308:
451:
he went to India, asked the scientists of this country, returned from Egypt where he completed his long study and after four decades of travel and work, he returned in his hometown. But the rarity and breadth of his knowledge scared his countrymen, they took him for a sorcerer and banished him. Constantine informed in time, fled and went to
Salerno where he remained for some time hidden under the garb of a beggar. The brother of the king of Babylon who passes through this city, recognized him and presented him to the famous
240:(modern-day Tunisia), became his interpreter. Suffering from an illness, he took refuge with the king's brother Gusulf, where he noted that Abbas did not ask for the usual bottle of urine, and the doctor who came to examine him was inexperienced. After asking in vain to see any good Italian books on medicine, he concluded that medicine in Italy was limited to simple practical knowledge. Already having an extensive general knowledge, Constantine discovered a mission in life. After recovering, Constantine returned to
210:
86:
Christian, or he might born as
Christian within an Arabic-speaking family. The native language of Constantine the African was Arabic. He was also fluent in Greek, Latin, and other languages, the skills he acquired during his extensive travels. His journey included Egypt, Syria, India, Ethiopia, and Persia. He was well-versed in medical knowledge before his arrival to Salerno in Italy where he joined the abbey of Monte Cassino south of Rome in 1077.
31:
163:, the medieval Franco-Italian term for a Muslim from North Africa. According to Peter, Constantine traveled through Babylon, India, and Ethiopia, where he became versed in science, before coming to Monte Cassino as a refugee from peers in Carthage jealous of his knowledge. However, Peter's legendary portrayal of Constantine has been questioned by some historians. Still, later historians such as
450:
writes: "Constantine was born in
Carthage and taken with an ardent desire to learn all sciences he went to Babylonia, learned grammar, logic, physics (medicine), geometry, arithmetic, mathematics, astronomy, necromancy, and music. After exhausting all sciences of the Chaldeans, Arabs and Persians
375:
Constantine's works are most readily available in two sixteenth-century printed editions, the 1515 Lyons edition and the 1536 Basel edition. (Both editions are readily available online.) The Basel edition is missing some of
Constantine's prefatory material, but Mark Jordan notes that, while both
85:
There is some debate about his birth and family religion, although it is well known that he ended his life as a monk at the Latin
Christian Abbey of Monte Cassino, in southern Italy. This religious controversy suggested that he might born as Muslim, and after migration converted to catholic
361:
The book "Al Kamil â of Ali Ibn Al Abbas Al
Majoussi, at least in part. Constantine translated the first ten books (on the theory of medicine) but his translation of the second ten books (on practice) do not entirely survive. (The same book was retranslated in the twelfth century by
709:
Francis Newton, âConstantine the
African and Monte Cassino: New Elements and the Text of the Isagogeâ In Constantine the African and âAli Ibn Al-âAbbas Al-Magusi: The Pantegni and Related Texts, ed. Charles Burnett and Danielle Jacquart (New York: E.J. Brill, 1994),
394:, which Constantine may have translated (the attribution is contested), has been edited by Gregor Maurach in Sudhoffs Archiv 62 (1978). This edition was never meant to be definitive, and it has received some criticism and corrections, most notably by Ursula Weisser.
683:
Confusingly, the title of 1515 Lyons edition (Omnia opera Ysaac) actually refers to Isaac Isra'ili, not
Constantine. Renaissance scholars thought of Constantine as a plagiarist because of his tendency to omit the names of the authors of works he translated from
279:
and the homes of scientists was open to all. Trade between North Africa and Italy was flourishing, and did not cease during difficult times. North Africa had offices in various locations of
Christian Sicily and southern Italy itself, including
376:
Basel and Lyons editions are problematic, and have undergone some humanistic retouching, the Basel edition may be more reliable. Modern scholars of the history of medicine, however, have tended to refer to the Lyons edition.
455:, who made him his first secretary. But more than eager to rest than with honors he left the court and retired to Monte Cassino where he spent the rest of his life translating from Arabic into Latin various medical books."
271:, a scientist who had a thorough knowledge of history and was renowned for reliable research. Although a trader, Constantine was learned, which is not surprising because education in the great mosque of the
793:
649:
248:, and practiced medicine for three years, collecting many books of medicine, then returned to southern Italy with his treasure. En route to Salerno he passed by the coast of
552:
Charles Singer, âA Legend of
Salerno: How Constantine the African Brought the Art of Medicine to the Christians,â The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin 311 (1917): 64.
299:
North Africa exported olive oil, wax, leather, wool and derivatives, and imported wheat in famine years, and Islam did not prohibit trade with Christian countries.
751:
M. McVaugh, Constantine the African. C. C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 3 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970): pp. 393â5.
232:, where he was called Constantine Siculus. As Constantine spoke no Italian, a North African doctor named Abbas of Curiat, from an island lying off the city of
778:
798:
823:
813:
464:
307:
788:
191:
created his Berber-Islamic thesis after discovering new and important documents touching on Constantine's life and religion in the village of
808:
517:
503:
660:
257:
803:
746:
539:
387:(Santiago de Compostela: Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Santiago, 1983), with accompanying Spanish translation.
260:, which were lost. Arriving in Salerno with what remained of the books, Constantine converted to Christianity, then moved to
106:
447:
783:
584:"Salerno, the Mother of European Medical Schools and Father of Constantine the African, Trotula, and Roger of Salerno"
498:
172:
114:
68:
192:
391:
483:
Francis Newton, âConstantine the African and Monte Cassino: New Elements and the Text of the Isagoge,â in
184:
71:, where his work attracted attention from the local Lombard and Norman rulers. Constantine then became a
818:
623:
253:
197:
187:
wrote a book dedicated to Constantine, which was printed in Berlin in 1865. German medical historian
723:
727:
209:
164:
323:
Constantine arrived at Cassino, bringing with him the manuscripts of medicine that he took from
289:
742:
513:
272:
168:
598:
435:
Medicine at Monte Cassino: Constantine the African and the oldest manuscript of his Pantegni
157:
is the first historian to write a biography of Constantine. He noted that Constantine was a
154:
528:, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun KrÀmer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson. Brill, 2012.
487:, ed. Charles Burnett and Danielle Jacquart (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994), 16-47, pp. 20â23.
485:
Constantine the African and âAli ibn al-âAbbas al-Magusi: The 'Pantegni' and Related Texts
452:
363:
339:
213:
110:
102:
94:
55:) was a physician who lived in the 11th century. The first part of his life was spent in
739:
Constantine the African and Ê»AlÄ« Ibn Al-Ê»AbbÄs Al-MagĆ«sÄ«: The Pantegni and Related Texts
312:
176:
98:
42:
30:
17:
772:
583:
349:
316:
228:, Constantine emigrated first to Italy as a merchant (mercator) in Sicily, moving to
118:
79:
52:
268:
225:
188:
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a storm damaged some manuscripts, including the first three parts of the books of
385:
Constantini Liber de Coitu = El tratado de andrologĂa de Constantino el Africano
142:
72:
93:
where Constantine compiled his vast opus, mostly composed of translations from
446:
In his introduction of the complete works of Ambroise Pare, here what Doctor
293:
217:
264:, where he worked as an interpreter. The Sudhoff story ends with this event.
267:
These are the parts borrowed and translated word-for-word from the study of
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328:
245:
241:
237:
56:
755:
285:
261:
249:
229:
159:
138:
134:
126:
64:
599:"Constantine the African: the revival of neurology in medieval Europe"
764:
233:
130:
345:
The book of the pulse, urine and food regime of Ibn Ishaq Suleiman.
324:
306:
276:
208:
122:
90:
60:
29:
540:"Constantine the African: The Man Who Shipped Medicine to Europe"
281:
75:
425:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), pp. 511â523.
657:
Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World
429:
The preface to Constantine's Pantegni is also available:
698:
Constantine the African and Ê»AlÄ« ibn al-Ê»AbbÄs al-MaǧƫsÄ«
597:
Guerrero-Peral, Ă. L.; de Frutos GonzĂĄlez, V. (2013).
121:; these translations are housed today in libraries in
78:, living the last decades of his life at the abbey of
366:, who was dismissive of Constantine's translation.)
63:. He first arrived in Italy in the coastal town of
650:"Trade and Exchange in the Medieval Islamic World"
737:Charles S. F. Burnett, Danielle Jacquart (eds.),
27:11th-century monk and translator of medical works
561:See also: Steinschneider, Moritz, "Constantin's
319:under the supervision of Constantine the African
524:; Danielle Jacquart, "Constantinus Africanus,"
794:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam
624:"Education in Islam - The Role of the Mosque"
8:
571:Deutsches Archiv fƱr Geschichte der Medizin
311:Eleventh-century manuscript version of the
220:welcoming Constantine the african to court
348:The book "Zad Al MussÄfir" (Viaticum) of
760:â Engines of our Ingenuity, Number 2097
476:
410:Delany, Paul. "Constantinus Africanus'
141:. They were used as textbooks from the
694:The Fortunes of Constantine's Pantegni
465:Latin translations of the 12th century
379:A recent and scholarly edition of the
358:The book "Al Hawi" of Abu Bakr Al Razi
183:, relied on this account. The German
763:Constantinus Africanus research blog
34:Constantine examines patients' urine.
7:
504:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
195:, which he published in the journal
510:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
25:
779:11th-century people from Ifriqiya
433:Eric Kwakkel and Francis Newton,
506:, Volume 30: CosattiniâCrispolto
101:, books of the great masters of
799:11th-century Italian physicians
497:von Falkenhausen, Vera (1984).
371:Editions of Constantine's works
824:People under the Zirid dynasty
437:(Turnhout, 2019), pp. 207-209.
418:4, no. 1 (Summer 1969): 55-65.
1:
814:11th-century writers in Latin
149:The historians of Constantine
809:11th-century Italian writers
734:, Ă©d. SalammbĂŽ, Tunis, 1987.
402:Two English translations of
327:. They include works of the
252:by boat, where north of the
145:to the seventeenth century.
97:sources. He translated into
696:, in Burnett and Jacquart,
423:Medieval Medicine: A Reader
840:
338:The book of melancholy of
606:Neurosciences and History
442:The legend of Constantine
258:Ali Ibn Abbas Al Majoussi
173:National Library in Paris
69:Schola Medica Salernitana
51:; died before 1098/1099,
804:11th-century translators
789:ArabicâLatin translators
181:History of Arab Medicine
757:Constantine the African
741:. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
406:are readily available:
39:Constantine the African
526:Encyclopaedia of Islam
392:Isagoge of Johannitius
320:
221:
153:The 12th-century monk
48:Constantinus Africanus
46:
35:
18:Constantinus Africanus
732:Constantin l'Africain
499:"COSTANTINO Africano"
370:
335:The Kairouanese books
310:
303:Scientific production
212:
193:La TrinitĂ della Cava
33:
565:und ibn al Gezzar's
508:(in Italian). Rome:
398:English translations
214:Roberto il Guiscardo
185:Moritz Steinscheider
421:Wallis, Faith, ed.
350:Ahmed Ibn Al Jazzar
205:Emigration to Italy
784:African Christians
414:: A Translation."
364:Stephen of Antioch
355:The Baghdadi books
321:
254:Gulf of Polycastro
222:
165:Salvatore de Renzi
36:
563:Liber de gradibus
538:Elbaba, Mostafa.
171:, curator of the
169:Charles Daremberg
16:(Redirected from
831:
711:
707:
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691:
685:
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659:. Archived from
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648:Skeen, Bradley.
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519:978-8-81200032-6
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155:Peter the Deacon
59:and the rest in
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754:Lienhard J.H.,
724:Ahmed Ben Miled
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340:Ishaq Ibn Imran
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103:Arabic medicine
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313:Liber pantegni
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67:, home of the
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728:Ibn Al Jazzar
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666:on 2015-11-06
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119:Ibn al-Jazzar
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80:Monte Cassino
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53:Monte Cassino
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44:
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32:
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819:1090s deaths
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738:
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693:
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668:. Retrieved
661:the original
656:
643:
632:. Retrieved
630:. 2001-08-12
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269:Karl Sudhoff
266:
226:Karl Sudhoff
223:
196:
189:Karl Sudhoff
180:
179:, author of
158:
152:
115:Ibn Suleiman
88:
84:
47:
38:
37:
612:(2): 80â87.
567:Adminiculum
329:Kairouanese
143:Middle Ages
73:Benedictine
773:Categories
718:References
670:2020-05-28
634:2020-05-28
315:, made at
218:Sikelgaita
89:It was in
448:Malgaigne
290:Agripolis
201:in 1922.
111:Ibn Imran
459:See also
412:De Coitu
404:De Coitu
381:De Coitu
294:Gaglione
246:Ifriqiya
242:Carthage
238:Ifriqiya
198:Archeion
57:Ifriqiya
684:Arabic.
286:Taranto
273:Zaytuna
262:Cassino
250:Lucania
230:Salerno
177:Leclerc
160:Saracen
139:England
135:Belgium
127:Germany
65:Salerno
41:, OSB (
745:
700:, 289.
569:", in
516:
292:, and
234:Mahdia
175:, and
137:, and
131:France
117:, and
95:Arabic
664:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
602:(PDF)
471:Notes
325:Tunis
277:Tunis
123:Italy
107:Razes
99:Latin
91:Italy
61:Italy
43:Latin
743:ISBN
514:ISBN
390:The
282:Bari
216:and
167:and
76:monk
710:39.
383:is
275:in
244:in
236:in
775::
730:,
726:,
655:.
626:.
608:.
604:.
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501:.
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82:.
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673:.
637:.
610:1
586:.
542:.
522:.
352:.
342:.
20:)
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