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was followed by a fortnight's thaw, matters could scarcely be different. From first to last (November 12 to
January 7) 1942 cases of illness were treated in the five ambulances of the camp. Among them were 264 cases of small-pox. There were a great many instances of bronchitis and kindred affections, but not many of dysentery. Among the small-pox cases 88 proved fatal. I find on referring to documents of the period that on November 23, the day before Gambetta visited the camp, as I shall presently relate, the total effective was 665 officers with 23,881 men. By December 5 (although a marching division of about 12,000 men had then left for the front) the effective had risen to 1241 officers with about 40,000 men. There were 40 guns for the defence of the camp, and some 50 field-pieces of various types, often, however, without carriages and almost invariably without teams. At no time, I find, were there more than 360 horses and fifty mules in the camp. There was also a great scarcity of ammunition for the guns.
278:. Given the repeated refusal of the Government to properly arm his men, Kératry resigned in protest on November 27, leaving the command to his deputy, General Le Bouëdec. General Marivault, who succeeded him, called, from December 10, for the partial evacuation of the camp, because of the poor conditions. This was denied by Gambetta, who visited the camp, declaring the situation to be excellent. The General Staff were evacuated. Gambetta eventually agreed to evacuate the camp at the end of December, at the insistence of General Freycinet.
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The Camp Conlie affair raised general indignation in
Brittany. The camp was not a "concentration camp" (the term was invented some twenty years later and the supposed "detainees" were volunteers under military instruction, even if they were neither equipped, trained, or armed), but it is perceived as
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The huts were not built when the soldiers arrived. In consequence, they were housed in emergency tents. Bad weather and the recently ploughed land quickly created a quagmire in which it was difficult to move. A lack of instructors, equipment and supplies caused frustration. Disease caused significant
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The critics of the camp have said that the spot was very damp and muddy, and therefore necessarily unhealthy, and there is truth in that assertion; but the same might be remarked of all the camps of the period, notably that of D'Aurelle de
Paladines in front of Orleans. Moreover, when a week's snow
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had been created at Camp Conlie. After publicity following the death of the German entrepreneur who claimed have invented them, Léon
Besnardeau (1829–1914) announced that the first cards had been created by him for soldiers in the camp to communicate with relatives. They had a lithographed design
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and the inscription "War of 1870. Conlie camp. Souvenir of the
National Defence. Brittany Army". While these are certainly the first known picture postcards, there was no space for stamps and no evidence that they were ever posted without envelopes.
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and mobilized volunteers from the west of France to form an "army of
Brittany". The mobilized quota from the five departments of Brittany was 80,000 men. It was intended that these troops would be equipped with the weapons left over from the
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From
November 1870 to January 1871 there were 143 deaths from disease including 88 of smallpox. 2000 of the soldiers had to be sent to the infirmary. The report of a commission of inquiry prepared by Breton historian
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such in the collective unconscious of many Breton nationalists. A monument was inaugurated on May 11, 1913 on the hill of the
Jaunelière. A commemorative plaque was affixed on February 14, 1971 during the centennial.
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The most appalling rumours were current throughout
Brittany regarding the new camp. It was said to be grossly mismanaged and a hotbed of disease. I visited it and prepared an article which was printed by the
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Because of a history of anti-republicanism in
Brittany, Gambetta doubted the reliability of these troops, and Kératry was suspected of separatist inclinations.
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The Prussians reached Camp Conlie on January 14. French defenders blew up the fortifications and retreated from the town on March 6.
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289:(10 and 11 January 1871), these 19,000 troops were sent to the front line, bearing poor quality arms. The French army, led by
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Gambetta decided to send 12,000 men from camp Conlie, armed with only 4000 badly maintained rifles, against the forces of the
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printed on them containing emblematic images of piles of armaments on either side of a scroll topped by the arms of the
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248:...So far as the camp's defences and the arming of the men within it were concerned my strictures were fully justified.
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Jean Sibenaler, "Conlie, Les soldats oubliés de l'armée de Bretagne", éditions Cheminements, 2007
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was overwhelmingly critical of the French army, which demonstrated a total lack of organization.
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Rumours about the camp began to circulate in Brittany. As visiting English journalist
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were supposedly incarcerated and persecuted. This became a significant
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The term is used by Breton nationalist author Yann Brekilien in
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was one of eleven military camps established by the Republican
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The remaining 19,000 troops were incorporated into the 2nd
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Le Finistère face à la modernité entre 1850 et 1900
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207:was made responsible for establishing a camp at
136:The privations of Camp Conlie, as envisaged by
329:In 1904 it was claimed that the world's first
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195:After the defeat of French forces at the
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191:Émile de Kératry, commander of the camp.
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446:Les bretons dans la guerre de 1870
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382:, BiblioBazaar, 2007, p. 180-2
153:Government of National Defense
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521:Military history of Brittany
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