Theresienstadt Ghetto - Knowledge (XXG)

466:. It was the only transport whose destination was known to the deportees; other transports simply departed for "the East". The next day, the SS publicly hanged nine men for smuggling letters out of the ghetto, an event that caused widespread outrage and disquiet. The first transports targeted mostly able-bodied people. If one person in a family was selected for a transport, family members would typically volunteer to accompany them, which has been analyzed as an example of family solidarity or social expectations. From June 1942, the SS interned elderly and "prominent" Jews from the Reich at Theresienstadt. To accommodate these Jews, the non-Jewish Czechs living in Theresienstadt were expelled, and the town was closed off by the end of June. In May, the self-administration had reduced rations for the elderly in order to increase the food available to hard laborers, as part of its strategy to save as many children and young people as possible to 229: 951:) was responsible for their housing, care, and education. Before June 1942, when the Czech civilians were evicted from the town, children lived with their parents in the barracks and were left unsupervised during the day. After the eviction, some of the houses were taken over by the Youth Welfare Office for use as children's homes. The intention was to keep the children somewhat insulated from the harsh conditions in the ghetto so that they would not succumb to "demoralization". Aided by teachers and helpers recruited from former educators and students, the children lived in collectives of 200–300 per house, separated by language. Within each house, children were assigned to rooms by gender and age. Their housing was superior to that of other inmates and they were also better fed. 875:) most of the privileged positions in the ghetto fell to this group. Those in charge of distributing food typically skimmed off the deliveries to save more for themselves or their friends, which heightened the starvation for elderly Jews in particular. The SS also stole deliveries of food intended for prisoners. Many of the functionaries in the Transport Department enriched themselves by accepting bribes. Powerful individuals attempted, and often succeeded, to exempt their friends from deportation, a fact that was noted by prisoners at the time. Because Czech Zionists had a disproportionate influence in the self-administration, they were often able to secure better jobs and exemptions to transport for other Czech Zionists. 1133:("Free Time Department", FZG), led by Otto Zucker. Zucker's department had a wide variety of artists to choose from. Although most performers had to work full-time at other jobs in addition to their creative activity, a few were hired by the FZG. However, the FZG was unusually effective at exempting performers from deportation. Because women were expected to take care of domestic chores in addition to full-time work and men were appointed as the conductors and directors who selected performers, very few women were able to participate in cultural life. Official efforts to improve the quality of performances increased during the "beautification" process that began in December 1943. 1486: 1401: 656: 1217:, who individually approved borrowers. It eventually grew to over 100,000 volumes from Jewish libraries all over Europe or brought by prisoners to the ghetto. The library was criticized for the high proportion of Hebrew-language works and the lack of fiction, but prisoners were desperate for any kind of reading material. At least 2,309 lectures were delivered in the ghetto, on a variety of subjects including Judaism, Zionism, art, music, science, and economics, by 489 different people, leading the ghetto to be described as an "open university". 731:

Jiří Vogel, a Czech Jewish communist, was appointed elder and served until the ghetto was dissolved. Theresienstadt was the only Nazi ghetto liberated with a significant population of survivors. On 14 May, Soviet authorities imposed a strict quarantine to contain the typhoid epidemic; more than 1,500 prisoners and 43 doctors and nurses died around the time of liberation. After two weeks, the quarantine ended and the administration focused on returning survivors to their countries of origin; repatriation continued until 17 August 1945.

578: 530: 703: 56: 7945: 1086: 381: 1221: 1097: 8002: 927: 847:'s list of all of the departments and sub-departments was 22 pages long. In 1943, when representatives of the Austrian and German Jewish community arrived at the ghetto, the administration was reorganized to include Austrian and German Jews. Paul Eppstein, from Berlin, was appointed as the liaison with the SS command, while Edelstein was obliged to act as his deputy. The SS used the national divisions to sow intrigue and disunity. 856: 451: 7933: 6242: 5160: 1329:

The Danish government also pressured the Nazis to allow a visit, because of the Danish Jews who had been deported there in late 1943. On a visit to Denmark in November 1943, Eichmann promised the Danish representatives that they would be allowed to visit in the spring of 1944. In late May, Eppstein, Zucker, and other Theresienstadt leaders were allowed to sign SS-dictated letters, which were sent to the

1059:) in the attics of the barracks. Some "prominent" prisoners and Danish Jews were granted private apartments in spring 1944 for the Red Cross visit. Even before the Red Cross visit, "prominent" individuals received better living conditions and more food, and their deportation could only be ordered by the SS (not the self-administration), resulting in a significantly higher possibility of surviving. 5219: 7957: 5207: 1353: 549:. This incident was one of the only clues as to what happened to those deported from Theresienstadt. The children were held in strict isolation for six weeks before deportation to Auschwitz; none survived. On 9 November 1943, Edelstein and other ghetto administrators were arrested, accused of covering up the escape of fifty-five prisoners. Two days later, commandant 597:. Many "prominent" prisoners and Danish Jews were re-housed in private, superior quarters. The streets were renamed and cleaned; sham shops and a school were set up; the SS encouraged the prisoners to perform an increasing number of cultural activities, which exceeded that of an ordinary town in peacetime. As part of the preparations, 7,503 people were sent to the 1168:, was first performed at Theresienstadt on 23 September 1943. A hit, it was performed 55 times (about once a week) until the transports of autumn 1944. The work of the musicians was exploited by the Nazis in the two propaganda films made in the ghetto. Only the social elite could get tickets for events, and attending musical and theatrical performances became a 7985: 1365:

describing Theresienstadt as "a normal country town" of which he was "mayor", and give the visitors fabricated statistical data on the ghetto. He still had a black eye from a beating administered by Rahm, and attempted to warn Rossel that there was "no way out" for Theresienstadt prisoners. A soccer game and performance of the children's opera

1206:, who were officially employed by the Arts Department of the self-administration to create drawings and graphs of work at Theresienstadt on the orders of the SS. The artists, however, depicted the ghetto's actual conditions in their spare time. Several of these artists were caught smuggling their work out of the ghetto. Accused of " 836:, initially planned to convert Theresienstadt into a productive economic center and thereby avoid deportations; they were unaware that the Nazis already planned to deport all the Jews and convert Theresienstadt into a German settlement. Theresienstadt was the only Jewish community in Nazi-occupied Europe that was led by Zionists. 214:

life. This spiritual legacy has attracted the attention of scholars and sparked interest in the ghetto. In the postwar period, a few of the SS perpetrators and Czech guards were put on trial, but the ghetto was generally forgotten by the Soviet authorities. The Terezín Ghetto Museum is visited by 250,000 people each year.

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have drawn attention from abroad. To lull victims into a false sense of security, the SS advertised Theresienstadt as a "spa town" where Jews could retire, and encouraged them to sign fraudulent home purchase contracts, pay "deposits" for rent and board, and surrender life insurance policies and other assets.

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In 1947, it was decided to convert the Small Fortress into a memorial to the victims of Nazi persecution. Adler rescued a large number of documents and paintings from Theresienstadt after the war and lodged them with the Jewish Museum in Prague; this material formed the bedrock of the collections now

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problem. Makeshift hospitals, staffed mostly by female nurses, were organized in each barracks for the most serious cases. Most of the nurses were untrained and had to do all the work, including cleaning sickrooms, disposing of human waste, serving food, and keeping the patients entertained. Although

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to intervene in favor of Jews, requested to visit Theresienstadt in November 1943. It is unclear to what extent the ICRC valued making an accurate report on Theresienstadt, given that it had access to independent information confirming that prisoners were transported to Auschwitz and murdered there.

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argues that the self-administration used its power over transports to save children and young people as much as possible, and the success of this policy is indicated by the fact that 20,000 such individuals remained at Theresienstadt until the deportations in fall 1944, when the SS directly selected

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The Red Cross took over administration of the ghetto and removed the SS flag on 2 May 1945; the SS fled on 5–6 May. On 8 May, Red Army troops skirmished with German forces outside the ghetto and liberated it at 9 pm. On 11 May, Soviet medical units arrived to take charge of the ghetto; the next day,

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On 23 September, Eppstein, Zucker, and Murmelstein were told that Theresienstadt's war production was inadequate and as a consequence 5,000 Jews would be deported to a new labor camp run by Zucker. On 27 September, Eppstein was arrested and shot at the Small Fortress for alleged breaches of the law.

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used creative methods to improve the infrastructure of the ghetto and prepare it to house an average of 40,000 people during its existence. The construction project was funded by stolen Jewish property. When the first transport arrived, there was only one vat for coffee with a capacity of 300 litres

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Theresienstadt was known for its relatively rich cultural life, including concerts, lectures, and clandestine education for children. The fact that it was governed by a Jewish self-administration as well as the large number of "prominent" Jews imprisoned there facilitated the flourishing of cultural

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arrived after that date, including some 500 people who were at Theresienstadt twice, which brought the total to 154,000. Before 20 April, 33,521 people died at Theresienstadt, and an additional 1,567 people died between 20 April and 30 June. 88,196 people were deported from Theresienstadt between 9

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Food was generally inadequate and its distribution was also inequitable. Those who did not work, mostly the elderly, received 60% less food than heavy laborers, leading many to starve to death. 92% of deaths were among those over sixty, and almost all elderly prisoners who were not deported died at

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The SS dictated quotas for the number of people to be deported by age and nationality. Within this framework, the Transport Department selected which people would be deported. If someone were selected for a transport, it was possible to appeal, but in practice such appeals were rarely accepted. The

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ordered a census of the entire ghetto population, approximately 36,000 people at that time. All inmates, regardless of age, were required to stand outside in freezing weather from 7 am to 11 pm; 300 people died on the field from exhaustion. Five thousand prisoners, including Edelstein and the other

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1st Class or a higher decoration during that war. These Jews could not plausibly perform forced labor, and therefore Theresienstadt helped conceal the true nature of deportation to the East. Later, Theresienstadt also came to house "prominent" Jews whose disappearance in an extermination camp could

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Jews lived in the eleven barracks in the fortress, while civilians continued to inhabit the 218 civilian houses. Segregation between the two groups was strictly enforced and resulted in harsh punishments on Jews who left their barracks. By the end of the year, 7,365 people had been deported to the

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Theresienstadt's cultural life has been viewed differently by different prisoners and commentators. Adler stresses that an unusually high number of inmates were culturally active; however, cultural activity could lead to a kind of self-deception about reality. Ullmann believed that the activities

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101,761 prisoners entered Theresienstadt in the year of 1942, resulting in a peak population, on 18 September 1942, of 58,491. The death rate also peaked that month with 3,941 deaths. Corpses remained unburied for days and gravediggers carrying coffins through the streets were a regular sight. To

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Most Jews between the ages of 16 and 60 or 65 were forced to work an average of 69 hours per week, often in physically demanding jobs. Many women worked as housekeepers, nurses, or in lower-ranking positions in the kitchens, or in the vegetable gardens. Men controlled the administration and also

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before 12 October 1944; most were murdered there. 37 others were taken by the Gestapo on 20 February 1945. Before 1945, 37 people escaped, and twelve were recaptured and returned to Theresienstadt; according to Adler it is unlikely that most of the remainder were successful. A further 92 people

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Starting on 20 April, between 13,500 and 15,000 concentration camp prisoners, mostly Jews, arrived at Theresienstadt after surviving death marches from camps about to be liberated by the Allies. The prisoners were in very poor physical and mental shape, and, like the Białystok children, refused

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coffee in two hours. The waterworks often broke down during the first months due to inadequate capacity. To improve potable water supply, and so everyone could wash daily, workers drilled wells and overhauled the pipe system. The Germans provided the materials for these improvements, largely to

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On 24 November 1941, the first trainload of deportees arrived at the Sudeten barracks in Theresienstadt; they were 342 young Jewish men whose task was to prepare the town for the arrival of thousands of other Jews beginning 30 November. Another transport of 1,000 men arrived on 4 December; this

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came at the beginning in 1943, and prisoners of a wide variety of nationalities were sent to Theresienstadt in the last months of the war. About 33,000 people died at Theresienstadt, mostly from malnutrition and disease. More than 88,000 people were held there for months or years before being

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The visitors spent eight hours inside Theresienstadt, led on a predetermined path and only allowed to speak with Danish Jews and selected representatives, including Paul Eppstein. Driven in a limousine by an SS officer posing as his driver, Eppstein was forced to deliver an SS-written speech

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Conditions in the ghetto varied depending on a prisoner's status. Most prisoners had to live in overcrowded collective dormitories with sixty to eighty people per room; men, women, and children lived separately. A few prisoners, especially those who had connections, managed to create private

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accurately described the ghetto's conditions: "dreadful" and "frightfully overcrowded". Hartmann reported that the prisoners were severely undernourished and medical care was completely inadequate. In July, the Vatican requested and was refused permission to send a delegation to the ghetto.

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nurses, who were in short supply, were exempt from deportation until October 1944, they faced the danger of contracting disease and had to work 18- to 20-hour days. After the deportations in 1944, the number of nurses was severely reduced and each nurse had to care for 65 or more prisoners.

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The ghetto was guarded by 150–170 Czech gendarmes at one time. The guards, who often smuggled letters and food in return for bribes, were frequently rotated to avoid contacts developing between guards and prisoners. Fourteen of the guards were imprisoned at the Small Fortress for helping or

977:. However, Redlich agreed that a good-quality non-Zionist education was preferred to a bad Zionist one. Because of this, the ideological quality of education depended on the inclination of the person who ran the home; this was formalized in a 1943 agreement. According to historian 1464:

until his death in 1991. The Czech gendarme commander, Theodor Janeček, died in prison in 1946 while awaiting trial. A Czech court in Litoměřice found a perimeter guard, Miroslaus Hasenkopf, guilty of treason and sentenced him to 15 years imprisonment; he died in prison in 1951.

1392:("The Führer Gives a City to the Jews") by Jewish prisoners. Completed on 28 March 1945, the film was intended to discredit reports of the genocide of Jews reaching the Western Allies and neutral countries, but it was only screened four times and did not achieve its objective. 1071:. Some also worked on SS military projects. However, the high population of elderly people and the decrepit state of the ghetto infrastructure prevented the ghetto from becoming a useful industrial center for the German war effort. Over 90% of labor was used for maintenance. 750:, the chief of police in the Protectorate, as it was classified as a SS-and-police-run camp. The SS commandant was in charge of some 28 SS men, 12 civilian employees, the Czech gendarmes who guarded the ghetto, and the Jewish self-administration. The first commandant was 1248:, and other religious items with them to the ghetto. Edelstein, who was religious, appointed a team of rabbis to oversee the burial of the dead. The believers, who were largely elderly Jews from Austria and Germany, frequently gathered in makeshift areas to pray on 671:

to Theresienstadt on 23 December 1944; additional transports in 1945 brought the total to 1,447. The Slovak Jews told the Theresienstädters about the fate of those deported to the East, but many refused to believe it. 1,150 Hungarian Jews who had survived a

1210:", they were arrested on 20 July 1944 and tortured at the Small Fortress. Much of their artwork was not rediscovered until many years later, but has been a useful tool for historians to glimpse the ghetto elite as well the widespread misery in the ghetto. 1455:

Czechoslovak authorities prosecuted several SS members who had served at Theresienstadt, including all three commandants. Seidl and Rahm were both tried, convicted, and executed for their crimes, Seidl in Austria and Rahm in Czechoslovakia. Convicted

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at Theresienstadt. By November, only 11,000 people were left at Theresienstadt, most of them elderly; 70% were female. That month, the ashes of deceased prisoners were removed by women and children. The remains of 17,000 people were dumped in the

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January 1942 and 28 October 1944. Of prisoners who arrived before 20 April, 17,320 were liberated at Theresienstadt, about 4,000 survived deportation, and 1,630 were rescued before the end of the war. In all, there were about 23,000 survivors.

493:. Many transports have no known survivors. The Germans selected a small number of healthy young people for forced labor. In all, 42,000 people, mostly Czech Jews, were deported from Theresienstadt in 1942, of whom only 356 survivors are known. 1016:

was mandatory despite the increased danger to educators if they were caught. Children also participated in cultural activities in the evenings after their lessons. Many of the children's homes produced magazines, of which the best known is

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Murmelstein became Jewish elder and retained the post until the end of the war. The deportation of the majority of the remaining population to Auschwitz—18,401 people in eleven transports—commenced the next day and lasted until 28 October.

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Theresienstadt was characterized by a rich cultural life, especially in 1943 and 1944, which greatly exceeded that in other Nazi concentration camps and ghettos. The inmates were free from the usual rules of Nazi censorship and the ban on

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For the remaining prisoners conditions improved somewhat: according to one survivor, "The summer of 1944 was the best time we had in Terezín. Nobody thought of new transports." On 23 June 1944, the visitors were led on a tour through the

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refused, due to the increasing desire for Theresienstadt as an alibi to conceal information on the Holocaust reaching the Western Allies. There were no more transports from Theresienstadt until the deportation of 5,000 Jews to the

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under close SS supervision, and edited by Pečený's company, Aktualita. One scene was filmed on 20 January 1944, but most of the filming took place during eleven days between 16 August and 11 September 1944. The film, officially

569:(ICRC) to visit Theresienstadt. The RSHA archives were transported to Theresienstadt in July 1943, reducing the space for prisoners, and stored in the Sudeten barracks until they were burned on 17 April 1945 on SS orders. 6483: 1649:

According to one of the surviving children in this photo, Paul Rabinowitsch (1930–2009) from Denmark, third from left, the date the photo was taken was the only day he was allowed to eat his fill while imprisoned at

1337:, the leader of the committee, forwarded the letter abroad, causing an unduly positive impression of Theresienstadt to develop outside German-occupied territory. The commission that visited on 23 June 1944, included 4346:

Plato, Alice v.; Schlesinger, Henriette; Conill, Montse (2001). "Prisioneros "prominentes" en Theresienstadt (Terezín, República Checa)" ["Prominent" prisoners at Theresienstadt (Terezín, Czech Republic)].

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While the preparations for the Red Cross visit were underway, the SS had meanwhile ordered a prisoner, probably Jindřich Weil, to write a script for a propaganda film. It was directed by the German Jewish prisoner

8054: 7751: 788:, a police force made up of Jewish prisoners, was formed on 6 December 1941 and reported to the Jewish self-administration. It was reconstituted several times and comprised 420 men at its peak in February 1943. 474:

alleviate overcrowding, the Germans deported 18,000 mostly elderly people in nine transports in the autumn of 1942. Most of the people deported from Theresienstadt in 1942 were killed immediately, either in the

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and includes a section devoted to researching the history of Theresienstadt. In 2001, the director reported that about 250,000 people visit Theresienstadt every year; prominent visitors have included the

743:. Instead, the SS commandant reported to Hans Günther, the director of the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague, whose superior was Adolf Eichmann. Theresienstadt also fell under the command of 7778: 4145: 1213:

The Ghetto Central Library opened in November 1942 and contained 60,000 books and 15 full-time librarians by the end of 1943. As head of the library, the Central Secretariat appointed the philosopher

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Theresienstadt was a hybrid of ghetto and concentration camp, with features of both. It was established by order of the RSHA in 1941 and, unlike other concentration camps, was not administered by the

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The economy of Theresienstadt was highly corrupt. Besides the "prominent" prisoners, young Czech Jewish men had the highest status in the ghetto. As the first prisoners in the ghetto (whether in the

561:(in the Netherlands) in April 1943, but the rest of the 4,894 Jews eventually deported from Westerbork to Theresienstadt arrived during 1944. Four hundred fifty Jews from Denmark—the few who had not 6073: 1369:

were also staged for the guests. Rossel reported that conditions in the ghetto were favorable—even superior than for civilians in the Protectorate—and that no one was deported from Theresienstadt.

7413: 617:, a spiritual leader at Theresienstadt, stated that "The effect on our morale was devastating. We felt forgotten and forsaken." In August and September, a propaganda film that became known as 5537: 354:

on 20 January 1942, Heydrich announced that Theresienstadt would be used to house Jews over the age of 65 from the Reich, as well as those who had been severely wounded fighting for the

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Because of the unhygienic conditions in the ghetto and shortages of clean water, medicine, and food, many prisoners fell ill. 30% of the ghetto's population was classified as sick with

1030:. According to Rothkirchen, caring for the children was the self-administration's greatest achievement and the drawings left by children were Theresienstadt's "most precious legacy". 1012:

Although education was forbidden, the teachers continued to clandestinely teach general education subjects including Czech, German, history, geography, and mathematics. Study of the

565:—arrived in October 1943. The Danish government's inquiries after them prevented their deportation, and eventually the SS authorized representatives of the Danish Red Cross and the 7803: 7448: 5196: 405:(Bohušovice), 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) away; the walk was difficult for elderly and ill Jews, many of whom died on the journey. After arriving, prisoners were sent to the 8064: 667:

Theresienstadt became the destination of transports as the Nazi concentration camps were evacuated. After transports to Auschwitz had ceased, 416 Slovak Jews were sent from

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and the ICRC. The report was published in the official newspaper of the government-in-exile in early June, before Rossel's visit. The information was also confirmed by the

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Approximately 141,000 Jews, mostly from the Protectorate, Germany, and Austria, were sent to Theresienstadt before 20 April 1945. The majority came from just five cities:

401:. Deportees to the ghetto had to surrender all possessions except for 50 kilograms (110 lb) of luggage, which they had to carry with them from the railway station at 72: 228: 7579: 6455: 4533: 3812: 6561: 4226: 1958: 4517: 7164: 1731: 210:) in choosing those to be deported has attracted significant controversy. The total number of survivors was around 23,000, including 4,000 deportees who survived. 343: 4458: 8059: 7783: 418:

The 24 November and 4 December transports, consisting mostly of Jewish craftsmen, engineers, and other skilled workers of Zionist sympathies, were known as the

5511: 4707: 4443: 727:, an epidemic of which soon raged in the ghetto and claimed many lives. A Theresienstadt prisoner described them as "no longer people, they are wild animals". 630:

Previously, the self-administration had chosen the people to be deported but now the SS made the selections, ensuring that many members of the Jewish Council,

3851: 683:, Himmler released a transport of 1,200 Jews (mostly from Germany and Holland) from Theresienstadt to neutral Switzerland; Jews on this transport traveled in 6566: 6478: 5667: 5406: 5130: 676:

to Vienna arrived in March. In 1945, 5,200 Jews living in mixed marriages with "Aryans", who had been previously protected, were deported to Theresienstadt.

1129:. Švenk's "Terezín March" became the unofficial anthem for the ghetto. Later, the activities were sponsored by the self-administration and organized by the 172:. Its conditions were deliberately engineered to hasten the death of its prisoners, and the ghetto also served a propaganda role. Unlike other ghettos, the 7482: 7306: 4423: 1113:". The origins began in the spontaneous "friendship evenings" organized by the first prisoners in December 1941; many promising artists had arrived in the 2551: 7443: 6370: 6076: 740: 6666: 1039: 943:

Over the lifetime of the ghetto, about 15,000 children lived in Theresienstadt, of whom about 90% perished after deportation. The Youth Welfare Office (

1232:, deportees came from a wide variety of strains of Judaism and Christianity; others were atheists. Some communities and individuals, particularly from 5189: 5143: 1474: 762:

in January 1944; Rahm governed the ghetto until the SS fled on 5 May 1945. All of the SS commandants were assigned to Theresienstadt with the rank SS-

5800: 7517: 6966: 4870: 824:) and a Central Secretariat beneath which various departments administered life in the ghetto. The first of the Jewish elders of Theresienstadt was 566: 7865: 7386: 7114: 6509: 6460: 6278: 6245: 6198: 6124: 5935: 5815: 5399: 5125: 4576: 3816: 1288: 537:

The inmates were also allowed slightly more privileges, including postal correspondence and the right to receive food parcels. On 24 August 1943,

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Klibanski, Bronka (1995). "Kinder aus dem Ghetto Bialystok in Theresienstadt" [Children from the Białystok Ghetto in Theresienstadt].

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ended Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, as part of the fiftieth anniversary commemorations of the former ghetto. The museum is funded by the

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Intrator, Miriam (2007). ""People were literally starving for any kind of reading": The Theresienstadt Ghetto Central Library, 1942-1945".

1352: 223: 5761: 4038: 687:, were provided with various luxuries, and had to remove their Star of David badges. Jewish organisations deposited a ransom of 5 million 7875: 7708: 7353: 6816: 6556: 6129: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 5866: 5502: 5138: 2713: 1409: 162: 158: 87: 5808: 6904: 5682: 5110: 4403: 4169: 1565: 1480: 1435: 8034: 4739:"Between Resistance and Collaboration: The Ambiguity of the Protectorate Gendarmes' Service in the Theresienstadt Ghetto (1941–1945)" 4224:

Margry, Karel (January 1992). "'Theresienstadt' (1944–1945): The Nazi propaganda film depicting the concentration camp as paradise".

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Pen and ink drawing of a Jewish worker in Theresienstadt assigned to Bedřich Fritta, Theresienstadt, 1942. In the collection of the

594: 505:. During the same month, the Jewish community leaders from Berlin and Vienna arrived, and the leadership was reorganized to include 330:, a meeting was held in which it was decided to convert Theresienstadt into a transit center for Czech Jews. Those present included 304: 6700: 6636: 6169: 299:(German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia). Although Leitmeritz was ceded to Germany, Theresienstadt remained in the Czechoslovak 8039: 7471: 6928: 6705: 6646: 6621: 6410: 6338: 6157: 6015: 5768: 5749: 5441: 5260: 1325: 5614: 2307: 1609:

points out that the registration of all former Czechoslovak Army officers from Theresienstadt had been ordered in mid-July 1944.

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and in Theresienstadt itself. However, the Jewish legacy was not recognized in the post-war era because it did not fit into the

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as the basis of their educational philosophies; Communist philosophy increased after the Red Army's military victories on the

8044: 8029: 7366: 7179: 6641: 5307: 5233: 5163: 4819: 4772:"Theresienstadt: A Geographical Picture of Transports, Demography, and Communicable Disease in a Jewish Camp-Ghetto, 1941–45" 4664: 7341: 5943: 5890: 1485: 655: 8049: 7838: 7678: 6841: 6748: 6695: 6676: 6656: 6626: 6519: 6203: 5358: 5051: 960: 272: 7923: 6068: 5732: 4008:

Hájková, Anna (2013). "Sexual Barter in Times of Genocide: Negotiating the Sexual Economy of the Theresienstadt Ghetto".

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Theresienstadt family camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau: proceedings of the international conference, Prague 7–8 March 1994

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in May; the transports targeted sick, elderly, and disabled people who had no place in the ideal Jewish settlement.

7743: 7622: 7592: 7511: 7428: 7261: 6899: 6797: 6758: 6715: 6651: 6524: 6400: 6063: 5788: 5744: 5378: 5076: 5018: 4190:"Reflections on the focus of education in the Theresienstadt ghetto based on reports by Theresienstadt's educators" 3848: 3755: 2184: 1633: 1625: 1384: 1302: 1292: 634:

workers, and cultural figures were deported and murdered at Auschwitz. The first two transports removed all former

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reduce the chance of communicable disease spreading beyond the ghetto, but Jewish engineers directed the projects.

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military base, with about 3,500 soldiers and 3,700 civilians, largely employed by the army, living there in 1941.

7381: 7196: 6743: 6720: 6631: 6493: 6345: 6333: 6320: 6146: 6025: 5265: 5243: 3837:(1984). "The Theresienstadt Ghetto: Its Characteristics and Perspective". In Gutman, Israel; Saf, Avital (eds.). 1538: 1530: 1342: 673: 562: 5874: 1447:

escaped in early 1945 and 547 departed by their own unauthorized action after the departure of the SS on 5 May.

776:, was a "rabid antisemite" whose behavior "sometimes surpass the SS in cruelty", according to Israeli historian 7860: 7815: 7361: 6680: 6661: 6608: 6592: 6539: 6534: 6445: 6435: 6425: 6377: 6360: 6350: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6030: 5882: 5698: 4811: 1629: 1602: 1330: 577: 7286: 7141: 5756: 5690: 5343: 7853: 7843: 7569: 7123: 6920: 6851: 6529: 6514: 6440: 6420: 6415: 6395: 6365: 6355: 5966: 5842: 5275: 5092: 4856: 1495: 1346: 1306: 1154: 974: 558: 545:

in Poland arrived at Theresienstadt. They refused to be disinfected due to their fear that the showers were

7075: 529: 7564: 7331: 6810: 6388: 6382: 6264: 5714: 5519: 5353: 4776: 4571: 4256: 1038: 1027: 702: 684: 5646: 781: 335: 7949: 7798: 7423: 7376: 6791: 5270: 5253: 5120: 4495: 3785: 990: 7991: 5584: 4154:

Terezínský rodinný tábor v Osvětimi-Birkenau: sborník z mezinárodní konference, Praha 7.-8. brězna 1994

424:(Work Detail) and their members were exempt from deportation until September 1943. The members of the 7761: 7698: 7627: 7281: 7065: 6956: 6934: 6829: 6824: 6805: 5914: 5485: 4941: 4141: 4039:"To Terezín and Back Again: Czech Jews and their Bonds of Belonging from Deportations to the Postwar" 3804: 1571:

unveiled a plaque at the former ghetto commemorating her 26 relatives who had been imprisoned there.

1535: 1311: 785: 773: 744: 513:, an Austrian rabbi; Edelstein was forced to act as Eppstein's deputy. At the beginning of February, 510: 6984: 4734: 420: 7848: 7756: 7602: 7189: 6974: 5371: 4566: 1637: 1546: 1511: 1301:(DRK) visited the ghetto. Despite the fact that the DRK was led by SS doctors who were involved in 1253: 1207: 1122: 994: 542: 517:, head of the RSHA, proposed the deportation of an additional five thousand elderly Jews. SS chief 514: 201: 169: 134: 5951: 5330: 1515: 1378: 955: 699:, organised in cooperation with the Swedish Red Cross, repatriated the 423 surviving Danish Jews. 7228: 7223: 6730: 5545: 4793: 4352: 4313: 4129: 4073:

Hájková, Anna (2015). ""Poor devils" of the Camps: Dutch Jews in the Terezín Ghetto, 1943–1945".

4061: 4025: 3974: 3939: 3906: 1568: 833: 747: 715: 538: 475: 351: 17: 4536:[List of transports from Theresienstadt] (in Czech). Terezín Initiative. 1 December 2016 1606: 1188: 1085: 978: 764: 913:

self-administration's role in organizing transports has led to significant criticism. However,

380: 7833: 7693: 7524: 7438: 7405: 7319: 7136: 7102: 5906: 5850: 5580: 5523: 4758: 4692: 4649: 4630: 4611: 4399: 4387: 4373: 4305: 4276: 4243: 4165: 4090: 3994: 3898: 3867: 3820: 3789: 3759: 1526: 1457: 1220: 1176: 1067:

worked in various workshops, including carpentry, leather, and tailoring, and in the mines of

860: 777: 723:

disinfection fearing that they would be gassed. They were starving and infected with lice and

635: 455: 429:(79 US gal); by the next year, there were sufficient kettles to make 50,000 cups of 347: 269: 60: 4771: 7810: 7788: 7607: 7597: 7326: 7314: 7296: 7233: 6979: 6941: 6227: 6210: 5898: 5783: 5773: 4785: 4750: 4722: 4675: 4334: 4297: 4268: 4235: 4201: 4119: 4111: 4082: 4053: 4017: 3964: 3931: 3890: 1620: 1298: 1140:

conducted an orchestra composed largely of professional musicians. Karl Fischer, a Moravian

1096: 1023:

from Home One (L417). Hundreds of children made drawings under the guidance of the Viennese

639: 606: 518: 292: 5461: 4738: 772:

contacting Jews; two died as a result of their imprisonment. The first gendarme commander,

7937: 7880: 7720: 7713: 7530: 7433: 7291: 7271: 7184: 7020: 6220: 5971: 5795: 5706: 5600: 5588: 5084: 5045: 4929: 4893: 4646:

The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses

4508: 4179:

Kárný, Miroslav (1999). "Fragen zum 8. März 1944" [Questions about 8 March 1944].

3855: 1499: 1275:

represented spiritual resistance to Nazism and a "spark of humanity": "By no means did we

1180: 1145: 1013: 944: 926: 839:

The self-administration was characterized by excessive bureaucracy. In his landmark study

825: 817: 805: 797: 751: 707: 680: 586: 486: 394: 326:(RSHA) was planning transports of Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate to the 280: 5449: 1557: 1137: 5174: 4550: 4518:"Embellishment and the visit of the International Committee of the Red Cross to Terezín" 855: 450: 7961: 7793: 7688: 7587: 7558: 7250: 7214: 7174: 7169: 6994: 6879: 6786: 5422: 1503: 1460:

and sentenced to death, Burger managed to evade arrest and lived under a false name in

1360:

at Theresienstadt. Most of the children were murdered at Auschwitz in the fall of 1944.

1357: 1338: 1334: 1229: 1149: 1118: 1110: 1052: 610: 355: 331: 257: 241: 165: 55: 7932: 5956: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1618:

Information about Jews deported to Auschwitz from Theresienstadt was published in the

695:

secured the release of the Danish internees from Theresienstadt on 15 April 1945. The

8023: 7683: 7612: 7503: 7371: 7201: 7158: 7004: 6989: 6287: 6007: 5568: 5531: 4998: 4935: 4797: 4599: 4459:"Albright unveils plaque to family members who perished in Holocaust onTerezín visit" 4317: 4029: 3978: 3943: 3778: 1742: 1740: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1553: 1169: 1165: 1024: 970: 884: 724: 711: 506: 276: 188: 146: 4708:"Statistical Analyses of Theresienstadt Prisoners Examples and Future Possibilities" 4065: 1404:

Theresienstadt Ghetto population by country of origin, from Jurajda and Jelínek 2021

1152:

composed more than 20 works while imprisoned at Theresienstadt, including the opera

804:) nominally governed the ghetto. The self-administration included the Jewish elder ( 384:

Map shows the main fortress and the Small Fortress (right) on opposite sides of the

7895: 7045: 7030: 7025: 6999: 6952: 6884: 6846: 6596: 6152: 5778: 5737: 5634: 5527: 5426: 4993: 4963: 4899: 4480: 4463: 4133: 3910: 3773: 1549: 1542: 1522:). Although there were memorial plaques in the former ghetto, none mentioned Jews. 1461: 1388:("Theresienstadt: A Documentary Film from the Jewish Settlement Area"), was dubbed 1324:, having come under increasing pressure from Denmark, Jewish organizations and the 1262: 1258: 1126: 1063:

Theresienstadt. Younger people did not face starvation, although many lost weight.

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arrested leaders, were sent to the family camp at Auschwitz on 15 and 18 December.

550: 546: 482: 327: 150: 97: 5039: 4754: 1271:

ministered not just to Jews but to Christian converts and others needing comfort.

1160: 350:, the RSHA chief, approved of Theresienstadt as a location for the ghetto. At the 5391: 4057: 623:("The Führer Gives a City to the Jews"), was shot, but it was never distributed. 7901: 7418: 7035: 6889: 6215: 5994: 5473: 4272: 3747: 1519: 1374: 844: 696: 692: 478: 463: 359: 308: 296: 196: 184: 47: 8008: 7890: 7725: 7498: 7276: 5622: 5218: 4968: 4239: 4161: 4149: 3935: 3842: 3834: 1341:, a representative of the ICRC; E. Juel-Henningsen, the head physician at the 1214: 1090: 1048: 914: 888: 660: 363: 300: 253: 237: 192: 180: 154: 83: 4834: 4821: 4762: 4627:

The Jews of Denmark in the Holocaust: Life and Death in Theresienstadt Ghetto

4338: 4309: 4280: 4247: 4094: 3894: 1197: 1193: 7730: 7536: 4958: 4905: 4301: 1431: 1276: 1268: 1203: 998: 982: 930: 900: 759: 614: 316: 7391: 5206: 3902: 415:), where they were registered and deprived of their remaining possessions. 4115: 1601:

Rothkirchen notes that the deportation of the officers coincided with the

647:

River and the remainder of the ashes were buried in pits near Leitmeritz.

7256: 7056: 4679: 4261:

Apparatus. Film, Media and Digital Cultures of Central and Eastern Europe

3969: 1245: 1184: 813: 398: 206: 4848: 4812:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum image gallery for Theresienstadt

4789: 4356: 3881:

Brush, Barbara L. (2004). "Nursing Care and Context in Theresienstadt".

4424:"The Piano Virtuoso Who Didn't Play in Terezín, or, Why Gender Matters" 4206: 4189: 2709: 2547: 2303: 2180: 1954: 1746: 1727: 1687: 1249: 1233: 1002: 986: 829: 644: 462:

The first transport from Theresienstadt left on 9 January 1942 for the

385: 312: 249: 5804: 3864:

The Girls of Room 28: Friendship, Hope, and Survival in Theresienstadt

1279:; our endeavors in the arts were commensurate with our will to live." 993:

of the children's homes resembled kibbutzim. Different educators used

7766: 4726: 4124: 1525:

The Terezín Ghetto Museum was inaugurated in October 1991, after the

1423: 1419: 1415: 1241: 1141: 1068: 481:

or at mass execution sites in the Baltic States and Belarus, such as

467: 430: 265: 4086: 3920:"The ICRC and the detainees in Nazi concentration camps (1942–1945)" 1385:

Theresienstadt. Ein Dokumentarfilm aus dem jüdischen Siedlungsgebiet

4021: 609:"; they did not notice anything amiss and the ICRC representative, 533:

The Białystok children, drawn by Theresienstadt prisoner Otto Ungar

7131: 5058: 4257:"A False Start. The Filming at Theresienstadt of January 20, 1944" 1484: 1399: 1351: 1237: 1219: 1095: 1084: 1037: 1019: 935: 925: 892: 854: 701: 654: 576: 528: 449: 379: 227: 2068: 2066: 2029: 2027: 1640:, received in Switzerland around the same time as Rossel's visit. 1175:

The visual arts were developed by a circle of artists, including

6256: 1427: 1321: 954:

The leadership of the Youth Welfare Office, including its head,

439: 7648: 7469: 7100: 6590: 6260: 5395: 5178: 4852: 4148:[Theresienstadt family camp in the Final Solution]. In 613:, reported that no one was deported from Theresienstadt. Rabbi 3533: 3531: 3398: 3396: 3347: 3345: 3197: 3195: 3170: 3168: 3032: 3030: 7967: 4604:

Theresienstadt: Eine Geschichte von Täuschung und Vernichtung

2978: 2976: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2197: 2195: 2193: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 899:

in 1942; cold weather in the fall of that year increased the

679:

On 5 February 1945, after negotiations with Swiss politician

557:

Two hundred ninety-three Jews arrived at Theresienstadt from

4444:"Women as citizens in the Theresienstadt prisoner community" 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 4288:

Munk, Jan (2001). "The Terezín Memorial in the year 2000".

2847: 2845: 4481:"Review of Karny, Miroslav, ed., Terezinska pametni kniha" 3131: 3129: 3005: 3003: 2452: 2450: 2448: 279:

of Austria. Theresienstadt was used as a military base by

3752:

Theresienstadt 1941–1945: The Face of a Coerced Community

3224: 3222: 638:

officers, who were thought to be a threat for causing an

585:

In February 1944, the SS embarked on a "beautification" (

204:

and other killing sites; the role of the Jewish Council (

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S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation

4715:

S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation

4608:

Theresienstadt: A history of deception and annihilation

3611: 3609: 2903: 2901: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2672: 2670: 2272: 2270: 1959:

Concentration/Transit Camp for German and Austrian Jews

1624:

in February 1944. News of the first liquidation of the

4770:

Smallman-Raynor, Matthew R.; Cliff, Andrew D. (2020).

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The Last Ghetto: An Everyday History of Theresienstadt

3689: 3687: 3662: 3660: 3572: 3570: 3108: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2423: 2421: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 758:

on 3 July 1943. Burger was reassigned and replaced by

8055:

Buildings and structures in the Ústí nad Labem Region

7921: 4392:

The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust

3991:

Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust

30:"Theresienstadt" redirects here. For other uses, see 4325:

Munk, Jan (2008). "Activities of Terezín Memorial".

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Although all prisoners were Jewish according to the

268:. Founded on 22 September 1784 on the orders of the 179:

The ghetto was established by the transportation of

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Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945

796:

The Jewish self-administration or self-government (

501:In January, seven thousand people were deported to 127: 119: 111: 103: 93: 79: 68: 41: 3777: 2033: 4183:(in German) (6). Translated by Liebl, Petr: 9–42. 4227:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 1592:About 2,000 of these deportees survived the war. 1434:(4,000). Between 13,500 and 15,000 survivors of 1345:; and Franz Hvass, the top civil servant at the 275:, it was named Theresienstadt, after his mother 264:) and about 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of 168:). Theresienstadt served as a waystation to the 7424:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 291:" across the river was a prison. Following the 3803:Blodig, Vojtěch; White, Joseph Robert (2012). 344:Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague 315:prison in 1940 and the fortress town became a 311:on 15 March 1939. The Small Fortress became a 7784:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 6272: 5407: 5190: 4864: 4368:. Translated by Kutler, Laurence. Lexington: 3510: 3414: 1442:A further 239 people were transferred to the 8: 4625:Fracapane, Silvia Goldbaum Tarabini (2020). 4364:Redlich, Egon (1992). Friedman, Saul (ed.). 4146:"Terezínský rodinný tábor v konečném řešení" 3813:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 3754:. Translated by Cooper, Belinda. Cambridge: 2710:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 2548:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 2304:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 2181:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 1955:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 1747:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 1728:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 1688:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018 406: 7483:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 3561: 3549: 3537: 3486: 3426: 3402: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3336: 3276: 3264: 3240: 3201: 3186: 3174: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3036: 2982: 2967: 2931: 2773: 2749: 2737: 2649: 2606: 2552:Final Weeks, Liberation, and Postwar Trials 2468: 2439: 2400: 2358: 2341: 2324: 2261: 2201: 2156: 2108: 2084: 2072: 2018: 1970: 1904: 1887: 1844: 1784: 1765: 1715: 1703: 1670: 1510:, and discredited the official position of 581:Fritta mocks the "beautification" campaign. 8065:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany 7668: 7645: 7488: 7466: 7119: 7110: 7097: 6962: 6604: 6587: 6295: 6279: 6265: 6257: 6053: 5832: 5672: 5507: 5437: 5414: 5400: 5392: 5197: 5183: 5175: 4919: 4871: 4857: 4849: 4152:; Kárný, Miroslav; Kárná, Margita (eds.). 989:in Palestine; Rothkirchen argues that the 741:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 232:Buildings in Theresienstadt, 1909 postcard 38: 5131:Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz 4205: 4123: 3993:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3968: 3955:[The Illusion of the Objective]. 3809:Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe 3048: 3009: 2994: 2456: 2144: 2120: 1475:List of works about Theresienstadt Ghetto 248:) is located in the north-west region of 4706:Jurajda, Štěpán; Jelínek, Tomáš (2021). 3951:Farré, Sébastien; Schubert, Yan (2009). 3924:International Committee of the Red Cross 3729: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3252: 2276: 1136:Many musicians performed at the ghetto. 567:International Committee of the Red Cross 7980: 7928: 6199:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II 4577:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 4349:Historia, Antropología y Fuentes Orales 3817:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 3639: 3522: 3498: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3159: 3135: 3120: 3096: 3021: 2955: 2863: 2812: 2788: 2492: 2480: 2168: 1937: 1808: 1663: 1585: 1390:Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt 1289:Theresienstadt Ghetto and the Red Cross 981:, Zionists regarded the youth homes as 620:Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt 328:ghettos in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe 295:in September 1938, Germany annexed the 4504: 4493: 4217:Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente 4181:Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente 3600: 3588: 3576: 3228: 3213: 1081:Cultural life of Theresienstadt Ghetto 863:'s caricature of "prominent" prisoners 714:to Theresienstadt is liberated by the 691:in escrowed accounts. The Danish king 27:Nazi ghetto in Terezín, Czechoslovakia 3651: 3627: 3615: 3438: 3147: 2943: 2919: 2907: 2892: 2875: 2851: 2836: 2824: 2800: 2761: 2725: 2688: 2676: 2661: 2630: 2618: 2594: 2582: 2563: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2427: 2412: 2373: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2132: 2096: 2057: 2045: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1916: 1868: 1856: 1832: 1820: 1796: 1333:, a Jewish organization in Budapest. 593:) campaign to prepare the ghetto for 7: 8060:The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia 7071:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 4449:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence 3866:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 3717: 3705: 3693: 3678: 3666: 3109:Plato, Schlesinger & Conill 2001 1277:sit weeping by the rivers of Babylon 1117:transports, including the musicians 252:, across the river from the city of 224:The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia 7876:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 6130:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division 4549:Štěpková, Tereza (21 August 2011). 3883:Western Journal of Nursing Research 1518:and intensified following the 1967 1410:List of prisoners of Theresienstadt 985:(preparation) for future life on a 159:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 88:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 5331:Moses Levt's Stiftelse og Synagoge 4457:Lazarová, Daniela (12 June 2015). 4366:The Terezin Diary of Gonda Redlich 1481:Historiography in the Soviet Union 1297:In June 1943, a delegation of the 1042:Women's barracks in Theresienstadt 832:leader. Edelstein and his deputy, 176:was not economically significant. 25: 75:; exploitation in Nazi propaganda 18:Concentration camp Theresienstadt 8000: 7983: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7439:Polish leaders and intellectuals 6929:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 6241: 6240: 5217: 5205: 5159: 5158: 5126:Theresienstadt and the Red Cross 4516:Stránský, Matěj (19 July 2011). 1564:. In 2015, former United States 1326:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 663:, Switzerland, 11 February 1945. 438:ghetto, of whom 2,000 were from 397:and the original members of the 54: 4046:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust 1562:President of the Czech Republic 1508:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1224:A prayer room at Theresienstadt 1089:Self-portrait by ghetto artist 32:Theresienstadt (disambiguation) 7367:Attack on the twentieth convoy 7180:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 4534:"Seznam transportů z Terezína" 871:or through connections to the 659:Jewish children recuperate in 1: 5052:I Never Saw Another Butterfly 4610:] (in German). C.H.Beck. 918:individuals for deportation. 735:Command and control authority 107:24 November 1941 – 8 May 1945 7704:Jewish war conspiracy theory 6895:Extermination through labour 5318:Great Synagogue (Copenhagen) 4665:"Medicine in Theresienstadt" 4648:. New York: Berghahn Books. 4422:Hájková, Anna (6 May 2011). 4396:University of Nebraska Press 4370:University Press of Kentucky 4351:(in Spanish) (25): 143–150. 4058:10.1080/23256249.2014.881594 3839:The Nazi concentration camps 1102:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 503:Auschwitz concentration camp 183:in November 1941. The first 174:exploitation of forced labor 7886:Righteous Among the Nations 6572:Righteous Among the Nations 6125:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps 5213:Jews and Judaism in Denmark 4755:10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01 4691:. Oxford University Press. 4273:10.17892/app.2016.0002-3.54 3862:Brenner, Hannelore (2009). 526:at Auschwitz in September. 285:First Czechoslovak Republic 8081: 7623:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 7593:Lithuanian Security Police 7512:Reich Security Main Office 6479:Evidence and documentation 5789:Slovak Insurgent Air Force 5769:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 5019:Theresienstadt family camp 4672:Social History of Medicine 4160:] (in Czech). Prague: 3953:"L'illusion de l'objectif" 3756:Cambridge University Press 1634:Polish government-in-exile 1626:Theresienstadt family camp 1489:Memorial to Jewish victims 1478: 1472: 1407: 1303:Nazi human experimentation 1293:Theresienstadt (1944 film) 1286: 1148:performed jazz music, and 1144:, led various choirs. The 1078: 792:Jewish self-administration 780:. Janeček was replaced by 524:Theresienstadt family camp 442:and the rest from Prague. 324:Reich Security Main Office 221: 63:'s drawing of the barracks 29: 7839:Books and other resources 7667: 7644: 7478: 7465: 7109: 7096: 6603: 6586: 6371:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 6294: 6236: 6147:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 6069:1st Czechoslovak Division 5891:Bratislava–Brno Offensive 5367: 5266:2015 Copenhagen shootings 5244:Rescue of the Danish Jews 5154: 4902:(July 1943–February 1944) 4896:(November 1941–July 1943) 4240:10.1080/01439689200260091 3936:10.1017/S1816383113000489 3918:Farré, Sébastien (2012). 3511:Farré & Schubert 2009 3415:Farré & Schubert 2009 1531:Czech Ministry of Culture 1514:(exemplified by the 1952 1343:Danish Ministry of Health 973:with a background in the 802:jüdische Selbstverwaltung 784:on 1 September 1943. The 412: 53: 46: 7429:People with disabilities 7362:Aid and Rescue Committee 6036:Sereď concentration camp 5757:Jan Hus partisan brigade 5699:Slovak National Uprising 4908:(February 1944–May 1945) 4339:10.1525/tph.2008.30.1.73 4219:(in German) (2): 93–106. 4188:Kasperová, Dana (2013). 3895:10.1177/0193945904265333 2264:, pp. 244, 254–255. 1630:Polish underground state 1603:Slovak National Uprising 1506:promoted in the postwar 1377:and the Czech filmmaker 1331:Aid and Rescue Committee 599:family camp at Auschwitz 509:, a German Zionist, and 454:Theresienstadt prisoner 322:In October 1941, as the 153:in the fortress town of 131:33,000 at Theresienstadt 8040:Jewish Austrian history 7570:Order Police battalions 6104:11th Infantry Battalion 5276:2023 Danish terror plot 5093:Transport from Paradise 4479:Schur, Herbert (1997). 4302:10.1111/1468-0033.00293 3807:; Dean, Martin (eds.). 2714:SS and Police Structure 2531:, pp. 34, 53, 159. 2401:Blodig & White 2012 2034:Terezín Initiative 2016 1888:Blodig & White 2012 1766:Blodig & White 2012 1732:"Retirement Settlement" 1671:Blodig & White 2012 1496:Jewish Museum in Prague 1347:Danish Foreign Ministry 1158:. The children's opera 1155:Der Kaiser von Atlantis 965:, and Redlich's deputy 458:'s drawing of a funeral 287:after 1918, while the " 145:was established by the 7419:Soviet urban residents 6510:International response 6484:Contemporary knowledge 5745:Czech National Council 5520:Konstantin von Neurath 4777:Social Science History 4687:Hájková, Anna (2020). 4663:Hájková, Anna (2018). 4572:Holocaust Encyclopedia 4503:Cite journal requires 4442:Hájková, Anna (2016). 4255:Margry, Karel (2016). 4037:Hájková, Anna (2014). 1605:(August–October), but 1539:Richard von Weizsäcker 1490: 1405: 1361: 1307:Walther Georg Hartmann 1225: 1164:, composed in 1938 by 1105: 1093: 1056: 1043: 1028:Friedl Dicker-Brandeis 948: 940: 864: 859:Theresienstadt artist 841:Theresienstadt 1941–45 821: 809: 801: 754:, who was replaced by 719: 685:Pullman passenger cars 664: 590: 582: 534: 459: 407: 389: 342:, the director of the 261: 245: 233: 191:arrived in June 1942; 8045:Jewish Danish history 8030:Theresienstadt Ghetto 7972:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 7970:Theresienstadt Ghetto 7866:Memorials and museums 7804:Reparations Agreement 7799:Holocaust restitution 7377:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 6900:Human experimentation 6739:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 6041:Theresienstadt Ghetto 5987:Kremnička and Nemecká 5491:Chief of Intelligence 5271:2015 Kundby bomb plot 5254:Theresienstadt Papers 5249:Theresienstadt Ghetto 5121:Theresienstadt Papers 4880:Theresienstadt Ghetto 4835:50.51333°N 14.16694°E 4644:Gruner, Wolf (2019). 4116:10.1353/lib.2007.0009 3805:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 3786:Yale University Press 1488: 1473:Further information: 1408:Further information: 1403: 1355: 1287:Further information: 1223: 1099: 1088: 1041: 991:intentional community 929: 858: 812:), a deputy, and the 705: 658: 580: 539:1,200 Jewish children 532: 468:emigrate to Palestine 453: 383: 338:(Jewish affairs) and 236:The fortress town of 231: 222:Further information: 143:Theresienstadt Ghetto 42:Theresienstadt Ghetto 8050:Jewish Dutch history 7066:Jewish Ghetto Police 6935:Politische Abteilung 6830:Risiera di San Sabba 6691:Natzweiler-Struthof 6109:1st Armoured Brigade 4942:Benjamin Murmelstein 4553:. Terezín Initiative 4520:. Terezín Initiative 4327:The Public Historian 4290:Museum International 3970:10.3917/lms.227.0065 3552:, pp. 256, 258. 3366:, pp. 245, 276. 2827:, pp. 309, 316. 2815:, pp. 504, 514. 1847:, pp. 234, 240. 1673:, pp. 177, 180. 922:Youth Welfare Office 908:Transport Department 745:SS and Police Leader 511:Benjamin Murmelstein 8035:Litoměřice District 7844:Days of remembrance 7757:Holocaust survivors 7752:Depopulated shtetls 7603:Rollkommando Hamann 7449:Jehovah's Witnesses 7267:Kamianets-Podilskyi 6329:Bohemia and Moravia 6158:Emergency Divisions 6064:Czechoslovak Legion 6031:Carpathian Ruthenia 5691:Vrba–Wetzler report 5652:Minister of Defence 5442:Government-in-exile 5373:List of Danish Jews 4916:Prisoner leadership 4831: / 4790:10.1017/ssh.2020.23 4428:The Orel Foundation 3957:Le Mouvement Social 3854:16 May 2017 at the 3845:. pp. 303–314. 3603:, pp. 153–154. 3591:, pp. 150–151. 3489:, pp. 255–256. 3465:, pp. 214–215. 3429:, pp. 253–254. 3279:, pp. 272–273. 3189:, pp. 266–267. 3162:, pp. 512–513. 3123:, pp. 510–511. 2970:, pp. 240–241. 2934:, pp. 238–239. 2854:, pp. 226–227. 2803:, pp. 181–204. 2776:, pp. 235–236. 2752:, pp. 234–235. 2728:, pp. 513–514. 2621:, pp. 171–172. 2566:, pp. 31, 158. 2442:, pp. 245–246. 2240:, pp. 160–161. 2087:, pp. 242–243. 2075:, pp. 239–240. 1871:, pp. 33, 605. 1638:Vrba-Wetzler Report 1628:was relayed by the 1208:atrocity propaganda 782:Miroslaus Hasenkopf 595:the Red Cross visit 515:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 336:RSHA section IV B 4 202:extermination camps 170:extermination camps 135:extermination camps 133:90,000 deported to 7827:History and memory 7731:Forced euthanasia 7679:Nazi racial policy 7382:Danish underground 7229:Operation Reinhard 7224:Wannsee Conference 5867:Čajánek's barracks 5546:Karl Hermann Frank 5380:List of synagogues 5111:Białystok children 4840:50.51333; 14.16694 4680:10.1093/shm/hky066 4388:Rothkirchen, Livia 4207:10.5817/SP2013-4-3 4194:Studia Paedagogica 4075:Yad Vashem Studies 3930:(888): 1381–1408. 2764:, pp. 64, 69. 1569:Madeleine Albright 1566:Secretary of State 1547:Israeli presidents 1491: 1406: 1362: 1226: 1131:Freizeitgestaltung 1106: 1094: 1044: 1009:in 1943 and 1944. 971:left-wing Zionists 941: 865: 748:Karl Hermann Frank 720: 716:United States Army 665: 583: 535: 476:Operation Reinhard 460: 390: 352:Wannsee Conference 234: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7762:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 7709:Jewish emigration 7699:Hitler's prophecy 7694:Haavara Agreement 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7628:Ypatingasis būrys 7525:Sicherheitsdienst 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7400: 7399: 7320:Bielski partisans 7092: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 6923:Totenkopfverbände 6582: 6581: 6254: 6253: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5963: 5948: 5927: 5919: 5911: 5903: 5895: 5887: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5824: 5823: 5753: 5741: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5662: 5661: 5609: 5608: 5524:Reinhard Heydrich 5486:František Moravec 5389: 5388: 5172: 5171: 4977: 4976: 4698:978-0-19-005177-8 4655:978-1-78920-285-4 4636:978-0-429-51486-9 4617:978-3-406-64550-1 3826:978-0-253-00202-0 3654:, pp. 40–41. 3417:, pp. 69–70. 1536:German presidents 1527:Velvet Revolution 814:Council of Elders 778:Livia Rothkirchen 636:Czechoslovak Army 563:escaped to Sweden 399:Council of Elders 348:Reinhard Heydrich 283:and later by the 140: 139: 120:Number of inmates 16:(Redirected from 8072: 8013: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7996: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7976: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7936: 7935: 7927: 7811:Holocaust denial 7789:Nuremberg trials 7779:Postwar violence 7734: 7669: 7646: 7608:Special Brigades 7598:Nederlandsche SS 7565:Police Regiments 7489: 7467: 7327:Ghetto uprisings 7315:Jewish partisans 7262:Harvest Festival 7234:Holocaust trains 7120: 7111: 7098: 6963: 6859: 6837: 6819: 6800: 6782: 6605: 6588: 6296: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6258: 6244: 6243: 6228:Western betrayal 6211:Munich Agreement 6170:Slovak Air Force 6054: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5961: 5960: 5946: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5899:Prague Offensive 5893: 5885: 5877: 5875:Slovak–Hungarian 5869: 5861: 5859:Carpatho-Ukraine 5853: 5845: 5833: 5812: 5784:Slovak partisans 5765: 5747: 5735: 5733:Council of Three 5709: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5673: 5647:Ferdinand Čatloš 5508: 5479:foreign minister 5438: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5393: 5381: 5374: 5346: 5310: 5298:Jewish Community 5290: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5176: 5162: 5161: 4920: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4801: 4766: 4730: 4727:10.23777/SN.0221 4712: 4702: 4683: 4669: 4659: 4640: 4621: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4567:"Theresienstadt" 4562: 4560: 4558: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4453: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4409: 4383: 4360: 4342: 4321: 4284: 4251: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4184: 4175: 4137: 4127: 4098: 4069: 4043: 4033: 4004: 3987:Fleming, Michael 3982: 3972: 3947: 3914: 3877: 3846: 3830: 3799: 3783: 3769: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3565: 3562:Rothkirchen 2006 3559: 3553: 3550:Rothkirchen 2006 3547: 3541: 3538:Rothkirchen 2006 3535: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3487:Rothkirchen 2006 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3427:Rothkirchen 2006 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3403:Rothkirchen 2006 3400: 3391: 3388:Rothkirchen 2006 3385: 3379: 3376:Rothkirchen 2006 3373: 3367: 3364:Rothkirchen 2006 3361: 3355: 3352:Rothkirchen 2006 3349: 3340: 3337:Rothkirchen 2006 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3277:Rothkirchen 2006 3274: 3268: 3265:Rothkirchen 2006 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3241:Rothkirchen 2006 3238: 3232: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3202:Rothkirchen 2006 3199: 3190: 3187:Rothkirchen 2006 3184: 3178: 3175:Rothkirchen 2006 3172: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3085:Rothkirchen 2006 3082: 3076: 3073:Rothkirchen 2006 3070: 3064: 3061:Rothkirchen 2006 3058: 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editor of 607:Potemkin village 543:Białystok Ghetto 519:Heinrich Himmler 414: 410: 334:, leader of the 293:Munich Agreement 270:Habsburg monarch 58: 39: 21: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8012:from Wikivoyage 8006: 8001: 7999: 7989: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7975:sister projects 7974: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7930: 7922: 7920: 7907: 7822: 7738: 7732: 7721:Madagascar Plan 7714:Kindertransport 7663: 7662: 7632: 7574: 7546: 7531:Ordnungspolizei 7487: 7474: 7453: 7396: 7348: 7301: 7272:Maly Trostenets 7243:Mass executions 7238: 7208: 7146: 7105: 7080: 7050: 7009: 6947: 6909: 6868: 6857: 6835: 6817: 6798: 6780: 6768: 6725: 6599: 6578: 6498: 6489:Hidden children 6467: 6325:Czechoslovakia 6290: 6285: 6255: 6250: 6232: 6221:Sudeten Germans 6179: 6165:Government Army 6134: 6113: 6045: 6002: 5954: 5930: 5820: 5798: 5759: 5721: 5707:Prague uprising 5658: 5615:Slovak Republic 5605: 5601:Emanuel Moravec 5589:Richard Bienert 5585:Jaroslav Krejčí 5557: 5551:Chief of Police 5538:Reichsprotektor 5497: 5429: 5420: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5363: 5344: 5338: 5308: 5302: 5288: 5282: 5222: 5212: 5203: 5173: 5168: 5150: 5099: 5085:Distant Journey 5064: 5046:Ghetto Swingers 5025: 4973: 4947: 4930:Jakob Edelstein 4911: 4894:Siegfried Seidl 4882: 4877: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4808: 4769: 4733: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4686: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4643: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4598: 4595: 4593:Further reading 4590: 4581: 4579: 4565: 4556: 4554: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4502: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4469: 4467: 4456: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4386: 4380: 4363: 4345: 4324: 4287: 4254: 4223: 4214: 4187: 4178: 4172: 4142:Kárný, Miroslav 4140: 4101: 4087:10.17613/m61s8d 4072: 4041: 4036: 4007: 4001: 3985: 3950: 3917: 3880: 3874: 3861: 3858:paginated 1–11. 3856:Wayback Machine 3833: 3827: 3815:. Vol. 2. 3802: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3441:, p. 1390. 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2946:, pp. 6–7. 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2768: 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1650:Theresienstadt. 1648: 1644: 1617: 1613: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1500:Soviet ideology 1483: 1477: 1471: 1453: 1412: 1398: 1356:Photo taken by 1309: 1295: 1285: 1256: 1191: 1181:Norbert Troller 1146:Ghetto Swingers 1083: 1077: 1036: 1014:Hebrew language 995:assimilationism 975:youth movements 958: 924: 910: 881: 853: 826:Jakob Edelstein 794: 774:Theodor Janeček 765:Obersturmführer 752:Siegfried Seidl 737: 708:Holocaust train 681:Jean-Marie Musy 653: 575: 499: 487:Maly Trostenets 470:after the war. 448: 395:Jakob Edelstein 378: 373: 305:German invasion 281:Austria-Hungary 226: 220: 163:German-occupied 132: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8022: 8021: 8015: 8014: 7997: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7952: 7950:Czech Republic 7940: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7816:trivialization 7808: 7807: 7806: 7796: 7794:Eichmann trial 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7689:Nuremberg Laws 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7672:Early elements 7665: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7653:Early elements 7650: 7649: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7588:Arajs Kommando 7584: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7559:Einsatzgruppen 7554: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7509: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7486: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7472:Responsibility 7470: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7311: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7251:Einsatzgruppen 7246: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7215:Final Solution 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7117: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7076:Ústredňa Židov 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7041:Theresienstadt 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6960: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6880:Einsatzgruppen 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6686:Mittelbau-Dora 6683: 6674: 6669: 6667:Kraków-Płaszów 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6601: 6600: 6591: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6557:Rescue of Jews 6554: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6150: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5949: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5679: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5640:Prime Minister 5632: 5631: 5630: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5594:Prime minister 5578: 5577: 5576: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5467:Prime Minister 5459: 5458: 5457: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5423:Czechoslovakia 5421: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5116:Small Fortress 5113: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5081: 5077:Theresienstadt 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4806:External links 4804: 4803: 4802: 4784:(4): 615–639. 4767: 4731: 4703: 4697: 4684: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4616: 4600:Benz, Wolfgang 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4563: 4546: 4530: 4513: 4505:|journal= 4476: 4454: 4439: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405:978-0803205024 4404: 4384: 4378: 4361: 4343: 4322: 4285: 4252: 4234:(2): 145–162. 4221: 4212: 4185: 4176: 4171:978-8070231937 4170: 4138: 4110:(3): 513–522. 4104:Library Trends 4099: 4070: 4034: 4022:10.1086/668607 4016:(3): 503–533. 4005: 3999: 3983: 3948: 3915: 3889:(8): 860–871. 3878: 3872: 3859: 3849:online version 3831: 3825: 3800: 3794: 3770: 3764: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3683: 3671: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3566: 3564:, p. 258. 3554: 3542: 3540:, p. 257. 3527: 3525:, p. 228. 3515: 3503: 3501:, p. 225. 3491: 3479: 3477:, p. 216. 3467: 3455: 3453:, p. 199. 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3405:, p. 256. 3392: 3390:, p. 252. 3380: 3378:, p. 265. 3368: 3356: 3354:, p. 281. 3341: 3339:, p. 269. 3329: 3327:, p. 516. 3317: 3315:, p. 517. 3305: 3303:, p. 513. 3293: 3291:, p. 515. 3281: 3269: 3267:, p. 272. 3257: 3245: 3243:, p. 274. 3233: 3231:, p. 153. 3218: 3216:, p. 156. 3206: 3204:, p. 270. 3191: 3179: 3177:, p. 266. 3164: 3152: 3150:, p. 864. 3140: 3138:, p. 510. 3125: 3113: 3111:, p. 145. 3101: 3099:, p. 511. 3089: 3087:, p. 282. 3077: 3075:, p. 278. 3065: 3063:, p. 280. 3053: 3049:Kasperová 2013 3041: 3039:, p. 279. 3026: 3014: 3010:Kasperová 2013 2999: 2995:Kasperová 2013 2987: 2985:, p. 241. 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2922:, p. 865. 2912: 2910:, p. 869. 2897: 2895:, p. 863. 2880: 2878:, p. 861. 2868: 2856: 2841: 2839:, p. 309. 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2740:, p. 227. 2730: 2718: 2693: 2681: 2679:, p. 619. 2666: 2664:, p. 618. 2654: 2652:, p. 247. 2635: 2633:, p. 173. 2623: 2611: 2609:, p. 246. 2599: 2597:, p. 162. 2587: 2568: 2556: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2507:, p. 160. 2497: 2495:, p. 162. 2485: 2473: 2471:, p. 260. 2461: 2457:Kasperová 2013 2444: 2432: 2417: 2415:, p. 155. 2405: 2403:, p. 182. 2378: 2363: 2361:, p. 245. 2346: 2344:, p. 259. 2329: 2327:, p. 267. 2312: 2281: 2266: 2254: 2252:, p. 615. 2242: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2204:, p. 254. 2189: 2173: 2161: 2159:, p. 244. 2149: 2145:Klibanski 1995 2137: 2135:, p. 127. 2125: 2121:Klibanski 1995 2113: 2111:, p. 243. 2101: 2099:, p. 114. 2089: 2077: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2023: 2021:, p. 242. 2011: 2009:, p. 469. 1999: 1987: 1975: 1973:, p. 238. 1963: 1942: 1921: 1909: 1907:, p. 236. 1892: 1890:, p. 181. 1873: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1811:, p. 520. 1801: 1799:, p. 862. 1789: 1787:, p. 235. 1770: 1768:, p. 180. 1751: 1736: 1720: 1718:, p. 239. 1708: 1706:, p. 234. 1696: 1675: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1611: 1594: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1504:class struggle 1470: 1467: 1452: 1451:Postwar trials 1449: 1444:Small Fortress 1397: 1394: 1358:Maurice Rossel 1339:Maurice Rossel 1335:Rudolf Kastner 1284: 1281: 1230:Nuremberg Laws 1177:Bedřich Fritta 1150:Viktor Ullmann 1115:Aufbaukommando 1111:degenerate art 1079:Main article: 1076: 1073: 1035: 1032: 949:Jugendfürsorge 923: 920: 909: 906: 880: 877: 873:Aufbaukommando 869:Aufbaukommando 861:Bedřich Fritta 852: 849: 793: 790: 736: 733: 652: 649: 632:Aufbaukommando 611:Maurice Rossel 574: 571: 498: 495: 456:Bedřich Fritta 447: 444: 426:Aufbaukommando 421:Aufbaukommando 377: 374: 372: 369: 356:Central Powers 332:Adolf Eichmann 289:Small Fortress 238:Theresienstadt 219: 216: 166:Czechoslovakia 138: 137: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 81: 77: 76: 70: 66: 65: 61:Bedřich Fritta 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8077: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8010: 8009:Travel guides 7998: 7994: 7993: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7953: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684:Nazi eugenics 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7613:Topf and Sons 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7580:Collaborators 7577: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7518:Referat IV B4 7516: 7515: 7514: (RSHA) 7513: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7505:Schutzstaffel 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492:Organizations 7490: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Romani people 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7387:Working Group 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372:Kastner train 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7159:Kristallnacht 7156: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6942:Sanitätswesen 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6905:Death marches 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6731:Extermination 6728: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Sachsenhausen 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6647:Herzogenbusch 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622:Bergen-Belsen 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6609:Concentration 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545:United States 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385:and colonies 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6288:The Holocaust 6282: 6277: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6247: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5996: 5993: 5988: 5985: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5953: 5950: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5921: 5916: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5816:Working Group 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5774:Obrana národa 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5689: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5532:Wilhelm Frick 5529: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5359:Orthodox Jews 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:The Holocaust 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5165: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4936:Paul Eppstein 4934: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923:Jewish elders 4921: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629:. Routledge. 4628: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4552: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4497: 4482: 4477: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4379:9780813118048 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4081:(1): 77–111. 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 4000:9781139917278 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3959:(in French). 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3873:9780805242706 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841:. Jerusalem: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3795:9780300059137 3791: 3787: 3784:. New Haven: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3774:Bauer, Yehuda 3771: 3767: 3765:9780521881463 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3740:Print sources 3739: 3731: 3730:Lazarová 2015 3726: 3723: 3720:, p. 76. 3719: 3714: 3711: 3708:, p. 19. 3707: 3702: 3699: 3696:, p. 75. 3695: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3681:, p. 18. 3680: 3675: 3672: 3669:, p. 17. 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3630:, p. 38. 3629: 3624: 3621: 3618:, p. 37. 3617: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3513:, p. 71. 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325:Intrator 2007 3321: 3318: 3314: 3313:Intrator 2007 3309: 3306: 3302: 3301:Intrator 2007 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289:Intrator 2007 3285: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253:Štěpková 2011 3249: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3051:, p. 40. 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3024:, p. 43. 3023: 3018: 3015: 3012:, p. 46. 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2997:, p. 45. 2996: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2866:, p. 42. 2865: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2791:, p. 41. 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2585:, p. 40. 2584: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2483:, p. 47. 2482: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2459:, p. 44. 2458: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2430:, p. 50. 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Stránský 2011 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2216:, p. 53. 2215: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2171:, p. 86. 2170: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2147:, p. 94. 2146: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2123:, p. 93. 2122: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1997:, p. 33. 1996: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1859:, p. 64. 1858: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1823:, p. 10. 1822: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692:Establishment 1689: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1657: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556:, as well as 1555: 1554:Ezer Weizmann 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516:Slánský trial 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1436:death marches 1433: 1430:(9,000), and 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1402: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1254:Richard Feder 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1170:status symbol 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1098: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1075:Cultural life 1074: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025:art therapist 1022: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1007:Eastern Front 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 962: 957: 952: 950: 946: 938: 937: 932: 928: 921: 919: 916: 907: 905: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:scarlet fever 878: 876: 874: 870: 862: 857: 850: 848: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 810:Judenältester 807: 803: 799: 791: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 769: 767: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 746: 742: 734: 732: 728: 726: 725:typhoid fever 717: 713: 712:Bergen-Belsen 709: 704: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 670: 662: 657: 650: 648: 646: 641: 637: 633: 628: 624: 622: 621: 616: 612: 608: 602: 600: 596: 592: 591:Verschönerung 588: 579: 572: 570: 568: 564: 560: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 531: 527: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:Paul Eppstein 504: 496: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 471: 469: 465: 457: 452: 445: 443: 441: 435: 432: 427: 423: 422: 416: 409: 404: 400: 396: 387: 382: 375: 370: 368: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:Maria Theresa 274: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 230: 225: 217: 215: 211: 209: 208: 203: 198: 194: 190: 189:Austrian Jews 186: 182: 177: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 136: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 73:Cultural life 71: 67: 62: 57: 52: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8017: 8007: 7995:from Commons 7990: 7969: 7896:Yizkor books 7557: 7504: 7249: 7197:in Lithuania 7157: 7055: 7040: 6940: 6933: 6922: 6856: 6834: 6815: 6796: 6779: 6562:by Catholics 6431:Soviet Union 6299:By territory 6204: 6153:Hlinka Guard 6145: 6040: 6021:Protectorate 5952:Heydrichiáda 5779:Out Distance 5651: 5639: 5635:Vojtech Tuka 5627: 5593: 5573: 5550: 5536: 5528:Kurt Daluege 5503:Protectorate 5490: 5478: 5466: 5454: 5450:Edvard Beneš 5427:World War II 5329: 5324: 5261:Antisemitism 5248: 5216: 5210: 5091: 5083: 5075: 5057: 5050: 5038: 4964:Fredy Hirsch 4900:Anton Burger 4879: 4816: 4781: 4775: 4749:(2): 13–37. 4746: 4742: 4735:Láníček, Jan 4718: 4714: 4688: 4671: 4645: 4626: 4607: 4603: 4580:. Retrieved 4570: 4555:. Retrieved 4538:. Retrieved 4524:15 September 4522:. Retrieved 4496:cite journal 4486:16 September 4484:. Retrieved 4468:. Retrieved 4464:Radio Prague 4462: 4447: 4431:. Retrieved 4427: 4391: 4365: 4348: 4333:(1): 73–79. 4330: 4326: 4296:(1): 17–20. 4293: 4289: 4264: 4260: 4231: 4225: 4216: 4200:(4): 37–56. 4197: 4193: 4180: 4157: 4153: 4107: 4103: 4078: 4074: 4052:(1): 38–55. 4049: 4045: 4013: 4009: 3990: 3963:(2): 65–83. 3960: 3956: 3927: 3923: 3886: 3882: 3863: 3838: 3808: 3779: 3751: 3748:Adler, H. G. 3725: 3713: 3701: 3674: 3647: 3642:, p. 3. 3640:Hájková 2016 3635: 3623: 3596: 3584: 3557: 3545: 3523:Brenner 2009 3518: 3506: 3499:Brenner 2009 3494: 3482: 3475:Fleming 2014 3470: 3463:Fleming 2014 3458: 3451:Fleming 2014 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3209: 3182: 3160:Hájková 2013 3155: 3143: 3136:Hájková 2013 3121:Hájková 2013 3116: 3104: 3097:Hájková 2013 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3022:Hájková 2014 3017: 2990: 2963: 2956:Redlich 1992 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2871: 2864:Hájková 2014 2859: 2832: 2820: 2813:Hájková 2013 2808: 2796: 2789:Hájková 2014 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2691:, p. 1. 2684: 2657: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2559: 2524: 2519:, p. 4. 2512: 2500: 2493:Redlich 1992 2488: 2481:Hájková 2014 2476: 2464: 2435: 2408: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2176: 2169:Hájková 2015 2164: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2060:, p. 4. 2053: 2048:, p. 9. 2041: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1938:Hájková 2011 1919:, p. 6. 1912: 1864: 1852: 1840: 1835:, p. 8. 1828: 1816: 1809:Hájková 2013 1804: 1792: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1666: 1645: 1619: 1614: 1607:Anna Hájková 1597: 1588: 1558:Václav Havel 1550:Chaim Herzog 1543:Roman Herzog 1524: 1512:anti-Zionism 1494:held at the 1492: 1462:West Germany 1454: 1441: 1413: 1389: 1383: 1379:Karel Pečený 1371: 1366: 1363: 1319: 1296: 1273: 1227: 1212: 1174: 1159: 1153: 1138:Karel Ančerl 1135: 1130: 1127:Gideon Klein 1114: 1107: 1065: 1061: 1045: 1018: 1011: 979:Anna Hájková 967:Fredy Hirsch 956:Egon Redlich 953: 942: 934: 911: 897:encephalitis 882: 872: 868: 866: 840: 838: 795: 786:Ghetto Guard 770: 763: 756:Anton Burger 738: 729: 721: 689:Swiss francs 678: 666: 631: 629: 625: 618: 603: 584: 556: 551:Anton Burger 547:gas chambers 536: 500: 483:Kalevi-Liiva 472: 461: 436: 425: 419: 417: 391: 340:Hans Günther 321: 235: 212: 205: 200:deported to 178: 151:World War II 142: 141: 98:Nazi Germany 36: 7902:Never again 7733:(Action T4) 7659:Remembrance 7444:Homosexuals 7414:Soviet POWs 7342:Częstochowa 6890:Gas chamber 6701:Ravensbrück 6642:Gross-Rosen 6637:Flossenbürg 6520:Philippines 6452:Yugoslavia 6411:Netherlands 6339:Sudetenland 6216:Sudetenland 6175:Slovak Army 6016:Sudetenland 5955: [ 5944:17 November 5923:Operation B 5799: [ 5760: [ 5715:Czech Radio 5581:Alois Eliáš 5474:Jan Masaryk 4989:Baranavichy 4982:Deportation 4944:(1944–1945) 4938:(1943–1944) 4932:(1941–1943) 4887:Commandants 4838: / 4557:14 November 4551:"Brundibár" 4415:Web sources 4394:. Lincoln: 4150:Brod, Toman 3835:Bondy, Ruth 3601:Margry 1992 3589:Margry 1992 3577:Margry 2016 3229:Margry 1992 3214:Margry 1992 1520:Six-Day War 1458:in absentia 1375:Kurt Gerron 1310: [ 1257: [ 1192: [ 1119:Karel Švenk 959: [ 887:, typhoid, 879:Health care 845:H. G. Adler 834:Otto Zucker 822:Ältestenrat 697:White Buses 693:Christian X 674:death march 491:Baranavichy 479:death camps 464:Riga Ghetto 403:Bauschowitz 362:or won the 360:World War I 309:Czech lands 297:Sudetenland 197:Danish Jews 104:Operational 94:Operated by 48:Nazi ghetto 8024:Categories 7891:Yad Vashem 7871:Uniqueness 7726:Nisko Plan 7499:Nazi Party 7307:Resistance 7277:Ninth Fort 7142:Vel' d'Hiv 6914:Nazi units 6852:Westerbork 6842:Amersfoort 6696:Neuengamme 6677:Mauthausen 6657:Kaiserwald 6627:Buchenwald 6406:Luxembourg 5936:War crimes 5883:Dukla Pass 5683:Anthropoid 5668:Resistance 5623:Jozef Tiso 5569:Emil Hácha 5462:Jan Šrámek 5434:Government 5309:Synagogues 4969:Leo Holzer 4823:50°30′48″N 4582:25 October 4540:27 October 4470:1 November 4433:3 November 4162:Melantrich 3843:Yad Vashem 3652:Adler 2017 3628:Adler 2017 3616:Adler 2017 3439:Farré 2012 3148:Brush 2004 2944:Bondy 1984 2920:Brush 2004 2908:Brush 2004 2893:Brush 2004 2876:Brush 2004 2852:Adler 2017 2837:Adler 2017 2825:Adler 2017 2801:Adler 2017 2762:Adler 2017 2726:Adler 2017 2689:Bondy 1984 2677:Adler 2017 2662:Adler 2017 2631:Adler 2017 2619:Adler 2017 2595:Adler 2017 2583:Adler 2017 2564:Adler 2017 2529:Adler 2017 2517:Schur 1997 2505:Adler 2017 2428:Adler 2017 2413:Adler 2017 2374:Schur 1997 2250:Adler 2017 2238:Adler 2017 2226:Kárný 1994 2214:Adler 2017 2133:Adler 2017 2097:Bauer 1994 2058:Adler 2017 2046:Kárný 1999 2007:Adler 2017 1995:Adler 2017 1983:Bondy 1984 1917:Bondy 1984 1869:Adler 2017 1857:Adler 2017 1833:Bondy 1984 1821:Kárný 1999 1797:Brush 2004 1575:References 1479:See also: 1426:(13,500), 1422:(15,000), 1418:(40,000), 1396:Statistics 1283:Propaganda 1215:Emil Utitz 1189:Otto Ungar 1166:Hans Krása 1091:Peter Kien 1049:cubbyholes 1034:Conditions 915:Ruth Bondy 889:diphtheria 851:Corruption 661:St. Gallen 559:Westerbork 411:(English: 364:Iron Cross 303:until the 301:rump state 262:Litoměřice 254:Leitmeritz 218:Background 181:Czech Jews 7849:Education 7744:Aftermath 7656:Aftermath 7618:Trawnikis 7542:Wehrmacht 7537:Waffen-SS 7337:Białystok 7165:Bucharest 7137:Marseille 7014:Elsewhere 6975:Białystok 6787:Breendonk 6764:Treblinka 6617:Auschwitz 6401:Lithuania 6205:Fall Grün 6077:Squadrons 6008:Holocaust 5990:(1944–45) 5628:President 5574:President 5455:President 5139:Prisoners 5040:Brundibár 5014:Auschwitz 5009:Treblinka 4959:Leo Baeck 4906:Karl Rahm 4826:14°10′1″E 4798:225556819 4763:2408-9192 4318:162377793 4310:1350-0775 4281:2365-7758 4248:0143-9685 4125:2142/3706 4095:0084-3296 4030:142859604 3979:144792195 3944:146434201 3750:(2017) . 3718:Munk 2008 3706:Munk 2001 3694:Munk 2008 3679:Munk 2001 3667:Munk 2001 1658:Citations 1432:Frankfurt 1367:Brundibár 1269:Leo Baeck 1252:. Rabbis 1240:scrolls, 1204:Petr Kien 1161:Brundibár 999:Communism 983:hakhshara 931:Petr Ginz 760:Karl Rahm 615:Leo Baeck 541:from the 393:included 317:Wehrmacht 273:Joseph II 157:, in the 69:Known for 7938:Politics 7834:Academia 7287:Piaśnica 7257:Babi Yar 7185:Jedwabne 7124:Roundups 7057:Judenrat 7021:Budapest 6792:Mechelen 6754:Majdanek 6711:Stutthof 6672:Majdanek 6567:by Poles 6525:Portugal 6503:Response 6494:Timeline 6472:Overview 6334:Slovakia 6321:Bulgaria 6246:Category 6026:Slovakia 5995:Ploština 5979:Životice 5967:Kobylisy 5915:Racibórz 5829:Military 5164:Category 5004:Majdanek 4737:(2021). 4602:(2013). 4390:(2006). 4357:27753067 4144:(1994). 4066:18142106 3989:(2014). 3903:15539532 3852:Archived 3847:From an 3776:(1994). 1246:tefillin 1185:Leo Haas 640:uprising 408:schleuse 207:Judenrat 80:Location 7962:Germany 7924:Portals 7861:Lessons 7297:Rumbula 7170:Dorohoi 7151:Pogroms 7103:Victims 6953:Ghettos 6885:Gas van 6873:Methods 6847:Schoorl 6825:Bolzano 6773:Transit 6759:Sobibor 6749:Chełmno 6716:Vaivara 6652:Hinzert 6597:ghettos 6550:Vatican 6456:Croatia 6446:Ukraine 6436:Belarus 6426:Romania 6378:Hungary 6361:Germany 6351:Estonia 6346:Denmark 6316:Belgium 6311:Austria 6306:Albania 6057:Western 5907:Slivice 5843:Sudeten 5836:Battles 5676:Actions 5325:Former: 5234:History 5069:In film 5031:Culture 4452:: 1–15. 4134:7030592 3911:6788881 2958:, xiii. 1632:to the 1250:Shabbat 1234:Moravia 1003:Zionism 987:kibbutz 969:, were 830:Zionist 371:History 313:Gestapo 307:of the 250:Bohemia 246:Terezín 155:Terezín 149:during 123:144,000 112:Inmates 84:Terezín 7767:Bricha 7533:(Orpo) 7406:Others 7392:Żegota 7354:Rescue 7332:Warsaw 7292:Ponary 7202:Kaunas 7005:Warsaw 6990:Lublin 6980:Kraków 6967:Poland 6811:Drancy 6744:Belzec 6721:Warsaw 6632:Dachau 6540:Turkey 6535:Sweden 6461:Serbia 6441:Russia 6421:Poland 6416:Norway 6396:Latvia 6366:Greece 6356:France 6192:Topics 6118:Soviet 5998:(1945) 5982:(1944) 5972:Lidice 5962:(1942) 5947:(1939) 5926:(1945) 5918:(1945) 5910:(1945) 5902:(1945) 5894:(1945) 5886:(1944) 5878:(1939) 5870:(1939) 5862:(1939) 5854:(1938) 5851:Liptaň 5846:(1938) 5726:Groups 5710:(1945) 5702:(1944) 5694:(1944) 5686:(1942) 5354:Rabbis 5345:People 5289:Groups 5227:Topics 5135:Lists 5104:Topics 5096:(1962) 5088:(1949) 5080:(1944) 4999:Izbica 4952:Others 4796: 4761: 4695: 4652: 4633: 4614: 4402: 4376: 4355: 4316: 4308: 4279: 4246: 4168: 4132: 4093: 4064: 4028: 3997: 3977: 3942: 3909: 3901: 3870: 3823: 3792: 3762: 1560:, the 1469:Legacy 1424:Berlin 1420:Vienna 1416:Prague 1242:Shofar 1202:, and 1142:cantor 1125:, and 1069:Kladno 1057:kumbál 945:German 818:German 806:German 798:German 587:German 489:, and 431:ersatz 413:sluice 266:Prague 185:German 128:Killed 7992:Media 7881:Humor 7854:Films 7551:Units 7282:Odesa 7132:Izieu 7046:Vilna 7031:Minsk 7026:Kovno 7000:Radom 6864:Sereď 6681:Gusen 6662:Kauen 6593:Camps 6530:Spain 6515:Japan 6389:Libya 6383:Italy 6050:Units 5959:] 5811:] 5764:] 5562:Czech 5144:Works 5059:Vedem 4994:Minsk 4794:S2CID 4721:(2). 4711:(PDF) 4668:(PDF) 4606:[ 4353:JSTOR 4314:S2CID 4156:[ 4130:S2CID 4062:S2CID 4042:(PDF) 4026:S2CID 4010:Signs 3975:S2CID 3940:S2CID 3907:S2CID 1580:Notes 1314:] 1265:] 1238:Torah 1200:] 1053:Czech 1020:Vedem 1001:, or 963:] 936:Vedem 895:, or 893:polio 710:from 669:Sereď 388:River 258:Czech 242:Czech 193:Dutch 7772:List 7527:(SD) 7507:(SS) 7190:Lviv 7175:Iași 7115:Jews 7036:Riga 6995:Lwów 6985:Łódź 6957:list 6806:Gurs 6679:and 6595:and 6139:Axis 5796:ÚVOD 5512:Nazi 4759:ISSN 4693:ISBN 4650:ISBN 4631:ISBN 4612:ISBN 4584:2018 4559:2018 4542:2018 4526:2018 4509:help 4488:2018 4472:2018 4435:2018 4400:ISBN 4374:ISBN 4306:ISSN 4277:ISSN 4244:ISSN 4166:ISBN 4091:ISSN 3995:ISBN 3899:PMID 3868:ISBN 3821:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3760:ISBN 1552:and 1541:and 1428:Brno 1322:ICRC 1320:The 1291:and 1267:and 901:lice 828:, a 651:1945 645:Eger 573:1944 497:1943 446:1942 440:Brno 386:Eger 376:1941 195:and 187:and 115:Jews 6921:SS- 6097:313 6092:312 6087:311 6082:310 6074:RAF 5425:in 4786:doi 4751:doi 4723:doi 4676:doi 4335:doi 4298:doi 4269:doi 4265:2–3 4236:doi 4202:doi 4120:hdl 4112:doi 4083:doi 4054:doi 4018:doi 3965:doi 3961:227 3932:doi 3891:doi 1502:of 1051:" ( 358:in 8026:: 6858:sk 6836:nl 6818:it 6799:fr 6781:be 5957:cs 5809:pl 5807:; 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