Concretion - Knowledge (XXG)

48: 268: 72: 496:) separated by mineral-filled radiating cracks (the septaria) which taper towards the rim of the concretion. The radiating cracks sometimes intersect a second set of concentric cracks. However, the cracks can be highly variable in shape and volume, as well as the degree of shrinkage they indicate. The matrix is typically composed of argillaceous carbonate, such as clay ironstone, while the crack filling is usually calcite. The calcite often contains significant iron (ferroan calcite) and may have inclusions of pyrite and clay minerals. The brown calcite common in septaria may also be colored by organic compounds produced by bacterial decay of organic matter in the original sediments. 227: 550:. Regardless of the mechanism of crack formation, the septaria, like the concretion itself, likely form at a relatively shallow depth of burial of less than 50 meters (160 ft) and possibly as little as 12 meters (39 ft). Geologically young concretions of the Errol Beds of Scotland show texture consistent with formation from flocculated sediments containing organic matter, whose decay left tiny gas bubbles (30 to 35 microns in diameter) and a soap of calcium fatty acids salts. The conversion of these fatty acids to calcium carbonate may have promoted shrinkage and fracture of the matrix. 64: 979: 1090: 171: 963:. Other "pop rocks" are small polycuboid pyrite concretions, which are as much as 7 cm (0.23 ft) in diameter. These concretions are called "pop rocks" because they explode if thrown in a fire. Also, when they are either cut or hammered, they produce sparks and a burning sulfur smell. Contrary to what has been published on the Internet, none of the iron sulfide concretions, which are found in the Smoky Hill Chalk Member were created by either the replacement of fossils or by metamorphic processes. In fact, 368: 546:, in which the particles of colloidal material in the interior of the concretion become gradually more tightly bound while expelling water. Another possibility is that early cementation reduces the permeability of the concretion, trapping pore fluids and creating excess pore pressure during continued burial. This could crack the interior at depths as shallow as 10 meters (33 ft). A more speculative theory is that the septaria form by brittle fracturing resulting from 777: 379: 633: 444: 402:. They often outwardly resemble fossils or rocks that look as if they do not belong to the stratum in which they were found. Occasionally, concretions contain a fossil, either as its nucleus or as a component that has been incorporated during its growth but concretions are not fossils themselves. They appear in nodular patches, concentrated along bedding planes, or protruding from weathered cliffsides. 455: 757: 1057:. Depending the specific source of these concretions, they vary in an infinite variety of forms that include disc-shapes; crescent-shapes; watch-shapes; cylindrical or club-shapes; botryoidal masses; and animal-like forms. They can vary in length from 2 in (5.1 cm) to over 22 in (56 cm) and often exhibit concentric grooves on their surfaces. In the 877: 1061:, these concretions are often called "claystones" because the concretions are harder than the clay enclosing them. In local brickyards, they were called "clay-dogs" either because of their animal-like forms or the concretions were nuisances in molding bricks. Similar disc-shaped calcium carbonate concretions have also been found in the 47: 558:

or EPS produced by colonizing bacteria. The decay of these substances, together with syneresis of the host mud, produced stresses that fractured the interiors of the concretions while still at shallow burial depth. This was possible only with the bacterial colonization and the right sedimentation

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formation of northwest Europe. In outcrops, where they have acquired the name "doggers", they are typically only a few meters across, but in the subsurface they can be seen to penetrate up to tens of meters of along-hole dimension. Unlike limestone beds, however, it is impossible to consistently

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flow direction on the orientation of the axis of elongation. In addition to providing information about the orientation of past fluid flow in the host rock, elongate concretions can provide insight into local permeability trends (i.e., permeability correlation structure; variation in groundwater

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Melezhik, Victor A.; Fallick, Anthony E.; Smith, Richard A.; Rosse, Danta M. (December 2007). "Spherical and columnar, septarian, 18 O-depleted, calcite concretions from Middle–Upper Permian lacustrine siltstones in northern Mozambique: evidence for very early diagenesis and multiple fluids".

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cementation of the entire volume of the concretion at the same time. For example, if the porosity after early cementation varies across the concretion, then later cementation filling this porosity would produce compositional zoning even with uniform pore water composition. Whether the initial

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Raiswell, R.; Bottrell, S. H.; Dean, S. P.; Marshall, J. D.; Carr, A.; Hatfield, D. (25 April 2002). "Isotopic constraints on growth conditions of multiphase calcite-pyrite-barite concretions in Carboniferous mudstones: Diagenetic history of septarian concretions in Carboniferous mudstones".

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Depending on the environmental conditions present at the time of their formation, concretions can be created by either concentric or pervasive growth. In concentric growth, the concretion grows as successive layers of mineral precipitate around a central core. This process results in roughly

3185: 218:, by infilling of its pore space by precipitated minerals, occurs simultaneously throughout the volume of the area, which in time becomes a concretion. Concretions are often exposed at the surface by subsequent erosion that removes the weaker, uncemented material. 492:"partition, separating element", referring to the cracks or cavities separating polygonal blocks of hardened material). Septarian nodules are characteristically found in carbonate-rich mudrock. They typically show an internal structure of polyhedral blocks (the 559:

rate. Additional fractures formed during subsequent episodes of shallow burial (during the Cretaceous) or uplift (during the Paleogene). Water derived from rain and snow (meteoric water) later infiltrated the beds and deposited ferroan calcite in the cracks.

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The origin of the carbonate-rich septaria is still debated. One possibility is that dehydration hardens the outer shell of the concretion while causing the interior matrix to shrink until it cracks. Shrinkage of a still-wet matrix may also take place through

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cementation was concentric or pervasive, there is considerable evidence that it occurred quickly and at shallow depth of burial. In many cases, there is clear evidence that the initial concretion formed around some kind of organic nucleus.

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Concretions vary in shape, hardness and size, ranging from objects that require a magnifying lens to be clearly visible to huge bodies three meters in diameter and weighing several thousand pounds. The giant, red concretions occurring in

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Although concretions often consist of a single dominant mineral, other minerals can be present depending on the environmental conditions that created them. For example, carbonate concretions, which form in response to the reduction of

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Descriptions dating from the 18th century attest to the fact that concretions have long been regarded as geological curiosities. Because of the variety of unusual shapes, sizes and compositions, concretions have been interpreted to be

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that have already been deposited. They usually form early in the burial history of the sediment, before the rest of the sediment is hardened into rock. This concretionary cement often makes the concretion harder and more resistant to

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The concretions were created by the precipitation of iron, which was dissolved in groundwater. The iron was originally present as a thin film of iron oxide surrounding sand grains in the Navajo Sandstone. Groundwater containing

908:. When the iron-bearing groundwater came into contact with more oxygen-rich groundwater, the reduced iron was converted back to insoluble iron oxide, which formed the concretions. It is possible that reduced iron first formed 1564: 1494:

Davis, J. Matthew; Mozley, Peter S. (2005-11-01). "Internal structure and mode of growth of elongate calcite concretions: Evidence for small-scale, microbially induced, chemical heterogeneity in groundwater".

1005:, will be magnetic to varying degrees. Prolonged heating of either a pyrite or marcasite concretion will convert portions of either mineral into pyrrhotite causing the concretion to become slightly magnetic. 553:

One model for the formation of septarian concretions in the Staffin Shales suggests that the concretions started as semirigid masses of flocculated clay. The individual colloidal clay particles were bound by

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within south-central and southeastern Utah. These concretions range in shape from spheres to discs, buttons, spiked balls, cylindrical forms, and other odd shapes. They range from pea-size to baseball-size.

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Mozley, Peter S.; Davis, J. Matthew (2005). "Internal structure and mode of growth of elongate calcite concretions: Evidence for small-scale, microbially induced, chemical heterogeneity in groundwater".

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Hiatus concretions are distinguished by their stratigraphic history of exhumation, exposure and reburial. They are found where submarine erosion has concentrated early diagenetic concretions as

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Busigny, Vincent; Dauphas, Nicolas (February 2007). "Tracing paleofluid circulations using iron isotopes: A study of hematite and goethite concretions from the Navajo Sandstone (Utah, USA)".

2489:"Jurassic septarian concretions from NW Scotland record interdependent bacterial, physical and chemical processes of marine mudrock diagenesis: Jurassic septarian concretions, NW Scotland" 664:. They formed by the early cementation of sand by calcite. Somewhat weathered and eroded giant cannonball concretions, as large as 6 meters (20 feet) in diameter, occur in abundance at " 1958:

Curtis, C.D.; Coleman, M.L.; Love, L.G. (October 1986). "Pore water evolution during sediment burial from isotopic and mineral chemistry of calcite, dolomite and siderite concretions".

656:. Similar cannonball concretions, which are as much as 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) in diameter, are found associated with sandstone outcrops of the Frontier Formation in northeast 2067:

Bréhéret, Jean-G.; Brumsack, Hans-J. (February 2000). "Barite concretions as evidence of pauses in sedimentation in the Marnes Bleues Formation of the Vocontian Basin (SE France)".

1611: 959:. These concretions range in size from a few millimeters to as much as 0.7 m (2.3 ft) in length and 12 cm (0.39 ft) in thickness. Most of these concretions are 2991:

Pearson, M.J.; Hendry, J.P.; Taylor, C.W.; Russell, M.A. (April 2005). "Fatty acids in sparry calcite fracture fills and microsparite cement of septarian diagenetic concretions".

804:. "Hiatus" refers to the break in sedimentation that allowed this erosion and exposure. They are found throughout the fossil record but are most common during periods in which 967:

are completely absent from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member. Instead, all of these iron sulfide concretions were created by the precipitation of iron sulfides within anoxic marine

359:, often contain minor percentages of pyrite. Other concretions, which formed as a result of microbial sulfate reduction, consist of a mixture of calcite, barite, and pyrite. 2692:

Mozley, Peter S. (May 1996). "The internal structure of carbonate concretions in mudrocks: a critical evaluation of the conventional concentric model of concretion growth".

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Abdel-Wahab, A.; McBride, E. F. (1 January 2001). "Origin of Giant Calcite-Cemented Concretions, Temple Member, Qasr El Sagha Formation (Eocene), Faiyum Depression, Egypt".

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Raiswell, R.; Fisher, Q. J. (January 2000). "Mudrock‐hosted carbonate concretions: a review of growth mechanisms and their influence on chemical and isotopic composition".

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Strickler, Michael E. (1990). "Fe Substitution for Al in Glauconite with Increasing Diagenesis in the First Wilcox Sandstone (Lower Eocene), Livingston Parish, Louisiana".

186:. For this reason, fossil collectors commonly break open concretions in their search for fossil animal and plant specimens. Some of the most unusual concretion nuclei are 800:

by washing away surrounding fine-grained sediments. Their significance for stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology was first noted by Voigt who referred to them as

1565:"Complex cementation textures and authigenic mineral assemblages in Recent concretions from the Lincolnshire Wash (east coast, UK) driven by Fe(0) to Fe(II) oxidation" 267: 3836:

Hattin, D.E. (1982). "Stratigraphy and depositional environment of the Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of the type area, western Kansas".

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and precipitation of calcium carbonate. However, there is some evidence that formation continues well into the methanogenic zone beneath the sulfate reduction zone.

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De Craen, M.; Swennen, R.; Keppens, E. (1998). "Petrography and geochemistry of septarian carbonate concretions from the Boom Clay Formation (Oligocene, Belgium)".

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It is commonly thought that concretions grew incrementally from the inside outwards. Chemical and textural zoning in many concretions are consistent with this

4148: 1329: 1449: 247:, are almost 3 m (9.8 ft) in diameter. Spheroidal concretions, as large as 9 m (30 ft) in diameter, have been found eroding out of the 566:, the initial stages of the formation of sedimentary rock from unconsolidated sediments. Most concretions appear to have formed at depths of burial where 182:. They typically form when a mineral precipitates and cements sediment around a nucleus, which is often organic, such as a leaf, tooth, piece of shell or 4322: 1630:"Relationship between oriented calcite concretions and permeability correlation structure in an alluvial aquifer, Sierra Ladrones Formation, New Mexico" 3792:"Morphologic Clues to the Origins of Iron Oxide–Cemented Spheroids, Boxworks, and Pipelike Concretions, Navajo Sandstone of South-Central Utah, U.S.A." 570:

are active. This corresponds to burial depths of 15 to 150 meters (49 to 492 ft), and is characterized by generation of carbon dioxide, increased

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Moqui Marbles, hematite, goethite concretions, from the Navajo Sandstone of southeast Utah. The "W" cube at the top is one cubic centimeter in size.

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of New Zealand are examples of septarian concretions, which are also cannonball concretions. Large spherical rocks, which are found on the shore of

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Mozley, Peter S.; Goodwin, Laurel B. (1 June 1995). "Patterns of cementation along a Cenozoic normal fault: A record of paleoflow orientations".

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McBride, E. F.; Picard, M. D.; Milliken, K. L. (1 May 2003). "Calcite-Cemented Concretions in Cretaceous Sandstone, Wyoming and Utah, U.S.A.".

4240: 71: 887:, also called Moqui balls or "Moki marbles", are iron oxide concretions which can be found eroding in great abundance out of outcrops of the 823:

A distinctive feature of hiatus concretions separating them from other types is that they were often encrusted by marine organisms including

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Leśniak, P.M.; Łącka, B.; Hladı́kova, J.; Zieliński, G. (June 1999). "Origin of barite concretions in the West Carpathian flysch, Poland".

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Johnson, M.R. (1989). "Paleogeographic Significance of Oriented Calcareous Concretions in the Triassic Katberg Formation, South Africa".

3028:"Rates of carbonate cementation associated with sulphate reduction in DSDP/ODP sediments: implications for the formation of concretions" 2613:

Scotchman, I. C. (February 1991). "The geochemistry of concretions from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of southern and eastern England".

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Duck, R. W. (February 1995). "Subaqueous shrinkage cracks and early sediment fabrics preserved in Pleistocene calcareous concretions".

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Astin, T. R.; Scotchman, I. C. (April 1988). "The diagenetic history of some septarian concretions from the Kimmeridge Clay, England".

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Detailed studies have demonstrated that concretions form after sediments are buried but before the sediment is fully lithified during

1772: 102:. Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur. The word 'concretion' is derived from the 3281: 3160: 1731: 555: 4253: 3898:

Hoffmann, Viktor; Stanjek, Helge; Murad, Enver (December 1993). "Mineralogical, magnetic and mössbauer data of symthite (Fe9S11)".

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comprising the Smoky Hill Chalk Member. A few of these concretions enclose, at least in part, large flattened valves of inoceramid

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Scotchman, I. C. (1991). "The geochemistry of concretions from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of southern and eastern England".

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Thyne, Geoffrey D.; Boles, James R. (1989). "Isotopic Evidence for Origin of the Moeraki Septarian Concretions, New Zealand".

1669:"Mudrock‐hosted carbonate concretions: a review of growth mechanisms and their influence on chemical and isotopic composition" 2415: 2363: 1756: 1547: 1252: 255:

of Egypt. Concretions occur in a wide variety of shapes, including spheres, disks, tubes, and grape-like or soap bubble-like

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Huggett, J. M. (October 1994). "Diagenesis of mudrocks and concretions from the London Clay Formation in the London Basin".

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Elongate concretions form parallel to sedimentary strata and have been studied extensively due to the inferred influence of

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Wilson, M. A. (3 May 1985). "Disturbance and Ecologic Succession in an Upper Ordovician Cobble-Dwelling Hardground Fauna".

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Canterbury Basin Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Geological Society of New Zealand Annual Field Conference 2003 Field Trip 8

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Cruz, Marí P&#237, A (2015). "Characterization of Gypsum Concretion in Loess: Some Geotechnical Considerations".

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Concretions are commonly composed of a mineral present as a minor component of the host rock. For example, concretions in

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Hounslow, Mark W. (November 1997). "Significance of localized pore pressures to the genesis of septarian concretions".

978: 4305:, on-line version of an overview paper originally published by the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. 4156: 2653:"Time-capsule concretions: Unlocking burial diagenetic processes in the Mancos Shale using carbonate clumped isotopes" 1274: 1033:

deposits. For example, great numbers of strikingly symmetrical concretions have been found eroding out of outcrops of

142:. Concretions are formed from mineral precipitation around some kind of nucleus while a nodule is a replacement body. 2431:

Pratt, Brian R. (27 February 2001). "Septarian concretions: internal cracking caused by synsedimentary earthquakes".

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Septarian concretions often record a complex history of formation that provides geologists with information on early

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Coleman, Max L. (July 1993). "Microbial processes: Controls on the shape and composition of carbonate concretions".

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Kindle, E. M. (30 September 1923). "Range and Distribution of Certain Types of Canadian Pleistocene Concretions".

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Hobbs, D; Hafner, J (25 October 1999). "Magnetism and magneto-structural effects in transition-metal sulphides".

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Astin, T. R. (1988). "The diagenetic history of some septarian concretions from the Kimmeridge Clay, England".

1190: 1058: 997:, are nonmagnetic. On the other hand, iron sulfide concretions, which either are composed of or contain either 652:, and can reach 3 m (9.8 ft) in diameter. They were created by early cementation of sand and silt by 1066: 644:

Cannonball concretions are large spherical concretions, which resemble cannonballs. These are found along the

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A Field Guide to Fossils of the Smoky Hill ChalkPart 5: Coprolites, Pearls, Fossilized Wood and other Remains

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Astin, T. R. (October 1986). "Septarian crack formation in carbonate concretions from shales and mudstones".

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Boles, J.R.; Landis, C.A.; Dale, P. (1985). "The Moeraki Boulders--Anatomy of Some Septarian Concretions".

4380: 1133:, also known as calcrete – Calcium carbonate based concretion of sediment in arid and semi-arid soils 820:. Most are formed from the cemented infillings of burrow systems in siliciclastic or carbonate sediments. 701: 159: 4012:

Tarr, W. A. (31 October 1935). "Concretions in the Champlain formation of the Connecticut River Valley".

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model of formation. However, the evidence is ambiguous, and many or most concretions may have formed by

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Spherical concretions embedded in sandstone in the Anza Borrego Desert State Park in the United States.

4222: 4056: 4021: 3907: 3864: 3802: 3624: 3585: 3549: 3477: 3422: 3379: 3247: 3209: 3175:. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Information Series no. 1, (Lower Hutt, New Zealand) 3091: 3042: 3000: 2957: 2902: 2812: 2739: 2701: 2664: 2622: 2584: 2541: 2440: 2195: 2111: 2076: 2002: 1967: 1932: 1897: 1845: 1806: 1680: 1579: 1504: 1460: 1376: 437: 382:

A mosaic of images showing spherules, some partly embedded, spread over (smaller) soil grains on the

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Voigt, Ehrhard (October 1968). "Über Hiatus-Konkretionen (dargestellt an Beispielen aus dem Lias)".

1199: – Small mass of a mineral with a contrasting composition to the enclosing sediment or rock, a 689: 214:

spherical concretions that grow with time. In the case of pervasive growth, cementation of the host

4375: 4237: 944: 256: 31: 4163: 3466:"Palaeocology of Hard Substrate Faunas from the Cretaceous Qahlah Formation of the Oman Mountains" 1102: 4370: 3962: 3923: 3880: 3818: 3731: 3642: 3613:"Oriented carbonate concretions in a paleoaquifer: Insights into geologic controls on fluid flow" 3495: 3446: 3395: 3352: 3107: 2973: 2918: 2863: 2828: 2755: 2651:

Dale, Annabel; John, Cédric M.; Mozley, Peter S.; Smalley, P. C.; Muggeridge, Ann H. (May 2014).

2557: 2510: 2456: 2308: 2239: 2038:"X-ray study of pyrite or marcasite concretions in the rocks of the Cleveland, Ohio, quadrangles" 2018: 1704: 1603: 1124: 637: 609: 371: 324: 191: 4319:

Earth Has 'Blueberries' Like Mars 'Moqui Marbles' Formed in Groundwater in Utah's National Parks

3526: 3138: 2786: 1645: 1427: 1345: 1306: 1074: 776: 640:(Mendocino County, California, United States) weathered out of steeply tilted Cenozoic mudstone. 601:. They are composed of calcite-cemented mud with septarian veins of calcite and rare late-stage 378: 1159: – Japanese art form in which earth and water are molded to create a delicate shiny sphere 4365: 4108: 3723: 3438: 3277: 3156: 2411: 2359: 1752: 1727: 1696: 1649: 1595: 1543: 1520: 1476: 1392: 1349: 1310: 1248: 1206: 1178: 1172: 1097: 1046: 1014: 1002: 968: 964: 665: 470: 410: 406: 252: 1923:

Parry, W.T. (January 2011). "Composition, nucleation, and growth of iron oxide concretions".

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and tube worms in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Hiatus concretions are also often significantly

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Hendry, James P.; Pearson, Michael J.; Trewin, Nigel H.; Fallick, Anthony E. (16 May 2006).

2448: 2300: 2231: 2203: 2142: 2119: 2084: 2010: 1975: 1940: 1905: 1901: 1853: 1814: 1688: 1641: 1587: 1512: 1468: 1423: 1384: 1341: 1302: 1196: 1184: 1115:, France. Gogottes have fetched high prices at auction due to their sculpture-like quality. 940: 888: 781: 705: 681: 645: 632: 582: 447: 139: 95: 39: 3942: 3155:, Miscellaneous Publication 116B, Geological Society of New Zealand, Dunedin, New Zealand. 4385: 4326: 4270: 4257: 4244: 4215: 4152: 1776: 1062: 1030: 960: 864: 737: 717: 713: 704:, are typical cannonball concretions. Cannonball concretions have also been reported from 613: 519: 506:

such as the Beaufort Group of northwest Mozambique, but are most commonly found in marine

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Concretions vary considerably in their compositions, shapes, sizes and modes of origin.

3221: 2634: 2596: 1388: 765: 443: 199: 3876: 3297: 3058: 2914: 2123: 2088: 4354: 3927: 3884: 3646: 3499: 3399: 3356: 3348: 3111: 2977: 2922: 2867: 2832: 2759: 2713: 2561: 2553: 2514: 2505: 2488: 2460: 2452: 2379: 2312: 2243: 2235: 2207: 2022: 1979: 1708: 1607: 1412:"Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Composition of Marine Carbonate Concretions: An Overview" 1411: 1112: 1050: 972: 884: 761: 745: 581:

septarian concretions, which are as much as 3 meters (9.8 feet) in diameter, are the

3966: 3822: 3450: 1668: 3735: 2328:"The Enduring Mystery of the Martian 'Blueberries' Discovered by Opportunity Rover" 2146: 1136: 905: 725: 649: 594: 523: 417: 244: 187: 155: 3665:"Mysteries of Sandstone Colors and Concretions in Colorado Plateau Canyon Country" 3103: 3054: 2969: 2291:

Marshall, Jim D.; Pirrie, Duncan (March 2013). "Carbonate concretions-explained".

315:. Other minerals that form concretions include iron oxides or hydroxides (such as 4172: 3434: 1944: 1218: – Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water. CaCO 947:. They are typically associated with thin layers of altered volcanic ash, called 1540:

Sedimentary geology : an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy

1450:"Calcite-Cemented Concretions in Cretaceous Sandstone, Wyoming and Utah, U.S.A." 1330:"Isotopic evidence for origin of the Moeraki septarian concretions, New Zealand" 1148: 1078: 904:

from underlying rock beds reacted with the iron oxide, converting it to soluble

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Concretions with lens shape from island in Vltava river, Prague, Czech Republic.

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Arkansas Geological Commission Miscellaneous Publication n. 22, pp. 1–23.

3751:"Red Rock and Red Planet Diagenesis: Comparison of Earth and Mars Concretions" 3187:

Isotopic evidence for origin of the Moeraki septarian concretions, New Zealand

3012: 2859: 2014: 1751:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 114. 1269: 1215: 1145: – Physico-chemical changes in sediments occurring after their deposition 1142: 1034: 998: 840: 817: 809: 756: 741: 733: 693: 685: 571: 563: 547: 500: 482: 207: 179: 128: 56: 35: 4112: 2824: 1700: 1653: 1599: 1591: 1524: 1480: 1396: 1353: 1314: 989:

Iron sulfide concretions, such as the Kansas Pop rocks, consisting of either

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Concretions are found in a variety of rocks, but are particularly common in

336: 292: 284: 276: 215: 75: 3727: 3442: 17: 2751: 1692: 1209: – park in Kansas, United States of America, United States of America 876: 4033: 3790:

Loope, David B.; Kettler, Richard M.; Weber, Karrie A. (September 2011).

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These Eerie 'Living Stones' in Romania Are Fantastical, And Totally Real

4068: 3321:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 24 May 1976 – via Google Books. 2358:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. 1857: 760:

Hiatus concretion encrusted by bryozoans (thin, branching forms) and an

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Compact mass formed by precipitation of mineral cement between particles

4345: 4341: 3919: 3391: 2332: 1130: 1054: 956: 897: 836: 673: 672:. Large and spherical boulders are also found along Koekohe beach near 661: 653: 606: 590: 578: 288: 132: 123: 91: 3749:

Chan, M.A.; Beitler, B.B.; Parry, W.T.; Ormo, J.; Komatsu, G. (2005).

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Esson, J.; Curtis, C. D.; Burley, S. D.; Al-AGHA, M. R. (1995-02-01).

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Milliken, Kitty L.; Picard, M. Dane; McBride, Earle F. (2003-05-01).

1165: – Hardened layer of soil with a high percentage of gypsum. CaSO 1070: 1042: 990: 928: 789: 721: 624:

coast of England are more typical examples of septarian concretions.

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Septarian concretions are found in many kinds of mudstone, including

344: 340: 312: 308: 296: 183: 151: 52: 4285: 4205: 3718: 3701: 1833: 860:

velocity, and the types of geological features that influence flow.

111:"(act of) compacting, condensing, congealing, uniting", itself from 3958: 3814: 1088: 1026: 977: 952: 875: 785: 775: 755: 631: 617: 507: 453: 442: 391: 377: 366: 304: 300: 280: 266: 225: 169: 138:

There is an important distinction to draw between concretions and

103: 70: 62: 46: 436:"Septaria" redirects here. For the genus of gastropod snail, see 4178: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1022: 1018: 657: 515: 195: 174:

Concretion rock with white core from the Middle Jurassic of Iran

99: 4191:

Ohio Division of Geological Survey GeoFacts n. 4, pp. 1–2.

2406:

Potter, Paul Edwin; Maynard, J. Barry; Pryor, Wayne A. (1980).

2141:(From Fundamentals to Applications in Geotechnics): 3248–3255. 589:

mudstone of the Moeraki Formation exposed along the coast near

3990:

Concretions from the Champlain clays of the Connecticut Valley

2408:

Sedimentology of shale : study guide and reference source

1291:"The Moeraki Boulders; anatomy of some septarian concretions" 4296:, a collection of articles maintained by an American artist. 3190:, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. v. 59, n. 2, p. 272-279. 1187: – Large spherical boulders on Otago coast, New Zealand 94:

cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in

3562:

10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0539:POCAAC>2.3.CO;2

1017:

are often found eroding out of exposures of interlaminated

4238:

All that nature can never do, part IV : stone spheres

1773:"Theodore Roosevelt National Park North Unit Scenic Byway" 1153: – Trace fossil in the Natural History Museum, London 3335:

Zatoń, Michał (24 September 2010). "Hiatus concretions".

924:

Kansas pop rocks are concretions of either iron sulfide,

473:-rich concretions containing angular cavities or cracks ( 4230:

Koutu Boulders, Hokianga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand

3770:

10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015[4:RRARPD]2.0.CO;2

4168:

North Dakota Geological Survey, Bismarck, North Dakota.

90:

is a hard, compact mass formed by the precipitation of

4329:

press release about iron oxide and Martian concretions

612:. The much smaller septarian concretions found in the 295:

are commonly an amorphous or microcrystalline form of

2725: 2723: 1542:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 118. 458:

A slice of a typical carbonate-rich septarian nodule.

4218:

BackBender's Gazette. vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 6–12.

4083:

Carbonate content of concretions in varved sediments

1726:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1289:

Dale, P.; Landis, C. A.; Boles, J. R. (1985-05-01).

1211:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4336:. On: science. 25 December 2020: About Trovants in 2526: 2524: 4264:Stone balls in Slovakia, Czech Republic and Poland 3464:Wilson, Mark A.; Taylor, Paul D. (February 2001). 2880: 1628:Davis, J. Matthew; Mozley, Peter S. (1996-01-01). 1328:Boles, James R.; Thyne, Geoffrey D. (1989-03-01). 868:correlate them between even closely spaced wells. 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2401: 2399: 2397: 1127: – Beach in Mendocino County, California, US 1081:, they are known as "marlekor" ("fairy stones"). 4233:High-quality pictures of cannonball concretions. 3672:Utah Geological Survey Public Information Series 3658: 3656: 2608: 2606: 2139:From Fundamentals to Applications in Geotechnics 1247:. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada. 1976. p. 13. 1181: – Small iron oxide spherules found on Mars 311:; while those in black shale may be composed of 2646: 2644: 3695: 3693: 2410:. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 23, 36. 1875: 122:Concretions form within layers of sedimentary 3294:"Kenai Peninsula Online - Alaska Newspaper -" 912:concretions that were subsequently oxidized. 585:. These concretions are found eroding out of 8: 4197:Spherical Boulders in North-Central Arkansas 3026:Raiswell, R.; Fisher, Q.J. (November 2004). 2354:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "septarium". 1749:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy 1410:Mozley, Peter S.; Burns, Stephen J. (1993). 1175: – Natural nodule-like rock concretions 4224:Koutu Boulders ANY ONE FOR A GAME OF BOWLS? 3943:"Opinions Upon Clay Stones and Concretions" 3527:10.1306/212F90D9-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D 3139:10.1306/212F86E3-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D 2798: 2796: 2787:10.1306/212F8F6C-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D 2159:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1646:10.1306/D4268293-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D 1428:10.1306/D4267A91-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D 1346:10.1306/212F8F6C-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D 1307:10.1306/212F86E3-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D 1193: – State park in Kansas, United States 971:after it had accumulated and before it had 863:Elongate concretions are well known in the 487: 230:Samples of small rock concretions found at 106: 3233: 3231: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 1834:"Concretions and their geological effects" 1724:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences 1667:Fisher, Q. J.; Raiswell, R. (2000-01-01). 1538:Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (2004). 1139: – Island in Franz Josef Land, Russia 4207:The Giant Concretions of Rock City Kansas 3717: 3636: 3489: 2676: 2504: 676:on the east coast of the South Island of 4155:, CMU Online Digital Object Repository, 3330: 3328: 1111:(~30 million years) aged sediments near 736:in Bosnia-Herzegovina; in Alaska in the 206:concretions found in an English coastal 4165:Concretions and Nodules in North Dakota 2036:Van Horn, F.R.; Van Horn, K.R. (1933). 1231: 1169:concretions in arid and semi-arid soils 1009:Claystones, clay dogs, and fairy stones 4049:Geological Society of America Bulletin 4014:Geological Society of America Bulletin 3993:. Boston: University Press. p. 74 3578:Geological Society of America Bulletin 3319:"Geological Survey Professional Paper" 2272:. Paleontological Research Institution 2173: 2152: 1838:Geological Society of America Bulletin 1722:Allaby, Michael (2013). "concretion". 1203:, not to be confused with a concretion 780:Hiatus concretions at the base of the 4308:United States Geological Survey, nd, 4293:Sand Concretions from Imperial Valley 4194:Hanson, W.D., and J.M. Howard, 2005, 4145:Carbonate Concretions--A Bibliography 4138:Carbonate Concretions--A Bibliography 2935: 2256: 939:, which are found in outcrops of the 7: 3857:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 3515:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research 3171:Forsyth, P.J., and G. Coates, 1992, 3127:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research 2775:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research 2326:Dvorsky, George (15 February 2019). 1416:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research 740:Captain Cook State Park on north of 158:), extraterrestrial debris or human 4302:Concretions, bombs, and groundwater 3184:Thyne, G.D., and J.R. Boles, 1989, 3151:Fordyce, E., and P. Maxwell, 2003, 2657:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1890:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1107:are sandstone concretions found in 4221:Hokianga Tourism Association, nd, 4087:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3222:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1988.tb00952.x 2635:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb01856.x 2597:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1988.tb00952.x 1389:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb01856.x 985:fairy stone from Stensö in Sweden. 808:conditions prevailed, such as the 648:within Morton and Sioux Counties, 556:extracellular polymeric substances 25: 4251:Stone balls : in France too! 3900:Studia Geophysica & Geodætica 3838:Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 2915:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1997.d01-64.x 2805:Journal of the Geological Society 2732:Journal of the Geological Society 1673:Journal of the Geological Society 1572:Journal of the Geological Society 1241:Glossary of terms in soil science 943:of the Niobrara Formation within 3663:Chan, M.A.; Parry, W.T. (2002). 3349:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2010.00762.x 2881:Potter, Maynard & Pryor 1980 2554:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00886.x 2506:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00779.x 2453:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00366.x 2236:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00439.x 835:in the Paleozoic and bryozoans, 478: 241:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 3700:Catling, David C. (June 2004). 3611:Davis, J. Matthew (June 1999). 3240:Journal of Sedimentary Research 2993:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1960:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1799:Journal of Sedimentary Research 1634:Journal of Sedimentary Research 1453:Journal of Sedimentary Research 1334:Journal of Sedimentary Research 1295:Journal of Sedimentary Research 568:sulfate-reducing microorganisms 4099:Haigney, Sophie (2021-06-18). 3274:Dunedin, North and South Otago 3272:Dann, C., and Peat, N. (1989) 2147:10.3233/978-1-61499-603-3-3248 1832:Todd, J. E. (1 January 1903). 732:; near Mecevici, Ozimici, and 405:Small hematite concretions or 1: 4101:"Once Again, Fossils Are Hot" 3702:"On Earth, as it is on Mars?" 3104:10.1180/claymin.1994.029.4.22 3055:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.020 2970:10.1180/claymin.1986.021.4.12 2124:10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00010-8 2089:10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00112-8 1013:Disc concretions composed of 768:(Upper Ordovician), northern 3435:10.1126/science.228.4699.575 2714:10.1016/0037-0738(95)00087-9 2208:10.1016/0025-3227(93)90154-N 1980:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90085-2 1945:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.10.009 4284:Kuban, Glen J., 2006–2008. 4159:, Mount Pleasant, Michigan. 4157:Central Michigan University 4141:, The Wayback Machine. and 3877:10.1088/0953-8984/11/42/303 1275:Online Etymology Dictionary 748:northeast of Fossil Beach; 4402: 4316:University of Utah, 2004, 2678:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.004 2382:. dictionary.reference.com 1910:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.038 1876:Prothero & Schwab 2004 435: 409:have been observed by the 374:sandstone with concretions 232:McConnells Mill State Park 80:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 29: 3013:10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.024 2015:10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380110 1069:administrative region of 577:A spectacular example of 283:are commonly formed of a 202:, which are found inside 4281:Digital West Media, Inc. 3987:Sheldon, J.M.A. (1900). 3617:Water Resources Research 3276:. Wellington: GP Books. 2825:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0151 1592:10.1144/gsjgs.152.1.0157 1191:Mushroom Rock State Park 1059:Connecticut River Valley 951:, that occur within the 916:may have played a role. 784:(Upper Cretaceous), the 4344:and other locations in 4081:Warkentin, B.P., 1967. 3947:The American Naturalist 3941:Gratacap, L.P. (1884). 3491:10.1111/1475-4983.00167 2860:10.1023/A:1003468328212 2669:2014E&PSL.394...30D 1995:Clays and Clay Minerals 1902:2007E&PSL.254..272B 1049:and its tributaries in 941:Smoky Hill Chalk Member 914:Iron-oxidizing bacteria 843:by worms and bivalves. 700:, and locally known as 512:Staffin Shale Formation 249:Qasr el Sagha Formation 150:eggs, animal and plant 115:meaning "together" and 4204:Heinrich, P.V., 2007, 4187:Ohio Shale Concretions 4135:Dietrich, R.V., 2002, 3795:The Journal of Geology 1094: 986: 881: 793: 773: 641: 628:Cannonball concretions 488: 459: 451: 387: 375: 272: 235: 175: 107: 83: 78:aggregate concretion, 68: 60: 4332:Tessa Koumoundouros: 4311:Cannonball concretion 3372:Geologische Rundschau 2752:10.1144/jgs.157.1.239 2042:American Mineralogist 1693:10.1144/jgs.157.1.239 1092: 1067:Abitibi-Témiscamingue 981: 879: 779: 759: 698:Kettle Point, Ontario 670:Ottawa County, Kansas 635: 463:Septarian concretions 457: 446: 432:Septarian concretions 381: 370: 270: 229: 173: 74: 66: 50: 4184:Hansen, M.C., 1994, 4171:Everhart, M., 2004, 4034:10.1130/GSAB-46-1493 3638:10.1029/1999WR900042 3260:10.1306/111602730462 3173:The Moeraki boulders 2848:Geologie en Mijnbouw 1819:10.1306/031700710070 1503:(11–12): 1400–1412. 1473:10.1306/111602730462 847:Elongate concretions 438:Septaria (gastropod) 119:meaning "to grow". 30:For other uses, see 4286:Nevada Shoe Prints? 4209:PDF version, 836 KB 4199:PDF version, 2.8 MB 4189:PDF version, 270 KB 4089:, 4(2), pp.333-333. 4069:10.1130/GSAB-34-609 4061:1923GSAB...34..609K 4026:1935GSAB...46.1493T 3912:1993StGG...37..366H 3869:1999JPCM...11.8197H 3807:2011JG....119..505L 3629:1999WRR....35.1705D 3590:2005GSAB..117.1400M 3554:1995Geo....23..539M 3482:2001Palgy..44...21W 3427:1985Sci...228..575W 3384:1968GeoRu..58..281V 3252:2003JSedR..73..462M 3214:1988Sedim..35..349A 3096:1994ClMin..29..693H 3047:2004ChGeo.211...71R 3005:2005GeCoA..69.1773P 2962:1986ClMin..21..617A 2938:, pp. 189–213. 2907:1997Sedim..44.1133H 2817:1995JGSoc.152..151D 2744:2000JGSoc.157..239R 2706:1996SedG..103...85M 2694:Sedimentary Geology 2627:1991Sedim..38...79S 2589:1988Sedim..35..349A 2546:2007Sedim..54.1389M 2445:2001Sedim..48..189P 2439:(1): 189, 193–194. 2356:Glossary of geology 2200:1993MGeol.113..127C 2116:1999ChGeo.158..155L 2081:2000SedG..130..205B 2069:Sedimentary Geology 2007:1990CCM....38...69S 1972:1986GeCoA..50.2321C 1937:2011SedG..233...53P 1925:Sedimentary Geology 1858:10.1130/GSAB-14-353 1850:1903GSAB...14..353T 1811:2001JSedR..71...70A 1747:Boggs, Sam (2006). 1685:2000JGSoc.157..239R 1584:1995JGSoc.152..157A 1509:2005GSAB..117.1400M 1465:2003JSedR..73..462M 1381:1991Sedim..38...79S 1077:county, Sweden. In 945:Gove County, Kansas 935:, or in some cases 802:Hiatus-Konkretionen 686:Ward Beach boulders 522:of England, or the 424:Types of concretion 32:Calculus (medicine) 4325:2015-08-02 at the 4290:McCollum, A., nd, 4269:2008-03-15 at the 4256:2015-07-13 at the 4243:2016-03-03 at the 4214:2016-10-20 at the 4151:2014-12-17 at the 4105:The New York Times 3920:10.1007/BF01613583 3392:10.1007/BF01820609 1125:Bowling Ball Beach 1095: 1093:Gogotte concretion 987: 882: 794: 774: 752:Hiatus concretions 642: 638:Bowling Ball Beach 526:of North America. 460: 452: 388: 376: 372:Vaqueros Formation 273: 236: 176: 84: 69: 61: 4361:Sedimentary rocks 4020:(10): 1493–1534. 3863:(42): 8197–8222. 3712:(6993): 707–708. 3421:(4699): 575–577. 2305:10.1111/gto.12002 1966:(10): 2321–2334. 1268:Harper, Douglas. 1207:Rock City, Kansas 1179:Martian spherules 1173:Klerksdorp sphere 1047:Connecticut River 1041:along and in the 1015:calcium carbonate 965:metamorphic rocks 855:(saturated) zone 486:, from the Latin 467:septarian nodules 407:Martian spherules 253:Faiyum depression 16:(Redirected from 4393: 4275:Katz, B., 1998, 4179:Oceans of Kansas 4162:Biek, B., 2002, 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4096: 4090: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3721: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3623:(6): 1705–1711. 3608: 3602: 3601: 3598:10.1130/B25618.1 3572: 3566: 3565: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3296:. 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Archived from 3035:Chemical Geology 3032: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2999:(7): 1773–1786. 2988: 2982: 2981: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2901:(6): 1133–1147. 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2540:(6): 1389–1416. 2528: 2519: 2518: 2508: 2484: 2465: 2464: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2403: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2194:(1–2): 127–140. 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2150: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2110:(1–2): 155–163. 2104:Chemical Geology 2099: 2093: 2092: 2075:(3–4): 205–228. 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2033: 2027: 2026: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1896:(3–4): 272–287. 1885: 1879: 1873: 1862: 1861: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1775:. Archived from 1769: 1763: 1762: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1610:. Archived from 1569: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1517:10.1130/B25618.1 1491: 1485: 1484: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1246: 1236: 1212: 1201:replacement body 1197:Nodule (geology) 1185:Moeraki Boulders 1106: 1037:proglacial lake 961:oblate spheroids 920:Kansas pop rocks 889:Navajo Sandstone 782:Menuha Formation 706:Van Mijenfjorden 682:Moeraki Boulders 646:Cannonball River 583:Moeraki Boulders 491: 480: 448:Moeraki Boulders 287:mineral such as 234:in Pennsylvania. 110: 96:sedimentary rock 82:, United States. 40:Nodule (geology) 21: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4351: 4350: 4327:Wayback Machine 4271:Wayback Machine 4258:Wayback Machine 4245:Wayback Machine 4216:Wayback Machine 4153:Wayback Machine 4132: 4127: 4126: 4117: 4115: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4080: 4076: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3897: 3896: 3892: 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"concretion". 2172: 2168: 2151: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2035: 2034: 2030: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1865: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1255: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1210: 1168: 1121: 1100: 1087: 1063:Harricana River 1031:proglacial lake 1011: 969:calcareous ooze 922: 874: 865:Kimmeridge Clay 849: 754: 738:Kenai Peninsula 718:Yukon Territory 714:Haines Junction 636:Concretions on 630: 614:Kimmeridge Clay 520:Kimmeridge Clay 441: 434: 426: 384:Martian surface 365: 265: 224: 168: 51:Concretions in 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4330: 4314: 4306: 4299:Mozley, P.S., 4297: 4288: 4282: 4273: 4260: 4247: 4234: 4219: 4202: 4192: 4182: 4169: 4160: 4131: 4130:External links 4128: 4125: 4124: 4091: 4074: 4055:(3): 609–648. 4039: 4004: 3979: 3959:10.1086/273756 3953:(9): 882–892. 3933: 3906:(4): 366–381. 3890: 3847: 3828: 3815:10.1086/661110 3801:(5): 505–520. 3782: 3741: 3689: 3652: 3603: 3567: 3548:(6): 539–542. 3532: 3505: 3456: 3405: 3378:(1): 281–296. 3362: 3343:(5): 186–189. 3324: 3310: 3285: 3265: 3246:(3): 462–483. 3227: 3208:(2): 349–368. 3192: 3177: 3164: 3144: 3117: 3090:(4): 693–707. 3074: 3041:(1–2): 71–85. 3018: 2983: 2956:(4): 617–631. 2940: 2928: 2885: 2873: 2838: 2811:(1): 151–156. 2792: 2765: 2738:(1): 239–251. 2719: 2700:(1–2): 85–91. 2684: 2640: 2602: 2583:(2): 349–368. 2567: 2520: 2499:(3): 537–565. 2466: 2423: 2416: 2393: 2371: 2364: 2339: 2318: 2283: 2261: 2259:, p. 114. 2249: 2230:(2): 237–254. 2213: 2188:Marine Geology 2178: 2166: 2129: 2094: 2059: 2028: 1985: 1950: 1931:(1–4): 53–68. 1915: 1880: 1878:, p. 118. 1863: 1844:(1): 353–368. 1824: 1789: 1764: 1757: 1739: 1732: 1714: 1679:(1): 239–251. 1659: 1620: 1617:on 2019-12-13. 1578:(1): 157–171. 1555: 1548: 1530: 1486: 1459:(3): 462–483. 1440: 1402: 1359: 1340:(2): 272–279. 1320: 1301:(3): 398–406. 1281: 1260: 1253: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1204: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1117: 1086: 1083: 1065:valley in the 1010: 1007: 921: 918: 873: 870: 848: 845: 766:Kope Formation 753: 750: 690:Koutu Boulders 629: 626: 510:, such as the 450:, New Zealand. 433: 430: 425: 422: 364: 361: 264: 261: 223: 220: 167: 164: 131:than the host 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4398: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381:Pseudofossils 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4262:Irna, 2007b, 4261: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4249:Irna, 2007a, 4248: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4005: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3980: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3521:: 1008–1010. 3520: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470:Palaeontology 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3337:Geology Today 3331: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3300:on 2011-07-08 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282:0-477-01438-0 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:Sedimentology 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3161:0-908678-97-5 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084:Clay Minerals 3078: 3075: 3064:on 2022-01-30 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950:Clay Minerals 2944: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895:Sedimentology 2889: 2886: 2883:, p. 23. 2882: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621:(1): 79–106. 2620: 2616: 2615:Sedimentology 2609: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Sedimentology 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534:Sedimentology 2527: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493:Sedimentology 2490: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433:Sedimentology 2427: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Geology Today 2287: 2284: 2271: 2270:"Concretions" 2265: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:Sedimentology 2217: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1779:on 2012-05-08 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1733:9780199653065 1729: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375:(1): 79–106. 1374: 1370: 1369:Sedimentology 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1225: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1113:Fontainebleau 1110: 1104: 1099: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Massachusetts 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 984: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927: 919: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 893: 890: 886: 885:Moqui Marbles 878: 872:Moqui Marbles 871: 869: 866: 861: 858: 854: 846: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 791: 787: 783: 778: 771: 767: 763: 762:edrioasteroid 758: 751: 749: 747: 746:Kodiak Island 744:beach and on 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 639: 634: 627: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 560: 557: 551: 549: 545: 539: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502: 497: 495: 490: 485: 484: 476: 472: 468: 464: 456: 449: 445: 439: 431: 429: 423: 421: 419: 415: 413: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 385: 380: 373: 369: 362: 360: 358: 354: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 269: 262: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 233: 228: 221: 219: 217: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 172: 165: 163: 161: 157: 156:pseudofossils 153: 149: 143: 141: 136: 134: 130: 125: 120: 118: 114: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 81: 77: 73: 65: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4318: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4277: 4236:Irna, 2006, 4229: 4223: 4206: 4196: 4186: 4177:Part of the 4173: 4164: 4144: 4143:PDF file of 4137: 4116:. 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Retrieved 1419: 1415: 1405: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1337: 1333: 1323: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1273: 1270:"concretion" 1263: 1240: 1234: 1200: 1149: 1137:Champ Island 1096: 1075:Östergötland 1012: 988: 982: 975:into chalk. 925: 923: 906:reduced iron 894: 883: 862: 850: 822: 801: 798:lag surfaces 795: 726:Jameson Land 660:and central 650:North Dakota 643: 595:South Island 576: 561: 552: 540: 534: 530: 528: 524:Mancos Group 498: 493: 481: 474: 466: 462: 461: 427: 418:Eagle Crater 411: 404: 389: 349: 274: 245:North Dakota 237: 212: 188:World War II 177: 144: 137: 121: 116: 112: 87: 85: 44: 4278:Concretions 3764:(8): 4–10. 3133:: 398–406. 2380:"septarian" 2174:Allaby 2013 1150:Dinocochlea 1101: [ 1079:Scandinavia 857:groundwater 829:echinoderms 806:calcite sea 788:, southern 710:Spitsbergen 678:New Zealand 616:exposed in 599:New Zealand 548:earthquakes 412:Opportunity 291:; those in 263:Composition 251:within the 18:Concretions 4376:Mineralogy 4355:Categories 4118:2021-07-14 3304:2010-05-13 3068:2021-08-19 2936:Pratt 2001 2417:0387904301 2365:0922152349 2257:Boggs 2006 1783:2012-05-13 1758:0131547283 1549:0716739054 1254:0662015339 1226:References 1216:Speleothem 1143:Diagenesis 1035:Quaternary 999:pyrrhotite 833:tube worms 818:Cretaceous 810:Ordovician 742:Cook Inlet 734:Zavidovici 694:Lake Huron 620:along the 572:alkalinity 564:diagenesis 531:concentric 504:siltstones 501:lacustrine 400:sandstones 396:siltstones 363:Occurrence 293:limestones 277:sandstones 257:aggregates 222:Appearance 208:salt marsh 180:diagenesis 129:weathering 88:concretion 57:Kazakhstan 55:, Western 36:Enterolith 4371:Petrology 4181:web site. 4113:0362-4331 3997:18 August 3972:18 August 3928:131123088 3885:250900204 3775:18 August 3758:GSA Today 3682:18 August 3647:129502157 3500:129664357 3400:128842746 3357:247665440 3112:129727119 2978:128609480 2923:130385560 2868:126635562 2833:129928697 2760:128897857 2663:: 30–37. 2562:129030770 2515:130767202 2461:140665532 2386:March 20, 2313:129659655 2276:11 August 2244:129664903 2052:10 August 2023:140180525 1709:128897857 1701:0016-7649 1654:1527-1404 1608:129359274 1600:0016-7649 1525:0016-7606 1481:1527-1404 1433:19 August 1397:1365-3091 1354:1527-1404 1315:1527-1404 1157:Dorodango 1109:Oligocene 1073:, and in 1039:sediments 995:marcasite 973:lithified 949:bentonite 933:marcasite 902:petroleum 825:bryozoans 730:Greenland 702:"kettles" 666:Rock City 587:Paleocene 544:syneresis 535:pervasive 483:septarium 471:carbonate 420:on Mars. 337:marcasite 285:carbonate 216:sediments 190:military 160:artifacts 108:concretio 76:Marlstone 4366:Minerals 4338:Costești 4323:Archived 4267:Archived 4254:Archived 4241:Archived 4212:Archived 4149:Archived 3967:84690956 3844:: 1–108. 3823:10139364 3728:15201892 3451:28818298 3443:17736081 1163:Gypcrust 1119:See also 1098:Gogottes 1085:Gogottes 1003:smythite 957:bivalves 937:jarosite 910:siderite 853:phreatic 814:Jurassic 770:Kentucky 610:dolomite 475:septaria 357:bacteria 353:sulfates 333:ankerite 329:siderite 325:dolomite 321:hematite 317:goethite 299:such as 204:siderite 200:shrapnel 154:(called 148:dinosaur 117:crescere 4346:Romania 4057:Bibcode 4022:Bibcode 3908:Bibcode 3865:Bibcode 3803:Bibcode 3736:4393420 3625:Bibcode 3586:Bibcode 3550:Bibcode 3542:Geology 3478:Bibcode 3423:Bibcode 3415:Science 3380:Bibcode 3248:Bibcode 3210:Bibcode 3092:Bibcode 3043:Bibcode 3001:Bibcode 2958:Bibcode 2903:Bibcode 2813:Bibcode 2740:Bibcode 2702:Bibcode 2665:Bibcode 2623:Bibcode 2585:Bibcode 2542:Bibcode 2441:Bibcode 2333:Gizmodo 2196:Bibcode 2112:Bibcode 2077:Bibcode 2003:Bibcode 1968:Bibcode 1933:Bibcode 1898:Bibcode 1846:Bibcode 1807:Bibcode 1681:Bibcode 1580:Bibcode 1505:Bibcode 1461:Bibcode 1377:Bibcode 1131:Caliche 1055:Vermont 1045:of the 1043:gravels 983:Marleka 898:methane 837:oysters 728:, East 712:; near 674:Moeraki 662:Wyoming 654:calcite 607:ferrous 591:Moeraki 579:boulder 416:in the 289:calcite 166:Origins 152:fossils 140:nodules 133:stratum 92:mineral 4386:Stones 4111: 3965: 3926: 3883: 3821: 3734: 3726: 3706:Nature 3678:: 1–19 3645: 3498: 3449: 3441: 3398: 3355: 3280: 3159: 3110: 2976: 2921: 2866: 2831: 2758: 2560: 2513: 2459: 2414: 2362: 2311: 2242: 2021: 1755: 1730: 1707: 1699: 1652: 1606: 1598: 1546: 1523: 1479: 1395: 1352: 1313: 1251: 1071:Quebec 1027:varved 991:pyrite 929:pyrite 790:Israel 722:Canada 680:. 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