220:
278:, against Conradi's family and Swiss expats in particular; defense counsel arguments included that Bolsheviks had performed many assassinations and that Conradi was a "liberator of the world's conscience." The prosecution responded to this with witnesses including an Italian communist and a Bolshevik military official testifying about how happy life in Soviet Russia became after the Revolution.
841:
39:
274:, Conradi and Polunin plead not guilty, and with the defendants agreeing to most key facts except conspiracy, the argument became a moral one. Soon the local criminal trial became a trial of the Russian Revolution and the Bolshevik regime. Defense witnesses described the atrocities of the revolution and
281:
The jury agreed to all questions of fact but voted 5-to-4 against conviction. The court ordered
Conradi to pay the legal fees of the trial at the request of the prosecutor. The verdict was controversial internationally, and Russia in response cut relations and boycotted all Swiss goods. The USSR
236:
told the
Federal Council that in denying Vorovsky official recognition and protection, they had "heavy and absolutely obvious responsibility" for the murder. The Council responded by demanding reparation for crimes against Swiss citizens living in Russia during the revolution.
227:
Conradi did not resist arrest or conceal his actions or motivations. In his statement to police he said, "Among those who played their part in the ruin of Russia, and indirectly of all mankind, there are no innocents." The
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would soon make repeated attempts to restore relations, although
Vorovsky remained a contentious issue. A provisional solution was reached in 1927, but Swiss-Soviet relations were not restored until 1946.
232:
was "outrage" by the assassination, but decided to treat it as a local crime rather than an international incident. Swiss-Soviet relations had been tense for years; Soviet foreign secretary
240:
The "Conradi Affair" was an international sensation. Soviet and left-wing literature presented the murder as a conspiracy of "fascist White radicals", while
Conradi was supported by many
201:. They were accepted as observers to the conference but not as participants, and they received no diplomatic protection in the country. On 10 May 1923 Conradi and his companion
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Maurice
Conradi with policeman: "From a sketch made a few minutes after the murder" of Vatslav Vorovsky, printed in the Daily Herald upon Conradi's acquittal on 1923-11-17.
881:
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146:, owners of a confectionery factory established in 1853 by Conradi's grandfather. Upon the outbreak of World War I he joined the Russian Imperial Army. During the
793:
316:
822:
Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "The
Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat’s Assassination,"
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while he visited
Germany, but unable to find him he returned to Geneva. Finding out about the upcoming conference, he planned another assassination.
290:
Following the trial, Conradi remained in
Lausanne with his wife until May 1925, when they moved to Paris. The couple divorced on 24 September 1929.
328:
158:. It was during the civil war that he met his wife-to-be, Vladislava Lvovna Svartsevich (Владислава Львовна Сварцевич). After the defeat of the
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on 26 November 1919, his brother, Victor-Edward, taken hostage and executed in 1918, and two further siblings disappeared during the
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216:, shooting the Bolshevik delegation. Vorovsky was killed at the scene, and Ariens and Divilkovsky were wounded but survived.
813:
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This began with the Swiss expelling Soviet diplomats for allegedly encouraging a national strike in 1918, according to
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and information about his death circulated in newspapers in 1931. However, he returned to his family's home canton of
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Le
Commissaire du peuple aux Affaires étrangères de l'Union soviétique, G. Tchitchérine, au Conseil fédéral
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301:, got remarried in 1942 to Regula Wickerlin, and died on 7 February 1947 in Chur. He never had children.
265:
229:
212:(Аркадий Павлович Полунин) (Polonnine in French and court transcriptions) entered the restaurant of the
697:: "The jury indeed acquitted the proven murderer, which caused massive indignation not only in Russia."
629:"Swiss Jury Acquits Vorovsky's Slayer: Polonnine, on Trial as Accomplice, Is Freed Along With Conradi"
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In April 1923 Conradi attempted an assassination of Soviet People's
Commissar of Foreign Affairs
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most of his family was killed and their assets seized: his father, Maurice, was executed in
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409:[The Murder of Vorovsky and the Conradi Trial: Victims, Executioners and Heroes].
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Ariens and Divilkovsky, the survivors of the assassination plot, returned to the
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Polunin went to Paris after the trial and died under mysterious circumstances in
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and held various positions in the administration. Ariens's final post was as
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Conradi, Maurice; Guinan, Georges; Vaud Cantonal police (May 1923).
594:(Meeting minutes) (in French), 1923-05-19, doc. 275, dodis.ch/44917
515:(Meeting minutes) (in German), 1923-05-11, doc. 272, dodis.ch/44914
489:[My confession] (Police report) (in French). dodis.ch/48619
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The trial of Conradi and Polunin began on 5 November 1923 in the
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740:"The Establishment of Swiss Diplomatic Relations with the USSR"
406:Убийство Воровского и процесс Конради: жертвы, палачи и герои
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Assassination in Switzerland: The Murder of Vatslav Vorovsky
565:(Telegram) (in French), 1923-05-16, doc. 274, dodis.ch/44916
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https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4
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768:Fleury, Antoine; Imboden, Gabriel, eds. (1988).
319:, and he was executed on 11 January 1938 during
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122:participant of the First World War and the
792:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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244:and Russian activists in exile, including
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126:and the assassin of the Soviet diplomat
118:; 16 June 1896 − 7 February 1947) was a
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897:White Russian emigrants to Switzerland
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655:"Conradi Trial: The Amazing Evidence"
7:
323:. Divilkovsky studied physics under
770:Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland
443:Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland
25:
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331:. He volunteered for service in
636:. 17 November 1923. p. 17
1:
887:Russian nationalist assassins
814:University of Wisconsin Press
846:Moritz Conradi (Switzerland)
808:Senn, Alfred Erich (1981).
403:Grezin, Ivan (2012-01-18).
918:
902:People acquitted of murder
317:Consul General of the USSR
826:: Vol. 59. Available at:
604:Fleury & Imboden 1988
575:Fleury & Imboden 1988
525:Fleury & Imboden 1988
114:Морис Морисович Конради,
108:Maurice Alexander Conradi
36:
405:
345:The Trial of the Century
335:and was killed in 1942.
116:Moris Morisovich Konradi
96:Russian Empire (to 1920)
142:to a Swiss family from
98:Switzerland (1920-1947)
437:"The 'Conradi Affair'"
350:Les Lettres Françaises
293:Conradi served in the
261:Cantonal Court of Vaud
224:
199:Conference of Lausanne
104:Swiss military officer
772:. Vol. 8. Bern.
723:Dodis: Conradi Affair
707:Dodis: Conradi Affair
695:Dodis: Conradi Affair
675:Dodis: Conradi Affair
587:Dodis: Conradi Affair
558:Dodis: Conradi Affair
538:Dodis: Conradi Affair
508:Dodis: Conradi Affair
481:Dodis: Conradi Affair
465:Dodis: Conradi Affair
308:on 23 February 1933.
295:French Foreign Legion
230:Swiss Federal Council
222:
848:at Wikimedia Commons
413:(Online article). CH
148:Bolshevik Revolution
138:Conradi was born in
677:, citing documents
540:, citing documents
329:Academy of Sciences
254:Dmitry Merezhkovsky
725:, citing document
709:, citing document
496:– via Dodis.
467:, citing document
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197:government to the
170:Murder of Vorovsky
844:Media related to
782:. dodis.ch/44917.
124:Russian Civil War
120:White Army emigre
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16:(Redirected from
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128:Vatslav Vorovsky
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270:. Defended by
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242:White émigrés
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18:Conradi Trial
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769:
748:. Retrieved
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659:. Retrieved
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638:. Retrieved
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596:, retrieved
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567:, retrieved
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491:. Retrieved
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448:. Retrieved
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415:. Retrieved
411:Nasha Gazeta
410:
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333:World War II
313:Soviet Union
310:
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292:
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286:Further life
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160:Wrangel Army
137:
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107:
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76:(1947-02-07)
867:1947 deaths
862:1896 births
321:Great Purge
264: [
214:Hotel Cécil
206: [
187: [
184:Ivan Ariens
164:Switzerland
162:he fled to
93:Citizenship
86:Switzerland
856:Categories
812:. London:
750:2022-07-11
661:2015-08-31
640:2022-07-11
598:2022-07-12
569:2022-07-12
519:2022-07-12
493:2022-07-11
450:2022-07-11
417:2015-08-31
363:References
299:Graubünden
276:Red Terror
246:Ivan Bunin
156:Red Terror
134:Early life
52:1896-06-16
788:cite book
589:, citing
560:, citing
510:, citing
483:, citing
195:Bolshevik
487:Mon aveu
339:See also
112:Russian:
762:Sources
441:Dodis:
776:
353:(1949)
144:Andeer
727:45319
711:44999
683:48633
679:48632
546:44885
542:43740
469:44913
306:Dreux
268:]
210:]
191:]
794:link
774:ISBN
681:and
544:and
252:and
82:Chur
71:Died
46:Born
602:in
573:in
523:in
858::
790:}}
786:{{
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611:^
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266:fr
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