2294:
111:
2270:
2258:
86:
2306:
1619:
116:
2282:
93:
1897:
1939:
185:
610:
2179:. Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to inspire mutinous action. With financial support from the United States and Belgium, Mobutu made payments to his soldiers to generate their loyalty. The aversion of Western powers towards communism and leftist ideology, in general, influenced their decision to finance Mobutu's quest to maintain "order" in the new state by neutralizing Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba in a
585:
2137:, the capital of the French Congo, to Léopoldville to resolve the matter. In the end, it was decided that the former Belgian Congo would be recognised as the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Léopoldville while the former French Congo would be known as the Congolese Republic or Congo-Brazzaville. Following a
2063:
The colonial administration implemented a variety of economic reforms to improve infrastructure: railways, ports, roads, mines, plantations and industrial areas. The
Congolese people, however, lacked political power and faced legal discrimination. All colonial policies were decided in Brussels and
1189:
174:
172:
2847:
2225:
Mobutu declared himself president for five years, saying that he needed that long to undo the damage that the politicians had done in the country's first five years of independence. However, within two years, he had set up the
173:
171:
1925:
2138:
2727:
2617:
169:
1618:
2871:
2581:
2120:
The
Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960. On 1 July Lumumba sent a wire to the UN to request membership, stating that the Congo "accepts without reservation the obligations stipulated in the
2742:
2893:
2681:
2293:
3116:
2033:, which had been a personal possession of the Belgian king. Some Bantu languages were taught in primary schools, a rare occurrence in colonial education. Colonial doctors greatly reduced the spread of
1552:
3194:
1918:
2607:
2239:
1631:
2231:
2951:
2881:
2762:
2737:
2305:
3017:
2931:
2808:
2752:
2975:
1911:
1598:
657:
3090:
2946:
2837:
2269:
2257:
2219:
3204:
2888:
2747:
2722:
1887:
1577:
339:
2813:
2798:
2732:
2574:
85:
3027:
3002:
2864:
2842:
2825:
2793:
2788:
1216:
121:
3199:
2921:
2830:
1321:
3080:
2992:
2987:
2854:
2820:
2281:
748:
3037:
3022:
3007:
2961:
2876:
2803:
2710:
297:
2242:. For all intents and purposes, the Democratic Republic of the Congo had come to an end, but it was another year before Mobutu officially changed the country's name to
2129:
cabled the
Foreign Ministry, pointing out the difficulty in admitting the country into the UN under its name in the face of another application for membership from the
3075:
3032:
2776:
2757:
2567:
170:
2172:. On 5 September 1960, Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba from office. Lumumba declared Kasa-Vubu's action "unconstitutional" and a crisis between the two leaders developed.
110:
3109:
3052:
2956:
2909:
2599:
2322:
1607:
1286:
3060:
3012:
2936:
3085:
3042:
2997:
2676:
1073:
3070:
2180:
1157:
650:
98:
115:
2222:. He had the support of the US for his staunch opposition to communism, which would presumably make him a roadblock to communist activities in Africa.
3189:
3145:
3125:
2859:
2057:
1401:
1209:
3130:
2359:
1901:
1314:
643:
2349:
proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the RC officially recognized and referred to the language simply as "Kikongo".
3184:
1736:
741:
92:
2517:
919:
801:
2067:
Among the
Congolese people, resistance against their undemocratic regime grew over time. In 1955, the Congolese upper class (the so-called "
2186:
On 17 January 1961, Katangan forces, supported by the
Belgian government, which desired to retain mining rights for copper and diamonds in
2469:
1525:
2094:
1535:
1202:
2627:
2235:
2227:
1750:
1307:
697:
2452:
1726:
734:
184:
2698:
1441:
2064:
Léopoldville. The
Belgian Colony-secretary and Governor-general, neither elected by the Congolese people, wielded absolute power.
2590:
2176:
2008:
1790:
668:
628:
38:
3209:
2612:
1713:
687:
2198:. From 1960 to 1964 the peacekeeping effort was the largest, most complex, and most costly operation ever carried out by the
1562:
1478:
1277:
897:
1021:
2639:
1771:
709:
3214:
2141:
in 1964 it was renamed the "Democratic
Republic of the Congo", and in 1971 it was changed again to "Republic of Zaïre".
2086:
1396:
1369:
1262:
1078:
1041:
929:
769:
1938:
1247:
1090:
975:
2389:
1100:
1461:
1411:
1137:
1053:
794:
471:
2926:
1456:
1379:
1267:
1016:
2106:
1572:
2034:
1985:
but the two countries continued to be distinguished by their capitals; with the renaming of Léopoldville as
1567:
1364:
787:
328:
1557:
883:
2122:
1483:
876:
854:
835:
277:
269:
1975:
1446:
1431:
1085:
890:
287:
31:
2367:
721:
1384:
1272:
1978:, alternatively known as "Congo-Brazzaville". In 1964, the state's official name was changed to the
2363:
2126:
1872:
1142:
1031:
842:
823:
806:
232:
2215:
1530:
1498:
1389:
1168:
1162:
1152:
1147:
714:
418:
1974:(after its capital) to distinguish it from its northwestern neighbor, which is also called the
3065:
2534:
2513:
2477:
2448:
1451:
1354:
1242:
1036:
1026:
968:
945:
406:
2175:
Lumumba had previously appointed Joseph Mobutu chief of staff of the new
Congolese army, the
2671:
2656:
2622:
2559:
2211:
2187:
2165:
2150:
2098:
2045:
2030:
2029:
Conditions in the Congo improved following the
Belgian government's takeover in 1908 of the
1994:
1852:
1746:
1664:
1644:
1540:
1493:
1488:
1473:
1359:
1131:
1116:
1095:
1048:
828:
818:
777:
692:
484:
394:
316:
227:
217:
156:
2941:
2666:
2169:
2114:
2110:
2090:
2071:"), many of whom had been educated in Europe, initiated a campaign to end the inequality.
1959:
1951:
1842:
1654:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1349:
1344:
1257:
1237:
1179:
1174:
1011:
990:
924:
904:
871:
866:
861:
538:
358:
222:
209:
141:
2528:
2346:
2199:
2053:
1963:
1547:
1468:
1252:
1226:
849:
382:
370:
3178:
2693:
2688:
2634:
2154:
2024:
1967:
1862:
1761:
1684:
1436:
1374:
1331:
813:
704:
590:
556:
543:
284:
274:
2068:
2651:
2505:
2130:
2080:
2041:
1998:
1803:
1694:
1674:
758:
507:
445:
2125:
and undertakes to abide by the same in absolute good faith." UN Secretary-General
17:
2392:[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo of 1 August 1964].
168:
2397:
2341:"Kikongo" here is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as
2191:
2158:
2134:
2105:
was elected president by the parliament. Other parties that emerged include the
782:
458:
2230:
as the country's only legal party. In 1970, he appeared alone on the ballot in
2052:
deposits, supplied the uranium that was used by the United States to build the
2195:
266:
3160:
3147:
2481:
2133:, preparing for independence from French control. A delegation was sent from
2554:
Cold War in the Congo: The
Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960–1967
2538:
1986:
1831:
963:
551:
432:
195:
635:
2194:, executed Patrice Lumumba and several of his aides at a pig farm near
2049:
1827:
1184:
958:
245:
2390:"Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo du 1er août 1964"
2113:, and the Parti National du Peuple (PNP), led by Albert Delvaux and
2661:
2243:
2102:
2044:, the small Congolese army achieved several victories against the
2003:
1937:
1823:
603:
520:
2011:
in 1997. The period between 1960 and 1964 is referred to as the
1068:
2563:
2512:(expanded ed.). Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc.
1512:
1303:
1198:
1113:
987:
942:
730:
639:
2210:
Following five years of extreme instability and civil unrest,
2161:
engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership.
2510:
The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo
2048:
in East Africa. The Belgian Congo, which was also rich in
1970:
in 1960. From 1960 to 1966, the country was also known as
2001:
in 1965, the Democratic Republic of the Congo became the
1942:
1964 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2533:. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
3051:
2974:
2908:
2775:
2709:
2598:
624:
550:
534:
517:
504:
494:
481:
468:
455:
442:
428:
412:
400:
388:
376:
364:
352:
338:
322:
310:
296:
262:
244:
202:
191:
46:
30:For the modern nation west of the Congo River, see
3195:1960s in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
2360:"Zaire: Post-Independence Political Development"
2232:the country's first direct presidential election
2556:. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2012.
2323:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2445:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
3205:States and territories disestablished in 1971
2575:
2149:Shortly after independence, the provinces of
1919:
1315:
1210:
742:
651:
8:
2097:, and Lumumba was appointed prime minister.
1997:, commander-in-chief of the national army,
3200:States and territories established in 1960
2980:
2914:
2781:
2715:
2582:
2568:
2560:
2447:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 277–278.
2164:Subsequent events led to a crisis between
1926:
1912:
1592:
1509:
1322:
1308:
1300:
1217:
1203:
1195:
1110:
984:
939:
749:
735:
727:
658:
644:
636:
183:
43:
37:For this nation as it exists today, see
2418:
2334:
2253:
2037:, commonly known as sleeping sickness.
1966:, created with the independence of the
1606:
1595:
1158:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2430:
920:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
516:
503:
493:
480:
467:
454:
441:
437:
411:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
347:
337:
321:
309:
305:
295:
7:
2234:. Two weeks later, a single list of
1610:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2468:Weissman, Stephen R. (2014-06-16).
2007:in 1971. It would again become the
1536:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
2228:Popular Movement of the Revolution
2058:bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
25:
2682:Transitional Government (2003–06)
2396:(in French). 1964. Archived from
1989:in 1966, it became also known as
1526:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
27:1960–1965 state in Central Africa
3190:1971 disestablishments in Africa
2591:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2394:Global Legal Information Network
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2177:Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
2009:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1999:seized control of the government
1980:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1895:
1617:
629:Democratic Republic of the Congo
608:
583:
198:(named Léopoldville before 1966)
166:
114:
109:
91:
84:
67:République démocratique du Congo
61:Democratic Republic of the Congo
39:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2470:"What Really Happened in Congo"
2618:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
2240:was elected to the legislature
2085:In May 1960, the MNC party or
925:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1:
3185:1960 establishments in Africa
2530:Congo: Background of Conflict
2476:. No. July/August 2014.
2699:M23 offensive (2022–present)
2672:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
2647:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
2623:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
2087:Mouvement National Congolais
1442:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1370:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
1042:Assassination of Habyarimana
2814:Foreign policy under Mobutu
2311:Coat of arms from 1963–1971
2299:Coat of arms from 1960–1963
2218:, overthrew Kasa-Vubu in a
1873:Félix Tshisekedi presidency
1578:Child soldiers in the Congo
1101:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
976:Non-aggression pact of 1979
496:• Country renamed DRC
472:Congo-Stanleyville defeated
138:"Justice – Paix – Travail"
3231:
2657:State of Katanga (1960–63)
2345:by its speakers – not the
2078:
2022:
1054:Great Lakes refugee crisis
36:
29:
3103:
2983:
2917:
2784:
2718:
2667:First Congo War (1996–98)
2527:Merriam, Alan P. (1961).
2499:General and cited sources
2139:constitutional referendum
1727:Intl. African Association
1521:
1380:2014 North Kivu offensive
1339:
1234:
1126:
1022:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
1017:Second Sudanese Civil War
1000:
955:
930:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
766:
676:
562:
530:
438:
424:
348:
334:
306:
182:
151:
134:
80:
75:
2789:Administrative divisions
2107:Parti Solidaire Africain
2013:First Congolese Republic
1863:Joseph Kabila presidency
1573:Western DR Congo clashes
1553:2011 coup d'etat attempt
146:"Justice – Peace – Work"
2694:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
2635:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
2095:parliamentary elections
2035:African trypanosomiasis
1568:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1375:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1365:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
770:Force Publique mutinies
3210:Military dictatorships
2652:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
2613:Colonization (1867–85)
2170:Prime Minister Lumumba
2145:Secessionist movements
2056:that were used in the
1955:
1943:
1484:Kasindi church bombing
1263:October 2020 offensive
855:Port Francqui incident
278:parliamentary republic
270:parliamentary republic
251:Léopoldville-Congolese
2443:Prados, John (2006).
1976:Republic of the Congo
1948:Republic of the Congo
1941:
1563:2013 Kinshasa attacks
1447:Anti-MONUSCO protests
1069:Formation of the AFDL
288:military dictatorship
203:Common languages
49:Republic of the Congo
32:Republic of the Congo
2552:Frank R. Villafaña,
2370:on 21 September 2008
2220:1965 CIA-backed coup
2212:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1995:Joseph Désiré Mobutu
1385:2017 CNPSC offensive
899:Violettes Imperiales
329:Joseph-Desiré Mobutu
3215:History of Kinshasa
3157: /
2421:, pp. 207–208.
2364:Library of Congress
2287:Flag from 1966–1971
2275:Flag from 1963–1966
2263:Flag from 1960–1963
2250:Flags/Coats of arms
2166:President Kasa-Vubu
1956:République du Congo
1737:Intl. Congo Society
1479:August 2022 attacks
1143:Gbadolite Agreement
1096:Overthrow of Mobutu
1032:Burundian Civil War
127:Bottom: (1963–1971)
104:Bottom: (1963–1971)
55:République du Congo
2952:Telecommunications
2799:Court of Cassation
2763:Former place names
2216:Lieutenant General
2205:
1972:Congo-Léopoldville
1944:
1877:2019–present
1814:Congo–Léopoldville
1558:Batwa–Luba clashes
1531:Katanga insurgency
1499:Kirindera massacre
1278:Nyamamba and Mbogi
1169:Effacer le tableau
1163:Kisangani massacre
1148:Sun City Agreement
1074:Massacres of Hutus
914:Other major events
795:Congo-Stanleyville
722:Léopoldville riots
715:1944 Kivu uprising
366:• 1960, 1961
256:Kinshasa-Congolese
18:Congo-Léopoldville
3139:
3138:
3099:
3098:
3018:Human trafficking
2970:
2969:
2904:
2903:
2872:Political parties
2865:National Assembly
2809:Foreign relations
2771:
2770:
2519:978-0-87073-901-9
2131:neighboring Congo
2123:Charter of the UN
2004:Republic of Zaire
1936:
1935:
1881:
1880:
1780:
1779:
1703:
1702:
1685:Kingdom of Chokwe
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1508:
1507:
1452:Kishishe massacre
1355:Makobola massacre
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1248:North Night Final
1190:ICC investigation
1109:
1108:
1037:Rwandan Civil War
1027:1991 Zaire unrest
983:
982:
969:Battle of Kolwezi
938:
937:
774:Secession crisis
634:
633:
620:
619:
616:
615:
596:
595:
414:• 1965–1966
390:• 1964–1965
378:• 1961–1964
324:• 1965–1971
312:• 1960–1965
175:
125:Top: (1960–1963)
102:Top: (1960–1963)
16:(Redirected from
3222:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:4.400°S 15.400°E
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3119:
3112:
2981:
2942:Franc (currency)
2915:
2782:
2716:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2542:
2523:
2506:Kanza, Thomas R.
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2400:on 2 August 2012
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2366:. Archived from
2356:
2350:
2339:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2127:Dag Hammarskjöld
2099:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
2060:in August 1945.
2031:Congo Free State
1928:
1921:
1914:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1853:Second Congo War
1786:
1785:
1747:Congo Free State
1709:
1708:
1665:Kingdom of Lunda
1645:Kingdom of Kongo
1627:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1593:
1541:Operation Shujaa
1516:
1510:
1494:Mukondi massacre
1489:Makugwe massacre
1474:Otomabere attack
1360:Makombo massacre
1334:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1301:
1229:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1138:Lusaka Ceasefire
1132:Operation Kitona
1121:
1119:
1118:Second Congo War
1111:
1049:Rwandan genocide
995:
993:
985:
950:
948:
940:
819:Battle of Kabalo
761:
751:
744:
737:
728:
693:Congo Free State
671:
660:
653:
646:
637:
612:
611:
600:
599:
587:
586:
580:
579:
564:
563:
513:25 November 1965
485:Katanga defeated
464:30 December 1961
317:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
257:
252:
237:
214:
187:
177:
176:
163:
162:Arise, Congolese
157:Debout Congolais
147:
118:
113:
95:
88:
70:
69:
58:
57:
44:
21:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3095:
3091:Public holidays
3047:
2966:
2900:
2838:Law enforcement
2767:
2705:
2662:Zaire (1965–97)
2594:
2588:
2549:
2547:Further reading
2526:
2520:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2474:Foreign Affairs
2467:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:Kikongo ya leta
2340:
2336:
2331:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2300:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2276:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2208:
2147:
2115:Laurent Mbariko
2111:Antoine Gizenga
2091:Patrice Lumumba
2083:
2077:
2027:
2021:
1960:sovereign state
1932:
1896:
1894:
1867:2001–2019
1857:1998–2003
1847:1996–1997
1843:First Congo War
1837:1971–1997
1818:1960–1971
1808:1960–1965
1797:post–1960
1776:1940–1945
1766:1908–1960
1756:1885–1908
1741:1879–1885
1731:1876–1879
1720:1876–1960
1699:1856–1891
1689:1800–1891
1679:1625–1884
1669:1600–1887
1659:1585–1889
1655:Kingdom of Luba
1649:1390–1914
1609:
1602:
1591:
1582:
1517:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1407:Kipupu massacre
1350:Kasika massacre
1345:Lemera massacre
1335:
1330:
1328:
1291:
1268:Boga and Tchabi
1230:
1225:
1223:
1194:
1180:Pretoria Accord
1175:Bogoro massacre
1122:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1058:
1012:Shaba Invasions
996:
992:First Congo War
991:
989:
979:
951:
947:Shaba Invasions
946:
944:
934:
872:Simba rebellion
867:Kwilu rebellion
862:Kanyarwanda War
802:UN intervention
762:
757:
755:
726:
672:
666:
664:
609:
584:
544:Congolese zaire
542:
539:Congolese franc
526:27 October 1971
523:
510:
497:
490:15 January 1963
487:
477:16 January 1962
474:
461:
448:
419:Léonard Mulamba
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
359:Patrice Lumumba
355:
325:
313:
273:
255:
254:
250:
240:
235:
212:
178:
167:
164:
161:
159:
145:
139:
130:
129:
128:
126:
124:
119:
106:
105:
103:
101:
96:
89:
71:
65:
63:
62:
60:
59:
53:
51:
50:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3166:-4.400; 15.400
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Child marriage
2984:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2889:Prime Minister
2886:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2848:Chief of Staff
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593: articles
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2460:
2453:
2435:
2433:, p. 185.
2423:
2411:
2381:
2351:
2347:Kongo language
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2207:
2204:
2200:United Nations
2196:Élisabethville
2146:
2143:
2109:(PSA), led by
2079:Main article:
2076:
2073:
2054:atomic weapons
2023:Main article:
2020:
2017:
1991:Congo-Kinshasa
1964:Central Africa
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:pre–1876
1635:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Dongo conflict
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Masambo attack
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:Ituri conflict
1224:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
988:
981:
980:
978:
973:
972:
971:
961:
956:
953:
952:
943:
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
922:
911:
910:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
869:
864:
859:
858:
857:
852:
850:Kindu atrocity
847:
840:
839:
838:
826:
821:
816:
811:
799:
798:
797:
792:
791:
790:
780:
772:
767:
764:
763:
756:
754:
753:
746:
739:
731:
725:
724:
719:
718:
717:
712:
702:
701:
700:
690:
684:
683:
677:
674:
673:
665:
663:
662:
655:
648:
640:
632:
631:
626:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
606:
597:
594:
593:
588:
576:
575:
570:
560:
559:
554:
548:
547:
536:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
488:
482:
479:
478:
475:
469:
466:
465:
462:
459:Kasai defeated
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
430:
429:Historical era
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
413:
410:
409:
407:Évariste Kimba
404:
401:
398:
397:
392:
389:
386:
385:
383:Cyrille Adoula
380:
377:
374:
373:
368:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
340:Prime Minister
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
292:
291:
264:
260:
259:
248:
242:
241:
239:
238:
230:
225:
220:
215:
206:
204:
200:
199:
193:
189:
188:
180:
179:
165:
149:
148:
132:
131:
120:
108:
107:
97:
90:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
73:
72:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3227:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Social issues
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Deforestation
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:Kivu conflict
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Early history
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2454:9781566638234
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:Moise Tshombe
2152:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2025:Belgian Congo
2019:Colonial rule
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:Belgian Congo
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:Belgian Congo
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:Early history
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:2nd Kitshanga
1460:
1458:
1457:1st Kitshanga
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Kagogo ambush
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:Uvira clashes
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:Kivu conflict
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
994:
986:
977:
974:
970:
967:
966:
965:
962:
960:
957:
954:
949:
941:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
894:
893:
889:
887:
886:
882:
880:
879:
875:
874:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
831:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:Niemba ambush
812:
810:
809:
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
771:
768:
765:
760:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
732:
729:
723:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:Belgian Congo
703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
679:
678:
675:
670:
667:Conflicts in
661:
656:
654:
649:
647:
642:
641:
638:
630:
627:
625:Today part of
623:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
592:
591:Belgian Congo
589:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
555:
553:
552:ISO 3166 code
549:
545:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
512:
509:
500:1 August 1964
499:
489:
486:
476:
473:
463:
460:
450:
447:
434:
431:
427:
423:
420:
417:
408:
405:
396:
395:Moïse Tshombe
393:
384:
381:
372:
369:
360:
357:
343:
341:
333:
330:
327:
318:
315:
301:
299:
289:
286:
285:authoritarian
282:
281:
279:
276:
271:
268:
265:
261:
249:
247:
243:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
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117:
112:
100:
94:
87:
79:
74:
68:
56:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3141:
3028:Prostitution
3003:Demographics
2927:Central Bank
2826:Human rights
2794:Constitution
2728:Conservation
2646:
2640:World War II
2553:
2529:
2509:
2485:. Retrieved
2473:
2463:
2444:
2438:
2426:
2419:Merriam 1961
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:the original
2393:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2354:
2342:
2337:
2224:
2209:
2185:
2174:
2163:
2148:
2119:
2084:
2081:Congo Crisis
2075:Congo Crisis
2066:
2062:
2042:World War II
2039:
2028:
2012:
2002:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1947:
1945:
1830: /
1813:
1804:Congo Crisis
1796:
1791:Independence
1789:
1772:World War II
1719:
1714:Colonization
1712:
1695:Yeke Kingdom
1675:Kuba Kingdom
1637:
1630:
1167:
1130:
1079:
1061:
1004:
913:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
878:Dragon Rouge
877:
843:
836:Camp Massart
829:
807:
759:Congo Crisis
688:Colonization
680:
573:Succeeded by
572:
567:
541:(until 1967)
521:Became Zaire
451:30 June 1960
446:Independence
402:• 1965
354:• 1960
280:(1964–1965)
152:
136:Motto:
135:
122:Coat of arms
66:
54:
3164: /
2922:Agriculture
2238:candidates
2206:Coup d'état
2192:South Kasai
2159:South Kasai
2135:Brazzaville
1608:History of
1273:Plaine Savo
1153:Six-Day War
1080:Thunderbolt
892:White Giant
885:Dragon Noir
783:South Kasai
710:during WWII
568:Preceded by
546:(1967–1971)
508:Coup d'état
371:Joseph Iléo
272:(1960–1964)
258:(1966–1971)
253:(1960–1966)
64:(1964–1971)
52:(1960–1964)
3179:Categories
2993:Corruption
2855:Parliament
2821:Government
2738:Ecoregions
2628:Atrocities
2487:2017-09-25
2431:Kanza 1994
2374:15 October
2183:by proxy.
2093:, won the
1902:DRC Portal
1886:See also:
1751:Atrocities
1091:Kinsangani
1086:Lubumbashi
1005:Background
824:Jadotville
698:Atrocities
681:Background
263:Government
246:Demonym(s)
236:(national)
213:(official)
3023:Languages
3008:Education
2962:Transport
2932:Companies
2877:President
2804:Elections
2753:Volcanoes
2743:Mountains
2711:Geography
2482:0015-7120
2329:Citations
2089:, led by
844:Grandslam
808:Rum Punch
298:President
283:under an
228:Kiswahili
76:1960–1971
3126:Category
3076:Football
3033:Religion
2843:Military
2777:Politics
2758:Wildlife
2508:(1994).
2317:See also
2046:Italians
1993:. After
1987:Kinshasa
1958:) was a
1599:a series
1597:Part of
1412:Kangbayi
1283:Response
964:Shaba II
788:Invasion
669:DR Congo
535:Currency
433:Cold War
233:Tshiluba
196:Kinshasa
160:(French)
3152:15°24′E
3110:Outline
3066:Cuisine
3053:Culture
2976:Society
2957:Tourism
2910:Economy
2600:History
2214:, then
2188:Katanga
2151:Katanga
2069:évolués
2050:uranium
2040:During
1828:Shaba I
1432:Bulongo
1402:Virunga
1287:UN 1484
1253:Marabho
1243:Artemis
1185:MONUSCO
959:Shaba I
778:Katanga
519:•
506:•
483:•
470:•
457:•
444:•
275:Unitary
267:Federal
223:Kikongo
218:Lingala
192:Capital
153:Anthem:
3149:4°24′S
3131:Portal
3061:Cinema
3013:Health
2947:Mining
2937:Energy
2860:Senate
2748:Rivers
2723:Cities
2539:424186
2537:
2516:
2480:
2451:
2404:11 May
2157:) and
2153:(with
1952:French
1601:on the
1427:Mwenda
1422:Tingwe
1417:Lisasa
1258:Ndjala
1238:Bogoro
830:UNOKAT
344:
302:
290:(1965)
210:French
155:
142:French
3117:Index
3086:Music
3081:Media
3043:Women
2998:Crime
2677:2000s
2244:Zaire
2103:ABAKO
1888:Years
1824:Zaire
1515:Other
1397:Oicha
906:South
604:Zaire
3071:Flag
2894:List
2882:List
2831:LGBT
2535:OCLC
2514:ISBN
2478:ISSN
2449:ISBN
2406:2012
2376:2007
2190:and
2181:coup
2168:and
1946:The
99:Flag
2236:PMR
2101:of
1962:in
1062:War
3181::
2472:.
2362:.
2246:.
2202:.
2117:.
2015:.
1954::
1832:II
557:CG
2583:e
2576:t
2569:v
2541:.
2522:.
2490:.
2457:.
2408:.
2378:.
1983:,
1950:(
1927:e
1920:t
1913:v
1834:)
1826:(
1753:)
1749:(
1323:e
1316:t
1309:v
1218:e
1211:t
1204:v
750:e
743:t
736:v
659:e
652:t
645:v
144:)
140:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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