215:
1879:
1832:
1788:
1527:
1158:
971:
389:
4717:
480:
6466:
5220:
4965:
4773:
4497:
4378:
4320:
4179:
4120:
2044:
1565:(RSHA) took on the responsibility of detaining and releasing concentration camp prisoners. In 1942, the IKL was subordinated to the
811:
303:
164:
5235:
5171:
4697:
4361:
4210:
1326:
631:
615:
546:
455:
184:
115:
4658:
1907:
estimates the number of subcamps to have been 186 at the end of 1943, 341 or more in June 1944, and at least 662 in January 1945.
1701:
536:
531:
409:
6006:
5463:
5240:
5181:
5156:
4945:
4873:
4425:
4373:
4234:
4174:
3749:
1874:
1505:
1380:
1270:
1242:
970:
military victories, the camps were gradually liberated in 1944 and 1945, although hundreds of thousands of prisoners died in the
935:
776:
647:
526:
227:
189:
125:
100:
1447:
5084:
5079:
4227:
2051:
1779:
Private sector cooperation remained marginal to the overall concentration camp system for the first half of the war. After the
1685:
1218:
42:
1281:, enabling the SS to exert absolute power. Prisoners, who previously wore civilian clothes, were forced to wear uniforms with
5901:
5714:
5176:
4356:
4349:
4313:
4222:
4191:
4157:
1282:
1107:
865:
794:
179:
120:
90:
5876:
3808:
Goeschel, Christian; Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2010). "Before Auschwitz: The Formation of the Nazi Concentration Camps, 1933-9".
1887:
1623:
962:
were imprisoned in the concentration camps. About 1.65 million people were registered prisoners in the camps, of whom about
1803:
estimates that no more than 1 per cent of the labor for Germany's arms production came from concentration camp prisoners.
1391:
At the end of August 1939, prisoners of Flossenbürg, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps were murdered as part of
460:
6373:
6213:
5376:
5283:
5230:
5211:
5191:
5161:
5054:
4542:
4344:
4325:
4304:
4256:
4186:
4167:
2067:
1773:
1480:
1424:
1400:
1372:
1330:
1174:
873:
679:
663:
599:
346:
174:
155:
135:
105:
74:
6471:
6238:
5871:
5801:
5429:
5298:
5273:
5151:
4441:
4435:
4390:
4297:
4162:
3846:
2125:
1358:
695:
243:
237:
95:
6481:
6420:
6405:
6306:
6152:
6076:
5288:
5245:
5206:
5106:
4940:
4806:
4586:
4385:
4292:
4091:
Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)
3892:
Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)
1005:
759:
711:
475:
359:
335:
194:
150:
5398:
1783:
in late 1941, the demand for armaments increased. The WVHA sought out partnerships with private industry and Speer's
1265:, Himmler called for a war against the "organized elements of sub-humanity", including communists, socialists, Jews,
4261:
1514:
6278:
6157:
6127:
6046:
5963:
5796:
5434:
5332:
5293:
5250:
5186:
5059:
4935:
4397:
4244:
4203:
1710:
1651:
and smaller groups from other nationalities were transferred to the concentration camps in direct violation of the
1562:
1488:
1277:(July 1937). Unlike earlier camps, the newly opened camps were purpose-built, isolated from the population and the
1154:
943:
877:
843:
199:
130:
2128:; including those victims, the total death toll has been estimated at between 1.8 million and more than 2 million.
5916:
5731:
5278:
5255:
5166:
5028:
4880:
4868:
4855:
4591:
4409:
4402:
4273:
4249:
4198:
2050:
Stone argues that the Nazi concentration camp system inspired similar atrocities by other regimes, including the
1955:
1787:. In September 1942, Himmler and Speer agreed to use prisoners in armaments production and to repair damage from
1673:
1484:
1318:
1206:
1153:
estimated it at 50,000, with arrests perhaps exceeding 100,000. Eighty per cent of prisoners were members of the
1028:
827:
583:
447:
364:
204:
110:
1755:
6395:
6350:
5896:
5215:
5196:
5074:
5069:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4912:
4895:
4885:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4308:
4268:
4004:
3844:; Blackshear, Benjamin Perry; De Groot, Michael; Yule, Alexander (2014). "Mapping the SS Concentration Camps".
1845:
1225:
was taken over by the SS from the Prussian bureaucracy, marking the beginning of a transition set in motion by
1143:
869:
159:
140:
5821:
5676:
4648:
1539:
399:
1768:
was high and prisoners were forced to perform economically valueless but strenuous tasks, such as farming on
6388:
6378:
6104:
5658:
5455:
5386:
5064:
5049:
4975:
4955:
4950:
4930:
4900:
4890:
4480:
4447:
1648:
1139:
249:
5610:
6099:
5866:
5345:
4923:
4917:
4799:
4547:
1734:
1605:
1558:
1306:
1285:. The number of prisoners began to rise again, from 4,761 on 1 November 1936 to 7,750 by the end of 1937.
1214:
967:
959:
947:
908:
1522:. Expensive security measures distinguished the concentration camps from other Nazi detention facilities.
1035:
died as a result of intentional withholding of food and dangerous working conditions in violation of the
6333:
5958:
5911:
5575:
5326:
4730:
4603:
4070:(2009). "Work and Extermination in the Concentration Camps". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.).
4067:
3978:
1799:
At their peak in 1945, concentration camp prisoners made up 3 per cent of workers in Germany. Historian
1213:, a manual which specified draconian punishments for disobedient prisoners. He also created a system of
1131:
1119:
1040:
1036:
996:
919:
494:
1634:
1548:
1428:
6296:
6233:
6162:
5816:
5600:
5491:
5469:
5364:
5359:
5340:
4685:
4492:
1610:
1574:
1535:
1509:
1492:
1441:
1238:
1020:
923:
441:
298:
5519:
3913:
Orth, Karin (2009b). "The Concentration Camp Personnel". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.).
6383:
6291:
6137:
5724:
5509:
4768:
4712:
2108:
2040:
1816:
1760:
1665:
1392:
1135:
988:
891:
31:
17:
4523:
2028:
1059:. Hundreds of thousands were interned and subject to forced labor in harsh conditions. During the
5763:
5758:
5265:
4024:
3837:
3767:
Fings, Karola (2009). "The Public Face of the Camps". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.).
2112:
1900:
1464:
1396:
1364:
1302:
35:
1733:
A minority of prisoners obtained substantially better treatment than the rest because they were
1444:; new camps were sent up near quarries (Natzweiler and Gross-Rosen) or brickworks (Neuengamme).
3746:
German Wartime Society 1939–1945: Politicization, Disintegration, and the Struggle for Survival
6368:
6228:
6059:
5973:
5940:
5854:
5671:
5637:
4612:
4098:
4075:
4053:
4032:
4010:
3986:
3964:
3942:
3918:
3899:
3873:
3851:
3825:
3794:
3772:
3753:
3727:
3705:
3681:
3662:
3641:
2063:
1652:
1354:
1162:
1068:
1060:
1008:(1904–1907); the death rate of these camps was 45 per cent, twice that of the British camps.
963:
1079:, "unwanted foreigners" – mainly Eastern European Jews – were confined at Cottbus-Sielow and
6345:
6323:
6142:
6132:
5861:
5849:
5831:
5768:
5514:
5476:
4743:
4470:
3817:
3786:
2018:
1987:
1853:
1780:
1554:
1452:
1314:
1262:
1226:
1222:
1190:
1056:
1048:
274:
1526:
Beginning in the mid-1930s, the camps were organized according to the following structure:
6415:
6255:
6248:
6065:
5968:
5826:
5806:
5719:
5555:
4723:
4619:
4562:
4552:
3956:
2059:
1738:
1432:
1379:
pogrom in November 1938, 26,000 Jewish men were deported to concentration camps following
1169:, and castles. There was no national system; camps were operated by local police, SS, and
1123:
1076:
1052:
1016:
992:
896:
487:
3698:; Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2009). "Introduction". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.).
6328:
6223:
6122:
6093:
5785:
5749:
5709:
5704:
5529:
5414:
5321:
4643:
3865:
3841:
3719:
3633:
1947:
1943:
1584:
1519:
1338:
1170:
1127:
1064:
946:, but as time went on different groups were arrested, including "habitual criminals", "
927:
394:
285:
6460:
6218:
6147:
6038:
5906:
5736:
5693:
5539:
5524:
4822:
4738:
4597:
4557:
4502:
1660:
1376:
1253:
1234:
1202:
1072:
1001:
931:
861:
503:
370:
308:
3890:(2009a). "The Genesis and Structure of the National Socialist Concentration Camps".
1627:
New prisoners who survived a weeklong trip in open boxcars awaiting disinfection at
6430:
5580:
5565:
5560:
5534:
5487:
5419:
5381:
5131:
4567:
4518:
3741:
1972:
1862:
1800:
1792:
1706:
1689:
1472:
1460:
1350:
1342:
1261:
quarter of those for political offenses. Believing Nazi Germany to be imperiled by
1210:
1115:
955:
915:
904:
886:
330:
279:
3868:(2009). "The Afterlife of the Camps". In Jane Caplan; Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.).
2033:
1588:
death squads and massacred Polish Jews as well as Soviet prisoners of war. Older
6436:
5953:
5570:
5424:
4528:
4465:
3695:
2023:
1935:
1916:
1892:
1416:
1278:
1150:
1097:
1012:
857:
269:
6425:
6260:
6033:
5811:
4000:
3887:
2013:
1977:
1923:
1904:
1628:
1589:
1274:
1266:
1166:
1024:
1023:, some of them at locations which were later the sites of Nazi camps, such as
3829:
3821:
3744:(2008) . "Slaves for the 'Home Front': War Society and Concentration Camps".
2022:. The concentration camps have been the subject of historical writings since
1557:, and guard command. In November 1940, the IKL came under the control of the
1245:(IKL); only camps managed by the IKL were designated "concentration camps".
6265:
6071:
4779:
4579:
4047:
2055:
1912:
1719:
1681:
1643:
1408:
1334:
5926:
4112:
1961:
Many prisoners died after liberation due to their poor physical condition.
1596:(who were not part of the SS). During the second half of the war, army and
1149:
The number of prisoners in 1933–1934 is difficult to determine; historian
5791:
5591:
1891:
Timeline of the establishment of camps (black for main camps, orange for
1769:
1531:
1468:
1346:
1080:
3722:(2020). "Survivors of the Holocaust within the Nazi Universe of Camps".
991:
are conventionally held to have been invented by the British during the
48:"Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany" redirects here. For the book, see
4475:
1951:
1939:
1828:
1677:
1669:
1420:
1404:
1230:
1044:
1582:
expanded its operations and set up military units, which followed the
73:
Prisoners hauling earth for the construction of the "Russian camp" at
6301:
4006:
The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy
1194:
1209:, which became the model followed by other camps. Eicke drafted the
3676:
Buggeln, Marc (2015). "Forced Labour in Nazi Concentration Camps".
2124:
Excludes one million Jews who were gassed directly upon arrival in
5666:
2176:
2174:
1971:
1886:
1878:
1822:
1810:
1754:
1700:
1633:
1622:
1604:
Most of the camp SS leadership was middle-class and came from the
1513:
1446:
1411:(June 1940), which initially operated as a concentration camp for
1292:
1247:
1185:
1101:
914:
The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately after
4791:
4690:
4089:
White, Joseph Robert (2009). "Introduction to the Early Camps".
3539:
3537:
1217:, which later developed into the camp elders, block elders, and
951:
6183:
6004:
5635:
5125:
4795:
4116:
1325:
To house the new prisoners, three new camps were established:
3935:
Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im System der Konzentrationslager
2534:
2532:
1122:
after striking a backroom deal with the previous chancellor,
1055:, and Germany, civilians deemed to be of "enemy origin" were
3898:. Vol. 1. Indiana University Press. pp. 183–196.
3197:
3195:
2731:
2729:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2483:
2481:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2343:
2341:
2107:
The Nazi concentration camps are distinguished from other
1134:
eliminated the right to personal freedom enshrined in the
3170:
3168:
2292:
2290:
2288:
1161:. Many prisoners were released in late 1933, and after a
4097:. Vol. 1. Indiana University Press. pp. 3–16.
3006:
3004:
2624:
2622:
3260:
3258:
3131:
3129:
3127:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2758:
2756:
2716:
2714:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2609:
2607:
1638:
Prisoners lined up for roll call at Sachsenhausen, 1941
1572:
The camps under the IKL were guarded by members of the
1130:
in February 1933 was the pretext for mass arrests. The
4072:
Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
4029:
Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
3915:
Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
3870:
Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
3769:
Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
3701:
Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2161:
2159:
2157:
1911:
production and located primarily in northern Germany,
1459:
In April 1941, the high command of the SS ordered the
930:, the concentration camps were run exclusively by the
3752:. Vol. IX/I. Clarendon Press. pp. 207–286.
2328:
2326:
2324:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2263:
2261:
2115:
and concentration camps operated by Germany's allies.
1899:
There were 27 main camps and, according to historian
1071:
were held in camps during their deportation into the
3791:
Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
6361:
6277:
6206:
6113:
6085:
6026:
5939:
5887:
5840:
5777:
5747:
5685:
5657:
5648:
5589:
5548:
5500:
5486:
5448:
5407:
5307:
5264:
5142:
5037:
5006:
4833:
4761:
4674:
4631:
4511:
4458:
4418:
4150:
3638:
The Death Marches: The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide
1106:Prisoners guarded by SA men line up in the yard of
2180:
1367:were also arrested in larger numbers, including
1004:also established concentration camps during the
942:. Initially, most prisoners were members of the
5959:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
3603:
3591:
3567:
3543:
3983:Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction
3404:
3388:
3276:
1375:arrested after the Nazi annexation. After the
1000:Africa did not involve systematic murder. The
6319:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
4807:
4128:
4049:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
8:
4095:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
3896:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
1985:
27:Concentration camps operated by Nazi Germany
6018:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
3961:The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp
3726:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 263–277.
1993:
1759:Mauthausen prisoners forced to work at the
1146:, established on 3 March 1933 in a school.
736:
6477:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
6203:
6180:
6023:
6001:
5654:
5645:
5632:
5497:
5139:
5122:
4830:
4814:
4800:
4792:
4678:
4431:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
4135:
4121:
4113:
2959:
1567:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
1353:, had grand plans for creating monumental
940:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
429:
233:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
215:
56:
50:Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany (book)
30:For other Nazi internment facilities, see
3364:
3352:
3328:
2995:
2774:
2747:
2735:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2657:
2598:
2581:
2569:
2538:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2472:
2460:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2347:
2279:
1329:(May 1938) near the Czechoslovak border,
1751:Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps
1297:Forced labor at Sachsenhausen brickworks
3658:Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps
3555:
3516:
3480:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3174:
3118:
3094:
3046:
2296:
2141:
2084:
1471:to kill Soviet prisoners in improvised
517:
432:
380:
321:
260:
218:
81:
59:
3704:. New York: Routledge. pp. 1–16.
3106:
3070:
3010:
2983:
2628:
720:
3932:Otto, Reinhard; Keller, Rolf (2019).
3615:
3579:
3528:
3504:
3492:
3468:
3420:
3376:
3340:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3264:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3186:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3082:
3058:
3034:
2971:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2798:
2762:
2720:
2669:
2645:
2613:
2523:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2332:
2315:
2267:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2165:
2148:
1461:murder of ill and exhausted prisoners
907:on its own territory and in parts of
768:
640:
7:
5606:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
3022:
2786:
2557:
1393:false flag attacks staged by Germany
6411:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1201:On 26 June 1933, Himmler appointed
786:
624:
608:
41:For the 1945 documentary film, see
18:Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany
1451:Concentration camp prisoners at a
1159:Social Democratic Party of Germany
672:
656:
592:
25:
4774:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
3941:(in German). New Academic Press.
2045:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
1883:Number of prisoners in the system
804:
688:
5974:Polish leaders and intellectuals
5464:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
4426:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
3750:Germany and the Second World War
1875:List of Nazi concentration camps
1506:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1243:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1182:Institutionalization (1934–1937)
1157:and ten per cent members of the
936:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
835:
819:
803:
785:
767:
752:
751:
735:
719:
704:
703:
687:
671:
655:
639:
623:
607:
591:
575:
568:
228:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
67:
4074:. Routledge. pp. 127–148.
3872:. Routledge. pp. 186–211.
3810:Journal of Contemporary History
3771:. Routledge. pp. 108–126.
1455:aircraft factory, probably 1943
1138:and provided a legal basis for
836:
43:Nazi Concentration Camps (film)
5902:Attack on the twentieth convoy
5715:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
3963:. Princeton University Press.
1938:occurred in mid-1944 from the
1936:Major evacuations of the camps
1283:Nazi concentration camp badges
889:operated more than a thousand
820:
576:
1:
4052:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
4031:. Routledge. pp. 17–43.
3917:. Routledge. pp. 44–57.
2181:Goeschel & Wachsmann 2010
1429:territory annexed from France
1221:of later camps. In May 1934,
856:All of the main camps except
6239:Jewish war conspiracy theory
5430:Extermination through labour
4442:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
4436:German Earth and Stone Works
4046:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015).
3850:. Indiana University Press.
3847:Geographies of the Holocaust
3724:A Companion to the Holocaust
3640:. Harvard University Press.
1931:Death marches and liberation
1668:for the mass murder of Jews—
1442:invasion of the Soviet Union
1359:German Earth and Stone Works
244:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
238:German Earth and Stone Works
6421:Righteous Among the Nations
5107:Righteous Among the Nations
4587:Disciplinary and Penal Code
3985:. Oxford University Press.
3793:. Oxford University Press.
3680:. Brill. pp. 333–360.
3661:. Oxford University Press.
3604:Caplan & Wachsmann 2009
3592:Caplan & Wachsmann 2009
3568:Caplan & Wachsmann 2009
3544:Caplan & Wachsmann 2009
1686:forced-labor camps for Jews
1333:(August 1938) in territory
1319:the arrest of 10,000 people
1289:Rapid expansion (1937–1939)
1211:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1006:Herero and Namaqua genocide
360:Disciplinary and Penal Code
336:Extermination through labor
6498:
6158:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
6128:Lithuanian Security Police
6047:Reich Security Main Office
5014:Evidence and documentation
2091:abbreviated officially as
2068:Romanian People's Republic
1872:
1861:". According to historian
1748:
1563:Reich Security Main Office
1503:
1155:Communist Party of Germany
1095:
944:Communist Party of Germany
47:
40:
29:
6374:Books and other resources
6202:
6179:
6013:
6000:
5644:
5631:
5138:
5121:
4906:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
4829:
4681:
4539:Identification of inmates
1827:This factory building in
1403:(early 1940), outside of
1205:the second commandant of
1033:prisoners held by Germany
954:. After the beginning of
341:Identification of inmates
6467:Nazi concentration camps
5964:People with disabilities
5897:Aid and Rescue Committee
4144:Nazi concentration camps
3822:10.1177/0022009410366554
2052:Argentine military junta
1846:SS construction brigades
1015:, eight to nine million
61:Nazi concentration camps
6105:Order Police battalions
4749:Soviet prisoners of war
4481:SS construction brigade
1649:Soviet prisoners of war
1540:protective custody camp
1140:detention without trial
1092:Early camps (1933–1934)
1039:. In countries such as
509:Soviet prisoners of war
5954:Soviet urban residents
5045:International response
5019:Contemporary knowledge
4068:Wagner, Jens-Christian
3655:Buggeln, Marc (2014).
2960:Otto & Keller 2019
1986:
1980:
1896:
1884:
1836:
1833:subcamp of Flossenbürg
1820:
1781:failure to take Moscow
1764:
1735:prisoner functionaries
1714:
1639:
1631:
1559:SS Main Command Office
1523:
1456:
1298:
1257:
1215:prisoner functionaries
1198:
1111:
960:German-occupied Europe
909:German-occupied Europe
900:
6401:Memorials and museums
6339:Reparations Agreement
6334:Holocaust restitution
5912:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
5435:Human experimentation
5274:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
4731:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
4649:Schutzhaftlagerführer
3678:Global Convict Labour
3379:, p. 195, fn 49.
1975:
1890:
1882:
1826:
1814:
1758:
1705:Inside a barracks at
1704:
1637:
1626:
1517:
1450:
1296:
1273:(September 1936) and
1251:
1189:
1142:. The first camp was
1132:Reichstag Fire Decree
1120:chancellor of Germany
1105:
1037:1907 Hague Convention
1021:prisoner-of-war camps
978:Museums commemorating
920:Chancellor of Germany
495:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
400:Schutzhaftlagerführer
5601:Jewish Ghetto Police
5470:Politische Abteilung
5365:Risiera di San Sabba
5226:Natzweiler-Struthof
4686:Prisoner functionary
4493:Politische Abteilung
4448:SS-Totenkopfverbände
3295:, pp. 117, 119.
2095:or more commonly as
1946:, January 1945 from
1606:war youth generation
1580:SS-Totenkopfverbande
1575:SS-Totenkopfverbande
1536:political department
1510:SS-Totenkopfverbande
1335:annexed from Austria
1229:, then chief of the
1114:On 30 January 1933,
853:class=notpageimage|
442:Prisoner functionary
299:Politische Abteilung
250:SS-Totenkopfverbände
170:Natzweiler-Struthof
6472:Holocaust locations
6379:Days of remembrance
6292:Holocaust survivors
6287:Depopulated shtetls
6138:Rollkommando Hamann
5984:Jehovah's Witnesses
5802:Kamianets-Podilskyi
4864:Bohemia and Moravia
4769:Der Ort des Terrors
4718:Political prisoners
4708:Jehovah's Witnesses
4333:Natzweiler-Struthof
4025:Wachsmann, Nikolaus
3838:Knowles, Anne Kelly
3307:, pp. 117–118.
3252:, pp. 116–117.
3240:, pp. 113–114.
3228:, pp. 112–113.
3204:, pp. 110–111.
3109:, pp. 130–131.
2572:, pp. 342–343.
2526:, pp. 185–186.
2502:, pp. 253–254.
2475:, pp. 295–296.
2109:types of Nazi camps
2041:Der Ort des Terrors
1817:Natzweiler-Struthof
1727:Spanish Republicans
1666:Extermination camps
1369:Jehovah's Witnesses
1365:Political prisoners
1136:Weimar Constitution
1063:perpetrated by the
989:Concentration camps
901:Konzentrationslager
892:concentration camps
885:From 1933 to 1945,
744:Natzweiler-Struthof
481:Political prisoners
471:Jehovah's Witnesses
32:Types of Nazi camps
6482:Total institutions
6362:History and memory
6266:Forced euthanasia
6214:Nazi racial policy
5917:Danish underground
5764:Operation Reinhard
5759:Wannsee Conference
3395:, pp. 28, 30.
3216:, pp. 36, 38.
2113:forced-labor camps
1981:
1901:Nikolaus Wachsmann
1897:
1885:
1837:
1831:was the site of a
1821:
1785:Armaments Ministry
1765:
1715:
1713:, after liberation
1640:
1632:
1524:
1465:euthanasia centers
1457:
1397:invasion of Poland
1303:habitual criminals
1299:
1258:
1256:, 19 December 1938
1199:
1112:
36:Extermination camp
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6297:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
6244:Jewish emigration
6234:Hitler's prophecy
6229:Haavara Agreement
6175:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6163:Ypatingasis būrys
6060:Sicherheitsdienst
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5935:
5934:
5855:Bielski partisans
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5458:Totenkopfverbände
5117:
5116:
4789:
4788:
4757:
4756:
4613:Arbeit macht frei
4104:978-0-253-35328-3
4081:978-1-135-26322-5
4059:978-0-374-11825-9
4038:978-1-135-26322-5
4016:978-0-7139-9566-4
3992:978-0-19-103502-9
3970:978-1-4008-2218-8
3948:978-3-7003-2170-5
3924:978-1-135-26322-5
3905:978-0-253-35328-3
3879:978-1-135-26322-5
3857:978-0-253-01211-1
3800:978-0-19-160452-2
3787:Gellately, Robert
3778:978-1-135-26322-5
3759:978-0-19-160860-5
3733:978-1-118-97049-2
3711:978-1-135-26322-5
3687:978-90-04-28501-9
3668:978-0-19-870797-4
3647:978-0-674-05919-1
3531:, pp. 35–36.
3411:, pp. 38–39.
3283:, pp. 35–36.
3037:, pp. 46–47.
2998:, pp. 30–31.
2950:, pp. 44–45.
2914:, pp. 49–50.
2866:, pp. 46–47.
2854:, pp. 45–46.
2842:, pp. 52–53.
2696:, pp. 29–30.
2541:, pp. 25–26.
2514:, pp. 24–25.
2446:, pp. 22–23.
2422:, pp. 21–22.
2398:, pp. 20–21.
2219:, pp. 23–24.
2207:, pp. 19–20.
2003:making good again
1807:Public perception
1711:subcamp of Dachau
1653:Geneva Convention
1413:Polish resistance
1357:. The SS company
1355:Nazi architecture
1237:). Following the
1163:Christmas amnesty
1069:Ottoman Armenians
1061:Armenian genocide
564:
563:
560:
559:
317:
316:
16:(Redirected from
6489:
6346:Holocaust denial
6324:Nuremberg trials
6314:Postwar violence
6269:
6204:
6181:
6143:Special Brigades
6133:Nederlandsche SS
6100:Police Regiments
6024:
6002:
5862:Ghetto uprisings
5850:Jewish partisans
5797:Harvest Festival
5769:Holocaust trains
5655:
5646:
5633:
5498:
5394:
5372:
5354:
5335:
5317:
5140:
5123:
4831:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4679:
4664:Luftwaffe guards
4137:
4130:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4085:
4063:
4042:
4020:
3996:
3974:
3957:Sofsky, Wolfgang
3952:
3940:
3928:
3909:
3883:
3861:
3833:
3804:
3782:
3763:
3737:
3715:
3691:
3672:
3651:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2617:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2542:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2037:
2019:If This is a Man
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:Wiedergutmachung
1860:
1854:Robert Gellately
1819:after liberation
1614:
1552:
1491:in Estonia, and
1453:Messerschmitt AG
1315:Heinrich Himmler
1263:internal enemies
1227:Heinrich Himmler
1191:Heinrich Himmler
1017:prisoners of war
995:, but historian
922:. Following the
839:
838:
823:
822:
807:
806:
797:
789:
788:
779:
771:
770:
755:
754:
739:
738:
723:
722:
707:
706:
691:
690:
675:
674:
659:
658:
643:
642:
627:
626:
611:
610:
595:
594:
579:
578:
572:
430:
416:Luftwaffe guards
216:
71:
57:
21:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6442:
6357:
6273:
6267:
6256:Madagascar Plan
6249:Kindertransport
6198:
6197:
6167:
6109:
6081:
6066:Ordnungspolizei
6022:
6009:
5988:
5931:
5883:
5836:
5807:Maly Trostenets
5778:Mass executions
5773:
5743:
5681:
5640:
5615:
5585:
5544:
5482:
5444:
5403:
5392:
5370:
5352:
5333:
5315:
5303:
5260:
5134:
5113:
5033:
5024:Hidden children
5002:
4860:Czechoslovakia
4825:
4820:
4790:
4785:
4753:
4739:"Race defilers"
4724:Nacht und Nebel
4670:
4627:
4620:Jedem das Seine
4507:
4454:
4414:
4146:
4141:
4111:
4105:
4088:
4082:
4066:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4023:
4017:
3999:
3993:
3977:
3971:
3955:
3949:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3912:
3906:
3886:
3880:
3866:Marcuse, Harold
3864:
3858:
3842:Jaskot, Paul B.
3836:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3779:
3766:
3760:
3740:
3734:
3720:Dean, Martin C.
3718:
3712:
3694:
3688:
3675:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3634:Blatman, Daniel
3632:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3594:, pp. 5–6.
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2635:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2314:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2060:Pinochet regime
2031:
2026:'s 1946 study,
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1970:
1933:
1877:
1871:
1858:
1809:
1753:
1747:
1739:Wolfgang Sofsky
1699:
1621:
1608:
1546:
1512:
1504:Main articles:
1502:
1433:satellite camps
1395:to justify the
1389:
1309:. According to
1291:
1239:purge of the SA
1184:
1124:Franz von Papen
1100:
1094:
1089:
1077:postwar Germany
1053:Austria-Hungary
1013:First World War
993:Second Boer War
986:
883:
882:
881:
855:
849:
848:
847:
846:
840:
832:
831:
830:
824:
816:
815:
814:
808:
800:
799:
798:
793:
790:
782:
781:
780:
775:
772:
764:
763:
762:
756:
748:
747:
746:
740:
732:
731:
730:
724:
716:
715:
714:
708:
700:
699:
698:
692:
684:
683:
682:
676:
668:
667:
666:
660:
652:
651:
650:
644:
636:
635:
634:
628:
620:
619:
618:
612:
604:
603:
602:
596:
588:
587:
586:
580:
556:
513:
504:"Race defilers"
500:
488:Nacht und Nebel
452:
423:
420:
376:
351:
313:
290:
256:
209:
77:
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6495:
6493:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6459:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6351:trivialization
6343:
6342:
6341:
6331:
6329:Eichmann trial
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6224:Nuremberg Laws
6221:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6207:Early elements
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6188:Early elements
6185:
6184:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6123:Arajs Kommando
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6094:Einsatzgruppen
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6044:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6021:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6007:Responsibility
6005:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5786:Einsatzgruppen
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5750:Final Solution
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5611:Ústredňa Židov
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5576:Theresienstadt
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5495:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5415:Einsatzgruppen
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5221:Mittelbau-Dora
5218:
5209:
5204:
5202:Kraków-Płaszów
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5092:Rescue of Jews
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4762:Historiography
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4744:Roma and Sinti
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4321:Mittelbau-Dora
4318:
4317:
4316:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4281:Kraków-Płaszów
4278:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4086:
4080:
4064:
4058:
4043:
4037:
4021:
4015:
4009:. Allen Lane.
3997:
3991:
3975:
3969:
3953:
3947:
3929:
3923:
3910:
3904:
3884:
3878:
3862:
3856:
3834:
3816:(3): 515–534.
3805:
3799:
3783:
3777:
3764:
3758:
3738:
3732:
3716:
3710:
3692:
3686:
3673:
3667:
3652:
3646:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3582:, p. 114.
3572:
3560:
3548:
3533:
3521:
3519:, p. 204.
3509:
3507:, p. 108.
3497:
3485:
3483:, p. 333.
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3423:, p. 523.
3413:
3397:
3381:
3369:
3365:Wachsmann 2015
3357:
3355:, p. 271.
3353:Gellately 2002
3345:
3343:, p. 113.
3333:
3331:, p. vii.
3329:Gellately 2002
3321:
3319:, p. 119.
3309:
3297:
3285:
3269:
3267:, p. 217.
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3191:
3189:, p. 110.
3179:
3177:, p. 359.
3164:
3162:, p. 192.
3152:
3150:, p. 116.
3140:
3138:, p. 189.
3123:
3121:, p. 342.
3111:
3099:
3097:, p. 339.
3087:
3085:, p. 185.
3075:
3073:, p. 129.
3063:
3061:, p. 220.
3051:
3049:, p. 160.
3039:
3027:
3025:, p. 274.
3015:
3013:, p. 127.
3000:
2996:Wachsmann 2009
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2830:, p. 187.
2803:
2791:
2789:, p. 267.
2779:
2775:Wachsmann 2009
2767:
2765:, p. 191.
2752:
2748:Wachsmann 2009
2740:
2736:Wachsmann 2009
2725:
2723:, p. 190.
2710:
2706:Wachsmann 2009
2698:
2694:Wachsmann 2009
2686:
2682:Wachsmann 2009
2674:
2662:
2658:Wachsmann 2009
2650:
2648:, p. 188.
2633:
2631:, p. 130.
2618:
2616:, p. 186.
2603:
2599:Wachsmann 2009
2586:
2584:, p. 402.
2582:Wachsmann 2015
2574:
2570:Wachsmann 2015
2562:
2560:, p. 265.
2543:
2539:Wachsmann 2009
2528:
2516:
2512:Wachsmann 2009
2504:
2500:Wachsmann 2015
2492:
2488:Wachsmann 2009
2477:
2473:Wachsmann 2015
2465:
2461:Wachsmann 2009
2448:
2444:Wachsmann 2009
2436:
2432:Wachsmann 2009
2424:
2420:Wachsmann 2009
2412:
2408:Wachsmann 2009
2400:
2396:Wachsmann 2009
2388:
2376:
2364:
2362:, p. 183.
2352:
2348:Wachsmann 2009
2337:
2320:
2301:
2299:, p. 334.
2284:
2280:Wachsmann 2009
2272:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2183:, p. 515.
2170:
2168:, p. 194.
2153:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2117:
2100:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2064:Pitești Prison
2062:in Chile, and
2016:'s 1947 book,
1969:
1966:
1948:western Poland
1944:eastern Poland
1932:
1929:
1870:
1867:
1808:
1805:
1789:Allied bombing
1749:Main article:
1746:
1743:
1718:depicted as a
1698:
1695:
1620:
1617:
1585:Einsatzgruppen
1544:administration
1501:
1498:
1493:Kraków-Plaszów
1487:in Lithuania,
1440:and later the
1427:(May 1941) in
1419:(May 1941) in
1388:
1385:
1290:
1287:
1197:on 8 May 1936.
1183:
1180:
1128:Reichstag fire
1110:, 6 April 1933
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1065:Ottoman Empire
1025:Theresienstadt
985:
982:
964:a million died
958:, people from
938:and later the
851:
850:
842:
841:
834:
833:
826:
825:
818:
817:
810:
809:
802:
801:
792:
791:
784:
783:
774:
773:
766:
765:
758:
757:
750:
749:
742:
741:
734:
733:
728:Kraków-Płaszów
726:
725:
718:
717:
710:
709:
702:
701:
694:
693:
686:
685:
678:
677:
670:
669:
662:
661:
654:
653:
646:
645:
638:
637:
630:
629:
622:
621:
614:
613:
606:
605:
598:
597:
590:
589:
582:
581:
574:
573:
567:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
520:
519:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
499:
498:
491:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:
450:
444:
438:
435:
434:
433:Classification
425:
424:
422:
421:
419:
418:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
375:
374:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:
349:
343:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:
314:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
289:
288:
286:SS-Baubrigaden
282:
277:
272:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:
255:
254:
246:
241:
235:
230:
224:
221:
220:
211:
210:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
165:Mittelbau-Dora
162:
153:
148:
146:Kraków-Płaszów
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
84:
83:
79:
78:
72:
64:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6494:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6219:Nazi eugenics
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Topf and Sons
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6115:Collaborators
6112:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6053:Referat IV B4
6051:
6050:
6049: (RSHA)
6048:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6040:Schutzstaffel
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:Organizations
6025:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Romani people
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5922:Working Group
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:Kastner train
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5694:Kristallnacht
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5477:Sanitätswesen
5474:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5440:Death marches
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5266:Extermination
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:Sachsenhausen
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:Herzogenbusch
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Bergen-Belsen
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5144:Concentration
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:United States
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:and colonies
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4823:The Holocaust
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Female guards
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:Postenpflicht
4595:
4593:
4592:Death marches
4590:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4503:Strafkompanie
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Camp brothels
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Sanitätswesen
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:Sachsenhausen
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:Herzogenbusch
4233:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4175:Bergen-Belsen
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:Fings, Karola
3739:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3618:, p. 81.
3617:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3558:, p. 17.
3557:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3495:, p. 39.
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3471:, p. 54.
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3447:, p. 10.
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3367:, p. 15.
3366:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2986:, p. 12.
2985:
2980:
2977:
2974:, p. 44.
2973:
2968:
2965:
2962:, p. 13.
2961:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2938:, p. 54.
2937:
2932:
2929:
2926:, p. 51.
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2902:, p. 53.
2901:
2896:
2893:
2890:, p. 48.
2889:
2884:
2881:
2878:, p. 47.
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:, p. 49.
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2777:, p. 34.
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:, p. 32.
2749:
2744:
2741:
2738:, p. 31.
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2708:, p. 30.
2707:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2684:, p. 29.
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:, p. 52.
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:, p. 28.
2659:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:, p. 27.
2600:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2490:, p. 24.
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2463:, p. 23.
2462:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2434:, p. 22.
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2410:, p. 21.
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2386:, p. 10.
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2350:, p. 20.
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:, p. 19.
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:, p. 31.
2254:
2249:
2246:
2243:, p. 28.
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:, p. 25.
2230:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2195:, p. 11.
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:, p. 50.
2150:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:death marches
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1895:and subcamps)
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1761:Wiener Graben
1757:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:Kristallnacht
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:female guards
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:Kristallnacht
1374:
1373:Viennese Jews
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Sachsenhausen
1268:
1264:
1255:
1254:Sachsenhausen
1252:Prisoners at
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:secret police
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:Theodor Eicke
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Syrian Desert
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:denaturalized
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:were held in
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:German Empire
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
979:
975:
973:
972:death marches
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
903:), including
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:Herzogenbusch
859:
854:
845:
829:
813:
796:
778:
777:Bergen-Belsen
761:
745:
729:
713:
697:
681:
665:
649:
648:Sachsenhausen
633:
617:
601:
585:
571:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:
521:
518:Nationalities
516:
510:
507:
505:
502:
497:
496:
492:
490:
489:
485:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
449:
446:
445:
443:
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
417:
414:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Female guards
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
371:Postenpflicht
368:
366:
365:Death marches
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
348:
345:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
326:
325:
320:
310:
309:Strafkompanie
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Camp brothels
292:
287:
284:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Sanitätswesen
273:
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
252:
251:
247:
245:
242:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:Sachsenhausen
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
126:Herzogenbusch
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
101:Bergen-Belsen
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
80:
76:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
6431:Yizkor books
6092:
6039:
5784:
5732:in Lithuania
5692:
5590:
5475:
5468:
5457:
5391:
5369:
5350:
5331:
5314:
5143:
5127:
5097:by Catholics
4966:Soviet Union
4834:By territory
4778:
4729:
4722:
4618:
4611:
4596:
4534:Forced labor
4524:Action 14f14
4519:Action 14f13
4459:Subdivisions
4446:
4143:
4090:
4071:
4048:
4028:
4005:
3982:
3960:
3934:
3914:
3891:
3869:
3845:
3813:
3809:
3790:
3768:
3745:
3723:
3700:
3696:Caplan, Jane
3677:
3657:
3637:
3611:
3606:, p. 6.
3599:
3587:
3575:
3570:, p. 3.
3563:
3556:Blatman 2010
3551:
3546:, p. 5.
3524:
3517:Marcuse 2009
3512:
3500:
3488:
3481:Buggeln 2015
3476:
3464:
3459:, p. 2.
3457:Blatman 2010
3452:
3445:Blatman 2010
3440:
3435:, p. 9.
3433:Blatman 2010
3428:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3390:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3278:
3272:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3182:
3175:Buggeln 2015
3155:
3143:
3119:Buggeln 2015
3114:
3102:
3095:Buggeln 2015
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3047:Buggeln 2014
3042:
3030:
3018:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2743:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2577:
2565:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2468:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2374:, p. 7.
2367:
2355:
2335:, p. 8.
2318:, p. 5.
2297:Buggeln 2015
2275:
2270:, p. 3.
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2144:
2120:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2049:
2029:Der SS-Staat
2027:
2017:
2010:
1982:
1976:Memorial at
1963:
1960:
1934:
1921:
1909:
1898:
1863:Karola Fings
1851:
1842:
1838:
1801:Marc Buggeln
1798:
1778:
1772:(such as at
1766:
1763:quarry, 1942
1745:Forced labor
1732:
1724:
1716:
1707:Kaufering IV
1690:Nazi ghettos
1659:
1657:
1641:
1603:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1525:
1500:Organization
1477:
1473:gas chambers
1458:
1438:forced labor
1431:. The first
1390:
1387:World War II
1381:mass arrests
1363:
1351:Albert Speer
1343:unemployment
1324:
1310:
1300:
1259:
1200:
1148:
1116:Adolf Hitler
1113:
1010:
987:
976:
956:World War II
916:Adolf Hitler
913:
890:
887:Nazi Germany
884:
493:
486:
369:
331:Action 14f13
261:Subdivisions
248:
214:Organization
60:
54:
6437:Never again
6268:(Action T4)
6194:Remembrance
5979:Homosexuals
5949:Soviet POWs
5877:Częstochowa
5425:Gas chamber
5236:Ravensbrück
5177:Gross-Rosen
5172:Flossenbürg
5055:Philippines
4987:Yugoslavia
4946:Netherlands
4874:Sudetenland
4703:Homosexuals
4644:Lagerführer
4529:Early camps
4466:Appellplatz
4362:Ravensbrück
4357:Niederhagen
4223:Gross-Rosen
4211:Flossenbürg
4158:Arbeitsdorf
4001:Tooze, Adam
3888:Orth, Karin
3107:Wagner 2009
3071:Wagner 2009
3011:Wagner 2009
2984:Sofsky 2013
2629:Wagner 2009
2054:during the
2032: [
2024:Eugen Kogon
1917:Sudetenland
1893:early camps
1609: [
1555:camp doctor
1547: [
1520:Flossenbürg
1483:in Latvia,
1417:Gross-Rosen
1415:activists;
1339:Ravensbrück
1327:Flossenbürg
1279:rule of law
1223:Lichtenburg
1151:Jane Caplan
1108:Oranienburg
1098:Early camps
1011:During the
866:Niederhagen
858:Arbeitsdorf
795:Gross-Rosen
632:Flossenbürg
616:Ravensbrück
466:Homosexuals
395:Lagerführer
270:Appellplatz
185:Ravensbrück
180:Niederhagen
121:Gross-Rosen
116:Flossenbürg
91:Arbeitsdorf
6461:Categories
6426:Yad Vashem
6406:Uniqueness
6261:Nisko Plan
6034:Nazi Party
5842:Resistance
5812:Ninth Fort
5677:Vel' d'Hiv
5449:Nazi units
5387:Westerbork
5377:Amersfoort
5231:Neuengamme
5212:Mauthausen
5192:Kaiserwald
5162:Buchenwald
4941:Luxembourg
4698:"Asocials"
4639:Commandant
4345:Neuengamme
4305:Mauthausen
4257:Kaiserwald
4187:Buchenwald
4151:Main camps
3979:Stone, Dan
3616:Stone 2017
3580:Fings 2009
3529:Stone 2017
3505:Fings 2009
3493:Stone 2017
3469:Stone 2017
3421:Tooze 2006
3377:Orth 2009a
3341:Fings 2009
3317:Fings 2009
3305:Fings 2009
3293:Fings 2009
3265:Fings 2008
3250:Fings 2009
3238:Fings 2009
3226:Fings 2009
3214:Stone 2017
3202:Fings 2009
3187:Fings 2009
3160:Orth 2009a
3148:Fings 2009
3136:Orth 2009a
3083:Orth 2009a
3059:Fings 2008
3035:Stone 2017
2972:Stone 2017
2948:Stone 2017
2936:Orth 2009b
2924:Orth 2009b
2912:Orth 2009b
2900:Orth 2009b
2888:Orth 2009b
2876:Orth 2009b
2864:Orth 2009b
2852:Orth 2009b
2840:Orth 2009b
2828:Orth 2009a
2799:Orth 2009b
2763:Orth 2009a
2721:Orth 2009a
2670:Orth 2009b
2646:Orth 2009a
2614:Orth 2009a
2524:Orth 2009a
2384:White 2009
2372:White 2009
2360:Orth 2009a
2333:White 2009
2316:White 2009
2268:White 2009
2253:Stone 2017
2241:Stone 2017
2229:Stone 2017
2217:Stone 2017
2205:Stone 2017
2193:Stone 2017
2166:Orth 2009a
2149:Stone 2017
2014:Primo Levi
1978:Buchenwald
1924:Adam Tooze
1905:Karin Orth
1873:See also:
1869:Statistics
1857:'criminals
1852:Historian
1774:Esterwegen
1697:Conditions
1629:Mauthausen
1590:general SS
1528:commandant
1425:Natzweiler
1401:Neuengamme
1345:rate, so "
1331:Mauthausen
1275:Buchenwald
1267:Freemasons
1167:workhouses
1029:Mauthausen
984:Background
924:1934 purge
874:Kaiserwald
680:Neuengamme
664:Buchenwald
600:Mauthausen
456:"Asocials"
390:Commandant
175:Neuengamme
156:Mauthausen
136:Kaiserwald
106:Buchenwald
82:Main camps
75:Mauthausen
6384:Education
6279:Aftermath
6191:Aftermath
6153:Trawnikis
6077:Wehrmacht
6072:Waffen-SS
5872:Białystok
5700:Bucharest
5672:Marseille
5549:Elsewhere
5510:Białystok
5322:Breendonk
5299:Treblinka
5152:Auschwitz
4936:Lithuania
4675:Prisoners
4659:Wehrmacht
4632:Personnel
4604:Selection
4580:Muselmann
4451:(Camp SS)
4163:Auschwitz
3959:(2013) .
3830:0022-0094
3023:Dean 2020
2787:Dean 2020
2558:Dean 2020
2136:Citations
2126:Auschwitz
2056:Dirty War
1915:, or the
1913:Thuringia
1720:Darwinian
1688:and some
1682:Treblinka
1644:Wehrmacht
1619:Prisoners
1598:air force
1518:Fence at
1409:Auschwitz
1193:inspects
997:Dan Stone
812:Mittelbau
696:Auschwitz
552:Yugoslavs
461:Criminals
428:Prisoners
410:Wehrmacht
381:Personnel
253:(Camp SS)
96:Auschwitz
6369:Academia
5822:Piaśnica
5792:Babi Yar
5720:Jedwabne
5659:Roundups
5592:Judenrat
5556:Budapest
5327:Mechelen
5289:Majdanek
5246:Stutthof
5207:Majdanek
5102:by Poles
5060:Portugal
5038:Response
5029:Timeline
5007:Overview
4869:Slovakia
4856:Bulgaria
4608:Slogans
4575:Language
4419:Agencies
4403:subcamps
4391:subcamps
4386:Stutthof
4379:subcamps
4367:subcamps
4350:subcamps
4338:subcamps
4326:subcamps
4314:subcamps
4298:subcamps
4293:Majdanek
4286:subcamps
4274:subcamps
4262:subcamps
4250:subcamps
4239:subcamps
4228:subcamps
4216:subcamps
4204:subcamps
4192:subcamps
4180:subcamps
4168:subcamps
4003:(2006).
3981:(2017).
3789:(2002).
3636:(2010).
3405:Knowles
3389:Knowles
3277:Knowles
2111:such as
1815:Gate of
1793:subcamps
1770:moorland
1561:and the
1532:adjutant
1469:Zyklon B
1347:work-shy
1307:asocials
1081:Stargard
948:asocials
934:via the
905:subcamps
760:Stutthof
712:Majdanek
547:Russians
355:Language
219:Agencies
195:Stutthof
151:Majdanek
6396:Lessons
5832:Rumbula
5705:Dorohoi
5686:Pogroms
5638:Victims
5488:Ghettos
5420:Gas van
5408:Methods
5382:Schoorl
5360:Bolzano
5308:Transit
5294:Sobibor
5284:Chełmno
5251:Vaivara
5187:Hinzert
5132:ghettos
5085:Vatican
4991:Croatia
4981:Ukraine
4971:Belarus
4961:Romania
4913:Hungary
4896:Germany
4886:Estonia
4881:Denmark
4851:Belgium
4846:Austria
4841:Albania
4476:Subcamp
4398:Vaivara
4245:Hinzert
3626:Sources
2074:Sources
2066:in the
1997:
1952:Silesia
1940:Baltics
1829:Dresden
1678:Sobibor
1670:Kulmhof
1489:Vaivara
1421:Silesia
1405:Hamburg
1231:Gestapo
1118:became
1087:History
1045:Belgium
1031:. Many
950:", and
926:of the
918:became
878:Vaivara
844:Hinzert
537:Germans
280:Subcamp
200:Vaivara
131:Hinzert
6302:Bricha
6068:(Orpo)
5941:Others
5927:Żegota
5889:Rescue
5867:Warsaw
5827:Ponary
5737:Kaunas
5540:Warsaw
5525:Lublin
5515:Kraków
5502:Poland
5346:Drancy
5279:Belzec
5256:Warsaw
5167:Dachau
5075:Turkey
5070:Sweden
4996:Serbia
4976:Russia
4956:Poland
4951:Norway
4931:Latvia
4901:Greece
4891:France
4568:Yellow
4563:Purple
4543:Badges
4512:Topics
4498:Revier
4438:(DEST)
4410:Warsaw
4199:Dachau
4101:
4078:
4056:
4035:
4013:
3989:
3967:
3945:
3921:
3902:
3876:
3854:
3828:
3797:
3775:
3756:
3730:
3708:
3684:
3665:
3644:
3407:et al.
3391:et al.
3279:et al.
2058:, the
1968:Legacy
1680:, and
1674:Belzec
1423:; and
1337:, and
1313:chief
1207:Dachau
1195:Dachau
1041:France
968:Allied
897:German
876:, and
828:Warsaw
584:Dachau
532:French
527:Czechs
347:Badges
322:Topics
304:Revier
240:(DEST)
205:Warsaw
111:Dachau
6416:Humor
6389:Films
6086:Units
5817:Odesa
5667:Izieu
5581:Vilna
5566:Minsk
5561:Kovno
5535:Radom
5399:Sereď
5216:Gusen
5197:Kauen
5128:Camps
5065:Spain
5050:Japan
4924:Libya
4918:Italy
4548:Black
4309:Gusen
4269:Kauen
3939:(PDF)
2079:Notes
2036:]
1613:]
1551:]
1485:Kovno
1175:state
1144:Nohra
1075:. In
1049:Italy
870:Kauen
542:Poles
160:Gusen
141:Kauen
6307:List
6062:(SD)
6042:(SS)
5725:Lviv
5710:Iași
5650:Jews
5571:Riga
5530:Lwów
5520:Łódź
5492:list
5341:Gurs
5214:and
5130:and
4713:Jews
4691:Kapo
4558:Pink
4541:and
4307:and
4099:ISBN
4076:ISBN
4054:ISBN
4033:ISBN
4011:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3965:ISBN
3943:ISBN
3919:ISBN
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