2617:
political arena again to resound with this discussion. Had we left the question unsettled, we should, in my opinion, have sown broadcast the seeds of discord and death in our
Constitution. I congratulate the country that the strife has been put to rest forever, and that American slavery is to stand before the world as it is, and on its own merits. We have now placed our domestic institution, and secured its rights unmistakably, in the Constitution. We have sought by no euphony to hide its name. We have called our negroes 'slaves', and we have recognized and protected them as persons and our rights to them as property.
1693:
political arena again to resound with this discussion. Had we left the question unsettled, we should, in my opinion, have sown broadcast the seeds of discord and death in our
Constitution. I congratulate the country that the strife has been put to rest forever, and that American slavery is to stand before the world as it is, and on its own merits. We have now placed our domestic institution, and secured its rights unmistakably, in the Constitution. We have sought by no euphony to hide its name. We have called our negroes 'slaves', and we have recognized and protected them as persons and our rights to them as property.
1518:
3404:
2905:
1618:
1538:
1498:
1578:
1598:
1558:
44:
701:
revenue, thus derived, shall, after making such improvement, be paid into the common treasury. Nor shall any state keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. But when any river divides or flows through two or more States, they may enter into compacts with each other to improve the navigation thereof.
997:
may by law provide, to form states to be admitted into the
Confederacy. In all such territory, the institution of negro slavery as it now exists in the Confederate States, shall be recognized and protected by Congress, and by the territorial government: and the inhabitants of the several Confederate States and Territories, shall have the right to take to such territory any slaves lawfully held by them in any of the states or territories of the Confederate states.
3392:
879:
inaugurating the
President. They shall, also, prescribe the time for holding the first election of members of Congress under this Constitution, and the time for assembling the same. Until the assembling of such Congress, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution shall continue to exercise the legislative powers granted them; not extending beyond the time limited by the Constitution of the Provisional Government.
3353:
3365:
1711:
institution. African slavery as it exists amongst us; the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the 'rock upon which the old Union would split.' He was right."
969:
The U.S. Constitution states in
Article IV, Section 2, "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States." The Confederate Constitution added that a state government could not prohibit the rights of slave owners traveling or visiting from
1656:
by the preservation of slavery. There were numerous causes for secession, but the preservation and the expansion of slavery were easily the most important of them. The confusion may come from blending the causes of secession with the causes of the war, which are separate but related issues. (Lincoln
905:
Though
Article I, Section 9(1), of both constitutions are quite similar in banning the importation of slaves from foreign nations, the Confederate Constitution permitted the Confederate States to import slaves from the United States and specified the "African race" as the subject. The importation of
799:
Other states may be admitted into this
Confederacy by a vote of two-thirds of the whole House of Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senate, the Senate voting by states; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction
996:
The
Confederate States may acquire new territory; and Congress shall have power to legislate and provide governments for the inhabitants of all territory belonging to the Confederate States, lying without the limits of the several states; and may permit them, at such times, and in such manner as it
878:
When five states shall have ratified this
Constitution, in the manner before specified, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution, shall prescribe the time for holding the election of President and Vice President; and, for the meeting of the Electoral College; and, for counting the votes, and
837:
The
Government established by this Constitution is the successor of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, and all the laws passed by the latter shall continue in force until the same shall be repealed or modified; and all the officers appointed by the same shall remain in
979:
The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby
643:
All bills appropriating money shall specify in federal currency the exact amount of each appropriation and the purposes for which it is made; and Congress shall grant no extra compensation to any public contractor, officer, agent or servant, after such contract shall have been made or such service
2616:
We have dissolved the late Union chiefly because of the negro quarrel. Now, is there any man who wished to reproduce that strife among ourselves? And yet does not he, who wished the slave trade left for the action of Congress, see that he proposed to open a Pandora's box among us and to cause our
1692:
We have dissolved the late Union chiefly because of the negro quarrel. Now, is there any man who wished to reproduce that strife among ourselves? And yet does not he, who wished the slave trade left for the action of Congress, see that he proposed to open a Pandora's box among us and to cause our
812:
The Confederate Congress, unlike in the U.S. Constitution, could not propose amendments. Instead, amendments had to be proposed by constitutional conventions in at least three states. The Confederate Constitution also clarified an ambiguity in the U.S. Constitution's Article V by declaring that a
346:
The preambles of both the U.S. and the Confederate Constitutions have some similarities, but it seems that the Confederate Constitution authors set out to give a different feel to the new preamble. Both preambles are provided here. The bold text shows the differences between them. The Confederate
1024:
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any state, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the
700:
No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, except on sea-going vessels, for the improvement of its rivers and harbors navigated by the said vessels; but such duties shall not conflict with any treaties of the Confederate States with foreign nations; and any surplus
1710:
Georgia Democrat Alexander H. Stephens, who would become the Confederate vice president, stated within his Cornerstone Speech that the Confederate constitution was "decidedly better than" the American one, as the former "put at rest, forever, all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar
1687:
declared its secession from the United States to preserve and to perpetuate the practice of slavery, the debate over which he referred to as the "Negro quarrel." In his speech, Smith praised the Confederate constitution for its lack of euphemisms and its succinct protections of the right to own
1129:
No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, except on seagoing vessels, for the improvement of its rivers and harbors navigated by the said vessels; but such duties shall not conflict with any treaties of the Confederate States with foreign nations; and any surplus
628:
Congress shall appropriate no money from the treasury except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses, taken by yeas and nays, unless it be asked and estimated for by some one of the heads of Department, and submitted to Congress by the President; or for the purpose of paying its own expenses and
928:
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
576:
intended to facilitate commerce; except for the purpose of furnishing lights, beacons, and buoys, and other aids to navigation upon the coasts, and the improvement of harbors and the removing of obstructions in river navigation, in all which cases, such duties shall be laid on the navigation
1639:
Although the Confederate States Supreme Court was never constituted, the supreme courts of the various Confederate states issued numerous decisions interpreting the Confederate Constitution. Unsurprisingly, since the Confederate Constitution was based on the United States Constitution, the
693:
Individual states were unable to tax ships and negotiate treaties concerning waterways with other states without congressional consent. The clause limited the states’ ability to keep troops or to engage in war, but provided some ability to enter compacts for the improvement of shared
502:
The Congress shall have power – To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury;
629:
contingencies; or for the payment of claims against the Confederate States, the justice of which shall have been judicially declared by a tribunal for the investigation of claims against the government, which it is hereby made the duty of Congress to establish.
571:
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; but neither this, nor any other clause contained in the constitution, shall ever be construed to delegate the power to Congress to appropriate money for any
915:
The importation of Negroes of the African race from any foreign country, other than the slave-holding States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the
452:
deals with elections and adds "subject to the provisions of this Constitution" to the U.S. Constitution Clause. That meant that each state legislature was free to make its own decision unless the constitution laid out other rules. The aforementioned
468:
to allow the House of Representatives and the Senate the ability to grant seats to the heads of each executive department to discuss issues involving their departments with Congress. The clause is the same as the one from the U.S. Constitution and
2865:
1162:
as mentioned above. (Many Southerners were already of the opinion that the U.S. Constitution already protected the rights of sojourning and traveling slave owners and that the Confederate Constitution merely made it
1744:
764:. The phrase "citizens of the same state" is left out and "and foreign states, citizens or subjects; but no state shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign state" is added in the Confederate Constitution.
3439:
722:"The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Confederate States of America. He and the Vice President shall hold their offices for the term of six years; but the President shall not be re-eligible."
445:
adds "at the regular session next immediately preceding the commencement of the term of service." The state legislature, which then was responsible for the appointment of senators, had to wait until the seat was
475:
But Congress may, by law, grant to the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments a seat upon the floor of either House, with the privilege of discussing any measures appertaining to his department.
1474:
986:
The Confederate Constitution added a clause about the question of slavery in the territories, the key constitutional debate of the 1860 election, by explicitly stating slavery to be legally protected in the
505:
nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States
3429:
1015:
States of the Confederacy gained several rights that states of the Union do not have, such as the right to impeach federal judges and other federal officers if they worked or lived solely in their state.
813:
national convention could propose only amendments that were suggested by state conventions, as opposed to having the authority to amend the entire Constitution. The process of amendment became easier (
1007:
The Confederate Constitution's preamble included the phrase "each State acting in its sovereign and independent character," which focused the new constitution on the rights of the individual states.
950:
While the U.S. Constitution has a clause that states "No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed," the Confederate Constitution also added a phrase that explicitly protected slavery.
898:
Whereas the original U.S. Constitution did not use the word "slavery" or the term "Negro Slaves" but instead used "Person held to Service or Labour," which included whites and Native Americans in
427:: "The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand". while in the U.S. Constitution "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand." A
3449:
1644:
thus influenced the interpretation of the Confederate Constitution. The state courts repeatedly upheld robust powers of the Confederate Congress, especially on matters of military necessity.
1076:; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of
1198:
The Commerce Clause differed slightly from the U.S. version in that the Confederate Congress was prevented from appropriating money for "internal improvements" to "facilitate commerce,".
3474:
3454:
3356:
3368:
2851:
1662:
431:
to the U.S. Constitution which is still pending ratification by the states (as of 2024) would change the maximum number of representatives to one for every fifty thousand.
307:
286:
3459:
2374:
Journal of the Public and Secret Proceedings of the Convention of the People of Georgia, Held in Milledgeville and Savannah in 1861. Together With the Ordinances Adopted
438:
to allow the state legislatures to impeach federal officials who live and work only within their state with a two-thirds vote of both houses of the state legislature.
742:
of the Confederate Constitution required candidates for the President of the Confederacy to have resided "within the limits of the Confederate States" for 14 years.
423:
is essentially the same, and the clause still counts only "three-fifths of all slaves" for the population total of each state, just as it did in the U.S. with the
2884:
1999:
1217:
266:
243:
160:
2290:
2276:
2100:
2055:
2041:
1966:
1920:
1897:
1883:
1869:
1841:
1820:
1011:
The Preamble to the Confederate Constitution, began, "We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character...."
2904:
2142:
2086:
2069:
489:
but also required any bill in which the president used the veto in to be resubmitted to both houses for a possible override vote by two thirds of both houses.
417:
to prohibit persons "of foreign birth" who were "not a citizen of the Confederate States" from voting "for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal."
325:, and differs slightly from the version later adopted. The final, handwritten Constitution is located in the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the
3444:
1799:
1725:
1148:
944:
Congress shall also have power to prohibit the introduction of slaves from any State not a member of, or Territory not belonging to, this Confederacy.
2691:
935:
The Confederate Constitution then added a clause that gave Congress the power to prohibit the importation of slaves from any non-Confederate state.
2334:
Ordinances and Constitution of the State of Alabama, With the Constitution of the Provisional Government and of the Confederate States of America
2858:
3267:
2742:
1423:
519:
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and
428:
2830:
1764:
311:
712:
The President of the Confederate States of America is to be elected by electors, chosen by the individual states, for a single six-year
2770:
800:
of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.
2789:
3219:
2220:
1684:
1653:
1396:
347:
Constitution's preamble includes references to God, a perpetual government, and the sovereignty and the independence of each state.
330:
1183:
The Confederate Constitution contained many of the phrases and clauses that had led to disagreement among U.S. states, including a
2560:"Necessity Knows No Law:" Vested Rights and the Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases, Mississippi Law Journal
404:
The Confederate Constitution followed the U.S. Constitution for the most part in the main body of the text but with some changes:
2875:
2657:
2630:
2599:
531:
added quite a bit to the U.S. Constitution in an attempt to block the Confederate Congress from appropriating money to build "
3479:
1720:
1086:
The Confederate Constitution enabled states to tax ships by omitting the phrase from the U.S. Constitution that prohibits it.
681:
Every law or resolution having the force of law, shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.
3434:
3329:
2713:
1458:
303:
62:
3382:
3294:
2206:
599:
385:, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity –
362:, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
334:
1107:
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another:
872:, with instructions for electing permanent officials after the ratification of the Confederate Constitution, was added.
3469:
3246:
1411:
1192:
1095:
No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another.
1035:" from Article 1 Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution, which denied the states the right to issue such bills of credit.
617:
In addition to this, there were three altogether-new clauses in the Confederate Constitution for Article I, Section 9.
1745:
Constitution of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1072:
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money;
3464:
333:; however, there are crucial differences between the two documents in tone and legal content, primarily regarding
3315:
3033:
1450:
318:
1177:
No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State, except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses.
3157:
3040:
3026:
2971:
2950:
1517:
1287:
1256:
1244:
1762:
American Civil War :: Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library :: University of Georgia Libraries
1676:" when the war began but, after the Southern defeat, said that the war had been instead about states' rights.
1661:, each side supported states' rights or federal power only when it was convenient to do so. Stampp also cited
3424:
3005:
1438:
424:
606:
of the Confederate Constitution, with the first eight amendments to the U.S. Constitution becoming clauses
3336:
3122:
1462:
1341:
2600:"An Address to the Citizens of Alabama on the Constitution and Laws of the Confederate States of America"
3253:
3198:
3184:
3074:
3047:
3012:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2838:
2687:
1665:
1657:
entered a military conflict not to free the slaves but to put down a rebellion.) According to historian
1617:
1415:
1384:
1376:
1314:
1299:
1279:
1236:
1232:
1228:
573:
532:
523:
of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
326:
233:
1703:
An Address to the Citizens of Alabama on the Constitution and Laws of the Confederate States of America
1195:. The Supremacy Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause are nearly identical in both constitutions.
963:, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed.
828:
The Confederate Constitution added a clause to aid with the transition from the provisional government.
1537:
43:
3408:
3177:
3101:
3019:
2982:
2957:
2843:
2763:
The Strange Journey of the Confederate Constitution: And Other Stories From Georgia's Historical Past
2156:
1521:
1372:
1329:
1283:
1262:
1109:
nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
899:
155:
1640:
Confederate State Supreme Courts often used U.S. Supreme Court precedents. The jurisprudence of the
1048:; coin money; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of
552:
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.
3301:
2243:
1577:
1557:
1497:
1442:
672:
535:" to "facilitate commerce," with some exceptions allowing for safety and improvement to waterways.
262:
143:
1479:
Congress began to move for ratification of the Confederate States Constitution on March 11, 1861:
3108:
3081:
2166:
1698:
1680:
1673:
1333:
1318:
1295:
1275:
492:
In an attempt to prevent the Confederate Congress from protecting industry, the framers added to
322:
2827:
2559:
1761:
1597:
3150:
2998:
2964:
2943:
2766:
2738:
2730:
2707:
2515:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2406:
2378:
2342:
2216:
1658:
1361:
1357:
1271:
1252:
1240:
1158:
States also lost the ability to restrict the rights of traveling and sojourning slave owners:
1053:
960:
793:
required a two-thirds of both houses of Congress vote for a new state to join the Confederacy.
187:
133:
2541:
2402:
2338:
2210:
3260:
3239:
3191:
2797:
2527:
2495:
2471:
2422:
2382:
2358:
1419:
1407:
1380:
1248:
1184:
1130:
revenue thus derived shall, after making such improvement, be paid into the common treasury.
1045:
2491:
602:, were directly incorporated into the Confederate Constitution. That was done primarily in
3212:
3129:
2834:
2776:
2748:
2519:
2463:
2414:
2350:
2178:
1768:
1392:
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1188:
1032:
2735:
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War
17:
3308:
3274:
3136:
3115:
3067:
2913:
2822:
2291:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2277:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2143:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2101:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2087:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2070:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2056:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2042:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
2000:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1967:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1921:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1898:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1884:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1870:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1842:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1821:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1800:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America – Wikisource, the free online library
1641:
1601:
1446:
1427:
1349:
1337:
1310:
1223:
486:
310:, the Confederate State's first constitution, in 1862. It remained in effect until the
101:
2818:
2487:
Journal of the State Convention, and Ordinances and Resolutions Adopted in March, 1861
1116:
The ability to tax ships to raise revenue for the Confederate States is reinforced in
902:, the Confederate Constitution addresses the legality of slavery directly and by name.
3418:
3322:
3205:
2991:
2509:
2437:
2372:
2332:
1454:
1388:
1267:
2665:
2634:
2603:
2396:
2318:
1782:
838:
office until their successors are appointed and qualified, or the offices abolished.
3143:
2485:
2304:
1353:
1291:
894:
There were several major differences between the constitutions concerning slavery.
148:
84:
2631:"The Confederate Constitution of 1861: An Inquiry into American Constitutionalism"
2319:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
2305:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
2263:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
2262:
2193:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
2192:
2129:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
2115:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
2028:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
2027:
2014:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
1981:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
1980:
1940:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
1939:
1856:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
1855:
1783:
The United States Constitution – The U.S. Constitution Online – USConstitution.net
817:) by requiring only two thirds of the states to ratify, rather than three fourths.
3391:
3168:
2893:
2128:
2013:
1581:
1367:
1213:
1056:, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.
906:
slaves into the United States, including the South, had been illegal since 1808.
197:
2398:
Official Journal of the Proceedings of the Convention of the State of Louisiana
2114:
577:
facilitated thereby, as may be necessary to pay the costs and expenses thereof.
3396:
2633:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 66. Archived from
713:
177:
118:
513:
The phrase "general Welfare" was dropped from the Confederate Clause as well.
3230:
2780:
2752:
2523:
1541:
1402:
1049:
276:
167:
2511:
Journal of the Convention of the People of South Carolina, Held in 1860-'61
2467:
2418:
2354:
2459:
1077:
3092:
3058:
1621:
1501:
1324:
1305:
598:
The first twelve amendments to the U.S. Constitution, including the
2377:. Milledgeville, Ga.: Boughton, Nisbet & Barnes. 1861. p.
3285:
2694:. Savannah, Georgia. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013
1672:
as an example of a Southern leader who said that slavery was the "
1561:
1475:
List of Confederate states by date of admission to the Confederacy
1433:
1044:
No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;
2451:
2410:
2346:
2847:
329:. Most of its provisions are word-for-word duplicates from the
1167:
The Confederate Congress could determine taxes between states.
299:
756:
of the Confederate Constitution combines the first clause of
379:
each state acting in its sovereign and independent character,
350:
The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution: "We the People of the
2790:"160 years later, Confederate constitution an ignoble relic"
1679:
According to an 1861 speech delivered by Alabama politician
665:(the remainder of the U.S. Bill of Rights is in Article VI).
3440:
1865 disestablishments in the Confederate States of America
360:
provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare
2212:
Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America
716:, rather than a then-unlimited number of four-year terms.
485:
to provide the President of the Confederate States with a
3430:
1862 establishments in the Confederate States of America
1670:
A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States
317:
The original Provisional Constitution is located at the
2737:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
2337:. Montgomery: Barrett, Wimbish & Co. 1861. p.
1031:
The Confederate Constitution omitted the phrase "emit
3380:
389:– do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
3284:
3229:
3167:
3091:
3057:
2981:
2912:
2882:
2542:"Background of the Confederate States Constitution"
2514:. Charleston: Evans & Cogswell. 1861. pp.
1794:
1792:
282:
272:
257:
249:
239:
228:
213:
196:
186:
176:
166:
154:
142:
132:
127:
117:
100:
83:
68:
58:
53:
34:
3450:Constitutions of the Confederate States of America
2837:at the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library,
2439:Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas, 1861
1652:Contemporary historians overwhelmingly agree that
1209:The signers and the states they represented were:
358:, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,
308:Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
287:Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
2257:
2255:
2253:
2081:
2079:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1932:
1930:
369:The Preamble to the Confederate Constitution: "We
48:Page one of the original copy of the Constitution
27:Supreme law of the Confederate States of America
2757:Part 3: "The Confederacy and Its Constitution".
1690:
1171:
1123:
1104:
1089:
1069:
1038:
1018:
990:
973:
953:
938:
925:
909:
875:
831:
796:
697:
678:
640:
625:
568:
549:
516:
499:
472:
387:invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God
3475:Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
3455:Constitutions of former unrecognized countries
1756:
1754:
1066:including the included "emit Bills of Credit."
267:Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
244:Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
2859:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1143:a few rights that the Union states retained.
673:limit new bills to only one subject presented
8:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
851:of the U.S. Constitution were added here as
2244:Slavery in Africa – Knowledge (XXG), the 💕
232:Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library,
2866:
2852:
2844:
2401:. New Orleans: J. O. Nixon. 1861. p.
1726:Slavery and the United States Constitution
1481:
729:of the U.S. Constitution is added here as
42:
3460:Law of the Confederate States of America
2658:"Some Doubts About the Confederate Case"
2215:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 130–133.
441:Concerning the appointment of Senators,
3387:
2490:. Jackson: E. Barksdale. 1861. p.
1736:
2765:. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
2705:
2174:
2164:
461:clauses would fall into that category.
296:Constitution of the Confederate States
31:
657:are contained, in the same order, in
585:Article 1 Section 9 Clauses (1), (2),
341:Comparison with the U.S. Constitution
7:
3364:
2602:. Mobile. p. 19. Archived from
1046:grant letters of marque and reprisal
970:a different state with their slaves.
775:There were changes and additions to
123:Constitutional presidential republic
3445:19th century in Montgomery, Alabama
2442:. Austin Printing Company. p.
1147:States lost the right to determine
583:There are changes and additions to
25:
922:While the U.S. Constitution reads
3402:
3390:
3363:
3352:
3351:
2903:
2209:(2002). "Men but Not Brothers".
1616:
1596:
1576:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1496:
563:of the Confederate Constitution.
2876:Confederate States Constitution
2828:Confederate States Constitution
2819:Confederate States Constitution
2788:Reeves, Jay (March 10, 2021).
2436:Winkler, William, ed. (1912).
1721:List of national constitutions
1674:cornerstone of the Confederacy
760:in the U.S. Constitution with
1:
2161:. Wikisource. March 11, 1861.
731:Article II Section 1(3), (4),
312:end of the American Civil War
304:Confederate States of America
63:Confederate States of America
2688:Stephens, Alexander Hamilton
2656:Shedenhelm, Richard (2001).
2629:DeRosa, Marshall L. (1991).
2598:Smith, Robert Hardy (1861).
1101:The U.S. Constitution reads:
383:permanent federal government
172:Supreme, Circuits, Districts
2586:The Causes of the Civil War
2573:The Causes of the Civil War
1193:Necessary and Proper Clause
783:, which are covered in the
354:States, in Order to form a
217:February 22, 1862
202:February 18, 1862
106:February 22, 1862
3496:
2761:Rawlings, William (2017).
2322:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2308:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2294:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2280:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2266:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2247:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2196:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2146:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2132:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2118:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2104:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2090:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2073:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2059:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2045:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2031:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2017:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
2003:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1984:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1970:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1943:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1924:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1901:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1887:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1873:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1859:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1845:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1824:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1803:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1786:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1772:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1748:. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
1663:Confederate Vice President
1472:
331:United States Constitution
3346:
2901:
2712:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2692:"Speech at the Athenaeum"
1484:
544:of the U.S. Constitution.
319:American Civil War Museum
41:
870:Article VII Section 1(2)
853:Article VI Section 1(5),
754:Article III Section 2(1)
691:Article I Section 10(3):
669:Article I, Section 9(20)
663:Article I, Section 9(19)
659:Article I, Section 9(12)
636:Article I, Section 9(10)
591:that are covered in the
89:March 29, 1861
72:March 11, 1861
18:Confederate Constitution
2158:Article I, Section 9(4)
1654:secession was motivated
1160:Article IV Section 2(1)
1139:The Confederate States
1126:Article I Section 10(3)
1118:Article 1 Section 10(3)
1041:Article I Section 10(1)
993:Article IV Section 3(3)
976:Article IV Section 2(1)
834:Article VI Section 1(1)
791:Article IV Section 3(1)
781:Article IV Section 3(3)
777:Article IV Section 2(1)
740:Article II Section 1(7)
621:Article I, Section 9(9)
429:1796 proposed Amendment
425:Three-Fifths Compromise
3337:William Beck Ochiltree
1708:
1463:William Beck Ochiltree
1180:
1174:Article I Section 9(6)
1153:Article I Section 2(1)
1149:if foreigners can vote
1133:
1113:
1098:
1092:Article I Section 9(7)
1083:
1059:
1028:
1021:Article I Section 2(5)
1000:
983:
966:
956:Article I Section 9(4)
947:
941:Article I Section 9(2)
932:
919:
912:Article I Section 9(1)
885:Differences by subject
882:
841:
815:Article V Section 1(1)
803:
718:Article 2 Section 1(1)
704:
684:
647:
632:
580:
561:Article I Section 8(3)
555:
529:Article I Section 8(3)
526:
510:
494:Article I Section 8(1)
483:Article I Section 7(2)
478:
466:Article I Section 6(2)
459:Article I Section 3(1)
455:Article I Section 2(1)
450:Article I Section 4(1)
443:Article I Section 3(1)
436:Article I Section 2(5)
421:Article I Section 2(3)
415:Article I Section 2(1)
3480:University of Georgia
3013:Alexander H. Stephens
2923:Robert Barnwell Rhett
2839:University of Georgia
2833:May 31, 2017, at the
1767:May 31, 2017, at the
1666:Alexander H. Stephens
1280:Alexander H. Stephens
1025:Legislature thereof.
1002:
758:Article III Section 1
533:internal improvements
408:Article I differences
327:University of Georgia
253:Montgomery Convention
234:University of Georgia
3435:1862 in American law
3316:Williamson S. Oldham
3178:Alexander M. Clayton
2798:The Associated Press
1451:Williamson S. Oldham
1074:emit Bills of Credit
1064:Article I Section 10
1062:U.S. Constitution's
900:indentured servitude
686:Then in Section 10:
574:internal improvement
306:. It superseded the
240:Commissioned by
128:Government structure
2874:Signatories of the
2562:(2000) 69: 1123–80.
1216:, President of the
1155:as mentioned above.
604:Article I Section 9
542:Article I Section 8
393:States of America."
381:in order to form a
366:States of America."
102:Date effective
35:Constitution of the
3470:Political charters
3123:William P. Chilton
3075:J. Patton Anderson
3041:Augustus R. Wright
3006:Martin J. Crawford
2823:The Avalon Project
2731:Neely Jr., Mark E.
2690:(March 21, 1861).
2558:Alfred L. Brophy,
1699:Robert Hardy Smith
1681:Robert Hardy Smith
1342:William P. Chilton
1315:J. Patton Anderson
1296:Augustus R. Wright
1276:Martin J. Crawford
1241:James Chesnut, Jr.
373:the people of the
356:more perfect Union
323:Richmond, Virginia
37:Confederate States
3465:March 1861 events
3378:
3377:
3220:J. A. P. Campbell
3185:James T. Harrison
3151:Jno. Gill Shorter
3102:Richard W. Walker
2999:Francis S. Bartow
2944:James Chesnut Jr.
2937:Wm. Porcher Miles
2883:President of the
2744:978-0-8078-3518-0
2207:Davis, William C.
1659:Kenneth M. Stampp
1632:
1631:
1397:J. A. P. Campbell
1377:James T. Harrison
1358:Jno. Gill Shorter
1330:Richard W. Walker
1272:Francis S. Bartow
1237:Wm. Porcher Miles
1229:R. Barnwell Rhett
1151:in their states:
1054:ex post facto law
961:bill of attainder
400:Article summaries
292:
291:
198:First legislature
188:Electoral college
16:(Redirected from
3487:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3323:Louis T. Wigfall
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3261:Duncan F. Kenner
3256:
3249:
3242:
3240:John Perkins Jr.
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3192:William S. Barry
3187:
3180:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3027:Thos. R. R. Cobb
3022:
3020:Benjamin H. Hill
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2958:William W. Boyce
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2907:
2896:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2784:
2756:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2664:. Archived from
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2588:, pp. 63–65
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2546:civilwarhome.com
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:Internet Archive
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:Internet Archive
2482:
2476:
2475:
2472:Internet Archive
2433:
2427:
2426:
2423:Internet Archive
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:Internet Archive
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:Internet Archive
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1706:
1688:"Negro" slaves:
1685:State of Alabama
1628:
1620:
1608:
1600:
1588:
1580:
1568:
1560:
1548:
1540:
1528:
1520:
1508:
1500:
1482:
1455:Louis T. Wigfall
1420:Duncan F. Kenner
1408:John Perkins Jr.
1381:William S. Barry
1373:Alex. M. Clayton
1288:Thos. R. R. Cobb
1284:Benjamin H. Hill
1249:William W. Boyce
1185:Supremacy Clause
1168:
298:was the supreme
224:
222:
209:
207:
113:
111:
96:
94:
79:
77:
46:
32:
21:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3389:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3247:Alex. de Clouet
3245:
3238:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3130:Stephen F. Hale
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2930:C. G. Memminger
2928:
2921:
2908:
2899:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2835:Wayback Machine
2815:
2802:
2800:
2787:
2773:
2760:
2745:
2729:
2726:
2724:Further reading
2721:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2627:
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2609:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1769:Wayback Machine
1760:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1650:
1637:
1635:Judicial review
1626:
1606:
1586:
1566:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1477:
1471:
1412:Alex. de Clouet
1346:Stephen F. Hale
1233:C. G. Memminger
1207:
1189:Commerce Clause
1166:
1033:Bills of Credit
1005:
892:
887:
709:
521:general Welfare
410:
402:
343:
220:
218:
214:First executive
205:
203:
109:
107:
92:
90:
75:
73:
49:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:1862 documents
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3399:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3309:John H. Reagan
3305:
3302:Thomas N. Waul
3298:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3275:Edward Sparrow
3271:
3268:Henry Marshall
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3158:J. L. M. Curry
3154:
3147:
3140:
3137:David P. Lewis
3133:
3126:
3119:
3116:Colin J. McRae
3112:
3109:Robt. H. Smith
3105:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3068:Jackson Morton
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
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2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2965:Laurence Keitt
2961:
2954:
2951:R. W. Barnwell
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2914:South Carolina
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2825:
2814:
2813:External links
2811:
2810:
2809:
2785:
2772:978-0881466263
2771:
2758:
2743:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2679:
2668:on May 3, 2001
2648:
2637:on May 3, 2001
2621:
2606:on May 3, 2001
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2533:
2501:
2477:
2428:
2388:
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2310:
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2019:
2005:
1986:
1972:
1945:
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1735:
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1728:
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1716:
1713:
1695:
1649:
1646:
1642:Marshall Court
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:April 22, 1861
1624:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:South Carolina
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:March 29, 1861
1584:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:March 23, 1861
1564:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:March 21, 1861
1544:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:March 16, 1861
1524:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:March 13, 1861
1504:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1447:John H. Reagan
1443:Thomas N. Waul
1430:
1428:Edward Sparrow
1424:Henry Marshall
1399:
1364:
1362:J. L. M. Curry
1350:David P. Lewis
1338:Colin J. McRae
1334:Robt. H. Smith
1321:
1311:Jackson Morton
1302:
1259:
1253:Laurence Keitt
1245:R. W. Barnwell
1224:South Carolina
1220:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1137:
1136:
1122:
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1103:
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1087:
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1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:States' rights
1001:
989:
988:
972:
971:
952:
951:
937:
936:
924:
923:
908:
907:
903:
891:
888:
886:
883:
874:
873:
860:
859:
830:
829:
819:
818:
795:
794:
788:
787:section below.
766:
765:
744:
743:
737:
724:
708:
705:
696:
695:
677:
676:
666:
639:
638:
624:
623:
618:
615:
600:Bill of Rights
596:
595:section below.
567:
566:
565:
564:
548:
547:
546:
545:
515:
514:
498:
497:
490:
487:line-item veto
471:
470:
462:
447:
439:
432:
418:
409:
406:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
367:
342:
339:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
230:
226:
225:
215:
211:
210:
200:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
136:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
104:
98:
97:
87:
81:
80:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3492:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3409:North America
3400:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3370:
3361:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:John Hemphill
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:Walker Brooke
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3082:Jas. B. Owens
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2972:T. J. Withers
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2224:
2222:9780743227711
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:April 3, 1861
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:John Hemphill
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Walker Brooke
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:Jas. B. Owens
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:T. J. Withers
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1008:
999:
998:
994:
985:
984:
982:
981:
977:
968:
967:
965:
964:
962:
957:
949:
948:
946:
945:
942:
934:
933:
931:
930:
921:
920:
918:
917:
913:
904:
901:
897:
896:
895:
889:
884:
881:
880:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:Amendments IX
843:
842:
840:
839:
835:
827:
826:
825:
824:
816:
811:
810:
809:
808:
802:
801:
792:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:
772:
771:
763:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:
741:
738:
736:
732:
728:
727:Amendment XII
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
692:
689:
688:
687:
683:
682:
674:
671:was added to
670:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
648:
646:
645:
637:
634:
633:
631:
630:
622:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
579:
578:
575:
562:
559:
558:
557:
556:
554:
553:
543:
540:
539:
538:
537:
536:
534:
530:
525:
524:
522:
512:
511:
509:
508:
506:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
479:
477:
476:
467:
463:
460:
456:
451:
448:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
412:
411:
407:
405:
399:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
288:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:50 of the 50
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
216:
212:
201:
199:
195:
191:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
126:
122:
120:
116:
105:
103:
99:
88:
86:
82:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3254:C. M. Conrad
3213:W. P. Harris
3199:W. S. Wilson
3034:E. A. Nisbet
2801:. Retrieved
2793:
2762:
2734:
2696:. Retrieved
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2662:Open Thought
2661:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:the original
2624:
2615:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2593:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2526:– via
2510:
2504:
2494:– via
2486:
2480:
2470:– via
2438:
2431:
2421:– via
2397:
2391:
2381:– via
2373:
2367:
2357:– via
2333:
2327:
2313:
2299:
2285:
2271:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2187:
2157:
2151:
2137:
2123:
2109:
2095:
2064:
2050:
2036:
2022:
2008:
1975:
1892:
1878:
1864:
1850:
1777:
1739:
1709:
1702:
1691:
1678:
1669:
1651:
1638:
1478:
1469:Ratification
1432:
1416:C. M. Conrad
1401:
1393:W. P. Harris
1385:W. S. Wilson
1366:
1323:
1304:
1292:E. A. Nisbet
1261:
1222:
1208:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1159:
1152:
1140:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1006:
995:
992:
991:
987:territories.
978:
975:
974:
958:
955:
954:
943:
940:
939:
927:
926:
914:
911:
910:
893:
877:
876:
869:
863:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
833:
832:
822:
820:
814:
806:
804:
798:
797:
790:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
762:Amendment XI
761:
757:
753:
747:
745:
739:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
699:
698:
690:
685:
680:
679:
668:
662:
658:
654:
651:Amendments I
650:
642:
641:
635:
627:
626:
620:
611:
607:
603:
592:
588:
584:
570:
569:
560:
551:
550:
541:
528:
527:
520:
518:
517:
504:
501:
500:
493:
482:
474:
473:
465:
458:
454:
449:
442:
435:
420:
414:
403:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
359:
355:
351:
316:
295:
293:
59:Jurisdiction
29:
3169:Mississippi
3048:A. H. Kenan
2894:Howell Cobb
2175:|work=
1582:Mississippi
1368:Mississippi
1300:A. H. Kenan
1214:Howell Cobb
864:Article VII
862:Changes to
821:Changes to
805:Changes to
768:Changes to
748:Article III
746:Changes to
391:Confederate
375:Confederate
258:Signatories
3419:Categories
3330:John Gregg
3144:Tho. Fearn
2698:August 22,
1732:References
1473:See also:
1459:John Gregg
1354:Tho. Fearn
1163:explicit.)
823:Article VI
770:Article IV
720:reads as:
707:Article II
283:Supersedes
273:Media type
221:1862-02-22
206:1862-02-18
182:Federation
178:Federalism
110:1862-02-22
93:1861-03-29
76:1861-03-11
3231:Louisiana
2992:R. Toombs
2803:March 13,
2781:27410812M
2753:16262907W
2524:24587259M
2177:ignored (
2167:cite book
1542:Louisiana
1403:Louisiana
1268:R. Toombs
1050:attainder
980:impaired.
807:Article V
644:rendered.
314:in 1865.
277:Parchment
250:Author(s)
168:Judiciary
161:President
156:Executive
149:Bicameral
3357:Category
2885:Congress
2831:Archived
2733:(2011).
2708:cite web
2584:Stampp,
2571:Stampp,
2468:6550923M
2452:12033692
2419:7019133M
2411:10012518
2355:6592763M
2347:16025838
1765:Archived
1715:See also
1696:—
1648:Analysis
1218:Congress
1191:, and a
1078:Nobility
661:through
653:through
481:Amended
464:Amended
434:Amended
413:Amended
377:States,
263:deputies
229:Location
144:Chambers
134:Branches
85:Ratified
54:Overview
3383:Portals
3369:Commons
3093:Alabama
3059:Florida
2983:Georgia
2794:AP News
2575:, p. 59
2228:May 25,
1705:, 1861.
1622:Florida
1522:Georgia
1502:Alabama
1325:Alabama
1306:Florida
1263:Georgia
1205:Signers
929:Person.
890:Slavery
785:Slavery
694:rivers.
593:Slavery
446:vacant.
335:slavery
302:of the
265:to the
219: (
204: (
108: (
91: (
74: (
69:Created
2779:
2769:
2751:
2741:
2672:May 3,
2641:May 3,
2610:May 3,
2522:
2466:
2460:217767
2458:
2450:
2417:
2409:
2353:
2345:
2219:
1683:, the
1485:State
364:United
352:United
119:System
3286:Texas
2518:-51.
2446:-35.
1562:Texas
1488:Date
1434:Texas
1052:, or
916:same.
469:adds:
2805:2021
2767:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2714:link
2700:2013
2674:2001
2643:2001
2612:2001
2456:OCLC
2448:LCCN
2407:LCCN
2343:LCCN
2230:2016
2217:ISBN
2179:help
1187:, a
1141:lost
855:and
847:and
779:and
733:and
714:term
655:VIII
612:(19)
608:(12)
587:and
457:and
294:The
3397:Law
2821:at
2516:243
2444:232
2403:277
2379:393
1668:'s
959:No
857:(6)
735:(5)
610:to
589:(4)
321:in
300:law
192:Yes
3421::
2796:.
2792:.
2777:OL
2775:.
2749:OL
2747:.
2710:}}
2706:{{
2660:.
2614:.
2544:.
2520:OL
2492:77
2464:OL
2462:.
2454:.
2415:OL
2413:.
2405:.
2351:OL
2349:.
2341:.
2339:42
2252:^
2171::
2169:}}
2165:{{
2078:^
1989:^
1948:^
1929:^
1906:^
1829:^
1808:^
1791:^
1753:^
1701:,
1613:7
1593:6
1573:5
1553:4
1533:3
1513:2
1493:1
1461:,
1457:,
1453:,
1449:,
1445:,
1441:,
1437::
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406::
1395:,
1391:,
1387:,
1383:,
1379:,
1375:,
1371::
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1348:,
1344:,
1340:,
1336:,
1332:,
1328::
1317:,
1313:,
1309::
1298:,
1294:,
1290:,
1286:,
1282:,
1278:,
1274:,
1270:,
1266::
1255:,
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