Analects - Knowledge (XXG)

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uniformity among them be sought by punishments, they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of shame. If they are led by virtue, and uniformity sought among them through the practice of ritual propriety, they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own accord" (§2.3; see also §13.6). Confucius' political theories were directly contradictory to the

1697:. For Confucius, a good student respects and learns from the words and deeds of his teacher, and a good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of antiquity (§7.22). Confucius emphasized the need to find balance between formal study and intuitive self-reflection (§2.15). When teaching he is never cited in the 4133: 808: 1660:, and he stated that the rectification of names should be the first responsibility of a ruler upon taking office (§13.3). Confucius believed that, because the ruler was the model for all who were under him in society, the rectification of names had to begin with the ruler, and that afterwards others would change to imitate him (§12.19). 3652:

2010 p. 285 "A large number of passages in the Analects begin with the formulaic ziyue 子曰, "The Master said," but because there are no punctuation marks in classical Chinese, we must ask if whatever follows ziyue is a literal transcription of speech, or a paraphrase of it, or a method of transmitting

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speculated that Books 3–9 represent the earliest parts of the book. E. Bruce Brooks and A. Taeko Brooks reviewed previous theories of the chapters' creation and produced a "four stratum theory" of the text's creation. Many modern scholars now believe that the work was compiled over a period of around

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Confucius' political beliefs were rooted in his belief that a good ruler would be self-disciplined, would govern his subjects through education and by his own example, and would seek to correct his subjects with love and concern rather than punishment and coercion. "If the people be led by laws, and

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are grouped by individual themes, but the chapters are not arranged in a way as to carry a continuous stream of thoughts or ideas. The themes of adjacent chapters are completely unrelated to each other. Central themes recur repeatedly in different chapters, sometimes in exactly the same wording and

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He Yan's commentary was eventually displaced as the definitive, standard commentary by Zhu Xi's commentary. Zhu Xi's work also brought together the commentaries of earlier scholars (mostly from the Song dynasty), along with his own interpretations. Zhu's work took part in the context of a period of

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Confucius' discussions on the nature of the supernatural (§3.12; §6.20; §11.11) indicate his belief that while "ghosts" and "spirits" should be respected, they are best kept at a distance. Instead human beings should base their values and social ideals on moral philosophy, tradition, and a natural

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Ba Yi was a kind of ritual dance practiced in the court of the Zhou king. In Confucius' time, lesser nobles also began staging these dances for themselves. The main themes of this chapter are: criticism of ritual impropriety (especially among China's political leadership), and the need to combine

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on the eve of Yao's abdication, which seems to be only tangentially related to Confucius and his philosophy. Moreover, there appear to be some problems with the text's continuity, and scholars have speculated that parts of the text were lost in the process of transmission and possibly transmitted

1708:

His primary goal in educating his students was to produce ethically well-cultivated men who would carry themselves with gravity, speak correctly, and demonstrate consummate integrity in all things (§12.11; see also §13.3). He was willing to teach anyone regardless of social class, as long as they

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meant that rulers could oppress their subjects only at their own peril: "You may rob the Three Armies of their commander, but you cannot deprive the humblest peasant of his opinion" (§9.26). Confucius said that a morally well-cultivated individual would regard his devotion to loving others as a

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renewed interest in Confucian studies, in which Chinese scholars were interested in producing a single "correct" intellectual orthodoxy that would "save" Chinese traditions and protect them from foreign influences, and in which scholars were increasingly interested in metaphysical speculation.

1527:

would speak carefully and modestly (§12.3); be resolute and firm (§12.20), courageous (§14.4), free from worry, unhappiness, and insecurity (§9.28; §6.21); moderate their desires and return to propriety (§12.1); be respectful, tolerant, diligent, trustworthy and kind (§17.6); and love others

1004:, the old text version had four hundred characters different from the Lu version—from which the received text is mostly based—and it seriously differed from the Lu version in 27 places. Of these twenty-seven differences, the received text only agrees with the old text version in two places. 970:

version". The Lu version contained twenty chapters, and the Qi version contained twenty-two chapters, including two chapters not found in the Lu version. Of the twenty chapters that both versions had in common, the Lu version had more passages. Each version had its own masters, schools, and

1705:, citing passages from the classics, and using analogies (§7.8). He sometimes required his students to demonstrate their understanding of subjects by making intuitive conceptual leaps before accepting their understanding and discussing those subjects at greater levels of depth. (§3.8) 1368:

and Confucianism complemented each other, so that by studying both in a correct manner a scholar could arrive at a single, unified truth. Arguing for the ultimate compatibility of Daoist and Confucian teachings, he argued that "Laozi was in agreement with the Sage" (sic). The

1764:", particularly the first verse, is bizarre in terms of both language and content. In terms of language, the text appears to be archaic (or a deliberate imitation of the archaic language of the Western Zhou) and bears some similarity with the language of the speeches in the 4226: 996:) in order to expand the king's palace. The new version did not contain the two extra chapters found in the Qi version, but it split one chapter found in the Lu and Qi versions in two, so it had twenty-one chapters, and the order of the chapters was different. 933:

that existed during the Han dynasty were incomplete and formed only a part of a much larger work. This is supported by the fact that a larger collection of Confucius's teachings did exist in the Warring States period than has been preserved directly in the

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scholars believe that by the early Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the book was widely known and transmitted throughout China in a mostly complete form, and that the book acquired its final, complete form during the Han dynasty. However, Han dynasty writer

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was observing the practical social differences that exist between people in daily life. In Confucian philosophy these "five relationships" include: ruler to ruled; father to son; husband to wife; elder brother to younger brother; and friend to friend.

1685:, toasting, and gift exchanges that bound nobility in complex hierarchical relationships of obligation and indebtedness; and, acts of formal politeness and decorum (i.e. bowing and yielding) that identify the performers as morally well-cultivated. 1559:

Confucius taught that the ability of people to imagine and project themselves into the places of others was a crucial quality for the pursuit of moral self-cultivation (§4.15; see also §5.12; §6.30; §15.24). Confucius regarded the exercise of

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Confucius believed that the welfare of a country depended on the moral cultivation of its people, beginning from the nation's leadership. He believed that individuals could begin to cultivate an all-encompassing sense of virtue through

1669:('virtue'): a sort of moral force that allows those in power to rule and gain the loyalty of others without the need for physical coercion (§2.1). Confucius said that one of the most important ways that a ruler cultivates his sense of 837:

originated as individual records kept by Confucius's disciples of conversations between the Master and them, which were then collected and jointly edited by the disciples after Confucius' death in 479 BC. The work was titled

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The main theme of this chapter is Confucius' examination of others' qualities and faults in order to illustrate the desirable course of moral self-cultivation. This chapter has traditionally been attributed to the disciples of

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asked Confucius about the principles of good government, Confucius responded: "Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son" (§12.11).

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The old text version got its name because it was written in characters not used since the earlier Warring States period (before 221 BC), when it was assumed to have been hidden. According to the Han dynasty scholar

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government, only a very cursory study of it has been made available to international scholars, and its contents are not completely known outside of North Korea. Scholars do not agree about whether either the Dingzhou

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involved depreciating oneself through modesty while avoiding artful speech and ingratiating manners that would create a false impression of one's own character (§1.3). Confucius said that those who had cultivated

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was widely read by schoolchildren and anyone aspiring to literacy, and often read before the Five Classics themselves. During the Eastern Han, the heir apparent was provided a tutor specifically to teach him the

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Schaberg, David; Ames, Roger T.; Rosemont, Henry; Lau, D. C.; Dawson, Raymond; Leys, Simon; Huang, Chichung; Hinton, David; Brooks, E. Bruce (December 2001). ""Sell it! Sell it!": Recent Translations of Lunyu".

2399: 1425:, Zhu continued to refine his interpretation for the last thirty years of his life. In the fourteenth century, the Ming state endorsed Zhu's commentary. Until 1905 it was read and memorized along with the 2260:

was an official from one of the most important families in Lu. This chapter is generally believed to have been written relatively late; possibly compiled from the extra chapters of the Qi version of the

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was entombed. There was evidence that "additions" may have been made to the manuscript after it had been completed, indicating that the writer may have become aware of at least one other version of the

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is practiced broadly and informs one's interactions with all people. Confucius did not believe that ethical self-cultivation meant unquestioned loyalty to an evil ruler. He argued that the demands of

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were sincere, eager, and tireless to learn (§7.7; §15.38). He is traditionally credited with teaching three thousand students, though only seventy are said to have mastered what he taught. He taught

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known as the "Zhang Hou Lun". This text was recognized by Zhang Yu's contemporaries and by subsequent Han scholars as superior to either individual version, and is the text that is recognized as the

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and give examples of people who embody it, but Confucius generally responds indirectly to his students' questions, instead offering illustrations and examples of behaviours that are associated with

753:—primarily the devotion to one's parents and older siblings. He taught that one's individual desires do not need to be suppressed, but that people should be educated to reconcile their desires via 1648:

Confucius believed that the social chaos of his time was largely due to China's ruling elite aspiring to, and claiming, titles of which they were unworthy. When the ruler of the large state of

4207: 1725:. In some cases a title may indicate a central theme of a chapter, but it is inappropriate to regard a title as a description or generalization of the content of a chapter. Chapters in the 4618: 757:, rituals and forms of propriety, through which people could demonstrate their respect for others and their responsible roles in society. Confucius also believed that a ruler's sense of 1400:, demonstrating that the individual books of the Confucian canon gave meaning to the whole, just as the whole of the canon gave meaning to its parts. In his preface, Zhu Xi stated, "he 1455:

arguably the most reliable source of biographical information about Confucius. Confucius viewed himself as a "transmitter" of social and political traditions originating in the early

1581:: rituals and forms of propriety through which people demonstrate their respect for others and their responsible roles in society (§3.3). Confucius said that one's understanding of 735:

has been one of the most widely read and studied books in China for more than two millennia; its ideas continue to have a substantial influence on East Asian thought and values.

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and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled by his followers. The consensus among scholars is that large portions of the text were composed during the

1447:, but because the history contains a significant amount of material unverifiable in other sources and possibly legendary, the biographical material on Confucius found in the 1794:

is direct quotation of actual sayings of Confucius, or simply to be understood as "the Master said that.." and the paraphrase of Confucius by the compilers of the Analects.

989:" version was discovered hidden in a wall of the home believed at the time to have been Confucius's, when the home was in the process of being destroyed by King Gong of Lu ( 1757:

is the oldest complete intellectual and spiritual portrait of a man. It strikes one as a modern book; everything it contains and indeed everything it lacks is important."

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could best be cultivated by those who had already learned self-discipline, and that self-discipline was best learned by practicing and cultivating one's understanding of

1033:), synthesized the Lu and Qi versions by taking the Lu version as authoritative and selectively adding sections from the Qi version, and produced a composite text of the 4757: 4269: 2892: 2862: 2832: 2795: 2759: 2723: 2690: 2654: 2618: 2584: 2550: 2510: 2482: 2438: 1488:

as the quality of having a kind manner, similar to the English words "humane", "altruistic", or "benevolent", but, of the sixty instances in which Confucius discusses

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was not referred to by name in any existing source before the early Han dynasty, some scholars have proposed dates as late as 140 BC for the text's final compilation.

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with errors in the order. The fragmentary nature of the final chapter of the received Lu text has been explained by the "accretion theory", in which the text of the

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by using theories elaborated in the other Four Books, something that He Yan had not done. Zhu attempted to give an added coherence and unity to the message of the

1349:(1130–1200). In his work, He Yan collected, selected, summarized, and rationalized what he believed to be the most insightful of all preceding commentaries on the 1592:

By leading individuals to express their desires within the context of social responsibility, Confucius and his followers taught that the public cultivation of

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known to scholars was found in the "Stone Classics of the Xinping Era", a copy of the Confucian classics written in stone in the old Eastern capital of

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to describe an extremely general and all-encompassing state of virtue, one which no living person had attained completely. (This use of the term

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into English and French, said that the book may have been the first in human history to describe the life of an individual, historic personage.

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Very few reliable sources about Confucius exist besides that of the Analects. The principal biography available to historians is included in

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was gradually accreted over a 230-year period, beginning with the death of Confucius and ending suddenly with the conquest of Lu in 249 BC.

4155: 3801:. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 313–323. 1556:, desiring to establish himself, helps others establish themselves; desiring to succeed himself, helps others to succeed" (§12.2; §6.28). 4737: 801: 1167:

represent the Lu version, the Qi version, the old text version, or a different version that was independent of these three traditions.

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Slingerland, Edward (2000). Brooks, E. Bruce; Brooks, A. Taeko (eds.). "Why Philosophy Is Not "Extra" in Understanding the Analects".

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A "xiang" was a group of 12,500 families, while a "dang" is a group of 500. The chapter is a collection of maxims related to ritual.

858:"). This broadly forms the traditional account of the genesis of the work accepted by later generations of scholars, for example the 4611: 4181: 3954: 1656:

The analysis of the need to raise officials' behavior to reflect the way that they identify and describe themselves is known as the

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could be distinguished by their being "simple in manner and slow of speech." He believed that people could cultivate their sense of

4762: 4698: 1466:), and claimed not to have originated anything (§7.1), but Confucius's social and political ideals were not popular in his time. 1645:

political orientations of China's rulers, and he failed to popularize his ideals among China's leaders within his own lifetime.

1202:). They were considered Confucian because Confucius was assumed to have partially written, edited, and/or transmitted them. The 1373:

that was written in 248 AD, was quickly recognized as authoritative, and remained the standard guide to interpreting the

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did not mean suppressing one's desires but learning to reconcile them with the needs of one's family and broader community.

1528:(§12.22). Confucius recognized his followers' disappointment that he would not give them a more comprehensive definition of 902:(476–221 BC), with some questioning the authenticity of some of the sayings. Because no manuscript dated earlier than 4313: 1642: 447: 305: 189: 155: 4752: 4383: 4342: 319: 763:, or 'virtue', was his primary prerequisite for leadership. His primary goal in educating his students was to produce 275: 4163: 4159: 4143: 1790:, "The Master said," but without punctuation marks in classical Chinese, this does not confirm whether what follows 4772: 4556: 4059: 357: 1418:

are all inclusive; what they teach is nothing but the essentials of preserving the mind and cultivating nature."

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The political importance and popularity of Confucius and Confucianism grew throughout the Han dynasty, and by the

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Cui Shu argued on linguistic ground that the last five books were produced much later than the rest of the work.

1291: 1049:. The Qi version was lost for about 1,800 years, but was rediscovered during the excavation of the tomb of 800:. It is dated era Longji, 2nd year (i.e. 890 AD), but it could be copied in the middle of the 8th century. 4732: 4461: 4420: 4306: 2870: 1523:

and explaining how a person could achieve it. According to Confucius, a person with a well-cultivated sense of

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shortly after it was recovered, and the surviving text is just under half the size of the received text of the

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who would carry themselves with gravity, speak correctly, and demonstrate consummate integrity in all things.

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of ancient China. This chapter consists entirely of stray sentences resembling the style and content of the

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as lecturing at length about any subject, but instead challenges his students to discover the truth through

1260: 1236: 1008: 3862: 2962: 1927:, its qualities, and the qualities of those who have it. A secondary theme is the virtue of filial piety. 1657: 1596:

was the basis of a well-ordered society (§2.3). Confucius taught his students that an important aspect of

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Kern, Martin (2010). "Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).

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include: sacrificial rites held at ancestral temples to express thankfulness and humility; ceremonies of

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was recognized when the Five Classics was expanded to the "Seven Classics": the Five Classics plus the

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was considered secondary as it was thought to be merely a collection of Confucius's oral "commentary" (

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This traditional view has been challenged by Chinese, Japanese, and Western scholars. The Qing dynasty

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was discovered in 1973, but no transcription of its contents was published until 1997. The Pyongyang

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ideas in a written language which existed in important ways independently of the spoken language."

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was damaged in a fire shortly after it was entombed in the Han dynasty. It was further damaged in

433: 3915: 3631: 3548: 2886: 2856: 2826: 2789: 2753: 2731: 2717: 2684: 2648: 2612: 2578: 2544: 2529: 2504: 2476: 2432: 2404: 2350:) was a student of Confucius. This chapter consists entirely of sayings by Confucius' disciples. 2312: 1477: 741: 724: 681: 414: 406: 4015: 1733:

Chapter 10 contains detailed descriptions of Confucius's behaviors in various daily activities.

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should inform everything that one says and does (§12.1). He believed that subjecting oneself to

141: 1300: 4727: 4682: 4447: 4440: 4431: 4399: 4392: 4102: 4063: 4034: 4002: 3992: 3971: 3950: 3931: 3901: 3878: 3821: 3802: 3775: 3623: 3596: 3586: 3337: 3107: 3041: 2775: 2739: 2703: 2670: 2634: 2598: 2556: 2464: 2447: 1766: 1240:, and its status as one of the central texts of Confucianism continued to grow until the late 1050: 341: 333: 77: 4049: 4026: 3893: 3101: 3035: 4668: 4329: 4235: 3919: 3540: 3134: 2224: 2044: 2040: 727:

work was raised above that of the older Five Classics, and it was recognized as one of the "

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The former generations. This chapter has traditionally been attributed to the disciples of

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Within these incipits, a large number of passages in the Analects begin with the formulaic

4202: 1702: 1194:(141–87 BC), when the Chinese government began promoting Confucian studies, only the 289: 2443: 2422: 1869:

of moral self-cultivation rather than through force or excessive government regulation.

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by reading scholars' commentaries on the book. There have been many commentaries on the

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by Zhu Xi and generally accepted as being more insightful than the older Five Classics.

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claimed that, because of differences he saw in patterns of language and content in the

468: 461: 159: 4721: 4496: 4468: 4454: 4406: 4197: 3794: 3272:"Popularization of the Analects of Confucius in Western Han and the Discovery of the 2767: 2662: 2320: 2316: 1750: 1475:

love for others. Confucius' social philosophy largely depended on the cultivation of

1280: 1195: 878: 701: 3037:

Understanding the Analects of Confucius: A New Translation of Lunyu with Annotations

2821:]. Les Quatre Livres (in French) (3rd ed.). Sien Hsien: Mission Catholique. 4705: 4691: 4333: 4055: 2942: 2933: 2519: 2347: 2231: 2048: 1956: 1775: 1665: 1561: 1456: 1378: 1304: 1276: 1241: 1190:

was not considered one of the principal texts of Confucianism. During the reign of

894: 859: 759: 750: 716: 709: 423: 247: 209: 101: 4264: 1677:. Examples of rituals identified by Confucius as important to cultivate a ruler's 1318:

since the Han dynasty, but the two which have been most influential have been the

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has been highly restricted, and no academic study on it was published until 2009.

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today. No complete copies of either the Lu version or the old text version of the

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Zhu Xi's Reading of the Analects: Canon, Commentary, and the Classical Tradition

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This chapter explores the theme that political order is best gained through the

1771: 1721:

The traditional titles given to each chapter are mostly an initial two or three

1682: 1549: 1256: 1214: 1155: 874: 829: 797: 693: 482: 196: 180: 147: 37: 4597: 4112: 3582: 2923: 2840: 2626: 1742: 1738: 1649: 1552:: "Do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself"; "a man with 1245: 1178:"circulated at least seventeen years" before the Dingzhou and Pyongyang ones. 967: 963: 926: 793: 789: 728: 350: 107: 17: 4006: 3627: 3600: 4482: 2200: 1952: 1438: 1429:

by all Chinese aspiring to literacy and employment as government officials.

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are the discovered texts found in the Haihunhou Tomb in 2011; the Haihunhou

1089: 855: 692:(475–221 BC), and that the work achieved its final form during the mid- 685: 371: 55: 2468: 3928:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One

1095:", after the location of the tombs in which they were found. The Dingzhou 4230: 2566: 2032: 1983: 1734: 1710: 1191: 1082: 1045:

exist today, though fragments of the old text version were discovered at

1001: 986: 854:

therefore may mean 'edited conversations', or 'selected speeches' (thus "

392: 261: 118: 3967:

The Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean

2494: 1741:

believed that this chapter demonstrated how Confucius was a mere human.

1619:

manages one's relationship with one's family and close community, while

4475: 4413: 4259: 4014:

Riegel, Jeffrey (Spring 2012). "Confucius". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).

3635: 2384: 2364: 2147: 2121: 1761: 1722: 1354: 1061: 939: 430: 4289: 3552: 3271: 3138: 1770:. In terms of the content, the passage appears to be an admonition by 1496:, very few have these later meanings. Confucius instead used the term 696:(206 BC – 220 AD). During the early Han, the 4244: 4216: 3276:: With a Focus on the Bamboo Slips Unearthed from the Haihunhou Tomb" 3254: 3252: 2967: 2915:論語 , 3 vols. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun. Rpt. 2 vols, Asahi Shinbun (1996). 2589:; rpt. with Chinese text, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press (1979). 1866: 1832: 1713:, but regarded moral self-cultivation as his most important subject. 1365: 1346: 1327: 1070:. Archaeologists have since discovered two handwritten copies of the 938:: 75% of Confucius's sayings cited by his second-generation student, 863: 824: 548: 3836:"Qi Version of 'Analects of Confucius' Discovered in Haihunhou Tomb" 3128: 2736:

Analects of Confucius: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries

2424:

Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean

1693:

The importance of education and study is a fundamental theme of the

807: 4275:

Legge's English translation from the University of Adelaide Library

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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

3544: 3059: 3057: 2199:

This chapter has traditionally been attributed to the disciples of

870:

is the records of Confucius's first- and second-generation pupils.

2398: 2257: 2150:

was a common name of Zi Yuan, the favorite disciple of Confucius.

1532:, but assured them that he was sharing all that he could (§7.24). 1290: 1056:

Before the late twentieth century the oldest existing copy of the

806: 779: 764: 608: 562: 87: 3382: 3380: 473: 4604: 4510: 4236:

Bilingual excerpts and children's audio in Chinese and Japanese.

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Yang was an official of the Ji clan, an important family in Lu.

2173: 1564:

and older siblings as the simplest, most basic way to cultivate

1515:, Confucius's students frequently request that Confucius define 885:, a distinction in authorship should be made between the "upper 622: 4302: 4126: 3875:

The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375

3355: 3353: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3017: 3015: 2446:(1893), Oxford: Clarendon Press, reprinted by Cosimo in 2006. 1411: 1244:(960–1279), when it was identified and promoted as one of the 2700:

The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Followers

2203:, also called both Yuan Si and Zisi, a student of Confucius. 452: 438: 4255:

English translation by A. Charles Muller, with Chinese text.

4240: 3774:. Translated by Neugroschel, Joachim. Farrar Straus Giroux. 1310:

Since the Han dynasty, Chinese readers have interpreted the

1143:

and included "extra" material for the sake of completeness.

1893:

learning with nature in the course moral self-cultivation.

1392:

In his commentary Zhu made a great effort to interpret the

3002: 3000: 842:

during the Han dynasty: in this context the character for

4619:

Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong

4260:

English translation at Confucius.org, one page per verse.

3877:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–115. 1381:(1271–1368). It is the oldest complete commentary on the 1255:

also inspired future Confucian writers. For example, the

1103:

was discovered in 1992. Academic access to the Pyongyang

1081:, during the Western Han dynasty. They are known as the " 494: 411: 397: 383: 3203: 3201: 2897:

English version published as Simon Leys, trans. (1997),

2323:. The writer of this chapter was critical of Confucius. 1134:

was still in the process of expansion when the Dingzhou

362: 4151: 4146:

may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

4051:

Analects: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries

2403:

A Vietnamese translation of the Analects translated by

1410:

are the most important works for students pursuing the

962:

that existed at the beginning of the Han dynasty: the "

3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3650:

The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation

3218: 3216: 3040:. State University of New York Press. pp. 77–78. 2667:

The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation

2407:

in Tự Đức thánh chế luận ngữ thích nghĩa ca 嗣德聖製論語釋義歌.

1632:

mission for which he would be willing to die (§15.8).

650: 4080:. Trans. Arthur Waley. New York: Vintage Books. 1938. 2669:. New York: Ballantine Books (Penguin Random House). 2427:. The Chinese Classics. Vol. I. London: Trübner. 338: 324: 310: 294: 280: 266: 252: 4241:

Chinese-English bilingual text (Legge's translation)

3334:

Readings from the Lu-Wang school of Neo-Confucianism

1271:) was purposely written to emulate the style of the 590: 4646: 4628: 4566: 4534: 4430: 4382: 4341: 3163: 3075: 3063: 1663:Confucius judged a good ruler by his possession of 1198:

were considered by the government to be canonical (

644: 639: 621: 607: 602: 584: 579: 561: 547: 542: 528: 514: 509: 488: 481: 467: 460: 446: 429: 422: 405: 391: 377: 370: 356: 349: 332: 318: 304: 288: 274: 260: 246: 239: 234: 222: 208: 188: 172: 167: 130: 113: 93: 83: 73: 61: 50: 1986:, also called Zhou Gong, a disciple of Confucius. 1673:is through a devotion to the correct practices of 704:. However, by the dynasty's end the status of the 3926:. In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). 3848:"Confucius' sayings entombed: On Two Han Dynasty 3133:. Translated by Eno, Robert. Indiana University. 1154:. Because of the secrecy and isolationism of the 684:text composed of sayings and ideas attributed to 4020:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2698:Brooks, E. Bruce; Brooks, Taeko, trans. (2001). 2528:. London: George Allen and Unwin. Archived from 796:. This fragmentary manuscript has been found at 700:was merely considered to be a commentary on the 534: 520: 4025:Kim, Tae Hyun; Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2013). 3892:Kim, Tae Hyun; Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2010). 3336:. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 149. 2515:; rpt. London: Oxford University Press (1937). 745:, and that the most basic step to cultivating 708:had grown to being among the central texts of 627: 613: 4314: 3842:. January 13, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2019. 3533:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 3021: 1170:To date, the oldest extant manuscript of the 1122:. Of the sections that survive, the Dingzhou 194: 178: 99: 65: 8: 4095:Confucius and the Analects : New Essays 3988:Confucius and the Analects : New Essays 3799:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide 2891:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2861:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2851:] (in French). Paris: Éditions du Seuil. 2831:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2794:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2758:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2722:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2689:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2653:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2617:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2549:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2509:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2481:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 567: 553: 30: 3949:. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. 3721: 3709: 3674: 3662: 3505: 3461: 3087: 2946:, sayings of Confucius not included in the 1353:which had been produced by earlier Han and 942:, do not exist in the received text of the 4321: 4307: 4299: 3565: 3103:Confucius and Confucianism: The Essentials 3006: 2230:Duke Ling ruled from 534 to 493 BC in the 1796: 636: 576: 231: 226:'Selected sayings', 'Edited conversations' 140: 29: 4637:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art 4182:Learn how and when to remove this message 2738:. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 719:(960–1279 AD) the importance of the 4758:Ancient Chinese philosophical literature 4206:) is being considered for deletion. See 2555:Rpt. (2000), New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1377:for nearly 1,000 years, until the early 1360:He Yan's personal interpretation of the 916:Regardless of how early the text of the 898:two hundred years, some time during the 4017:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3820:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3517: 3481:, "3. Confucius' Political Philosophy". 3449: 3386: 3371: 3359: 3308: 3296: 3258: 3243: 3207: 3192: 3151: 2996: 2774:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2702:. New York: Columbia University Press. 1484:Later Confucian philosophers explained 3493: 3478: 3425: 3280:Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 2884: 2854: 2824: 2787: 2751: 2715: 2682: 2646: 2610: 2576: 2542: 2502: 2474: 2430: 1895:Chapters 3–9 may be the oldest in the 1339:Collected Commentaries of the Analects 1320:Collected Explanations of the Analects 413: 340: 127: 4294:in over 20 languages, with footnotes. 4118:at the Database of Religious History. 3991:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3752: 3740: 3697: 3437: 3222: 3175: 2074:Confucius seldom spoke of advantage. 1889:"Eight lines of eight dancers apiece" 1295:A copy of He Yan's commentary on the 954:According to the Han dynasty scholar 909:has been discovered, and because the 7: 3964:Legge, James (2009). "Prolegomena". 3428:, "2. Confucius' Social Philosophy". 2881:] (in French). Paris: Gallimard. 2311:Weizi was the older half-brother of 1481:by every individual in a community. 846:means 'discuss' or 'dispute', while 4265:English translation at MIT Classics 3930:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 645–650. 3398: 2597:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1923:This chapter explores the theme of 1611:have a special relationship in the 3945:Lau, D.C. (2002). "Introduction". 2665:; Rosemont, Henry, trans. (1999). 2463:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 2457:Lyall, Leonard A., trans. (1909). 2380:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 1421:From the first publication of the 1337:) and several colleagues, and the 1186:During most of the Han period the 25: 4612:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong 4270:Latin translation (Zottoli, 1879) 4210:to help reach a consensus. › 3585:. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 2008. 3164:Kim & Csikszentmihalyi (2010) 3076:Kim & Csikszentmihalyi (2013) 3064:Kim & Csikszentmihalyi (2010) 2593:Huang, Chi-chung, trans. (1997). 2035:was the legendary founder of the 1730:sometimes with small variations. 1535:To Confucius, the cultivation of 958:, there were two versions of the 4699:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars 4221: 4131: 2926: 2911:Yoshikawa, Kōjirō 吉川幸次郎 (1978). 2633:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 2571:Confucius, The Analects (Lun yü) 2491:Soothill, William Edward, trans. 1548:through exercising the inverted 1226:. The growing importance of the 1130:, implying that the text of the 802:Bibliothèque nationale de France 784:Fragment from the manuscript of 36: 3861:. Leiden: Brill. Archived from 3496:, "4. Confucius and Education". 3106:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 10. 2573:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 991: 980: 929:claimed that all copies of the 495: 474: 453: 439: 412: 398: 384: 363: 4662:Biographies of Exemplary Women 4285:in Chinese, English and French 2879:The Conversations of Confucius 2363: 2336: 2301: 2278: 2247: 2216: 2189: 2163: 2137: 2110: 2094:"Among the Xiang and the Dang" 2087: 2064: 2022: 2009:Transmission, not invention . 1999: 1972: 1940: 1913: 1882: 1855: 1831: 1806: 1745:, who recently translated the 1444:Records of the Grand Historian 1364:was guided by his belief that 1182:Importance within Confucianism 651: 591: 535: 339: 325: 311: 295: 281: 267: 253: 195: 179: 1: 4031:Dao Companion to the Analects 3898:Dao Companion to the Analects 1460: 1331: 1146:The content of the Pyongyang 1126:is shorter than the received 1075: 1064: 903: 850:means 'speech' or 'sayings'. 765:ethically well-cultivated men 4768:Four Books and Five Classics 4281:Multilingual edition of the 4048:Slingerland, Edward (2003). 4033:. Springer. pp. 21–36. 3918:; Shih, Hsiang-ling (2010). 3900:. Springer. pp. 21–36. 3321:Explanation on the Mean (中說) 2499:. Yokohama: Fukuin Printing. 2176:was a student of Confucius. 1862:"The practice of government" 1357:(220–265 AD) scholars. 1275:, a practice praised by the 1028: 27:Confucian philosophical text 4692:School Sayings of Confucius 4229:public domain audiobook at 4076:Waley, Arthur. "Terms". In 4029:. In Olberding, Amy (ed.). 3896:. In Olberding, Amy (ed.). 3261:, pp. 6, 10–11, 20–21. 3022:Knechtges & Shih (2010) 2875:Les Entretiens de Confucius 2732:Slingerland, Edward, trans. 2378:was one of the traditional 2039:. He was the oldest son of 1959:was Confucius' son-in-law. 1299:, with a sub-commentary by 1150:is similar to the Dingzhou 4789: 4738:Ancient Chinese philosophy 4557:Thousand Character Classic 3985:Van Norden, Bryan (2002). 3816:Gardner, Daniel K (2003). 2849:Conversations of Confucius 2819:Conversations of Confucius 2811:Couvreur, Séraphin, trans. 2124:, a student of Confucius. 1955:, a student of Confucius. 889:" (Books 1–10) and "lower 4227:The Analects of Confucius 4078:The Analects of Confucius 3130:The Analects of Confucius 3034:Ni, Peimin (2017-02-07). 2901:(New York: W. W. Norton). 2899:The Analects of Confucius 2772:The Analects of Confucius 2631:The Analects of Confucius 2595:The Analects of Confucius 2496:The Analects of Confucius 2358: 2354: 2331: 2327: 2319:, and was founder of the 2296: 2292: 2273: 2269: 2242: 2238: 2211: 2207: 2184: 2180: 2158: 2154: 2132: 2128: 2105: 2101: 2082: 2078: 2059: 2055: 2017: 2013: 1994: 1990: 1967: 1963: 1935: 1931: 1920:"Living in brotherliness" 1908: 1904: 1877: 1873: 1850: 1846: 1840:"Studying and Practicing" 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1562:devotion to one's parents 1268: 1251:The writing style of the 662: 635: 628: 614: 575: 568: 554: 230: 218: 204: 150:(top), as well as modern 146:"Analects" written using 139: 135: 100: 66: 35: 4462:Etiquette and Ceremonial 4421:Spring and Autumn Annals 4208:templates for discussion 3616:Philosophy East and West 3332:Ivanhoe, Philip (2009). 3100:Lee Dian Rainey (2010). 2871:Ryckmans, Pierre, trans. 2460:The Sayings of Confucius 1798:List of chapters in the 1571:Confucius believed that 1210:) on the Five Classics. 268:ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄩˇ 174:Traditional Chinese 4763:1st-millennium BC books 4584:The Methods of the Sima 4568:Seven Military Classics 4550:Hundred Family Surnames 4543:Three Character Classic 4518:Classic of Filial Piety 4099:Oxford University Press 3772:The Conscience of Words 3770:Canetti, Elias (1984). 3389:, pp. 7–8, 21, 46. 2979:The Maxims of Ptahhotep 2845:Entretiens de Confucius 2815:Entretiens de Confucius 2315:, the last king of the 1703:asking direct questions 1464: 1000–800 BC 1265:Explanation of the Mean 1237:Classic of Filial Piety 190:Simplified Chinese 4490:Commentary of Gongyang 3846:van Els, Paul (2012). 2963:Disciples of Confucius 2768:Watson, Burton, trans. 2444:Revised second edition 2408: 2254:"Chief of the Ji Clan" 2117:"Those of former eras" 1867:non-coercive influence 1658:rectification of names 1307: 1007:Over a century later, 994: 153–128 BC 983: 157–141 BC 862:neo-Confucian scholar 820: 804: 521: 4743:Chinese classic texts 4497:Commentary of Guliang 3789:Cheng, Anne (1993). " 3374:, pp. 18–20, 46. 2520:Waley, Arthur, trans. 2402: 1303:, printed during the 1294: 900:Warring States period 810: 783: 690:Warring States period 682:Chinese philosophical 4676:Four Books for Women 4591:Six Secret Teachings 4359:Doctrine of the Mean 4290:Translations of the 4277:(no section numbers) 4249:Chinese Text Project 4152:improve this article 4092:Van Norden, Bryan W. 3970:. New York: Cosimo. 3362:, pp. 8, 13–14. 3311:, pp. 8, 18–19. 3195:, pp. 7, 15–16. 3127:Eno, Robert (2015). 3090:, pp. xiii–xiv. 2958:Virtue jurisprudence 2419:Legge, James, trans. 2395:Notable translations 2071:"The Master shunned" 1753:wrote: "Confucius's 1636:Political philosophy 1024:Emperor Cheng of Han 776:Creation of the text 677:Sayings of Confucius 674:, also known as the 586:Revised Romanization 490:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 4753:Public domain books 4164:footnote references 3916:Knechtges, David R. 3840:Chinese Archaeology 3286:(2): 213–232. 2019. 2841:Cheng, Anne, trans. 2627:Leys, Simon, trans. 1802: 1504:is peculiar to the 1385:that still exists. 1018:, the tutor of the 976:Emperor Jing of Han 817:Östasiatiska Museet 792:with commentary by 516:Vietnamese alphabet 62:Original title 32: 4247:'s commentary, at 3722:Slingerland (2003) 3710:Slingerland (2003) 3675:Slingerland (2003) 3663:Slingerland (2003) 3506:Slingerland (2003) 3462:Slingerland (2003) 3088:Slingerland (2003) 2567:Lau, D. C., trans. 2409: 1797: 1308: 1074:that were written 1068: 175 AD 966:version" and the " 821: 805: 725:Chinese philosophy 4773:Thirteen Classics 4715: 4714: 4683:Lessons for Women 4483:Commentary of Zuo 4448:Book of Documents 4441:Classic of Poetry 4432:Thirteen Classics 4400:Book of Documents 4393:Classic of Poetry 4192: 4191: 4184: 4069:978-1-60384-345-4 3998:978-0-19-535082-1 3977:978-1-60520-644-8 3937:978-90-04-19127-3 3884:978-0-521-11677-0 3827:978-0-231-12865-0 3808:978-1-55729-043-4 3592:978-7-101-06228-1 3566:Van Norden (2002) 3508:, pp. 19–20. 3452:, pp. 52–53. 3440:, pp. 27–29. 3166:, pp. 25–26. 3154:, pp. 21–23. 3047:978-1-4384-6452-7 3007:Van Norden (2002) 2781:978-0-231-14164-2 2561:978-0-375-41204-2 2452:978-1-60520-643-1 2392: 2391: 2043:and the uncle of 1470:Social philosophy 1414:The words of the 1163:or the Pyongyang 1079: 50 BC 1051:Marquis of Haihun 907: 70 BC 893:" (Books 11–20). 827:, writing in the 666: 665: 658: 657: 598: 597: 505: 504: 379:Yale Romanization 306:Yale Romanization 241:Standard Mandarin 126: 125: 84:Publication place 78:Classical Chinese 16:(Redirected from 4780: 4748:Philosophy books 4669:Classic of Music 4330:Chinese classics 4323: 4316: 4309: 4300: 4225: 4224: 4187: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4073: 4044: 4021: 4010: 3981: 3960: 3941: 3911: 3888: 3869: 3867: 3859:Analects Studies 3856: 3831: 3812: 3785: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3581:. Translated by 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3482: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3329: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3010: 3004: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2836: 2830: 2822: 2799: 2793: 2785: 2763: 2757: 2749: 2727: 2721: 2713: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2622: 2616: 2608: 2588: 2582: 2574: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2514: 2508: 2500: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2442: 2436: 2428: 2367: 2360: 2338: 2333: 2303: 2298: 2280: 2275: 2249: 2244: 2225:Duke Ling of Wey 2218: 2213: 2191: 2186: 2165: 2160: 2139: 2134: 2112: 2107: 2089: 2084: 2066: 2061: 2024: 2019: 2001: 1996: 1974: 1969: 1942: 1937: 1915: 1910: 1884: 1879: 1857: 1852: 1835: 1828: 1808: 1803: 1711:practical skills 1465: 1462: 1336: 1333: 1270: 1080: 1077: 1069: 1066: 1032: 1031: 5 BC 1030: 1017: 995: 993: 984: 982: 974:In the reign of 908: 905: 715:During the late 680:, is an ancient 654: 653: 637: 631: 630: 617: 616: 594: 593: 577: 571: 570: 557: 556: 538: 537: 524: 501: 500: 499: 477: 476: 456: 455: 442: 441: 418: 417: 416: 401: 400: 387: 386: 366: 365: 345: 344: 343: 328: 327: 314: 313: 300: 299: 298: 284: 283: 270: 269: 256: 255: 232: 200: 199: 184: 183: 144: 128: 105: 104: 69: 68: 42:A page from the 40: 33: 21: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4733:Confucian texts 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4642: 4624: 4562: 4530: 4426: 4378: 4337: 4327: 4222: 4211: 4188: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4149: 4140:This article's 4136: 4132: 4125: 4088: 4086:Further reading 4083: 4070: 4047: 4041: 4024: 4013: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3944: 3938: 3914: 3908: 3891: 3885: 3872: 3865: 3854: 3845: 3828: 3815: 3809: 3788: 3782: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3643: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3593: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3250: 3246:, pp. 1–2. 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2908: 2883: 2869: 2853: 2839: 2823: 2809: 2806: 2786: 2782: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2730: 2714: 2710: 2697: 2681: 2677: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2592: 2575: 2565: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2501: 2489: 2473: 2456: 2429: 2417: 2414: 2397: 1979:"There is Yong" 1719: 1691: 1638: 1511:Throughout the 1472: 1463: 1435: 1334: 1289: 1184: 1078: 1067: 1027: 1011: 990: 979: 952: 950:Textual history 906: 778: 773: 510:Vietnamese name 296: 276:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 223:Literal meaning 163: 162:character forms 96: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4786: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4577:The Art of War 4572: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4352:Great Learning 4347: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4243:with links to 4238: 4233: 4219: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4144:external links 4139: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4123:External links 4121: 4120: 4119: 4110: 4107:978-0195350821 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4068: 4045: 4040:978-9400771123 4039: 4022: 4011: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3942: 3936: 3912: 3907:978-9400771123 3906: 3889: 3883: 3870: 3868:on 2015-10-03. 3843: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3795:Loewe, Michael 3786: 3780: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755:, p. 119. 3745: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3648:Roger T. Ames 3641: 3622:(1): 137–141. 3606: 3591: 3570: 3558: 3545:10.2307/495503 3522: 3520:, p. 173. 3510: 3498: 3483: 3466: 3454: 3450:Gardner (2003) 3442: 3430: 3403: 3391: 3387:Gardner (2003) 3376: 3372:Gardner (2003) 3364: 3360:Gardner (2003) 3349: 3343:978-0872209602 3342: 3324: 3313: 3309:Gardner (2003) 3301: 3297:Gardner (2003) 3289: 3263: 3259:van Els (2012) 3248: 3244:van Els (2012) 3236: 3227: 3212: 3208:van Els (2012) 3197: 3193:Gardner (2003) 3180: 3168: 3156: 3152:van Els (2012) 3144: 3119: 3113:978-1444323603 3112: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3053: 3046: 3026: 3024:, p. 645. 3011: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2938: 2937: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2867: 2837: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2780: 2764: 2745:978-0872206359 2744: 2728: 2709:978-0231104302 2708: 2695: 2676:978-0345434074 2675: 2663:Ames, Roger T. 2659: 2640:978-0393316995 2639: 2623: 2604:978-0195112764 2603: 2590: 2563: 2516: 2487: 2454: 2413: 2410: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2373: 2370: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2309: 2306: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2255: 2252: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2030: 2027: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2006:"Transmission" 2004: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1948: 1947:"Gongye Chang" 1945: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1718: 1715: 1690: 1687: 1637: 1634: 1471: 1468: 1434: 1431: 1335: 195–249 1288: 1285: 1183: 1180: 971:transmitters. 951: 948: 920:existed, most 777: 774: 772: 769: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 648: 642: 641: 640:Transcriptions 633: 632: 625: 619: 618: 611: 605: 604: 600: 599: 596: 595: 588: 582: 581: 580:Transcriptions 573: 572: 565: 559: 558: 551: 545: 544: 540: 539: 532: 526: 525: 518: 512: 511: 507: 506: 503: 502: 492: 486: 485: 479: 478: 471: 469:Middle Chinese 465: 464: 462:Middle Chinese 458: 457: 450: 444: 443: 436: 427: 426: 420: 419: 409: 403: 402: 395: 389: 388: 381: 375: 374: 372:Yue: Cantonese 368: 367: 360: 354: 353: 347: 346: 336: 330: 329: 322: 316: 315: 308: 302: 301: 292: 286: 285: 278: 272: 271: 264: 258: 257: 250: 244: 243: 237: 236: 235:Transcriptions 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 201: 192: 186: 185: 176: 170: 169: 165: 164: 160:regular script 145: 137: 136: 133: 132: 124: 123: 115: 111: 110: 97: 94: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 63: 59: 58: 52: 48: 47: 41: 26: 24: 18:Confucius Says 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4785: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4469:Book of Rites 4466: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4455:Rites of Zhou 4452: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4407:Book of Rites 4404: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4384:Five Classics 4381: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4175: 4165: 4161: 4160:inappropriate 4157: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3956:962-201-980-3 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834:China Daily. 3833: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3743:, p. 16. 3742: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3724:, p. 39. 3723: 3718: 3715: 3712:, p. 29. 3711: 3706: 3703: 3700:, p. 21. 3699: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3677:, p. 17. 3676: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3494:Riegel (2012) 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3479:Riegel (2012) 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3464:, p. 34. 3463: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3426:Riegel (2012) 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3401:, p. ix. 3400: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3225:, p. 24. 3224: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3210:, p. 20. 3209: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3178:, p. 23. 3177: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3078:, p. 26. 3077: 3072: 3069: 3066:, p. 25. 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3009:, p. 12. 3008: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2532:on 2015-06-16 2531: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321:state of Song 2318: 2317:Shang dynasty 2314: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2217:Wèi líng gōng 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1825: 1821: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1760:Chapter 20, " 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:Elias Canetti 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1281:Wang Yangming 1278: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:Five Classics 1193: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:an earthquake 1113: 1110:The Dingzhou 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1073: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003: 997: 988: 977: 972: 969: 965: 961: 957: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 932: 928: 923: 919: 914: 912: 901: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 832: 831: 826: 823:According to 818: 814: 809: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 775: 770: 768: 766: 762: 761: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 702:Five Classics 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678: 673: 672: 661: 649: 647: 643: 638: 634: 626: 624: 620: 612: 610: 606: 603:Japanese name 601: 589: 587: 583: 578: 574: 566: 564: 560: 552: 550: 546: 541: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 517: 513: 508: 493: 491: 487: 484: 480: 472: 470: 466: 463: 459: 451: 449: 445: 437: 435: 432: 428: 425: 421: 415: 410: 408: 404: 396: 394: 390: 382: 380: 376: 373: 369: 361: 359: 355: 352: 348: 342: 337: 335: 331: 323: 321: 317: 309: 307: 303: 293: 291: 287: 279: 277: 273: 265: 263: 259: 251: 249: 245: 242: 238: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 198: 193: 191: 187: 182: 177: 175: 171: 166: 161: 157: 154:(middle) and 153: 149: 143: 138: 134: 129: 122:at Wikisource 121: 120: 116: 112: 109: 103: 98: 95:Original text 92: 89: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 64: 60: 57: 54:Disciples of 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 19: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4635: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4535:San Bai Qian 4523: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4291: 4282: 4213:Confucianism 4201: 4178: 4169: 4154:by removing 4141: 4114: 4094: 4077: 4056:Indianapolis 4050: 4030: 4016: 3987: 3966: 3947:The Analects 3946: 3927: 3921: 3897: 3874: 3863:the original 3858: 3852:Manuscripts" 3849: 3839: 3817: 3798: 3790: 3771: 3753:Legge (2009) 3748: 3741:Legge (2009) 3717: 3705: 3698:Waley (1938) 3670: 3665:, p. 8. 3658: 3649: 3644: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3579:The Analects 3578: 3573: 3561: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3518:Canetti 1984 3513: 3501: 3457: 3445: 3438:Waley (1938) 3433: 3394: 3367: 3333: 3327: 3316: 3304: 3299:, p. 7. 3292: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3239: 3230: 3223:Waley (1938) 3176:Waley (1938) 3171: 3159: 3147: 3129: 3122: 3102: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3036: 3029: 2977: 2947: 2943:Kongzi Jiayu 2941: 2934:China portal 2912: 2898: 2878: 2874: 2848: 2844: 2818: 2814: 2771: 2735: 2699: 2666: 2630: 2594: 2570: 2534:. Retrieved 2530:the original 2525:The Analects 2524: 2495: 2459: 2423: 2383: 2362: 2348:Zhuansun Shi 2335: 2300: 2277: 2262: 2246: 2232:state of Wey 2215: 2196:"Xian asked" 2188: 2162: 2136: 2109: 2086: 2063: 2049:Zhou dynasty 2021: 1998: 1971: 1957:Gongye Chang 1941:Gōngyě cháng 1939: 1924: 1912: 1896: 1894: 1881: 1854: 1830: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1746: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1655: 1647: 1639: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1457:Zhou dynasty 1452: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1426: 1423:Commentaries 1422: 1420: 1415: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1379:Yuan dynasty 1374: 1371:Explanations 1370: 1361: 1359: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305:Ming dynasty 1296: 1287:Commentaries 1279:philosopher 1277:Ming dynasty 1272: 1264: 1252: 1250: 1242:Song dynasty 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1187: 1185: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156:North Korean 1151: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088:", and the " 1085: 1071: 1057: 1055: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1019: 1006: 998: 985:), a third " 973: 959: 953: 943: 935: 930: 921: 917: 915: 910: 895:Arthur Waley 890: 886: 882: 872: 867: 866:stated that 860:Song dynasty 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 828: 822: 819:in Stockholm 812: 785: 758: 754: 751:filial piety 746: 740: 737: 732: 720: 717:Song dynasty 714: 710:Confucianism 705: 697: 676: 675: 670: 669: 667: 646:Romanization 424:Southern Min 358:Romanization 248:Hanyu Pinyin 210:Hanyu Pinyin 168:Chinese name 117: 43: 4655:Bai Hu Tong 4629:Mathematics 4196:‹ The 4027:"Chapter 2" 3894:"Chapter 2" 3583:Yang, Bojun 3539:: 115–139. 3234:China Daily 2953:Sacred text 2372:"Yao spoke" 2037:state of Wu 1815:Translation 1683:enfeoffment 1550:Golden Rule 1355:Wei dynasty 1343:Lunyu Jizhu 1324:Lunyu Jijie 1257:Sui dynasty 1215:Eastern Han 1012: [ 875:philologist 830:Book of Han 798:Mogao Caves 694:Han dynasty 543:Korean name 483:Old Chinese 152:traditional 148:seal script 114:Translation 106:at Chinese 4722:Categories 4598:Wei Liaozi 4343:Four Books 3781:0374518815 3399:Lau (2002) 3139:2022/23420 2986:References 2973:Mahāvākyas 2536:2011-09-21 2285:"Yang Huo" 2144:"Yan Yuan" 2088:Xiāng dǎng 1982:Refers to 1743:Simon Leys 1739:Ezra Pound 1643:Legalistic 1568:. 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In 2948:Analects 2920:See also 2906:Japanese 2873:(1987). 2843:(1981). 2813:(1930). 2770:(2007). 2734:(2003). 2629:(1997). 2569:(1979). 2522:(1938). 2493:(1910). 2421:(1861). 2279:Yáng huò 2263:Analects 2190:Xiàn wèn 2138:Yán Yuān 2045:King Wen 2041:King Tai 2033:Wu Taibo 1984:Ran Yong 1897:Analects 1800:Analects 1781:Analects 1755:Analects 1747:Analects 1735:Voltaire 1727:Analects 1723:incipits 1717:Chapters 1699:Analects 1695:Analects 1613:Analects 1513:Analects 1506:Analects 1494:Analects 1453:Analects 1449:Analects 1433:Contents 1427:Analects 1416:Analects 1404:and the 1402:Analects 1398:Analects 1394:Analects 1383:Analects 1375:Analects 1351:Analects 1316:Analects 1312:Analects 1297:Analects 1273:Analects 1253:Analects 1234:and the 1232:Analects 1228:Analects 1224:Analects 1219:Analects 1204:Analects 1192:Han Wudi 1188:Analects 1176:Analects 1172:Analects 1165:Analects 1161:Analects 1152:Analects 1148:Analects 1141:Analects 1136:Analects 1132:Analects 1128:Analects 1124:Analects 1120:Analects 1112:Analects 1105:Analects 1101:Analects 1097:Analects 1093:Analects 1086:Analects 1083:Dingzhou 1072:Analects 1058:Analects 1047:Dunhuang 1043:Analects 1039:Analects 1035:Analects 1020:Analects 1009:Zhang Yu 1002:Huan Tan 987:Old Text 960:Analects 944:Analects 936:Analects 931:Analects 922:Analects 918:Analects 911:Analects 891:Analects 887:Analects 883:Analects 868:Analects 856:analects 835:Analects 813:Analects 786:Analects 733:Analects 721:Analects 706:Analects 698:Analects 671:Analects 522:Luận ngữ 393:Jyutping 262:Bopomofo 131:Analects 119:Analects 74:Language 44:Analects 4525:Mencius 4476:I Ching 4414:I Ching 4373:Mencius 4200:below ( 4150:Please 4142:use of 4060:Hackett 3797:(ed.). 3763:Sources 3636:1400076 2469:1435673 2412:English 2385:Shujing 2365:Yáo yuē 2337:Zǐzhāng 2308:"Weizi" 2148:Yan Hui 2122:Min Sun 2111:Xiānjìn 2047:of the 2029:"Taibo" 1973:Yōng yě 1809:  1767:Shujing 1762:Yao Yue 1492:in the 1407:Mencius 1259:writer 1062:Luoyang 940:Mencius 815:, from 771:History 731:". 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