3127:
1868:
1471:
1135:
1710:
1309:
2870:
2671:
799:
358:
2472:
654:
510:
2761:
2562:
128:
These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right.
2370:
1051:
2962:
1933:
1642:
1536:
1241:
3457:
921:
2257:
2032:
832:
695:
3092:
3029:
2800:
1754:
2909:
2005:
254:
136:
way, through the use of adjectives such as "dilute" for solutions of relatively low concentration and "concentrated" for solutions of relatively high concentration. To
2293:
2218:
2143:
2068:
2710:
2601:
2511:
2409:
2182:
2107:
1898:
1781:
1607:
1580:
1501:
1384:
1357:
1206:
1179:
1004:
977:
889:
726:
581:
554:
437:
406:
285:
746:
601:
457:
305:
125:
3159:
172:. The point of saturation depends on many variables, such as ambient temperature and the precise chemical nature of the solvent and solute.
1793:
3131:
1396:
3204:
1063:
3152:
204:
156:, there exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is said to be
1650:
1249:
3294:
224:
51:
31:
49:
of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished:
364:
3447:
3377:
3145:
2806:
2607:
754:
160:. If additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve, except in certain circumstances, when
3432:
313:
2415:
3324:
3066:
3002:
1715:
The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass fractions.
1550:
1541:
The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole ratios.
3309:
3244:
609:
465:
2716:
2517:
1938:
The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass ratios.
2328:
116:
in 1550 or earlier, similar terms attested in
Italian (1589), Spanish (1589), English (1606), French (1632).
3264:
3071:
1009:
923:. Since the definition of the equivalence factor depends on context (which reaction is being studied), the
124:
3518:
3362:
3357:
3214:
2915:
169:
73:. The concentration can refer to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently refers to solutes and
3462:
3442:
1903:
1612:
1506:
1211:
859:
86:
46:
894:
3176:
3168:
1946:
Concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution with temperature, due mainly to
524:
82:
78:
69:
63:
3289:
3259:
409:
376:
180:
57:
112:, action or an act of coming together at a single place, bringing to a common center, was used in
2987:
2235:
2010:
1315:
835:
810:
673:
157:
152:
a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. Unless two substances are
2778:
1732:
2887:
1983:
232:
3467:
3426:
3329:
1947:
3079:
2263:
2188:
2113:
2038:
3402:
3397:
3229:
3189:
3106:
3043:
846:
Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. These should
133:
2688:
2579:
2489:
2387:
2160:
2085:
1876:
1759:
1585:
1558:
1479:
1362:
1335:
1184:
1157:
982:
955:
867:
704:
559:
532:
415:
384:
263:
3372:
3304:
3269:
3254:
3249:
3234:
3199:
2996:
698:
161:
3387:
3437:
3392:
3382:
3299:
3194:
3184:
3007:
2981:
731:
586:
442:
290:
165:
3512:
3482:
3319:
3224:
1149:
200:
3102:
3039:
804:
Being dimensionless, it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18 or 18%; its unit is 1.
168:
will occur, leading to coexisting phases, either completely separated or mixed as a
3339:
3334:
1724:
1327:
94:
3492:
3407:
3097:
3034:
515:
The SI unit is mol/m. However, more commonly the unit mol/L (= mol/dm) is used.
3487:
3477:
3472:
3349:
93:
is reduction of concentration, e.g. by adding solvent to a solution. The verb
17:
3101:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
3038:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
807:
There seems to be no standard notation in the
English literature. The letter
3497:
3452:
3367:
3110:
3047:
196:
113:
38:
132:
Often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in a
3126:
3314:
946:
940:
184:
153:
1208:(in moles) divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture
3417:
3219:
3209:
3060:
145:
74:
3137:
1863:{\displaystyle \zeta _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i}}}.}
195:(for example, "high serum levels of bilirubin" are concentrations of
192:
141:
3239:
924:
188:
123:
1466:{\displaystyle r_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i}}}.}
928:
257:
3141:
1130:{\displaystyle b_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}}.}
1935:, the mass ratio is almost identical to the mass fraction.
1538:, the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.
1705:{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.}
1304:{\displaystyle x_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.}
97:
means to increase concentration, the opposite of dilute.
81:. The molar (amount) concentration has variants, such as
2992:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2984: – Change in concentration when mixing two liquids
215:
There are four quantities that describe concentration:
556:
is defined as the number of entities of a constituent
2999: – Step-wise dilution of a substance in solution
2918:
2890:
2809:
2781:
2719:
2691:
2610:
2582:
2520:
2492:
2418:
2390:
2331:
2266:
2238:
2191:
2163:
2116:
2088:
2041:
2013:
1986:
1906:
1879:
1796:
1762:
1735:
1653:
1615:
1588:
1561:
1509:
1482:
1399:
1365:
1338:
1252:
1214:
1187:
1160:
1066:
1012:
985:
958:
897:
870:
813:
757:
734:
707:
676:
612:
589:
562:
535:
468:
445:
418:
387:
316:
293:
266:
235:
3458:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
3416:
3348:
3278:
3175:
3059:
2956:
2903:
2864:
2794:
2755:
2704:
2665:
2595:
2556:
2505:
2466:
2403:
2364:
2287:
2251:
2212:
2176:
2137:
2101:
2062:
2026:
1999:
1927:
1892:
1862:
1775:
1748:
1704:
1636:
1601:
1574:
1530:
1495:
1465:
1378:
1351:
1303:
1235:
1200:
1173:
1129:
1045:
998:
971:
915:
883:
826:
793:
740:
720:
689:
648:
595:
583:in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture
575:
548:
504:
451:
431:
400:
352:
299:
279:
248:
925:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
834:used here is normative in German literature (see
2865:{\displaystyle m_{i}/(m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i})}
2666:{\displaystyle n_{i}/(n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i})}
1318:is often used to describe small mole fractions.
1314:The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated
864:Normality is defined as the molar concentration
439:(in moles) divided by the volume of the mixture
144:(for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of
2990: – Ratio of part of a mixture to the whole
794:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}={\frac {V_{i}}{V}}.}
1954:Table of concentrations and related quantities
1006:(in moles) divided by the mass of the solvent
929:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3153:
353:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{V}}.}
8:
2467:{\displaystyle n_{i}/m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}
701:) is defined as the volume of a constituent
1582:is the fraction of one substance with mass
3160:
3146:
3138:
3025:
3023:
1359:is defined as the amount of a constituent
1181:is defined as the amount of a constituent
979:is defined as the amount of a constituent
2948:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2895:
2889:
2853:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2786:
2780:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2696:
2690:
2654:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2587:
2581:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2497:
2491:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2395:
2389:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2243:
2237:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2168:
2162:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2093:
2087:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2018:
2012:
1991:
1985:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1884:
1878:
1848:
1828:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1767:
1761:
1740:
1734:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1593:
1587:
1566:
1560:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1487:
1481:
1451:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1343:
1337:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1192:
1186:
1165:
1159:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1018:
1017:
1011:
990:
984:
963:
957:
903:
902:
896:
875:
869:
818:
812:
777:
771:
762:
756:
733:
712:
706:
681:
675:
649:{\displaystyle C_{i}={\frac {N_{i}}{V}}.}
632:
626:
617:
611:
588:
567:
561:
540:
534:
505:{\displaystyle c_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{V}}.}
488:
482:
473:
467:
444:
423:
417:
392:
386:
336:
330:
321:
315:
292:
271:
265:
240:
234:
2756:{\displaystyle m_{i}/m_{\mathrm {tot} }}
2557:{\displaystyle n_{i}/n_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1957:
1756:is defined as the mass of a constituent
3019:
2365:{\displaystyle c_{i}/f_{\mathrm {eq} }}
27:Ratio of part of a mixture to the whole
1046:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}
148:(for example, water). By contrast, to
728:divided by the volume of the mixture
287:divided by the volume of the mixture
7:
3080:participating institution membership
2957:{\displaystyle V_{i}/\sum _{j}V_{j}}
1942:Dependence on volume and temperature
1140:The SI unit for molality is mol/kg.
1386:divided by the total amount of all
3098:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
3035:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2840:
2837:
2834:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2356:
2353:
1928:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1919:
1916:
1913:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1637:{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1628:
1625:
1622:
1531:{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1522:
1519:
1516:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1236:{\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {tot} }}
1227:
1224:
1221:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
907:
904:
25:
1783:divided by the total mass of all
1609:to the mass of the total mixture
931:discourage the use of normality.
916:{\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {eq} }}
891:divided by an equivalence factor
3125:
175:Concentrations are often called
2859:
2825:
2660:
2626:
225:Mass concentration (chemistry)
140:a solution, one must add more
32:Concentration (disambiguation)
1:
3008:Standard state § Solutes
3448:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
2252:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}
2027:{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
1787:constituents in a mixture:
1390:constituents in a mixture:
1057:the mass of the solution):
952:The molality of a solution
827:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}
690:{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}
185:levels on the vertical axis
3535:
3433:Acid dissociation constant
2795:{\displaystyle \zeta _{i}}
1749:{\displaystyle \zeta _{i}}
1722:
1548:
1325:
1147:
944:
938:
857:
850:be called concentrations.
522:
374:
222:
29:
3132:Concentration (chemistry)
3067:Oxford English Dictionary
3003:Wine/water mixing problem
2904:{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}
2000:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}}
1551:Mass fraction (chemistry)
697:(not to be confused with
529:The number concentration
249:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}}
945:Not to be confused with
381:The molar concentration
367:is kg/m (equal to g/L).
179:, reflecting the mental
3398:Solubility table (data)
3265:Apparent molar property
3111:10.1351/goldbook.V06643
3072:Oxford University Press
3048:10.1351/goldbook.C01222
2288:{\displaystyle V_{i}/V}
2213:{\displaystyle N_{i}/V}
2138:{\displaystyle n_{i}/V}
2063:{\displaystyle m_{i}/V}
229:The mass concentration
120:Qualitative description
3363:Total dissolved solids
3358:Solubility equilibrium
3283:and related quantities
2958:
2905:
2866:
2796:
2757:
2706:
2667:
2597:
2558:
2507:
2468:
2405:
2366:
2289:
2253:
2214:
2178:
2139:
2103:
2075:g/100mL (= g/dL)
2064:
2028:
2001:
1929:
1894:
1864:
1777:
1750:
1706:
1638:
1603:
1576:
1532:
1497:
1467:
1380:
1353:
1305:
1237:
1202:
1175:
1131:
1047:
1000:
973:
917:
885:
828:
795:
742:
722:
691:
650:
597:
577:
550:
506:
453:
433:
402:
354:
301:
281:
250:
129:
3463:Partition coefficient
3443:Polar aprotic solvent
2959:
2906:
2867:
2797:
2758:
2707:
2705:{\displaystyle w_{i}}
2668:
2598:
2596:{\displaystyle r_{i}}
2559:
2508:
2506:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
2469:
2406:
2404:{\displaystyle b_{i}}
2367:
2290:
2254:
2230:volume concentration
2215:
2179:
2177:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
2155:number concentration
2140:
2104:
2102:{\displaystyle c_{i}}
2065:
2029:
2002:
1930:
1900:is much smaller than
1895:
1893:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
1865:
1778:
1776:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
1751:
1707:
1639:
1604:
1602:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
1577:
1575:{\displaystyle w_{i}}
1533:
1503:is much smaller than
1498:
1496:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
1468:
1381:
1379:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
1354:
1352:{\displaystyle r_{i}}
1306:
1238:
1203:
1201:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
1176:
1174:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
1132:
1048:
1001:
999:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
974:
972:{\displaystyle b_{i}}
918:
886:
884:{\displaystyle c_{i}}
860:Normality (chemistry)
829:
796:
743:
723:
721:{\displaystyle V_{i}}
692:
651:
598:
578:
576:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
551:
549:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
507:
454:
434:
432:{\displaystyle n_{i}}
403:
401:{\displaystyle c_{i}}
355:
302:
282:
280:{\displaystyle m_{i}}
251:
211:Quantitative notation
127:
87:osmotic concentration
3378:Enthalpy of solution
3305:Volume concentration
3300:Number concentration
3134:at Wikimedia Commons
2916:
2888:
2807:
2779:
2717:
2689:
2608:
2580:
2518:
2490:
2416:
2388:
2329:
2264:
2236:
2189:
2161:
2114:
2086:
2080:molar concentration
2039:
2011:
1984:
1904:
1877:
1794:
1760:
1733:
1651:
1613:
1586:
1559:
1507:
1480:
1397:
1363:
1336:
1250:
1212:
1185:
1158:
1064:
1010:
983:
956:
895:
868:
836:Volumenkonzentration
811:
755:
732:
705:
674:
669:volume concentration
663:Volume concentration
659:The SI unit is 1/m.
610:
587:
560:
533:
525:Number concentration
519:Number concentration
466:
443:
416:
385:
314:
291:
264:
233:
164:may occur. Instead,
114:post-classical Latin
83:normal concentration
70:volume concentration
64:number concentration
30:For other uses, see
3290:Molar concentration
3260:Dilution (equation)
3070:(Online ed.).
2304:Related quantities
1978:mass concentration
1961:Concentration type
377:Molar concentration
371:Molar concentration
58:molar concentration
3330:Isotopic abundance
3295:Mass concentration
3169:Chemical solutions
2988:Dose concentration
2954:
2943:
2901:
2862:
2792:
2753:
2702:
2663:
2593:
2554:
2503:
2464:
2401:
2362:
2285:
2249:
2210:
2174:
2135:
2099:
2060:
2024:
1997:
1925:
1890:
1860:
1773:
1746:
1702:
1634:
1599:
1572:
1555:The mass fraction
1528:
1493:
1463:
1376:
1349:
1316:parts-per notation
1301:
1233:
1198:
1171:
1154:The mole fraction
1127:
1043:
996:
969:
913:
881:
842:Related quantities
824:
791:
738:
718:
687:
646:
593:
573:
546:
502:
449:
429:
408:is defined as the
398:
350:
297:
277:
256:is defined as the
246:
219:Mass concentration
130:
52:mass concentration
3506:
3505:
3130:Media related to
3078:(Subscription or
2973:
2972:
2934:
2377:M (= mol/L)
2150:M (= mol/L)
1948:thermal expansion
1855:
1697:
1458:
1296:
1122:
786:
741:{\displaystyle V}
641:
596:{\displaystyle V}
497:
452:{\displaystyle V}
412:of a constituent
345:
300:{\displaystyle V}
260:of a constituent
203:that are greater
16:(Redirected from
3526:
3403:Solubility chart
3230:Phase separation
3190:Aqueous solution
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3113:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3027:
2993:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2882:volume fraction
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1958:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
995:
994:
978:
976:
975:
970:
968:
967:
922:
920:
919:
914:
912:
911:
910:
890:
888:
887:
882:
880:
879:
833:
831:
830:
825:
823:
822:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
772:
767:
766:
747:
745:
744:
739:
727:
725:
724:
719:
717:
716:
696:
694:
693:
688:
686:
685:
655:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
636:
627:
622:
621:
602:
600:
599:
594:
582:
580:
579:
574:
572:
571:
555:
553:
552:
547:
545:
544:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
492:
483:
478:
477:
458:
456:
455:
450:
438:
436:
435:
430:
428:
427:
407:
405:
404:
399:
397:
396:
359:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
340:
331:
326:
325:
306:
304:
303:
298:
286:
284:
283:
278:
276:
275:
255:
253:
252:
247:
245:
244:
166:phase separation
21:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3412:
3373:Solvation shell
3344:
3282:
3274:
3270:Miscibility gap
3255:Serial dilution
3250:Supersaturation
3200:Buffer solution
3171:
3166:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3103:volume fraction
3091:
3087:
3077:
3061:"concentration"
3058:
3057:
3053:
3028:
3021:
3016:
2997:Serial dilution
2991:
2978:
2944:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2849:
2828:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2735:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2650:
2629:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2536:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2434:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2347:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1956:
1944:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1844:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:The mass ratio
1727:
1721:
1679:
1669:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1447:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:The mole ratio
1330:
1324:
1278:
1268:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1092:
1082:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1013:
1008:
1007:
986:
981:
980:
959:
954:
953:
950:
943:
937:
898:
893:
892:
871:
866:
865:
862:
856:
844:
814:
809:
808:
773:
758:
753:
752:
730:
729:
708:
703:
702:
699:volume fraction
677:
672:
671:
665:
628:
613:
608:
607:
585:
584:
563:
558:
557:
536:
531:
530:
527:
521:
484:
469:
464:
463:
441:
440:
419:
414:
413:
388:
383:
382:
379:
373:
332:
317:
312:
311:
289:
288:
267:
262:
261:
236:
231:
230:
227:
221:
213:
191:, which can be
162:supersaturation
122:
103:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Protic solvent
3435:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Lattice energy
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Eutectic point
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Solid solution
3192:
3187:
3185:Ideal solution
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3121:
3120:External links
3118:
3115:
3114:
3085:
3051:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2982:Dilution ratio
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:ppm, ppb, ppt
2967:
2964:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2911:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2877:ppm, ppb, ppt
2875:
2872:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2802:
2789:
2785:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2768:ppm, ppb, ppt
2766:
2763:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2683:mass fraction
2680:
2679:
2678:ppm, ppb, ppt
2676:
2673:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2569:ppm, ppb, ppt
2567:
2564:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2485:
2484:mole fraction
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2411:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2316:other unit(s)
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2021:
2017:
1994:
1990:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:other unit(s)
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1887:
1883:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1770:
1766:
1743:
1739:
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1644:, defined as:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1596:
1592:
1569:
1565:
1549:Main article:
1546:
1543:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1373:
1369:
1346:
1342:
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1195:
1191:
1168:
1164:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1016:
993:
989:
966:
962:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
909:
906:
901:
878:
874:
858:Main article:
855:
852:
843:
840:
821:
817:
802:
801:
790:
785:
780:
776:
770:
765:
761:
737:
715:
711:
684:
680:
664:
661:
657:
656:
645:
640:
635:
631:
625:
620:
616:
592:
570:
566:
543:
539:
523:Main article:
520:
517:
513:
512:
501:
496:
491:
487:
481:
476:
472:
448:
426:
422:
395:
391:
375:Main article:
372:
369:
361:
360:
349:
344:
339:
335:
329:
324:
320:
296:
274:
270:
243:
239:
223:Main article:
220:
217:
212:
209:
121:
118:
106:Concentration-
102:
99:
95:to concentrate
26:
24:
18:Concentrations
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3531:
3520:
3519:Concentration
3517:
3516:
3514:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Mass fraction
3323:
3321:
3320:Mole fraction
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:Concentration
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Phase diagram
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Flory–Huggins
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:concentration
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2019:
2015:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1908:
1885:
1881:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1768:
1764:
1741:
1737:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1699:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1617:
1594:
1590:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1545:Mass fraction
1544:
1542:
1539:
1511:
1488:
1484:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1371:
1367:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1216:
1193:
1189:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1150:Mole fraction
1144:Mole fraction
1143:
1141:
1124:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1014:
991:
987:
964:
960:
948:
942:
934:
932:
930:
926:
899:
876:
872:
861:
853:
851:
849:
841:
839:
837:
819:
815:
805:
788:
783:
778:
774:
768:
763:
759:
751:
750:
749:
735:
713:
709:
700:
682:
678:
670:
662:
660:
643:
638:
633:
629:
623:
618:
614:
606:
605:
604:
590:
568:
564:
541:
537:
526:
518:
516:
499:
494:
489:
485:
479:
474:
470:
462:
461:
460:
446:
424:
420:
411:
393:
389:
378:
370:
368:
366:
347:
342:
337:
333:
327:
322:
318:
310:
309:
308:
294:
272:
268:
259:
241:
237:
226:
218:
216:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
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178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
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126:
119:
117:
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111:
107:
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98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:concentration
40:
33:
19:
3388:Raoult's law
3340:Ternary plot
3335:Mixing ratio
3279:
3096:
3088:
3065:
3054:
3033:
1945:
1937:
1872:
1784:
1728:
1725:Mixing ratio
1714:
1554:
1540:
1475:
1387:
1331:
1328:Mixing ratio
1313:
1153:
1139:
1054:
951:
863:
847:
845:
806:
803:
668:
666:
658:
528:
514:
380:
362:
228:
214:
176:
174:
149:
137:
131:
110:concentratio
109:
105:
104:
90:
68:
62:
56:
50:
42:
36:
3493:Lyonium ion
3408:Miscibility
3393:Henry's law
2773:mass ratio
2574:mole ratio
2310:Definition
1967:Definition
205:than normal
201:blood serum
193:high or low
138:concentrate
134:qualitative
3488:Amphiphile
3483:Lipophilic
3478:Hydrophile
3473:Hydrophobe
3350:Solubility
3245:Saturation
3215:Suspension
3082:required.)
3014:References
2321:normality
1719:Mass ratio
1322:Mole ratio
170:suspension
3498:Lyate ion
3453:Solvation
3368:Solvation
3310:Normality
2936:∑
2893:ϕ
2847:−
2784:ζ
2648:−
2382:molality
2241:σ
2016:γ
1989:ρ
1842:−
1799:ζ
1738:ζ
1445:−
854:Normality
816:σ
760:σ
679:σ
319:ρ
238:ρ
197:bilirubin
158:saturated
101:Etymology
79:solutions
47:abundance
39:chemistry
3513:Category
3468:Polarity
3427:Category
3315:Molality
3177:Solution
2976:See also
2675:mol/mol
2566:mol/mol
2313:SI unit
1970:SI unit
947:Molarity
941:Molality
935:Molality
154:miscible
91:Dilution
75:solvents
3418:Solvent
3220:Colloid
3210:Mixture
2476:mol/kg
2307:Symbol
1964:Symbol
365:SI unit
199:in the
146:solvent
45:is the
2874:kg/kg
2765:kg/kg
2374:mol/m
2147:mol/m
410:amount
181:schema
177:levels
150:dilute
142:solute
67:, and
3240:Alloy
3093:IUPAC
3076:
3030:IUPAC
2225:1/cm
2072:kg/m
1785:other
1388:other
189:graph
187:of a
2966:m/m
2297:m/m
2222:1/m
927:and
667:The
363:The
258:mass
85:and
3107:doi
3105:".
3044:doi
3042:".
2007:or
1873:If
1476:If
1055:not
848:not
838:).
207:).
183:of
77:in
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3064:.
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2194:N
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2058:V
2054:/
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2020:i
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1886:i
1882:m
1858:.
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1270:n
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1194:i
1190:n
1167:i
1163:x
1125:.
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1111:e
1108:v
1105:l
1102:o
1099:s
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1078:=
1073:i
1069:b
1053:(
1038:t
1035:n
1032:e
1029:v
1026:l
1023:o
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1015:m
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949:.
908:q
905:e
900:f
877:i
873:c
820:i
789:.
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779:i
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769:=
764:i
736:V
714:i
710:V
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644:.
639:V
634:i
630:N
624:=
619:i
615:C
591:V
569:i
565:N
542:i
538:C
500:.
495:V
490:i
486:n
480:=
475:i
471:c
447:V
425:i
421:n
394:i
390:c
348:.
343:V
338:i
334:m
328:=
323:i
295:V
273:i
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242:i
34:.
20:)
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