403:
42:
326:
444:, represented by Romanos II and his father Constantine VII, over the imperial claims of Romanos's own sons. Predictably, Stephen and Constantine opposed this decision, and prevailed upon their father, who was by this time ill and old, to dismiss Kourkouas in the autumn of 944. Romanos II instead married Bertha, an illegitimate daughter of
616:
hath spoken: I have nourished and brought up children, and they have rebelled against me." Liutprand of
Cremona, however, gives a slightly different account, having Romanos I receive his sons with bitter sarcasm, thanking them for not neglecting him and begging them to excuse the monks for their
498:
Diogenes, and a certain Clado and Philip. Kedrenos, however, considers
Peteinos to have served as an agent of Constantine VII among the conspirators. On 16 or 20 December 944, the conspirators set their plans in motion. The two brothers smuggled their supporters into the
414:
records the death of Helena on 14 January 940, and on 2 February of the same year, Constantine married his second wife, Theophano Mamas. Constantine had a son, named
Romanos, but it is not recorded by which of his two wives. This Romanos was
459:
which would leave
Constantine VII as the senior emperor following his death. This greatly upset his two sons, who feared that their brother-in-law would have them deposed and force them to take monastic vows. Motivated, in the opinion of
388:
sidelining, Stephen and
Constantine assumed an increased prominence, although formally they still ranked after their brother-in-law in the college of emperors. In 939, Constantine married his first wife Helena, a daughter of the
503:
during the midday break in palace activities. They then led their men into the chamber of
Romanos I, where they easily captured the "ill old man". They were able to transport him to the nearest harbour and from there to
519:
to the effect that, following
Romanos's deposition, Constantine VII's life was in danger. Before long, crowds gathered before the palace, demanding to see their emperor in person. The contemporary
737:: "Another, this one certainly an Armenian, was Adrian the patrician. Adrian must have been a person of some importance, for Romanus Lecapenus married his son Constantine to his daughter."
600:
Helena, another coup removed the two
Lekapenoi from power under the accusation that they attempted to poison Constantine VII, and restored the sole imperial authority to the latter.
2471:
419:
in 945, after the
Lekapenoi lost power, to prevent him from claiming the Byzantine throne. He nevertheless pursued a career in the court, eventually reaching the rank of
543:
present in the capital also supported
Constantine VII. Stephen and his brother had to submit to the inevitable, recognizing their brother-in-law as the senior emperor.
628:. He was ultimately killed while attempting to escape the island. The exact date is unknown, but since Theophanes Continuatus claims that the exiled Romanos I had a
515:
Having managed to quietly depose their father, the brothers now had to deal with Constantine VII. Unfortunately for them, rumours soon spread around
2461:
1072:
1597:
1042:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
287:
381:, he raised his eldest son Christopher to co-emperor in May 921, while Stephen and Constantine were proclaimed co-emperors on 25 December 924.
2391:
2259:
373:, and was eventually crowned senior emperor on 17 December 920. To consolidate his hold on power, and with a view of supplanting the ruling
309:), and Agatha, who married Romanos Argyros. He probably also had at least two unnamed sisters, known only because of their marriages to the
2456:
1604:
608:
Initially, the two brothers were sent to Prote. The Byzantine chroniclers have their father welcoming them by quoting a passage from the
2486:
2227:
2476:
1026:
998:
974:
440:. Although such a union would effectively cement the loyalty of the army, it would also strengthen the position of the legitimate
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2193:
2176:
2003:
1991:
325:
2164:
1956:
1918:
1878:
1845:
965:
944:
500:
2424:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
402:
2379:
2205:
2032:
1998:
1962:
1851:
41:
905:
2441:
2020:
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436:. Their father wanted to have his eldest surviving grandson married to Euphrosyne, a daughter of his successful general
546:
The new triumvirate lasted for about 40 days. The three emperors soon appointed new leaders for the military services.
2451:
2101:
1780:
1246:
455:
With Romanos I approaching the end of his life, the matter of his succession became urgent. In 943, Romanos drafted a
291:
267:
176:
2411:
2367:
2345:
2296:
2183:
1974:
1743:
1085:
464:, partially by self-preservation and partially by genuine ambition, they started planning to seize power through a
432:
Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos came to the fore in 943, when they opposed a dynastic marriage for their nephew,
32:
2466:
2318:
2286:
2111:
1291:
1018:
2481:
2328:
2281:
1828:
1475:
583:
426:
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over the young Constantine VII and marry his daughter Helena to him. Within a year, he successively rose from
2136:
2116:
1890:
1770:
1058:
551:
547:
2406:
2385:
2291:
1081:
833:
271:
2340:
2335:
2311:
2306:
2222:
2047:
1818:
1443:
279:
203:
95:
512:
and a popular place of exile. There, Romanos agreed to take monastic vows and retire from the throne.
2446:
2323:
2271:
2131:
2106:
2071:
1986:
1900:
1750:
1581:
1050:
1036:
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2239:
2217:
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2141:
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2042:
1532:
1470:
1433:
595:
573:
509:
220:
166:
89:
838:
2301:
2244:
2188:
2170:
2159:
2121:
2091:
1969:
1687:
1591:
1341:
1310:
1303:
636:
at the time of Constantine's death, it can be placed between 946 and Romanos's own death in 948.
441:
374:
48:
234:, he deposed Romanos I in December 944, but was overthrown and exiled by the legitimate emperor
845:
695:
2266:
2212:
2053:
1951:
1926:
1775:
1637:
1373:
1358:
1236:
1204:
1022:
994:
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948:
569:
465:
346:
283:
231:
141:
101:
58:
2396:
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2234:
2200:
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2076:
1801:
1728:
1698:
1561:
1516:
1511:
1383:
1008:
487:
472:
216:
274:
mentions him as the youngest son of the imperial couple, while the 11th-century chronicler
2037:
2027:
1936:
1723:
1631:
1619:
1613:
1465:
1286:
1256:
1199:
1179:
984:
478:
461:
411:
342:
295:
275:
235:
83:
505:
341:'s bust on a cross on the obverse and listing the names of Romanos and his co-emperors,
1931:
1895:
1840:
1733:
1656:
1554:
1548:
1480:
1460:
1214:
1174:
934:
842:
692:
609:
562:. Stephen and his brother managed to reward their fellow conspirators. Peteinos became
559:
516:
483:
437:
368:
192:
2435:
2401:
2361:
1905:
1713:
1521:
468:, with Stephen apparently the ringleader and Constantine a rather reluctant partner.
449:
445:
353:
Romanos Lekapenos had risen to power in 919, when he had managed to appoint himself
2146:
1941:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1681:
1543:
1184:
360:
1012:
988:
2010:
1885:
1835:
1760:
1334:
1281:
1224:
332:
990:
The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium
938:
734:
249:, where he was killed while attempting to escape sometime between 946 and 948.
2066:
1981:
1946:
1911:
1823:
1738:
1498:
1491:
1438:
1418:
1363:
1328:
1321:
1266:
1231:
1094:
625:
456:
433:
416:
246:
1813:
1765:
1675:
1662:
1449:
1378:
1351:
1346:
1315:
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1209:
1144:
1139:
952:
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263:
156:
2081:
1863:
1755:
1708:
1668:
1650:
1570:
1505:
1485:
1455:
1428:
1423:
1408:
1398:
1368:
1276:
1271:
1219:
1194:
1189:
1154:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1040:
612:, specifically Chapter 1.2: "Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth; for
540:
520:
294:
in 933–956) were younger or slightly older than he. His sisters included
384:
Following Christopher's early death in 931, and given Constantine VII's
2015:
1718:
1625:
1538:
1393:
1169:
621:
613:
245:) a few weeks later. Constantine Lekapenos was exiled to the island of
151:
278:
mentions him as the third of four known sons. His older brothers were
1787:
1644:
1526:
1298:
1164:
577:
528:
491:
476:
420:
358:
354:
330:
310:
208:
1388:
1159:
1149:
1129:
532:
1134:
1124:
633:
536:
1054:
592:
On 27 January 945, however, at the urging of their sister, the
196:
1039:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
230:), and co-emperor from 924 to 945. With his elder brother
452:, who changed her name to Eudokia after her marriage.
2354:
1800:
1697:
1580:
1407:
1245:
1093:
286:(co-emperor 924–945). It is unclear if his brother
172:
162:
150:
140:
123:
115:
111:
74:
64:
57:
25:
969:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
906:American Standard Version (1901), Book of Isaiah
617:ignorance on how to properly receive emperors.
46:15th-century portrait of Constantine, from the
1066:
761:
759:
757:
755:
8:
1014:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
262:Constantine was one of the youngest sons of
2472:Byzantine people who died in prison custody
1045:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
593:
527:notes that the ambassadors and envoys from
366:
1577:
1073:
1059:
1051:
349:and Constantine Lekapenos, on the reverse.
40:
22:
993:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
893:
805:
781:
676:
674:
672:
917:
881:
869:
857:
817:
793:
777:
765:
746:
730:
718:
706:
663:
401:
324:
680:
651:
644:
317:Romanos Mosele and Romanos Saronites.
940:The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire
828:
826:
7:
620:Constantine was soon transported to
471:Their fellow conspirators included
966:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
14:
18:Byzantine emperor from 924 to 945
300:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
2462:10th-century Byzantine emperors
632:featuring his son's descent to
304:
240:
225:
501:Great Palace of Constantinople
1:
406:Seal of Constantine Lekapenos
945:Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
578:
492:
477:
421:
359:
331:
311:
209:
2457:Armenian Byzantine emperors
292:Patriarch of Constantinople
215:) was the third son of the
2503:
2487:Sons of Byzantine emperors
2346:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2297:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2184:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
197:
2477:Byzantine junior emperors
2422:
2319:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2287:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2112:Constantine IX Monomachos
1019:Stanford University Press
550:was appointed as the new
282:(co-emperor 921–931) and
39:
30:
2282:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1017:. Stanford, California:
572:, Argyros was appointed
427:Eparch of Constantinople
2137:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1771:Tiberius II Constantine
552:Domestic of the Schools
548:Bardas Phokas the Elder
2292:Michael IX Palaiologos
834:Theophanes Continuatus
594:
407:
367:
350:
337:from 931–944, showing
272:Theophanes Continuatus
211:Kōnstantínos Lakapenós
198:Κωνσταντῖνος Λακαπηνός
2386:Thessalonian emperors
2380:Trapezuntine emperors
2341:John VIII Palaiologos
2336:Manuel II Palaiologos
2307:John VI Kantakouzenos
2223:Andronikos I Komnenos
2060:Constantine Lekapenos
1088:and empresses regnant
1037:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
405:
328:
280:Christopher Lekapenos
185:Constantine Lekapenos
33:Emperor of the Romans
26:Constantine Lekapenos
2324:John VII Palaiologos
2272:Theodore II Laskaris
2132:Constantine X Doukas
2072:Nikephoros II Phokas
780:, pp. 230–231;
556:Constantine Gongyles
525:Liutprand of Cremona
2442:10th-century births
2255:Theodore I Laskaris
2240:Alexios III Angelos
2218:Alexios II Komnenos
2142:Romanos IV Diogenes
2097:Romanos III Argyros
2043:Romanos I Lekapenos
920:, pp. 234–235.
872:, pp. 232–233.
820:, pp. 231–232.
784:, pp. 484–485.
574:Count of the Stable
221:Romanos I Lekapenos
167:Romanos I Lekapenos
2452:Macedonian dynasty
2374:Britannic emperors
2368:Palmyrene emperors
2302:John V Palaiologos
2245:Alexios IV Angelos
2194:Constantine Doukas
2189:Alexios I Komnenos
2177:Constantine Doukas
2160:Michael VII Doukas
2122:Michael VI Bringas
1688:Romulus Augustulus
1311:Trebonianus Gallus
1304:Herennius Etruscus
1086:Byzantine emperors
961:Kazhdan, Alexander
947:Armenian Library.
408:
375:Macedonian dynasty
351:
49:Mutinensis gr. 122
2429:
2428:
2267:John III Vatatzes
2213:Manuel I Komnenos
1952:Michael I Rangabe
1796:
1795:
1638:Petronius Maximus
1237:Severus Alexander
1205:Septimius Severus
1009:Treadgold, Warren
735:Chapter II, p. 43
721:, pp. 78–79.
709:, pp. 64–67.
666:, pp. 59–62.
570:Great Hetaeriarch
347:Stephen Lekapenos
284:Stephen Lekapenos
270:. the chronicler
206:
182:
181:
146:Romanos Lekapenos
68:25 December 924 –
59:Byzantine emperor
2494:
2467:Lekapenos family
2277:John IV Laskaris
2250:Alexios V Doukas
2235:Isaac II Angelos
2201:John II Komnenos
2127:Isaac I Komnenos
2087:Constantine VIII
2077:John I Tzimiskes
1804:Byzantine Empire
1578:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1032:
1004:
985:Runciman, Steven
980:
956:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
830:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
775:
769:
763:
750:
744:
738:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
690:
684:
678:
667:
661:
655:
649:
599:
581:
510:Princes' Islands
497:
488:Manuel Kourtikes
482:
473:Marianos Argyros
425:and the post of
424:
372:
364:
336:
316:
308:
306:
244:
242:
229:
227:
214:
202:
200:
199:
77:
44:
23:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2482:Constantine VII
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2362:Gallic emperors
2350:
2038:Constantine VII
1819:Constantine III
1806:
1803:
1792:
1701:
1693:
1632:Valentinian III
1620:Constantius III
1614:Priscus Attalus
1598:Constantine III
1584:
1576:
1466:Valerius Valens
1411:
1403:
1249:
1241:
1200:Didius Julianus
1180:Marcus Aurelius
1097:
1089:
1079:
1049:
1035:
1029:
1007:
1001:
983:
977:
959:
935:Charanis, Peter
933:
929:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
831:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
776:
772:
764:
753:
745:
741:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
691:
687:
683:, p. 1806.
679:
670:
662:
658:
654:, p. 1204.
650:
646:
642:
606:
604:Exile and death
558:as head of the
479:protospatharios
462:Steven Runciman
442:Macedonian line
412:Symeon Magister
343:Constantine VII
323:
303:
276:George Kedrenos
260:
255:
239:
236:Constantine VII
224:
136:
133:Theophano Mamas
107:
84:Constantine VII
75:
69:
53:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
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2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2399:
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2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2321:
2316:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2181:
2157:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:Theodora (III)
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2013:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1979:
1967:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Constantine VI
1929:
1924:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Theodosius III
1893:
1888:
1883:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1841:Constantine IV
1838:
1833:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:Eastern Empire
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:Western Empire
1575:
1574:
1567:
1555:Magnus Maximus
1551:
1549:Valentinian II
1546:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1481:Constantius II
1478:
1476:Constantine II
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Antoninus Pius
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1098:27 BC – AD 235
1091:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1033:
1027:
1005:
999:
981:
975:
963:, ed. (1991).
957:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:
910:
898:
896:, p. 486.
894:Treadgold 1997
886:
884:, p. 233.
874:
862:
860:, p. 232.
850:
843:John Skylitzes
822:
810:
808:, p. 485.
806:Treadgold 1997
798:
796:, p. 146.
786:
782:Treadgold 1997
770:
768:, p. 234.
751:
739:
723:
711:
699:
693:John Skylitzes
685:
668:
656:
643:
641:
638:
624:, and then to
610:Book of Isaiah
605:
602:
576:, Kourtikes a
560:Byzantine navy
517:Constantinople
484:Basil Peteinos
438:John Kourkouas
410:The historian
379:his own family
322:
319:
307: 913–959
298:, who married
259:
256:
254:
251:
243: 913–959
228: 920–944
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
135:
134:
131:
127:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
99:
93:
87:
80:
78:
72:
71:
70:27 January 945
66:
62:
61:
55:
54:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2499:
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2256:
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2208:
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2202:
2199:
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2179:
2178:
2173:
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2167:
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2161:
2158:
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2135:
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2125:
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2118:
2115:
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2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2098:
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2049:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:Theodora (II)
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:Constantine V
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Anastasius II
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
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1848:
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1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Theodosius II
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
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1673:
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1666:
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1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Valentinian I
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
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1479:
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1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:Constantine I
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:Constantius I
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
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1392:
1390:
1387:
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1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
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1348:
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1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
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1312:
1309:
1306:
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1300:
1297:
1294:
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1288:
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1283:
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1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
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1227:
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1221:
1218:
1216:
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1198:
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1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
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1178:
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1173:
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1168:
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1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
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1151:
1148:
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1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:0-8047-2630-2
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:0-521-35722-5
996:
992:
991:
986:
982:
978:
976:0-19-504652-8
972:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
931:
926:
919:
918:Runciman 1988
914:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
882:Runciman 1988
878:
875:
871:
870:Runciman 1988
866:
863:
859:
858:Runciman 1988
854:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
835:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:Runciman 1988
814:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
794:Runciman 1988
790:
787:
783:
779:
778:Runciman 1988
774:
771:
767:
766:Runciman 1988
762:
760:
758:
756:
752:
749:, p. 78.
748:
747:Runciman 1988
743:
740:
736:
732:
731:Charanis 1963
727:
724:
720:
719:Runciman 1988
715:
712:
708:
707:Runciman 1988
703:
700:
697:
694:
689:
686:
682:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
664:Runciman 1988
660:
657:
653:
648:
645:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
611:
603:
601:
598:
597:
590:
588:
586:
580:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
508:, one of the
507:
502:
496:
495:
489:
485:
481:
480:
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
453:
451:
450:King of Italy
447:
446:Hugh of Arles
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
423:
418:
413:
404:
400:
398:
394:
393:
387:
382:
380:
376:
371:
370:
363:
362:
356:
348:
344:
340:
335:
334:
327:
320:
318:
315:
314:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:and his wife
265:
257:
252:
250:
248:
237:
233:
222:
218:
213:
212:
205:
194:
190:
186:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
132:
129:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
79:
73:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
50:
43:
38:
35:
34:
29:
24:
21:
16:
2329:Andronikos V
2327:
2310:
2258:
2226:
2204:
2192:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2151:
2145:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2019:
2002:
1990:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1942:Nikephoros I
1917:
1916:
1910:
1877:
1874:Justinian II
1869:Tiberius III
1859:Justinian II
1850:
1844:
1827:
1779:
1751:Anastasius I
1742:
1686:
1682:Julius Nepos
1674:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1544:Theodosius I
1531:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1461:Maximinus II
1448:
1350:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1223:
1185:Lucius Verus
1041:
1013:
989:
964:
939:
913:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
832:
813:
801:
789:
773:
742:
726:
714:
702:
688:
681:Kazhdan 1991
659:
652:Kazhdan 1991
647:
619:
607:
591:
587:of the Watch
584:
563:
545:
514:
470:
454:
431:
409:
390:
385:
383:
361:basileopator
352:
261:
210:
188:
184:
183:
47:
31:
20:
15:
2447:940s deaths
2388:(1224–1242)
2382:(1204–1461)
2171:Konstantios
2048:Christopher
2021:Constantine
2011:Michael III
1992:Constantine
1975:Constantine
1957:Theophylact
1886:Philippicus
1836:Constans II
1761:Justinian I
1657:Severus III
1605:Constans II
1359:Claudius II
1335:Silbannacus
1282:Gordian III
1257:Maximinus I
1225:Diadumenian
585:droungarios
466:coup d'état
395:Adrian, an
333:miliaresion
288:Theophylact
96:Christopher
76:Co-emperors
2436:Categories
2165:Andronikos
2153:Nikephoros
2102:Michael IV
2067:Romanos II
1987:Theophilos
1982:Michael II
1963:Staurakios
1947:Staurakios
1919:Nikephoros
1912:Artabasdos
1824:Heraclonas
1781:Theodosius
1739:Basiliscus
1499:Nepotianus
1492:Magnentius
1486:Constans I
1439:Severus II
1419:Diocletian
1364:Quintillus
1329:Aemilianus
1322:Volusianus
1267:Gordian II
1232:Elagabalus
1095:Principate
943:. Lisbon:
640:References
626:Samothrace
523:historian
434:Romanos II
247:Samothrace
52:manuscript
2407:Classical
2392:Empresses
2376:(286–296)
2370:(267–273)
2364:(260–274)
2107:Michael V
2033:Alexander
1846:Heraclius
1814:Heraclius
1766:Justin II
1676:Glycerius
1663:Anthemius
1533:Procopius
1471:Martinian
1450:Maxentius
1379:Florianus
1352:Saloninus
1347:Gallienus
1316:Hostilian
1292:Philip II
1262:Gordian I
1210:Caracalla
1145:Vespasian
1140:Vitellius
987:(1988) .
630:nightmare
579:patrikios
565:patrikios
494:strategos
422:patrikios
417:castrated
392:patrikios
339:Romanos I
313:magistroi
264:Romanos I
253:Biography
217:Byzantine
204:translit.
189:Lecapenus
157:Lekapenos
104:(924–944)
98:(921–931)
92:(920–944)
90:Romanos I
86:(920–944)
2402:Usurpers
2397:Augustae
2355:See also
2260:Nicholas
2082:Basil II
1879:Tiberius
1864:Leontius
1852:Tiberius
1829:Tiberius
1807:610–1453
1802:Eastern/
1756:Justin I
1709:Arcadius
1669:Olybrius
1651:Majorian
1592:Honorius
1571:Eugenius
1506:Vetranio
1456:Licinius
1429:Galerius
1424:Maximian
1409:Dominate
1399:Numerian
1369:Aurelian
1342:Valerian
1287:Philip I
1277:Balbinus
1272:Pupienus
1220:Macrinus
1195:Pertinax
1190:Commodus
1155:Domitian
1120:Claudius
1115:Caligula
1110:Tiberius
1105:Augustus
1011:(1997).
953:17186882
937:(1963).
541:Provence
397:Armenian
386:de facto
268:Theodora
219:emperor
177:Theodora
2412:Eastern
2312:Matthew
2206:Alexios
2054:Stephen
2016:Basil I
1901:Leo III
1776:Maurice
1719:Marcian
1702:395–610
1626:Joannes
1585:395–480
1539:Gratian
1412:284–610
1394:Carinus
1374:Tacitus
1250:235–285
1170:Hadrian
927:Sources
839:Book VI
622:Tenedos
614:Jehovah
596:Augusta
521:Lombard
329:Silver
232:Stephen
152:Dynasty
119:946–948
102:Stephen
2174:&
2150:&
2057:&
2028:Leo VI
2004:Thekla
1960:&
1927:Leo IV
1849:&
1788:Phocas
1744:Marcus
1729:Leo II
1645:Avitus
1562:Victor
1527:Valens
1517:Jovian
1512:Julian
1384:Probus
1319:&
1299:Decius
1247:Crisis
1165:Trajan
1025:
997:
973:
951:
846:XI.1–2
554:, and
539:, and
529:Amalfi
490:, the
475:, the
369:Caesar
355:regent
296:Helena
258:Family
207:
173:Mother
163:Father
124:Spouse
1970:Leo V
1937:Irene
1724:Leo I
1389:Carus
1160:Nerva
1150:Titus
1130:Galba
1082:Roman
533:Gaeta
506:Prote
377:with
321:Reign
193:Greek
142:Issue
130:Helen
65:Reign
2326:(w.
2309:(w.
2257:(w.
2228:John
2225:(w.
2203:(w.
2191:(w.
2162:(w.
2144:(w.
2045:(w.
2018:(w.
2001:(w.
1989:(w.
1972:(w.
1954:(w.
1915:(w.
1876:(w.
1843:(w.
1826:(w.
1778:(w.
1741:(w.
1734:Zeno
1601:(w.
1558:(w.
1349:(w.
1313:(w.
1301:(w.
1289:(w.
1222:(w.
1215:Geta
1135:Otho
1125:Nero
1084:and
1023:ISBN
995:ISBN
971:ISBN
949:OCLC
696:X.13
634:Hell
582:and
568:and
537:Rome
457:will
116:Died
2147:Leo
2092:Zoe
1338:(?)
365:to
187:or
2438::
2168:,
2051:,
1021:.
841:;
837:,
825:^
754:^
733:,
671:^
589:.
535:,
531:,
486:,
448:,
429:.
399:.
345:,
305:r.
241:r.
226:r.
201:,
195::
2332:)
2315:)
2263:)
2231:)
2209:)
2197:)
2180:)
2156:)
2063:)
2024:)
2007:)
1995:)
1978:)
1966:)
1923:)
1882:)
1855:)
1832:)
1784:)
1747:)
1609:)
1566:)
1355:)
1325:)
1307:)
1295:)
1228:)
1074:e
1067:t
1060:v
1031:.
1003:.
979:.
955:.
908:.
848:.
302:(
290:(
238:(
223:(
191:(
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