817:
issuing a series of nine apportionment schedules with footnotes that made all unobligated balances for the
Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) unavailable for obligation. See Letter from General Counsel, OMB, to General Counsel, GAO (Dec. 11, 2019) (OMB Response), at 1â2. Pursuant to our role under the ICA, we are issuing this decision. Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-344, title X, § 1015, 88 Stat. 297, 336 (July 12, 1974), codified at 2 U.S.C. § 686. As explained below, we conclude that OMB withheld the funds from obligation for an unauthorized reason in violation of the ICA.1 See 2 U.S.C. § 684. We also question actions regarding funds appropriated to the Department of State (State) for security assistance to Ukraine.
40:
512:(USAI) unavailable for obligation. (...) Pursuant to our role under the ICA, we are issuing this decision. (...) we conclude that OMB withheld the funds from obligation for an unauthorized reason in violation of the ICA.1 See 2 U.S.C. § 684. We also question actions regarding funds appropriated to the Department of State (State) for security assistance to Ukraine."
423:
Since the reconciliation bill may cover as many as ten years, the fifth provision can have the effect of requiring that any tax cut or spending an increase, which be approved by a three-fifths majority, or else the law must return to its previous state after ten years. This is responsible for the use
816:
In the summer of 2019, OMB withheld from obligation approximately $ 214 million appropriated to DOD for security assistance to
Ukraine. See Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2019, Pub. L. No. 115-245, div. A, title IX, § 9013, 132 Stat. 2981, 3044â45 (Sept. 28, 2018). OMB withheld amounts by
520:
found that "OMB's actions did not comply with any of the exceptions to the law's demand that a president carry out congressional spending orders, the GAO said in its nine-page report. 'OMB withheld funds for a policy reason, which is not permitted,' the report states. 'Therefore we conclude that OMB
453:
have not approved a rescission proposal (by passing legislation) within forty-five days of continuous session, any funds being withheld must be made available for obligation. Congress is not required to vote on the request and has ignored most presidential requests. In response, some have called for
436:
would have expired as soon as fiscal year 2010 if not extended. The provisions that were to expire including the $ 1000 per child tax credit, the 10% income tax bracket for low-income workers, and the deduction for state and local sales taxes paid. The expiration dates in those Acts were inserted in
854:
OMB's actions did not comply with any of the exceptions to the law's demand that a president carry out congressional spending orders, the GAO said in its nine-page report. "OMB withheld funds for a policy reason, which is not permitted," the report states. "Therefore we conclude that OMB violated"
377:
in the Senate (requiring a three-fifths vote to end debate) led to frequent attempts to attach amendments unrelated to the budget to the reconciliation bills. In response, the budget reconciliation acts of 1985, 1986, and 1990 adopted the "Byrd Rule" (Section 313 of the Budget Act). The Byrd Rule
50:
An Act to establish a new congressional budget process; to establish
Committees on the Budget in each House; to establish a Congressional Budget Office; to establish a procedure providing congressional control over the impoundment of funds by the executive branch; and for other
508:"In the summer of 2019, OMB withheld from obligation approximately $ 214 million appropriated to DOD for security assistance to Ukraine. (...) OMB withheld amounts by issuing a series of nine apportionment schedules with footnotes that made all unobligated balances for the
841:
2284:
486:. Among the concerns was the questionable transfer of decision-making authority to Michael Duffey, a political appointee. Further emails released showed that Acting Undersecretary of Defense (Comptroller)
428:
in several recent budget acts, when proposed tax cuts commanded majority support but not the necessary three-fifths majority to suspend the Byrd Rule. For example, many of the provisions of the
1615:
1527:
2009:
429:
2076:
1132:
1922:
1774:
1159:
433:
1311:
833:
331:, which sets fiscal policy for the Congress. This budget resolution sets limits on revenues and spending that may be enforced in Congress through procedural objections called
1995:
1894:
1643:
740:
378:
allows
Senators to raise points of order (which can be waived by a three-fifths majority of Senators) against provisions in the reconciliation bills that are "extraneous".
348:
229:
1767:
1550:
1322:
1281:
1267:
1295:
1225:
2039:
1901:
2154:
1723:
1974:
1781:
2182:
437:
order to avoid Byrd Rule points of order. Provisions against which a Byrd Rule point of order is sustained are colloquially referred to as "Byrd droppings".
1304:
1666:
1608:
1573:
1841:
1465:
1112:
394:
increase outlays or decrease revenue if the provision's title, as a whole, fails to achieve the Senate reporting committee's reconciliation instructions;
497:
expressing her concerns beginning in July 2019 that the White House withholding fund from
Ukraine could be a violation of the Impoundment Control Act.
2215:
1940:
1152:
2208:
1580:
1186:
1177:
878:
479:
659:
2104:
1929:
1818:
1797:
685:
530:
368:
336:
2279:
2002:
1680:
1288:
509:
504:(GAO) issued a decision on the "Matter of: Office of Management and BudgetâWithholding of Ukraine Security Assistance." The GAO report found:
450:
162:
954:
2224:
1958:
1730:
920:
1520:
1407:
1211:
1145:
1127:
768:
1827:
1811:
1534:
1193:
1915:
1834:
1751:
1673:
1074:
240:
2124:
2030:
1965:
1488:
1016:
886:
466:
284:
117:
2016:
1951:
1070:
501:
148:
391:
are outside the jurisdiction of the committee that submitted the title or provision for inclusion in the reconciliation measure;
2247:
2053:
1737:
1652:
1636:
1594:
1451:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
932:
601:
575:
494:
405:
276:
98:
90:
970:"Twisting the President's Arm: The Impoundment Control Act as a Tool for Enforcing the Principle of Appropriation Expenditure"
2090:
2083:
1687:
1055:
619:
550:
352:
328:
1423:
1048:
1981:
1908:
1659:
1444:
2069:
2062:
1601:
1543:
304:
969:
800:
401:
after the years covered by the reconciliation bill unless the provision's title, as a whole, remains budget neutral; or
2046:
1804:
1331:
1168:
517:
356:
320:
60:
1788:
1566:
1032:
908:
388:
produce changes in outlays or revenue which are merely incidental to the non-budgetary components of the provision;
263:
233:
483:
2256:
2097:
1716:
1513:
1472:
471:
296:
249:
1384:
449:, specifies that the president may request that Congress rescind appropriated funds. If both the Senate and the
39:
1880:
1458:
930:
Hogan, Joseph J. (1985). "Ten Years After: The US Congressional Budget and
Impoundment Control Act of 1974".
2231:
2191:
2175:
2145:
1887:
1857:
1083:
773:
712:
2199:
1850:
1506:
1414:
300:
482:, when two budget office staffers resigned over their concerns over apparent improprieties regarding the
1758:
324:
1100:
1104:
2161:
1437:
690:
83:
2131:
1866:
1359:
745:
359:. The original 1974 legislation, however, remains the basic blueprint for budget procedures today.
2138:
991:
790:"Decision, Matter of: Office of Management and BudgetâWithholding of Ukraine Security Assistance"
17:
125:
2115:
2023:
1622:
1201:
1012:
916:
912:
896:
882:
140:
741:"Two OMB officials resigned in part over concerns about Ukraine aid hold, official testifies"
1709:
1391:
1367:
983:
974:
941:
900:
418:
323:. Title III governs the procedures by which Congress annually adopts a budget resolution, a
2168:
1988:
1481:
1400:
1218:
1137:
487:
462:
1375:
1352:
1338:
1005:
945:
899:; Jackson, Howell; Graddy, Elizabeth, eds. (2008). "The Congressional Budget Process".
455:
332:
203:
195:
181:
171:
2273:
1587:
1122:
901:
458:
to strengthen the rescission power and force
Congress to vote on the disputed funds.
425:
213:
605:
579:
1629:
1108:
834:"GAO report backs private Pentagon conclusions that Trump broke the law on Ukraine"
686:"State Dept. official describes frantic effort to save recalled Ukraine ambassador"
272:
627:
557:
1059:
872:
1744:
1345:
1274:
1028:
491:
398:
292:
288:
373:
The limitation on debate that prevents a budget reconciliation bill from being
1700:
1430:
374:
339:
be written, which the
Congress will then consider under expedited procedures.
1007:
The
President, the Budget, and Congress: Impoundment and the 1974 Budget Act
789:
144:
1084:"Compendium of Laws and Rules Relating to the Congressional Budget Process"
1557:
959:
717:
478:
In late
November 2019, the Impoundment Control Act made news during the
469:
by withholding funds for programs he opposed. The Act, especially after
280:
102:
995:
461:
The Act was passed because Congressional representatives thought that
1115:
152:
347:
The act has been amended several times, including provisions in the
1075:"Q&A: Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974"
987:
475:(1975), effectively removed the presidential power of impoundment.
1082:
U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on the Budget.
769:"Emails Show Pentagon Official's Concerns Over Ukraine Aid Freeze"
604:. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Rules. Archived from
556:. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Rules. Archived from
903:
Fiscal Challenges: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Budget Policy
1141:
713:"Did Trump Violate Impoundment Control Act In Ukraine Affair?"
551:"The Budget Reconciliation Process: The Senate's "Byrd Rule""
2285:
United States federal government administration legislation
2010:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
430:
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
349:
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985
2077:
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
1874:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
1101:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
1042:. 502â642. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
260:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
1923:
Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act
1775:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
434:
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
315:
Titles I through IX of the law are also known as the
419:
Sunset provision § Budget Act and the Byrd Rule
2114:
1939:
1895:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
1699:
1551:
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants
1498:
1321:
1176:
239:
223:
123:
113:
108:
89:
79:
74:
66:
55:
46:
1004:
397:increase net outlays or decrease revenue during a
264:
27:United States law on role of Congress in budgeting
660:"1600: Constitutional clash commences next week"
335:. The budget resolution can also specify that a
2040:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1902:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
385:do not produce a change in outlays or revenues;
1724:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
381:Provisions are considered extraneous if they:
1782:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1153:
626:. US House of Representatives. Archived from
8:
1049:"Introduction to the Federal Budget Process"
32:
1996:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
1609:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
1574:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
1842:Securities Investor Protection Corporation
1160:
1146:
1138:
874:Budget Process Law Annotated: 1993 Edition
188:Reported by the joint conference committee
1812:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
788:Armstrong, Thomas H. (January 16, 2020).
620:"2 USC Chapter 17B â Impoundment Control"
230:GrammâRudmanâHollings Balanced Budget Act
1581:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
1131:) is being considered for deletion. See
2105:Water Resources Development Act of 1974
1930:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
1819:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
1798:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
542:
531:Reconciliation (United States Congress)
484:hold of approved Ukraine military funds
369:Reconciliation (United States Congress)
2003:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
1681:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
832:Smith, R. Jeffrey (January 16, 2020).
510:Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative
445:Title X of the Act, also known as the
404:contain recommendations regarding the
31:
1959:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
1731:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970
1616:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
844:from the original on January 16, 2020
827:
825:
806:from the original on January 16, 2020
7:
1521:Minority Business Development Agency
2063:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
1828:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
1535:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1466:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
684:Byrnes, Jesse (November 26, 2019).
1916:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act
1835:Securities Investor Protection Act
1768:Occupational Safety and Health Act
1752:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970
1674:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
968:Middlekauff, Wm. Bradford (1990).
946:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1985.tb00896.x
658:Janison, Dan (November 26, 2019).
269:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
2031:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970
1966:National Environmental Policy Act
1135:to help reach a consensus. âș
953:Kosar, Kevin (October 21, 2015).
578:. NationalJournal. Archived from
574:Baumann, David (April 18, 2005).
2017:New Source Performance Standards
1952:Council on Environmental Quality
1071:The Peter G. Peterson Foundation
502:Government Accountability Office
317:Congressional Budget Act of 1974
311:The Congressional budget process
38:
18:Congressional Budget Act of 1974
2054:Coastal Zone Management Program
1975:Environmental Protection Agency
1738:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973
1653:Federal Contested Elections Act
1637:Drug Enforcement Administration
1595:End Stage Renal Disease Program
1116:Statute Compilations collection
495:Office of Management and Budget
480:Trump impeachment investigation
447:Impoundment Control Act of 1974
2091:Endangered Species Act of 1973
2084:Endangered Species Act of 1969
1688:Congressional Research Service
1268:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford
1056:Congressional Research Service
955:"So... this is Nixon's Fault?"
353:Budget Enforcement Act of 1990
1:
2280:United States federal budgets
1909:Federal Energy Administration
1660:Federal Election Campaign Act
1445:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
299:that governs the role of the
2070:Marine Mammal Protection Act
1982:Clean Air Amendments of 1970
1602:Supplemental Security Income
1544:Education Amendments of 1972
871:Dauster, William G. (1993).
305:United States budget process
2047:Coastal Zone Management Act
1805:Consumer Product Safety Act
1588:National Cancer Act of 1971
1226:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit
1169:Presidency of Richard Nixon
1128:Presidency of Richard Nixon
838:Center for Public Integrity
518:Center for Public Integrity
357:Balanced Budget Act of 1997
321:Congressional Budget Office
241:United States Supreme Court
61:93rd United States Congress
2301:
2209:Senate Watergate Committee
1789:Permissible exposure limit
1567:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
1312:Presidential Proclamations
1040:Riddick's Senate Procedure
1003:Pfiffner, James P (1979).
909:Cambridge University Press
879:Government Printing Office
602:"Summary of the Byrd rule"
416:
366:
337:budget reconciliation bill
327:that is not signed by the
234:Budget Control Act of 2011
170:on December 5, 1973 (
2241:
2098:Oil Pollution Act of 1973
1717:Fair Credit Reporting Act
1514:Revised Philadelphia Plan
1473:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
500:On January 16, 2020, the
472:Train v. City of New York
297:United States federal law
250:Train v. City of New York
247:
228:
132:
37:
2248:â Johnson administration
1881:Agricultural Act of 1970
1424:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
1133:templates for discussion
465:had abused his power of
451:House of Representatives
319:. Title II created the
180:on March 22, 1974 (
2146:Saturday Night Massacre
1888:Farm Credit Act of 1971
1858:Alternative minimum tax
774:The Wall Street Journal
406:OASDI (social security)
202:on June 21, 1974 (
194:on June 18, 1974 (
159:Committee consideration
2200:United States v. Nixon
1851:Tax Reform Act of 1969
1528:Native American policy
1507:Family Assistance Plan
1047:Keith, Robert (2008).
1033:"Congressional Budget"
514:
192:agreed to by the House
2257:Ford administration â
1759:Smithsonian Agreement
1282:Judicial appointments
933:Public Administration
506:
417:Further information:
367:Further information:
325:concurrent resolution
184:, in lieu of S. 1541)
2162:White House Plumbers
1054:. Washington, D.C.:
877:. Washington, D.C.:
608:on December 5, 2010.
563:on December 2, 2010.
521:violated' the act."
2216:impeachment process
2132:Operation Sandwedge
1867:Revenue Act of 1971
1667:1970 VRA Amendments
1415:Shanghai Communiqué
1408:1972 visit to China
1360:Paris Peace Accords
1332:International trips
1212:Second inauguration
749:. November 26, 2019
746:The Washington Post
721:. November 26, 2019
648:420 U.S. 35 (1975).
582:on January 19, 2012
155:) on April 18, 1973
126:Legislative history
34:
2139:Operation Gemstone
1438:1972 Moscow Summit
1194:First inauguration
1011:. Westview Press.
897:Garrett, Elizabeth
777:. January 2, 2020.
190:on June 11, 1974;
118:2 U.S.C.: Congress
33:Budget Act of 1974
2267:
2266:
2192:White House tapes
2183:list of opponents
2024:Noise Control Act
1623:Shafer Commission
1489:Space exploration
1459:Washington Summit
1353:Cambodian bombing
1261:1974 SOTU Address
1254:1973 SOTU Address
1247:1972 SOTU Address
1240:1971 SOTU Address
1233:1970 SOTU Address
1202:Bring Us Together
922:978-0-521-87731-2
413:Sunset provisions
256:
255:
178:Passed the Senate
92:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
2292:
2260:
2251:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1710:Bank Secrecy Act
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1368:Peace with Honor
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1305:Executive Orders
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1073:(July 9, 2014).
1066:
1065:on May 14, 2009.
1064:
1058:. Archived from
1053:
1043:
1037:
1022:
1010:
999:
975:Yale Law Journal
964:
949:
926:
906:
892:
858:
857:
851:
849:
829:
820:
819:
813:
811:
805:
794:
785:
779:
778:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
681:
675:
674:
672:
670:
655:
649:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
630:on March 6, 2011
616:
610:
609:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
571:
565:
564:
562:
555:
547:
343:Later amendments
270:
266:
224:Major amendments
216:on July 12, 1974
168:Passed the House
139:in the House as
128:
93:
42:
35:
21:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2207:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2174:
2169:Watergate Seven
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1989:Clean Water Act
1987:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:Economic policy
1695:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:Cannabis policy
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1499:Domestic policy
1494:
1487:
1482:Operation CHAOS
1480:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1401:Tar Baby option
1399:
1390:
1385:Cold War period
1383:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1219:Silent majority
1217:
1210:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1172:
1166:
1136:
1097:
1086:
1081:
1069:
1062:
1051:
1046:
1035:
1029:Frumin, Alan S.
1027:
1019:
1002:
967:
952:
929:
923:
895:
889:
870:
867:
865:Further reading
862:
861:
847:
845:
831:
830:
823:
809:
807:
803:
792:
787:
786:
782:
767:
766:
762:
752:
750:
739:
738:
734:
724:
722:
711:
710:
706:
696:
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683:
682:
678:
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666:
657:
656:
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633:
631:
618:
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600:
599:
595:
585:
583:
573:
572:
568:
560:
553:
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537:References
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275:, 88
137:Introduced
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2116:Watergate
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329:President
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2125:Timeline
1558:Title IX
1178:Timeline
1123:template
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960:Politico
855:the act.
842:Archived
801:Archived
718:Wbur.org
691:The Hill
525:See also
432:and the
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1109:details
797:gao.gov
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