206:(1993). The latter provides refinements to the hypothetico-deductive account of confirmation, arguing that a piece of evidence may be confirmationally relevant only to some content parts of a hypothesis. A third critic is Elliott Sober (2004). He considers likelihood comparisons and model selection ideas. More recently, and in a similar vein, Ioannis Votsis (2014) argues for an objectivist account of confirmation, according to which, monstrous hypotheses, i.e. roughly hypotheses that are put together in an
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Some scholars, like Quine, argue that if a prediction that a theory makes comes out true, then the corresponding piece of evidence confirms the whole theory and even the whole framework within which that theory is embedded. Some have questioned this radical or total form of confirmational holism. If
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conjunction, the confirmation does not spread to the conjunct that the moon is made of cheese. In other words, it is not always the case that support spreads to all the parts of a hypotheses, and even when it does, it is not always the case that it spreads to the different parts in equal measure.
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or arbitrary way, have internal barriers that prevent the spread of confirmation between their parts. Thus even though the conjunction of the general theory of relativity with the claim that the moon is made of cheese gets confirmed by the perihelion of
Mercury since the latter is entailed by the
120:—the peak of its orbital ellipse nearest to the Sun—advanced each time Mercury completed an orbit, a phenomenon not predicted by Newton's theory, which astrophysicists were so confident in that they predicted a new planet, named
54:
of any type can be tested in isolation but only when embedded in a background of other hypotheses, e.g. hypotheses about initial conditions. Quine thought that this background involved not only such hypotheses but also our whole
237: – theory in the philosophy of language that a certain part of language (e.g. a term, a complete sentence) can only be understood through its relations to a (previously understood) larger segment of language
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holism, the conjunction of the general theory of relativity with the claim that the moon is made of cheese also gets confirmed. More controversially, the two conjuncts are meant to be confirmed in equal measure.
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of any theory or theoretical framework that entails or probabilistically predicts the evidence. This view is known as partial holism. One early advocate of partial confirmational holism is
31:, is the view that no individual statement can be confirmed or disconfirmed by an empirical test, but rather that only a set of statements (a whole theory) can be so. It is attributed to
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1962), is that one can always protect one's theory against refutation by attributing failure to some other part of our web of belief. In his own words, "Any statement can be
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102:, and even calculated its weight and orbit through Newton's theory. And yet neither did this empirical success of Newton's theory verify Newton's theory.
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total holism were true, they argue, that would lead to absurd consequences like the confirmation of arbitrary conjunctions. For example, if the general
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The critics of total holism do not deny that evidence may spread its support far and wide. Rather, they deny that it always spreads its support to the
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Curd, M. and Cover, J.A. (Eds.) (1998). Philosophy of
Science, Section 3, The Duhem-Quine Thesis and Underdetermination, W.W. Norton & Company.
59:, which, among other things, includes our mathematical and logical theories and our scientific theories. This last claim is sometimes known as the
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GrĂĽnbaum, A. 1962. "The falsifiability of theories: total or partial? A contemporary evaluation of the Duhem-Quine thesis",
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Gemes, K. 1993. 'Hypothetico-Deductivism, Content, and the
Natural Axiomatization of Theories',
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announced confirmation—accepted by physicists as the fall of Newton's theory. Yet few
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Sober, E. 2004. 'Likelihood, Model
Selection, and the Duhem-Quine Problem',
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led an expedition to test
Einstein's prediction of the Sun's mass reshaping
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393:"63 | Solo: Finding Gravity within Quantum Mechanics – Sean Carroll"
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while precisely predicting
Mercury's orbit. In 1919, astrophysicist
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Danjon, André (1946). "Le centenaire de la découverte de
Neptune".
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http://cgpg.gravity.psu.edu/people/Ashtekar/articles/rovelli03.pdf
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around the Sun departed from expectations. Not concluding that
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A related claim made by Quine, though contested by some (see
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independently predicted a new planet, eventually known as
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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202:(1962). Another is
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2014:Alexander Bogdanov
1890:Positivismusstreit
1685:Post-behavioralism
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2223:György Lukács
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2049:Vienna Circle
2047:
2045:
2044:Berlin Circle
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Eugen DĂĽhring
2022:
2020:
2019:Auguste Comte
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
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1914:Contributions
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1769:Phenomenalism
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1216:Auguste Comte
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1188:Francis Bacon
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845:Contextualism
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823:
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366:Ciel et Terre
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172:
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164:
160:
159:Royal Society
156:
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144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
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119:
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111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
77:
75:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
57:web of belief
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1904:Science wars
1702:Epistemology
1633:Reflectivism
1593:Hermeneutics
1568:
1445:Declinations
1421:Antihumanism
1414:Perspectives
1326:Larry Laudan
1306:Imre Lakatos
1261:Otto Neurath
1236:Karl Pearson
1226:Pierre Duhem
1198:Isaac Newton
1128:Protoscience
1086:Epistemology
960:Anti-realism
958: /
939: /
930: /
916: /
914:Reductionism
912: /
885:Inductionism
865:Evolutionism
824:
670:
557:a posteriori
556:
552:
462:
458:
445:
435:
430:
417:
412:
401:
387:
370:
364:
358:
341:
324:
316:
311:
300:
273:
268:
250:Truth theory
207:
195:
193:
187:
176:
140:
121:
104:
81:
65:
56:
49:
37:Pierre Duhem
28:
24:
18:
2259:Objectivity
2228:Karl Popper
2218:Thomas Kuhn
2198:Mario Bunge
1949:(1879–1884)
1884:(1909–1959)
1618:Metaphysics
1598:Historicism
1513:Demarcation
1508:Consilience
1431:Rationalism
1316:Ian Hacking
1301:Thomas Kuhn
1286:Karl Popper
1266:C. D. Broad
1183:Roger Bacon
1111:Non-science
1053:Linguistics
1033:Archaeology
928:Rationalism
918:Determinism
905:Physicalism
870:Fallibilism
820:Coherentism
750:Testability
703:Observation
698:Objectivity
659:alternative
590:Correlation
580:Consilience
424:online text
305:online text
147:gravitation
94:as well as
2314:Categories
2039:Ernst Mach
2034:Ernst Laas
2009:A. J. Ayer
1997:Proponents
1816:Philosophy
1613:Humanities
1557:Antitheses
1426:Empiricism
1403:Positivism
1203:David Hume
1176:Precursors
1058:Psychology
1038:Economics‎
932:Empiricism
923:Pragmatism
910:Positivism
900:Naturalism
770:scientific
654:Hypothesis
617:Experiment
184:perihelion
118:perihelion
106:Le Verrier
2280:Verstehen
2266:Phronesis
2254:Knowledge
2238:Max Weber
2058:Criticism
1806:Sociology
1744:Modernism
1722:pluralism
1707:anarchism
1603:Historism
1523:Induction
1436:Scientism
1043:Geography
1011:Chemistry
970:Scientism
765:ladenness
585:Construct
563:Causality
465:: 70–78.
204:Ken Gemes
155:spacetime
2301:Category
1717:nihilism
1712:idealism
1642:Related
1518:Evidence
1338:Category
990:Vitalism
813:Theories
787:Variable
708:Paradigm
595:function
553:A priori
542:Analysis
535:Concepts
487:24984452
343:Synthese
217:See also
136:absolute
132:relative
110:reported
2181:Critics
1906:(1990s)
1900:(1980s)
1894:(1960s)
1874:(1890s)
1727:realism
1659:(1830s)
1647:in the
1048:History
1016:Physics
1006:Biology
804:more...
792:control
688:Inquiry
467:Bibcode
375:Bibcode
373:: 369.
114:Mercury
100:Neptune
2330:Holism
2173:(1986)
2165:(1980)
2157:(1978)
2149:(1968)
2141:(1964)
2133:(1963)
2125:(1962)
2117:(1960)
2109:(1951)
2101:(1942)
2093:(1936)
2085:(1934)
2077:(1923)
2069:(1909)
1989:(2001)
1981:(1959)
1973:(1936)
1965:(1927)
1957:(1886)
1941:(1869)
1933:(1848)
1925:(1830)
1861:Method
1734:Holism
1665:(1927)
760:choice
755:Theory
693:Nature
622:design
485:
209:ad hoc
123:Vulcan
84:Uranus
52:theory
2273:Truth
455:(PDF)
196:whole
188:total
112:that
108:soon
664:null
634:Fact
555:and
483:PMID
475:doi
348:doi
299:.'
169:.
116:'s
43:in
19:In
2316::
481:.
473:.
463:45
461:.
457:.
371:62
369:.
333:^
288:^
138:.
63:.
23:,
1395:e
1388:t
1381:v
520:e
513:t
506:v
489:.
477::
469::
395:.
381:.
377::
350::
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