426:
585:
40:
1507:Ангелов (Angelov), Димитър (Dimitar); Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); Ваклинов (Vaklinov), Станчо (Stancho); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil); Куев (Kuev), Кую (kuyu); Петров (Petrov), Петър (Petar); Примов (Primov), Борислав (Borislav); Тъпкова (Tapkova), Василка (Vasilka); Цанокова (Tsankova), Геновева (Genoveva) (1981).
544:, who had been imprisoned at Michael VIII's order, also wanted to regain his throne with the Tatars' help. One of his uncles was a prominent leader of the Golden Horde and he sent messages to him to persuade the Tatars to invade the Byzantine Empire with Bulgarian assistance. According to the Byzantine historian,
611:, to the widowed Konstantin in 1268. The emperor also pledged that he would return Mesembria and Anchialos to Bulgaria as her dowry if she gave birth to a son. Konstantin married Maria, but Michael VIII broke his promise and did not renounce the two towns after the birth of Konstantin and Maria's son,
296:. Pirivatrić and other scholars also say, Konstantin may have been a son or a nephew of the Bulgarian boyar John Tihomir, who controlled Skopje in the late 12th century. If Konstantin was related to the Serbian royal house through his mother, a daughter or a niece of Nemanja must have been his mother.
232:
took over the throne of the
Byzantine Empire (which led Konstantin to go to war with them in the 1260s) this saw Bulgaria losing significant territories to its two principal enemies, the Byzantines and Hungary. Later, when Tatars began attacking the Byzantines, Konstantin joined them in a unified
642:
sultan of Egypt, to attack the
Byzantine Empire. Maria was also determined to secure the throne to her son. Jacob Svetoslav, however, had a strong claim to succeed Konstantin, because his wife was a granddaughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. Maria first adopted Jacob Svetoslav to persuade him to
576:
ended with the division of the country between Béla IV and
Stephen in March 1266. Stephen launched a military campaign against Bulgaria and captured Vidin in June. Konstantin tried to resist, but the Hungarians defeated his army and plundered the region of Tarnovo. The Hungarians captured
551:
Thousands of Tatars crossed the frozen Lower Danube to invade the
Byzantine Empire in late 1264. Konstantin soon joined them, although he had fallen from a horse and broken his leg. The united Tatar and Bulgarian armies launched a sudden attack against Michael VIII who was returning from
362:. The marriage with a descendant of the Bulgarian royal family strengthened his position. He was thereafter called Konstantin Asen. The marriage also forged an alliance between Bulgaria and Nicaea, which was confirmed one or two years later, when the Byzantine historian and official
244:, he began attacking Bulgaria again and defeated Konstantin's army. He plundered Tarnovo and captured fortresses on the Danube in the mid to late 1260s. Later, Konstantin suffered an injury and was paralysed from the waist down. The paralysed Konstantin failed in preventing the
646:
The paralyzed
Konstantin could not prevent Nogai's Tatars from making regular plundering raids against Bulgaria. The local inhabitants of the regions which were most exposed to the Tatar raids had to organize the defense without the monarch's support.
659:
became a leader of the discontented and attracted many (presumably mostly lower-class) followers, asserting his control over a significant area. Konstantine set out against Ivaylo with his guard, but was decisively defeated and slain in his chariot.
488:
in
Bulgaria). After Konstantine laid siege to the town, Mitso sought assistance from the Byzantines, offering to surrender Mesembria to them in exchange for landed property in the Byzantine Empire. Michael VIII accepted the offer and sent
629:
Konstantin had been seriously injured after a riding accident and could not move without assistance, because he was paralyzed from the waist down. His ambitious wife took control of the government. After
Michael VIII's envoys accepted
615:. Outraged by the emperor's betrayal, Konstantin sent envoys to Charles to Naples in September 1271. The negotiations continued during the following years, showing that Konstantin was willing to support Charles against the Byzantines.
523:
As a consequence of the war with the
Byzantines, by the end of 1263, Bulgaria lost significant territories to its two principal enemies, the Byzantine Empire and Hungary. Konstantin could only seek assistance from the Tatars of the
622:, the dominant figure in the westernmost territory of the Golden Horde, to invade Bulgaria. The Tatars plundered the country, forcing Konstantin to return and abandon his claim to the two towns. Nogai set up his capital in
809:
191), т. е. като роднина на българския цар Константин Тих по сръбска линия. Всичко това означава според Ив. Божилов, че единият от родителите на този владетел е бил българин - вероятно бащата Тих (Йоан Тихомир?), което
650:
Due to the expensive and unsuccessful wars, repeated Mongol raids, and economic instability (Constantine was the first
Bulgarian ruler to mint his own coins on a vast scale), the government was faced with a
2211:
581:
and other fortresses on the Danube and forced Jacob
Svetoslav to again do homage to Stephen. Thereafter Jacob Svetoslav was styled as "emperor of Bulgaria" in the Hungarian royal charters.
655:. The social and economic aspects of this movement have been stressed by Marxist historians, but its true character is elusive. What is clear is that a swineherd or swine-owner named
560:
in Turkey), forcing the defenders to surrender. The Byzantines also agreed to release Kaykaus (who soon left for the Golden Horde), but his family was kept imprisoned even thereafter.
496:
A second Byzantine army stormed into Thrace and recaptured Stanimaka and Philippopolis. After seizing Mesembria from Mitso, Glabas Tarchaneiotes continued his campaign along the
374:
Rostislav Mikhailovich invaded Bulgaria with Hungarian assistance in 1259. In the following year, Rostislav left his duchy to join the campaign of his father-in-law,
643:
acknowledge her son's right to the throne, but later she had him poisoned. He also had other noblemen captured or executed, which made Konstantin's rule unpopular.
2216:
1718:
417:, because he withdrew to Tarnovo. The Hungarian army left Bulgaria before the end of the year, but the campaign restored northwestern Bulgaria to Rostislav.
1591:
Pirivatrić, Srdjan (2011). "The Boyana Church Portraits: Contribution to the Prosopography of Sebastokrator Kaloyan". In Penkova, Bisserka (ed.).
588:
Golden seal of Konstantin Asen. Inscription in Bulgarian: "+Konstantin, in Christ the God, a faithful tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, Asen."
248:
from plundering Bulgaria. Further worsening his situation, the latter part of his reign saw economic instability and his failed suppressing of a
2186:
1602:
1559:
1468:
2206:
457:. Furthermore, Konstantine's wife decided to take vengeance of her brother's mutilation and persuaded Konstantine to turn against Michael.
573:
241:
520:. Glabas Tarchaneiotes attacked Jacob Svetoslav who could only resist with Hungarian assistance, thus he accepted Béla IV's suzerainty.
490:
1396:"History of Bulgaria. Volume III-Second Bulgarian Empire", Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1982, p. 277-8
568:
Konstantine's alliance with the Tatars strengthened his position. Jacob Svetoslav again accepted his suzerainty. Taking advantage of a
2196:
464:, who had taken control of the southwestern region, was loyal to Konstantine. Benefiting from a war between the Byzantine Empire, the
1643:
1624:
1581:
1540:
1497:
802:
382:. Taking advantage of Rostislav's absence, Konstantin broke into his realm and reoccupied Vidin. He also sent an army to attack the
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1884:
673:
608:
600:
107:
2031:
1520:
677:
612:
119:
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2041:
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1967:
1704:
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to Constantinople, but they could not capture the emperor. Konstantin laid siege the Byzantine fortress of Ainos (now
314:
339:, Mitso held sway over southeastern Bulgaria, but none of them could secure the support of the boyars who controlled
2081:
2066:
2051:
1864:
1859:
1727:
387:
460:
Mitso, who still held southeastern Bulgaria, made an alliance with the Byzantines, but another powerful nobleman,
2071:
2006:
1898:
1528:
668:
Constantine I was married three times. The names of his first wife and children are unknown. By his second wife,
596:
355:
2155:
2126:
2061:
2046:
669:
442:
425:
359:
347:
229:
103:
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in summer 1274, she became one of the leading opponents of the union. She even tried to persuade Baibars, the
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1937:
1923:
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175:
1978:
1972:
1735:
635:
469:
332:
324:
222:
171:
71:
2201:
2150:
2036:
1957:
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in 1267. To prevent Bulgaria from joining the anti-Byzantine coalition, Michael VIII offered his niece,
398:
1533:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
569:
375:
210:
2181:
2011:
1932:
1844:
1834:
1829:
402:
293:
237:
191:
1463:(Translated with and Introduction and Commentary by Ruth Macrides) (2007). Oxford University Press.
2131:
2021:
2016:
1942:
1905:
1839:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1744:
545:
473:
401:
in March 1261, Hungarian troops stormed into Bulgaria under the command of Béla IV's son and heir,
281:
2001:
1854:
1799:
1769:
1749:
652:
592:
465:
379:
363:
249:
206:
155:
81:
1660:
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of the Bulgarian monarchs for almost two decades, although their rule was only formal. A former
328:
313:, but the circumstances of his ascension are obscure. Michael Asen was murdered by his cousin,
2026:
1947:
1912:
1849:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
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383:
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202:
114:
2108:
1875:
1779:
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1612:
548:, Kaykaus also approached Konstantin, offering much money to him if he came to release him.
537:
454:
450:
438:
187:
179:
167:
53:
17:
1441:
Georgi Bakalov - "Medieval Bulgarian ruler", publishing house "Anubis", Sofia, 1995, p. 226
584:
317:
in late 1256 or early 1257. Before long, Kaliman was also killed, and the male line of the
1990:
1962:
461:
310:
1552:
The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280
453:. The rebirth of the empire changed the traditional relations between the powers of the
2092:
1489:
631:
446:
414:
340:
285:
273:
217:, an important town of the Bulgarian Empire and also saw the Hungarians besieging the
2170:
513:
406:
45:
484:
in Bulgaria) in the autumn of 1262. Mitso was also forced to flee to Mesembria (now
1952:
1891:
1569:
529:
525:
517:
410:
318:
218:
131:
288:
relative of Nemanja, his father, Tih, may have been the son of Nemanja's brother,
822:
792:
1996:
434:
245:
335:(who was Michael's brother-in-law), laid claim to Bulgaria. Rostislav captured
268:
or Skopje. Konstantin stated in his charter to the Saint George Monastery near
186:. To strengthen his position, he forged an alliance with one of the rump state—
1671:
619:
541:
477:
183:
1759:
1484:Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996).
497:
476:, Konstantine invaded Thrace and captured Stanimaka and Philippopolis (now
39:
1636:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
1593:Боянската църква между Изтока и Запада в изкуството на християнска Европа
343:. The latter offered the throne to Konstantin who accepted the election.
829:приеха, че Константин Тих е син на архонта Йоан Тихомир, скопски болярин.
824:
Godishnik na Sofiĭskii︠a︡ universitet, Fakultet po slavi︠a︡nski filologii
618:
Konstantin broke into Thrace in 1271 or 1272, but Michael VIII persuaded
553:
533:
195:
346:
Konstantin divorced his first wife (whose name is unknown), and married
2101:
1794:
623:
509:
505:
501:
485:
481:
449:
already in July, thus the coup made him the sole ruler of the restored
280:, described him as a "half-Serbian". He could have been related to the
126:
1696:
1688:
656:
639:
578:
269:
1516:
583:
424:
393:
The Bulgarian invasion of Severin outraged Béla IV. Soon after he
336:
265:
261:
225:(Béla's son-in-law), who had claimed Bulgaria in the years prior.
214:
441:, was dethroned and blinded by his former guardian and co-ruler,
1804:
557:
1700:
309:
Konstantin Tih mounted the Bulgarian throne after the death of
626:
near the Danube Delta, thus he could easily attack Bulgaria.
512:
in Bulgaria). Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet took control of
331:(who was Michael and Kaliman's father-in-law), and the boyar
1312:
1310:
855:
853:
851:
849:
445:, before the end of 1261. Michael VIII's army had occupied
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986:
984:
917:
915:
913:
911:
886:
884:
882:
880:
750:
748:
572:, Jacob Svetoslav also invaded the Banate of Severin. The
264:(or nobleman) whose estates were located in the region of
1486:Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars)
723:
721:
719:
1153:
1151:
1102:
1100:
959:
957:
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and occupied Agathopolis, Sozopolis and Anchialos (now
1356:
1354:
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1220:
1218:
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1032:
1030:
1028:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
680:, who succeeded as co-emperor of Bulgaria 1277–1279.
1513:
History of Bulgaria. Volume II. First Bulgarian State
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
1509:История на България. Том II. Първа българска държава
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2090:
1922:
1873:
1734:
137:
125:
113:
99:
91:
87:
77:
67:
59:
52:
44:Portrait of Konstantin Asen of the frescoes in the
32:
672:, Constantine had no children. By his third wife,
170:from 1257 to 1277, he was offered the throne from
284:through either his mother or father. If he was a
2212:Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
413:, but they were unable to bring Konstantin to a
350:in 1258. Irene was the daughter of Theodore II,
233:attack but this failed to capture Michael VIII.
276:was his grandfather. The Byzantine historian,
1712:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1372:
8:
1617:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1719:
1705:
1697:
1665:
1597:. Нац. исторически музей. pp. 14–35.
1574:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
840:
778:
766:
754:
739:
528:to put an end to his isolation. The Tatar
38:
29:
1515:] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. София (
1316:
1002:
859:
221:region, leaving northwestern Bulgaria to
1328:
1301:
1272:
1255:
1209:
1121:
1060:
1019:
921:
890:
727:
794:History of Macedonia in the Middle Ages
688:
260:Konstantin Tih was a wealthy Bulgarian
213:; this led Hungarian troops to capture
1384:
1169:
1157:
1106:
1091:
963:
975:
634:'s proposal to a church union at the
605:alliance against the Byzantine Empire
201:Early in his reign, his army invaded
7:
1535:. The University of Michigan Press.
1360:
1345:
1284:
1236:
1224:
1192:
1142:
1079:
1048:
1036:
990:
948:
902:
871:
710:
2217:Bulgarian people of Serbian descent
405:. They captured Vidin and besieged
190:—by marrying Irene, a daughter of
27:Tsar of Bulgaria from 1257 to 1277
25:
1661:Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers
1488:(in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (
609:Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene
601:Latin emperor of Constantinople
386:, but the Hungarian commander,
1638:. Cambridge University Press.
1576:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1619:. Stanford University Press.
1521:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
421:War with the Byzantine Empire
2187:13th-century Bulgarian tsars
1550:Madgearu, Alexandru (2017).
491:Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes
18:Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria
2207:Murdered Bulgarian monarchs
390:, fought the invaders off.
2233:
827:. Nauka i izkustvo. 1979.
797:. Gutenberg. p. 116.
240:emerged victorious in the
178:at a time when the nearby
2197:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
1685:
1676:
1668:
1418:Andreev & Lalkov 1996
1406:Andreev & Lalkov 1996
791:Khristo Dimitrov (2001).
292:, according to historian
159:
37:
443:Michael VIII Palaiologos
395:concluded a peace treaty
360:Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
348:Irene Doukaina Laskarina
274:Stefan Nemanja of Serbia
166:(Константин I), was the
104:Irene Doukaina Laskarina
1634:Vásáry, István (2005).
1519:): Издателство на БАН (
516:and other ports at the
493:to help Mitso in 1263.
636:Second Council of Lyon
589:
430:
325:Rostislav Mikhailovich
223:Rostislav Mikhailovich
2129:(1878–1908) and
587:
428:
399:Ottokar II of Bohemia
370:Conflict with Hungary
1492:): Абагар (Abagar).
1459:George Akropolites:
1287:, pp. 180, 182.
1239:, pp. 170, 180.
570:civil war in Hungary
2177:13th-century births
2091:Rebels against the
1874:Rebels against the
1063:, pp. 251–252.
1051:, pp. 176–177.
993:, pp. 174–175.
874:, pp. 171–172.
599:, the dispossessed
574:Hungarian civil war
546:Nicephorus Gregoras
282:Serbian royal house
242:Hungarian civil war
182:disintegrated into
160:Константин Тих Асен
2192:People from Skopje
2032:Theodore Svetoslav
1728:Bulgarian monarchs
1430:Angelov et al 1981
1373:Angelov et al 1981
674:Maria Kantakouzene
593:Charles I of Anjou
590:
466:Republic of Venice
431:
376:Béla IV of Hungary
364:George Akropolites
164:Constantine I Tikh
108:Maria Palaiologina
2164:
2163:
2134:(1908–1946)
1985:Constantine I Tih
1926:(1185–1422)
1913:Constantine Bodin
1695:
1694:
1686:Succeeded by
1613:Treadgold, Warren
1604:978-954-91259-7-9
1561:978-9-004-32501-2
1477:Secondary sources
1469:978-0-19-921067-1
742:, pp. 12–13.
384:Banate of Severin
366:came to Tarnovo.
356:Elena of Bulgaria
352:Emperor of Nicaea
294:Srdjan Pirivatrić
278:George Pachymeres
194:of the prominent
149:
148:
16:(Redirected from
2224:
2109:Ivan Shishman II
2042:Michael Asen III
2037:George Terter II
1738:(680–1018)
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1683:1257–1277
1679:Tsar of Bulgaria
1669:Preceded by
1666:
1649:
1630:
1608:
1587:
1570:Nicol, Donald M.
1565:
1546:
1529:Fine, John V. A.
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743:
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731:
725:
714:
708:
455:Balkan Peninsula
451:Byzantine Empire
439:John IV Laskaris
437:brother-in-law,
358:, a daughter of
252:ended his life.
180:Byzantine Empire
176:Bulgarian Empire
168:tsar of Bulgaria
161:
54:Tsar of Bulgaria
42:
30:
21:
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2086:
2057:Michael Asen IV
2012:George Terter I
1997:Michael Asen II
1991:Jacob Svetoslav
1968:Kaliman Asen II
1918:
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1568:
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1479:
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1453:Primary sources
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847:
841:Pirivatrić 2011
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790:
789:
785:
779:Pirivatrić 2011
777:
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767:Pirivatrić 2011
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755:Pirivatrić 2011
753:
746:
740:Pirivatrić 2011
738:
734:
726:
717:
709:
690:
686:
670:Irene of Nicaea
666:
566:
462:Jacob Svetoslav
429:Bulgaria c.1260
423:
372:
311:Michael II Asen
307:
302:
258:
209:which outraged
106:
48:
28:
23:
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632:Pope Gregory X
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780:
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768:
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174:. He led the
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46:Boyana Church
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2202:Asen dynasty
2127:Principality
2116:Rostislav II
2114:
2107:
2100:
2062:Ivan Asen IV
2047:Ivan Stephen
1989:
1984:
1977:
1953:Ivan Asen II
1911:
1904:
1897:
1892:Petar Delyan
1890:
1883:
1736:First Empire
1677:
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591:
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526:Golden Horde
522:
518:Danube Delta
495:
459:
432:
411:Lower Danube
392:
373:
345:
323:
319:Asen dynasty
308:
259:
235:
230:Michael VIII
227:
219:Lower Danube
200:
163:
151:
150:
142:
132:Asen dynasty
2182:1277 deaths
2146:Ferdinand I
2141:Alexander I
2077:Ivan Asen V
1979:Rostislav I
1938:Ivan Asen I
1461:The History
1385:Vásáry 2005
1170:Vásáry 2005
1158:Vásáry 2005
1107:Vásáry 2005
1092:Vásáry 2005
964:Vásáry 2005
286:patrilinear
246:Nogai Horde
192:Theodore II
184:rump states
68:Predecessor
2171:Categories
1973:Mitso Asen
1885:Presian II
1876:Byzantines
1672:Mitso Asen
976:Nicol 1993
684:References
603:, made an
597:Baldwin II
542:Kaykaus II
478:Asenovgrad
378:, against
321:died out.
256:Early life
172:Mitso Asen
72:Mitso Asen
2156:Simeon II
2151:Boris III
1820:Presian I
1760:Kormisosh
1554:. BRILL.
1361:Fine 1994
1346:Fine 1994
1285:Fine 1994
1237:Fine 1994
1225:Fine 1994
1193:Fine 1994
1143:Fine 1994
1080:Fine 1994
1049:Fine 1994
1037:Fine 1994
991:Fine 1994
949:Fine 1994
903:Fine 1994
872:Fine 1994
711:Fine 1994
676:, he had
534:overlords
498:Black Sea
305:Ascension
156:Bulgarian
141:Tihomir (
78:Successor
63:1257–1277
2093:Ottomans
1933:Peter II
1845:Boris II
1835:Simeon I
1830:Vladimir
1615:(1997).
1572:(1993).
1531:(1994).
554:Thessaly
388:Lawrence
198:family.
196:Laskaris
2132:Kingdom
2102:Fruzhin
2022:Ivan II
2017:Smilets
1943:Kaloyan
1906:Alusian
1899:Tihomir
1840:Peter I
1825:Boris I
1815:Malamir
1810:Omurtag
1795:Telerig
1745:Asparuh
1523:Press).
1448:Sources
678:Michael
624:Isaccea
613:Michael
510:Pomorie
506:Sozopol
502:Ahtopol
486:Nesebar
482:Plovdiv
409:on the
403:Stephen
380:Bohemia
341:Tarnovo
315:Kaliman
290:Tihomir
238:Stephen
211:Béla IV
207:Hungary
203:Severin
120:Michael
2002:Ivaylo
1855:Samuel
1800:Kardam
1770:Telets
1750:Tervel
1689:Ivaylo
1642:
1623:
1601:
1580:
1558:
1539:
1496:
1467:
801:
664:Family
657:Ivaylo
640:Mamluk
579:Pleven
514:Vicina
474:Epirus
470:Achaea
354:, and
270:Skopje
250:revolt
236:After
188:Nicaea
138:Father
100:Spouse
82:Ivaylo
2027:Chaka
1948:Boril
1850:Roman
1790:Pagan
1785:Toktu
1775:Sabin
1765:Vineh
1755:Sevar
1517:Sofia
1511:[
620:Nogai
530:khans
435:minor
397:with
337:Vidin
333:Mitso
300:Reign
272:that
266:Sofia
262:boyar
228:When
215:Vidin
162:) or
127:House
115:Issue
60:Reign
1805:Krum
1780:Umor
1640:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1465:ISBN
799:ISBN
595:and
558:Enez
508:and
480:and
472:and
95:1277
92:Died
810:...
407:Lom
143:Tih
2173::
1353:^
1336:^
1309:^
1292:^
1263:^
1244:^
1217:^
1200:^
1177:^
1150:^
1129:^
1114:^
1099:^
1068:^
1027:^
1010:^
983:^
956:^
929:^
910:^
879:^
848:^
807:.
747:^
718:^
691:^
540:,
504:,
468:,
327:,
205:,
158::
1720:e
1713:t
1706:v
1648:.
1629:.
1607:.
1586:.
1564:.
1545:.
1502:.
1471:.
154:(
145:)
20:)
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