Constellation program

1964:

the field of spaceflight, discussed the future of U.S. efforts in human spaceflight and unveiled a plan for NASA that followed the Augustine Panel's "Flexible Path to Mars" option, modifying President Obama's prior proposal to include the continuing development of the Orion capsule as an auxiliary system to the ISS and setting the year 2015 as the deadline for the design of a new Super Heavy Launch Vehicle. In October 2010, the NASA authorization bill for 2010 was signed into law which canceled Constellation. However, previous legislation kept Constellation contracts in force until passage of a new funding bill for 2011.

1703:(EVA) spacesuits and commence the first of five to seven lunar EVAs, collecting samples and deploying experiments. After completing their Lunar Sortie operations, the crew would then enter the Altair and fire the ascent stage engine to lift off from the surface, using the descent stage as a launchpad (and leaving it as a platform for future base construction). Upon entering orbit, the Altair would rendezvous and dock with the waiting Orion spacecraft, and the crew would then transfer, along with samples collected on the Moon, back to the Orion. After jettisoning the Altair, the crew would perform the 1113: 1696:

would undock from the Orion and perform an inspection maneuver, allowing ground controllers to inspect the spacecraft via live TV mounted on Orion for any visible problems that would prevent landing (on Apollo this was done by the Command Module Pilot). After receiving approval from ground controllers, the two craft would separate to a safe distance and the Altair's descent engines would fire again for powered descent to a pre-determined landing spot previously selected by uncrewed spacecraft.

1628: 3656: 1611:. After getting the go ahead from Houston, Orion would then dock with the ISS. The six-man crew (at a maximum) would then enter the station in order to perform numerous tasks and activities for the duration of their flight, usually lasting six months, but possibly shortened to four or lengthened to eight, depending upon NASA's goals for that particular mission. Once completed, the crew would then reenter the Orion, seal itself off from the ISS, and then undock from the station. 280: 38: 1420: 1147:, but capable of sustaining four to six crew members; a cylindrical service module (SM) containing the primary propulsion systems and consumable supplies; and the Launch Abort System (LAS), which provides capability for the astronauts and Crew Module to escape from the launch vehicle should problems arise during launch ascent. The Orion Crew Module is designed to be reusable, allowing NASA to construct a fleet of Orion crew modules. 5507: 3861: 1295: 2031: 1223: 1822:

and propellant modules assembled in Earth orbit. Once at Mars, the crew would rendezvous with the Mars habitat in orbit, land on Mars, and explore for 500 days. The crew would use the MAV to return to their interplanetary vehicle in Mars orbit, which would then be used to return to Earth. The mission would conclude with the re-entry and landing of the Orion capsule.

5894: 5519: 3873: 1497:

been solved," said Constellation program manager Jeff Hanley. "That is the legacy that Apollo gave us." However, as the J-2X program progressed, it became apparent that, because of revised safety requirements and the growing mass of the upper stage, it was necessary to scrap the original J-2 design completely and use a completely new design for the J-2X.

275: 1081:, when the program was created. Ares I was designed for the sole purpose of launching mission crews into orbit, while Ares V would have been used to launch other hardware which required a heavier lift capacity than the Ares I booster provided. In addition to these two boosters, NASA designed other spacecraft for use during Constellation, including the 2100: 5606: 1010:. The Act directed NASA to "develop a sustained human presence on the Moon, including a robust precursor program to promote exploration, science, commerce and US preeminence in space, and as a stepping stone to future exploration of Mars and other destinations." Work began on this revised Constellation Program, to send astronauts first to the 1619:), which does not combust when exposed to heat, allowing the spacecraft to splashdown. The Command Module would then be returned to Kennedy Space Center for refurbishment for a later flight. Unlike the Apollo CM, which was used only for one flight, an Orion CM could theoretically be used up to ten times under normal operating conditions. 1407:

spacecraft into low Earth orbit while awaiting the arrival of the Orion. Toward the end of the program, it became apparent that the ablatively-cooled RS-68B engines would not withstand the heat from the solid rocket boosters at launch, and NASA began again to consider using RS-25 engines instead of upgrading the RS-68 to be

1889:(NSS), a private nonprofit, regards a return to the Moon as a high priority for the US space program, in order to develop the body of scientific knowledge of the Moon, particularly in regards to its potential for the creation of new industries, in order to provide further funding for further space exploration. 1881:

called for clear long-term space goals at NASA. The report said that the agency's current course invited "failure, disillusionment, and the longstanding international perception that human space-flight is something that the United States does best." The report recommended that Mars be the next major

1821:

equipment to generate propellant for the MAV. The second cargo payload would be a habitat that the astronauts would live in during the stay on the surface. In the next launch window, 26 months after the first, the crew would go to Mars in an interplanetary transfer vehicle with nuclear thermal rocket

1687:

During the three-day trans-lunar coast, the four-man crew would monitor the Orion's systems, inspect their Altair spacecraft and its support equipment, and correct their flight path as necessary to allow the Altair to land at a near-polar landing site suitable for a future lunar base. Approaching the

1673:, and the Ares M/Orion stack would be transported to the adjacent Pad 39B. The Ares V/EDS/Altair stack would be launched first, into a 220 miles (360 km) high circular orbit. Approximately 90 minutes later, the Ares I/Orion would then launch with the crew into a nearly identical orbit. 1516:

rocket, a rocket based on both Space Shuttle and Apollo technologies. Orion would have been launched separately and would have linked up with Altair in low Earth orbit. Also, unlike Apollo, Orion would have remained uncrewed in lunar orbit while the entire crew landed on the lunar surface. Toward the

1188:

Like its predecessor, the Altair design consists of two parts: an ascent stage which houses the four-person crew; and a descent stage consisting of the landing gear, and storage for the majority of the crew's consumables (oxygen and water) and for scientific equipment. Unlike the Lunar Module, Altair

1963:

President Obama hosted a Space Conference on April 15, 2010, in Florida. This came at a time when the president's administration was being criticized considerably for leaving the Constellation Program out of the 2011 budget. At the conference, President Obama and top officials, as well as leaders in

1435:

The Earth Departure Stage (EDS) was the propulsion system designed to put the Altair upper stage on a lunar trajectory from within low Earth orbit. It was designed as the second liquid-fueled stage of the Ares V rocket. The Orion spacecraft would have been launched separately by Ares I, and then met

1923:

NASA estimated that the original policy would cost $ 230 billion (in 2004 dollars) through 2025, including the Commercial Crew and Cargo program, which is separate from the Constellation program. However, unsolved technical and design challenges made it impossible for NASA to provide a conclusive

1750:

lunar lander. Most of its specific details are now deprecated by the cancellation of the Constellation Program and related designs. Such a mission could assess the potential value of water, iron, nickel, platinum and other resources on the asteroid; test possible ways to extract them; and possibly

1695:

Once in lunar orbit, the crew would refine the trajectory and configure the Orion spacecraft for uncrewed flight, allowing all four crew members to transfer to the Altair vehicle and land on the Moon, while the Orion waits for their return. Upon receiving clearance from Mission Control, the Altair

1614:

Once the Orion reached a safe distance from the ISS, the Command Module (after having jettisoned the disposable service module) would re-enter in the same manner as all NASA spacecraft prior to the Shuttle, using the ablative heat shield to both deflect heat from the spacecraft and to slow it down

1496:

engine of the Apollo-era Saturn V and Saturn IB rockets. In designing the J-2X, NASA engineers visited museums, searched for Apollo-era documentation and consulted with engineers who worked on the Apollo program. "The mechanics of landing on the Moon and getting off the Moon to a large extent have

1936:

declared Constellation to be "over budget, behind schedule, and lacking in innovation." A review concluded that it would cost on the order of $ 150 billion for Constellation to reach its objective if adhering to the original schedule. Another review in 2009, ordered by President Obama, indicated

1710:

After a two-and-a-half-day coast, the crew would jettison the Service Module (allowing it to burn up in the atmosphere) and the CM would reenter the Earth's atmosphere using a special reentry trajectory designed to slow the vehicle from its speed of 25,000 miles per hour (40,200 km/h) to 300

1204:

rocket. Unlike the current RL-10 engines in use, these newer RL-10s were to have the ability to throttle down to as low as 10% rated thrust (the older specifications allow for 20%), thus allowing the use of Altair for both the lunar orbit insertion (LOI) and landing stages of lunar missions. The

1406:

engines were originally planned for the Ares V, but the RS-68 engines are more powerful and less complex and therefore less expensive than the SSMEs. The Ares V would have flown for the first eight minutes of powered flight, then the Earth Departure Stage would have placed itself and the Altair

1615:

from a speed of 17,500 mph (28,200 km/h) to 300 mph (480 km/h). After reentry was completed, the forward assembly would be jettisoned, and two drogue parachutes released, followed at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) by three main parachutes and airbags filled with nitrogen (N

1816:

stage for each payload, in order to boost them to Mars. Alternatively, chemical (specifically liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen) propellant stages could have been used, although this would have required more launches. One cargo payload would include a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), as well as

3431: 1873:

as we go forward in time.... In the long run a single-planet species will not survive.... If we humans want to survive for hundreds of thousands or millions of years, we must ultimately populate other planets ... colonize the Solar System and one day go beyond."

1185:, at almost five times the volume, occupying a total of 1,120 cubic feet (32 m) compared with the Apollo lander's 235 cubic feet (6.7 m). It was to stand 32 feet (9.8 m) tall and span 49 feet (15 m) wide from tip to tip of the landing gear. 1517:

end of the mission, the Altair spacecraft would have launched into lunar orbit to link up with the Orion spacecraft in lunar orbit rendezvous. Like Apollo, the Orion capsule would then have returned to Earth, re-entering the atmosphere and landing in water.

1173: 4237: 1209:

engine similar or identical to the main engine of the Orion CSM, which would use the descent stage as both a launchpad and a platform for future base construction. Alternately, there was a small possibility that the original plan of using

1260:

for cargo. This would have allowed the two launch vehicles to be optimized for their respective missions, and allowed a much higher total lift for the Ares V without being cost-prohibitive. The Constellation Program thus combined the

1882:

goal of human space flight. Several possible paths for reaching the planet by 2037 were explored in the report, which noted that returning to the Moon would offer "significant advantages" as an intermediate step in the process.

788: 2962: 1770:, followed by the launch of an Orion spacecraft, with a two- or three-person crew (as opposed to a four-person crew for lunar missions) on an Ares I rocket. Once the Orion spacecraft docked with the landing module and the 1914:

program in 2010. This proposal was to be a way to "establish an extended human presence on the Moon" to "vastly reduce the costs of further space exploration." Included in this would be the "harvesting and processing of

1189:

was designed to land in the lunar polar regions favored by NASA for future lunar base construction. Altair, like the Lunar Module, was not designed to be reusable, and the ascent stage would be discarded after use.

1280:(the Greek god called Mars in Roman mythology) was chosen for the boosters as a reference to the project's goal of landing on Mars. The numbers I and V were chosen to pay homage to the Saturn rockets of the 1960s. 4862: 1919:

into rocket fuel or breathable air." According to Bush, experience gained could help "develop and test new approaches and technologies and systems" to begin a "sustainable course of long-term exploration."

1180:

Altair (formerly known as the Lunar Surface Access Module, LSAM) was designed to be the main transport vehicle for astronauts on lunar missions. The Altair design was much larger than its predecessor, the

4219: 771: 1711:

miles per hour (480 km/h) and thus allow a Pacific Ocean splashdown. The Crew Module would then be flown back to Kennedy Space Center for refurbishment, while lunar samples would be routed to the

3911: 1136:

was selected to build its primary heat shield on September 15, 2006. NASA initially planned to develop different Orion capsules tailored for specific missions. The Block I Orion was to be used for

914: 4243: 3841: 1026: 1801:

in the 1960s. The mission would utilize the hardware of the Constellation Project, primarily the Orion spacecraft (or a variation based on the Orion), and the Ares V cargo-launch vehicle.

4265: 749: 5557: 967:

reflected the three stages of the program: the Earth (ISS), the Moon, and finally Mars—while the Mars goal also found expression in the name given to the program's booster rockets:

2972: 4684: 1808:

5.0, was completed in 2009. In DRA 5.0, a Mars mission would have involved multiple launches of an Ares V rocket, as well as an Ares I to launch the crew. In the first Mars

1150:

Despite the cancellation of the Constellation program, development of the Orion spacecraft continues, with a test launch performed on December 5, 2014. Orion flew aboard

1049:

shelved the program, with Constellation contracts remaining in place until Congress would act to overturn the previous mandate. In 2011, NASA adopted the design of its new

5392: 3904: 907: 5763: 4376: 3774: 3598: 3314: 1038: 766: 1585:. Once the crawler-transporter reached the pad, the stack and the Launcher Platform would be left in place and the crawler-transporter removed to a safe distance. 1436:

and docked with the Ares V-launched EDS/Altair combination, delivering the crew and configuring the spacecraft for its journey to the Moon in a process known as

5457: 5382: 4869: 2108: 1942: 1680:

and dock with the Altair/EDS combination already in low-Earth orbit. After the necessary preparations for lunar flight, the EDS would fire for 390 seconds in a

2451: 2292: 4126: 3897: 1774:(EDS), the EDS would then fire again and propel the Orion spacecraft to a nearby near-Earth asteroid where the crew would then land and explore its surface. 900: 5550: 5163: 5139: 4165: 1976:

for deep space travel. In an effort to reduce costs, it has contracted for private development of vehicles for use in low Earth orbit. Since May 2020, the

256: 1596:, would enter the spacecraft three hours before liftoff. Once they were locked in, and after all systems were cleared by controllers at both the Cape and 5085: 4498: 2419: 1777:

Once the task was completed, the Orion spacecraft would then depart from the asteroid and, upon reaching the vicinity of Earth, would jettison both the

5173: 5092: 3692: 2698: 759: 1960:. On February 1, 2010, the President's proposed budget was released, which included no funding for the project, and it became law on April 15, 2011. 5168: 2581: 3474: 2829: 2782: 2234: 2172: 5477: 5210: 3947: 3751: 3746: 2519: 793: 1543:

vehicles, on crewed flights to the polar regions of the Moon. There were no well-defined plans at the time of cancelation for a crewed flight to

571: 6007: 5995: 5990: 5543: 4354: 4349: 3821: 3741: 2912: 2066: 1003: 185: 2207: 2007:

The Orion spacecraft and Ares V (also Jupiter DIRECT family of rockets) was modified and reauthorized in 2010/2011 as the main payload of the

5055: 4493: 4225: 3513: 3332: 3021: 1861:

to engage the public and students to help develop the high-technology workforce that will be required to address the challenges of tomorrow.

5756: 5452: 5259: 4782: 3923: 2266: 811: 3388: 3254: 2939: 2611: 1531:

Like those of the Apollo Program, Constellation program missions would involve its main vehicle, the Orion spacecraft, flying missions in

6204: 5588: 5035: 5009: 4965: 3591: 856: 831: 347: 3057: 1684:(TLI) maneuver, accelerating the spacecraft to 25,000 miles per hour (40,200 km/h). After this burn, the EDS would be jettisoned. 1006:, which reshaped how NASA would pursue the goals laid out in the Vision for Space Exploration, and its findings were formalized by the 5718: 5269: 4171: 3655: 3210: 1029:

in 2009 that the Constellation Program could not be executed without substantial increases in funding, on February 1, 2010, President

547: 5959: 5787: 5125: 5045: 4679: 4213: 4143: 3972: 3957: 3085: 1957: 1650: 1478: 1034: 452: 437: 265: 3697: 6184: 5420: 5178: 4765: 4674: 4381: 4364: 4119: 3979: 3942: 2060: 846: 816: 402: 6194: 5749: 4639: 4009: 3876: 2362: 1878: 1869:, "The goal isn't just scientific exploration.... It's also about extending the range of human habitat out from Earth into the 1458:

NASA planned to use the first vehicles developed in the Constellation Program for Earth-orbit tasks formerly undertaken by the

781: 754: 564: 412: 2545: 6179: 5833: 5252: 5242: 4940: 3864: 3836: 3618: 3584: 2055: 1997: 1755:. This would be the first crewed mission to any extraterrestrial body besides the Moon, and would represent a step towards a 1526: 1046: 1007: 726: 596: 2812: 2354: 1941:

proposed various options, that included two primary destination points (the Moon and deep space), three different types of

1481:. However, in other areas Orion employs updated technology. The design of the launch vehicle taking Orion into orbit, the 5954: 5693: 5445: 4285: 4280: 1805: 1082: 3311: 6000: 5937: 5879: 5838: 5108: 4977: 4231: 4201: 3816: 3038: 2676: 2394: 2086: 2072: 2001: 1818: 987: 387: 1140:

missions and other Earth orbit missions, while the Block II and III variants were designed for deep-space exploration.

6199: 5874: 5713: 5640: 5462: 5409: 5372: 5331: 5225: 4930: 4910: 4825: 4649: 4388: 4334: 4112: 1977: 1907: 1798: 1644: 1608: 1330:

system, connected at its upper end by an interstage support assembly to a new liquid-fueled second stage powered by a

1137: 1011: 952: 731: 581: 524: 3114: 1565:

After being manufactured at private plants, the parts of the Ares I/Orion stack would be tested and assembled at the

1334:

rocket engine. NASA selected the Ares designs for their anticipated overall safety, reliability and cost-efficiency.

3419: 3287: 2296: 5703: 5569: 5264: 5205: 5080: 4992: 4722: 4588: 4034: 2993: 2799: 1716: 459: 397: 2886: 1387:'s 118 metric tons (260,000 lb). The Ares V would have carried about 71 metric tons (157,000 lb) to the 6122: 5472: 5302: 5220: 5215: 4889: 4344: 4302: 3197: 1728: 1666: 1566: 861: 721: 519: 514: 295: 190: 3544: 5415: 5339: 4613: 4189: 3952: 3831: 3713: 1835: 1593: 1578: 776: 686: 640: 422: 5662: 4464: 2426: 5917: 5593: 5247: 5184: 5159: 5004: 4857: 4792: 4503: 4423: 4324: 3800: 3634: 1700: 983:

and the development of technologies necessary to enable sustained human presence on other planetary bodies.

559: 352: 1112: 6189: 6149: 5487: 5430: 4952: 4935: 4881: 4844: 4644: 4618: 4573: 4329: 4080: 4024: 3228: 2728: 2706: 2642: 1906:

requested that NASA develop a proposal for continued crewed space exploration after the completion of the

1886: 1813: 1677: 1548: 1505: 1501: 1437: 1361:

first-stage flight on October 28, 2009 and testing the Orion launch abort system before its cancellation.

1270: 1262: 1197: 876: 427: 2860: 2452:"Press Release: Remarks of President Barack Obama at the Kennedy Space Center - As Prepared for Delivery" 1214:–fueled engines on board the Block II (lunar) Orion CSM and Altair ascent stage would have been adopted. 6139: 6081: 6038: 5772: 5728: 5688: 5657: 5435: 5425: 5367: 5237: 5232: 5073: 4738: 4700: 4669: 4578: 4459: 4359: 4093: 4004: 3967: 3174:

Constellation Program Cost and Schedule Will Remain Uncertain Until a Sound Business Case Is Established

2837: 2779: 2754: 2589: 2241: 2179: 1855:

to provide a challenging, shared and peaceful activity to unite nations in pursuit of common objectives,

1771: 1756: 1704: 1689: 1662: 1540: 1471: 1453: 1430: 1423: 1350: 1144: 1086: 841: 447: 407: 332: 3557: 2523: 6144: 6107: 5976: 5698: 5065: 4568: 4453: 4371: 4339: 4275: 4270: 3795: 3769: 3505: 3336: 1953: 1712: 1681: 1570: 1408: 1323: 1042: 576: 552: 502: 4830: 2916: 1937:

that neither a return to the Moon nor a crewed flight to Mars was within NASA's current budget. The

1688:

lunar far side, the Orion/Altair combination would orient the Altair's engines forward and make the

6112: 5971: 5817: 5620: 5352: 5318: 4849: 4419: 4207: 3725: 3340: 3250: 3062: 2211: 2050: 2008: 1747: 1654: 1574: 1536: 1509: 1493: 1311: 1182: 1167: 1090: 1050: 691: 620: 337: 211: 3018: 1588:

After final safety checks, the ground crew would fill up the second stage with liquid hydrogen (LH

279: 5149: 4727: 4634: 4608: 4548: 4532: 4508: 4075: 4065: 3718: 3214: 2506: 2036: 1973: 1866: 1743: 1604: 1121: 1107: 999: 936: 218: 2270: 1858:

to expand the economic sphere while conducting research activities that benefit our home planet,

1727:

For the asteroid visit mission superseding the corresponding Constellation program mission, see

1627: 6071: 6012: 5948: 5113: 4997: 4957: 4917: 4837: 4797: 4664: 4654: 4402: 3962: 3790: 3519: 3509: 3475:"NASA, Boeing target February for first crew flight on Starliner spacecraft – Spaceflight Now" 3395: 3261: 2619: 1849: 1739: 836: 821: 442: 392: 5650: 5522: 4449: 2123: 5911: 5859: 5346: 4987: 4598: 4177: 4156: 4044: 1985: 1946: 1632: 1375:

Ares V would have had a maximum lift capacity of about 188 metric tons (414,000 lb) to

972: 610: 474: 469: 5535: 1466:

and other programs intended to replace the Shuttle, Constellation reused concepts from the

1419: 6127: 6117: 5625: 5583: 5325: 5295: 4758: 4732: 4659: 4583: 4558: 4553: 4513: 4429: 4183: 4070: 4029: 4014: 3984: 3846: 3561: 3501: 3318: 3025: 3005: 2967: 2786: 2477: 2077: 2044: 2016: 1981: 1938: 1767: 1752: 1597: 1560: 1532: 1376: 1322:. Formerly referred to as the Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV), the Ares I consisted of a single 1307: 1227: 1129: 1125: 980: 881: 697: 484: 432: 417: 364: 312: 37: 2494:

Testimony of Charles Bolden before the Senate Appropriations subcommittee, April 11, 2011

1793:

The ultimate goal of NASA's Constellation program was a crewed mission landing humans on

991: 6043: 5922: 5812: 5635: 5630: 5482: 5362: 5119: 4805: 4603: 4593: 4439: 4434: 4292: 4049: 4039: 1993: 1984:

spacecraft to bring people to and from the International Space Station, while Boeing's

1903: 1778: 1467: 1449: 1266: 1252:

NASA planned to use two separate boosters for the Constellation Program missions – the

1066: 995: 703: 479: 464: 322: 317: 3889: 3144: 6173: 5723: 5708: 5566: 5510: 5492: 5387: 5377: 5309: 5154: 4787: 4518: 4297: 3566: 3089: 2669: 2082: 1911: 1809: 1477:

The shape of the Orion command module closely resembles the aerodynamic shape of the

1459: 1380: 1327: 1233: 1070: 948: 871: 603: 542: 509: 369: 53: 17: 2104: 1848:

to test new technologies, systems, flight operations and techniques to serve future

6086: 6066: 6048: 5843: 5357: 4924: 3494: 2556: 2063:(CSTS), European-Russian counterpart of the CEV and the Vision of Space Exploration 1989: 1933: 1870: 1842: 1661:

rocket, the crewed Orion spacecraft would be launched separately from the uncrewed

1640: 1132:

was selected as the prime contractor for the Orion project on August 31, 2006, and

1030: 886: 650: 630: 2324: 1607:, having jettisoned much of the initial stack during takeoff, would meet with the 1492:

intended for use on the Ares V booster rocket was originally to be similar to the

1294: 3448: 1988:

spacecraft started operating in 2024 for the same purpose. Furthermore, it seeks

1577:

would transport the completed stack, along with the launch support tower and the

6134: 5942: 5932: 4319: 4195: 3685: 1172: 826: 681: 657: 635: 489: 1143:

Orion's design consists of three main parts: a crew module (CM) similar to the

975:). The technological aims of the program included the regaining of significant 6154: 6091: 5050: 4752: 4745: 4260: 3571: 2026: 1916: 1830:

NASA lists a number of reasons for a human return to the Moon on its website:

1315: 1222: 1206: 1155: 1062: 851: 667: 662: 645: 6076: 5467: 5440: 5288: 5200: 5060: 5029: 5022: 4819: 4717: 4471: 2647: 1782: 1751:

examine or develop techniques which could be used to protect the Earth from

1342: 1151: 1124:

was designed for the Constellation program as a crew compartment for use in

976: 951:, from 2005 to 2009. The major goals of the program were "completion of the 675: 1945:, and a robust research and development program that would include work on 1504:

mission profile, but unlike Apollo, Constellation would have also employed

5893: 3362: 3173: 3122: 2146: 5985: 5869: 3642: 1665:

and lunar lander. The Ares V/Altair stack would be assembled at the

1658: 1392: 1384: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1299: 1241: 625: 151: 5741: 3576: 1535:

to service the International Space Station, and in conjunction with the

6017: 4982: 4972: 4875: 4314: 3675: 1952:

After reviewing the report, and following congressional testimony, the

1201: 615: 5605: 3420:"President Obama Signs New Vision for U.S. Space Exploration Into Law" 1812:, two cargo payloads would be launched into Earth orbit, as well as a 1353:

had firmly opposed and abandoned in favor of "all-up" testing for the

274: 5645: 5016: 4947: 4444: 4309: 3826: 3680: 3670: 1670: 1582: 1513: 1482: 1370: 1338: 1319: 1289: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1205:

ascent stage was designed to be powered by a single engine, likely a

1133: 1078: 1074: 968: 866: 327: 241: 236: 2813:"Return to SSME – Ares V undergoes evaluation into potential switch" 3115:"President Bush Announces New Vision for Space Exploration Program" 2940:"Orion landings to be splashdowns – KSC buildings to be demolished" 2670:"NASA's Ares I First Stage, Powering the Ares I Rocket for liftoff" 1766:

described above, using an Ares V to launch the landing module into

6022: 5040: 4813: 4777: 4772: 4563: 4019: 3523: 3260:. Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee. Archived from 2015:

Space Launch System, and the program was partially revived as the

1626: 1418: 1403: 1399: 1293: 1221: 1193: 1171: 1111: 1033:

proposed to cancel the program, effective with the passage of the

944: 2395:"NASA budget for 2011 eliminates funds for crewed lunar missions" 1804:

A design study utilizing Constellation launch vehicles, known as

5776: 4135: 3920: 3118: 2758: 2732: 2702: 2615: 2585: 2552: 2374: 1794: 1544: 1489: 1463: 1388: 1357:. As of May 2010, the program got as far as launching the first 1331: 1277: 1019: 1015: 964: 960: 956: 940: 290: 125: 63: 5745: 5539: 4108: 3893: 3580: 1785:

before entering the atmosphere for a Pacific Ocean splashdown.

1345:), returning to a development philosophy used for the original 772:

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

5927: 3255:"Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation" 2612:"NASA Awards Thermal Protection Contract for Orion Spacecraft" 2582:"NASA Selects Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Prime Contractor" 1402:

engines with assistance from a pair of 5.5-segment SRBs. Five

1061:

One of the main goals of Constellation was the development of

3549: 3229:"Expert Group Says NASA Budget Too Small for Big Space Plans" 3058:"Humans on Mars as Soon as 2037 Should Be NASA's Goal: Panel" 2520:"NASA Announces Design For New Deep Space Exploration System" 1573:. Once assembly was completed and a launch date was set, the 986:

Constellation began in response to the goals laid out in the

3554: 2388: 2386: 2384: 1326:(SRB) derived in part from the primary boosters used in the 3567:

A Visual History of Project Constellation on tallgeorge.com

3006:

Human Exploration of Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0

3198:

Obama scraps funding for Nasa's American Moon base mission

2729:"NASA Selects Prime Contractor For Ares I Rocket Avionics" 2699:"NASA Awards Upper Stage Engine Contract for Ares Rockets" 1508:, conveying the crew to the vehicle. The lander, known as 1383:'s capacity of 24.4 metric tons (54,000 lb), and the 3039:"NASA's Griffin: 'Humans Will Colonize the Solar System'" 2318: 2316: 2314: 2000:

program. Private spacecraft are also operating under the

4104: 2546:"Exploration Systems Architecture Study – Final Report" 1555:

International Space Station and low-Earth orbit flights

959:

no later than 2020" with a crewed flight to the planet

1781:

and the landing module in a manner similar to that of

1592:) and liquid oxygen (LOX) fuel, and the crew, wearing 1341:

low Earth orbit launch vehicle (analogous to Apollo's

1306:

The Orion spacecraft would have been launched into a

1073:. NASA had already begun designing two boosters, the 1045:

on April 15, 2010. On October 11, the signing of the

2555:. November 2005. NASA-TM-2005-214062. Archived from 1762:

The mission would start in a similar fashion to the

1244:

payload includes crew, inherent craft and cargo. 4.

6100: 6057: 6031: 5970: 5901: 5852: 5826: 5805: 5796: 5676: 5613: 5576: 5401: 5278: 5193: 5138: 5101: 4900: 4710: 4697: 4627: 4541: 4531: 4486: 4412: 4401: 4253: 4152: 4142: 4058: 3997: 3931: 3809: 3783: 3762: 3734: 3706: 3663: 3627: 2178:. NASA Constellation Program Office. Archived from 1192:The Altair descent stage was to be powered by four 229: 204: 199: 178: 170: 144: 118: 110: 102: 97: 89: 69: 59: 49: 44: 3493: 3167: 3165: 1395:'s 45 metric tons (99,000 lb) lunar payload. 1240:payload includes only crew and inherent craft. 3. 27:Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program 1485:, employs many concepts from the Apollo program. 1310:by the Ares I rocket (the "Stick"), developed by 1196:rocket engines, which are also those used in the 1037:. He then revised administration statements in a 3572:Video animation – crewed Mission to Mars concept 3288:"Return-to-moon plan gets boost on Capitol Hill" 3211:"For a Moon Colony, Technology Is the Easy Part" 2643:"Orion vs. Apollo: NASA's 21st Century Moonshot" 2507:"NASA Stuck in Limbo as New Congress Takes Over" 1968:Commercial Crew Vehicles and the Artemis program 3394:. Human Space Flights Committee. Archived from 2349: 2347: 2345: 1248:payload includes only cargo and inherent craft. 767:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3109: 3107: 2800:"Ares V: Refining a New Heavy Lift Capability" 2240:. Constellation Program Office. Archived from 1551:was in the initial planning phase as of 2008. 1500:Like Apollo, Constellation would have flown a 1444:Comparison to Apollo and Space Shuttle designs 5757: 5551: 4120: 3905: 3592: 2109:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1797:in the 2030s as a spiritual successor to the 1512:, would have been launched separately on the 908: 8: 1349:, test-launching one stage at a time, which 1158:in 2025 and on several subsequent missions. 30: 3432:"Constellation Is Dead, But Pieces Live On" 3363:"Obama to unveil 'ambitious plan' for NASA" 2085:, Space capsule built by SpaceX for NASA's 1865:In the words of former NASA Administrator, 1843:scientific activities intrinsic to the Moon 1746:, and a landing module based on a modified 1649:Unlike the Apollo missions, where both the 789:Department of State Office of Space Affairs 5802: 5764: 5750: 5742: 5604: 5558: 5544: 5536: 4707: 4538: 4499:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 4409: 4149: 4127: 4113: 4105: 3935: 3912: 3898: 3890: 3654: 3599: 3585: 3577: 3179:(Report). Government Accountability Office 2522:. NASA. September 14, 2011. Archived from 2166: 2164: 1956:decided to exclude Constellation from the 1699:Upon landing, the crew would put on their 1600:in Houston, the Ares I would then launch. 1547:, the ultimate goal of the project, but a 915: 901: 750:Department of Energy national laboratories 278: 273: 251: 36: 29: 5393:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 3693:Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle 2887:"NASA is borrowing ideas from the Apollo" 2824: 2822: 2502: 2500: 2293:"Administrator O'Keefe's House Testimony" 1763: 1707:(TEI) burn for the return trip to Earth. 760:Office of Commercial Space Transportation 3331:Santini, Jean-Louis (January 31, 2010). 1002:, ordered a complete review, termed the 5864: 5478:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 2355:"Terminations, Reductions, and Savings" 2269:. NASA. October 5, 2004. Archived from 2115: 1877:A report published in June 2014 by the 1273:method which had also been considered. 971:(the Greek equivalent of the Roman god 794:Office of Science and Technology Policy 286: 263: 6008:Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition 5991:Mars Analogue Research Station Program 4266:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 3822:Exploration Systems Architecture Study 2798:Steve Creech, Steve and Phil Sumrall. 2295:. NASA. April 21, 2004. Archived from 2208:"Constellation News and Media Archive" 2202: 2200: 2067:Exploration Systems Architecture Study 1972:NASA continues the development of the 1826:Justification for a return to the Moon 1004:Exploration Systems Architecture Study 186:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 5056:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 3500:. The Reference Shelf. Vol. 80. 3321:. Orlando Sentinel, January 27, 2010. 2789:, NASA. Retrieved September 30, 2008. 2780:Overview: Ares V Cargo Launch Vehicle 1154:in 2022 and is planned to fly aboard 7: 5518: 3872: 3545:Official Constellation NASA web page 3449:"May 2020 – Commercial Crew Program" 3084:Tumlinson, Rick (October 29, 2003). 2618:. September 15, 2006. Archived from 2393:Achenbach, Joel (February 1, 2010). 2267:"Taking the Vision to the Next Step" 2147:"NASA grieves over canceled program" 1236:payload includes crew and cargo. 2. 1116:Orion spacecraft as of December 2019 963:as the ultimate goal. The program's 3086:"Testimony to United States Senate" 3045:. September 25, 2005. pp. B07. 2755:"NASA – Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle" 2478:"Obama signs Nasa up to new future" 2420:"Fiscal Year 2011 Budget Estimates" 2325:"Obama cancels Moon return project" 2323:Amos, Jonathan (February 1, 2010). 2126:. NASA Constellation Program Office 1742:(NEA) which would use the standard 1603:After a two-day orbital chase, the 1398:The Ares V design consisted of six 4172:National Aeronautics and Space Act 3121:. January 14, 2004. Archived from 2859:Roush, Wade (September 11, 2006). 2233:Connolly, John F. (October 2006). 2171:Connolly, John F. (October 2006). 2107:from websites or documents of the 1998:Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles 1910:and the planned retirement of the 1025:Subsequent to the findings of the 572:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska 548:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station 25: 5788:List of crewed Mars mission plans 5126:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 4680:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 3948:Lunar Discovery & Exploration 3209:Kenneth Chang (27 January 2012), 3056:Lauren Morello, Nature magazine. 2911:William D Greene (June 4, 2012). 2588:. August 31, 2006. Archived from 1996:in the United States Air Force's 1958:2011 United States federal budget 1738:was a proposed NASA mission to a 1651:Apollo command and service module 1479:Apollo command and service module 1226:Comparison of maximum payload to 5892: 5517: 5506: 5505: 5421:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 5179:Space Flight Operations Facility 4365:Operations and Checkout Building 3943:Large strategic science missions 3871: 3860: 3859: 3389:"Review of U.S. Plans Committee" 3333:"Obama trims US space ambitions" 2994:The Vision for Space Exploration 2235:"Constellation Program Overview" 2173:"Constellation Program Overview" 2145:Tariq Malik (February 2, 2010). 2103: This article incorporates 2098: 2061:Crew Space Transportation System 2029: 1549:mission to a Near-Earth asteroid 1298:The launch of Ares I prototype, 4640:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 3492:Mari, Christopher, ed. (2008). 3312:"Obama aims to ax Moon mission" 2913:"J-2X Extra: What's in a Name?" 2885:Reeves, Jay (August 14, 2006). 2705:. July 16, 2007. Archived from 2363:Office of Management and Budget 2210:. June 15, 2011. Archived from 2124:"A Renewed Spirit of Discovery" 2004:program bringing cargo to ISS. 1879:US National Academy of Sciences 782:Space Weather Prediction Center 755:Federal Aviation Administration 565:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport 5834:Austere Human Missions to Mars 3837:NASA Authorization Act of 2005 3801:Max Launch Abort System (MLAS) 3422:. Space.com, October 11, 2010. 3253:; et al. (October 2009). 3145:"FAQ: Bush's New Space Vision" 2961:Stover, Dawn (November 2007). 2861:"Part Apollo, Part Boeing 787" 2056:List of Constellation missions 1902:On January 14, 2004 President 1657:were launched together on the 1527:List of Constellation missions 1047:NASA Authorization Act of 2010 1008:NASA Authorization Act of 2005 727:National Reconnaissance Office 1: 5955:Mars Design Reference Mission 5694:HL-20 Personnel Launch System 2509:. Space.com, January 7, 2011. 1806:Design Reference Architecture 5938:Space Exploration Initiative 5880:Vision for Space Exploration 5839:Mars Piloted Orbital Station 5458:Space program on U.S. stamps 5383:Gemini and Apollo medallions 5333:Solar System Family Portrait 5109:Joint Polar Satellite System 4978:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 4232:Vision for Space Exploration 4202:Space Exploration Initiative 3817:Vision for Space Exploration 3550:Official Orion NASA web page 2677:Marshall Space Flight Center 2087:Commercial Resupply Services 2073:Vision for Space Exploration 2002:Commercial Resupply Services 1980:program has used the SpaceX 1819:In-situ resource utilization 1035:U.S. 2011 fiscal year budget 988:Vision for Space Exploration 382:Robotic spaceflight programs 5589:International Space Station 5453:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 5410:We choose to go to the Moon 5373:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 4931:International Space Station 4911:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 4650:Great Observatories program 4494:International Space Station 4472:Roscosmos State Corporation 4389:Science Mission Directorate 4335:Manned Space Flight Network 1978:Commercial Crew Development 1943:Super Heavy Launch vehicles 1908:International Space Station 1799:Apollo Applications Program 1645:NASA lunar outpost concepts 1631:Artist's conception of the 1609:International Space Station 1269:'s lunar missions with the 1138:International Space Station 1089:secondary booster, and the 1012:International Space Station 953:International Space Station 732:United States Space Command 582:Vandenberg Space Force Base 348:International Space Station 266:United States space program 6221: 6205:2000s in the United States 5704:Manned Orbiting Laboratory 5570:human spaceflight programs 5270:NASA cameras on spacecraft 5081:James Webb Space Telescope 4993:Solar Dynamics Observatory 4214:U.S. National Space Policy 1726: 1717:Lunar Receiving Laboratory 1638: 1558: 1524: 1447: 1428: 1368: 1337:NASA began developing the 1287: 1165: 1105: 307:Human spaceflight programs 156:October 28, 2009 5890: 5783: 5602: 5501: 4345:Vehicle Assembly Building 4089: 3938: 3855: 3796:Launch Abort System (LAS) 3652: 3614: 3560:January 31, 2016, at the 3317:January 29, 2010, at the 3024:January 30, 2010, at the 2834:NASA Headquarters Library 2047:, similar program by NASA 1729:Asteroid Redirect Mission 1667:Vehicle Assembly Building 1567:Vehicle Assembly Building 1039:major space policy speech 990:under NASA Administrator 862:Sierra Nevada Corporation 806:Commercial space industry 722:United States Space Force 35: 5416:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 5340:The Day the Earth Smiled 4675:Solar Terrestrial Probes 3980:Ocean Worlds Exploration 3973:Solar System Exploration 3832:Constellation Space Suit 3714:Crew Exploration Vehicle 1669:and then transported to 777:Office of Space Commerce 453:Solar System Exploration 79:Crewed lunar exploration 6185:Exploration of the Moon 5918:Martian Piloted Complex 5473:Other primates in space 5185:Deep Space Atomic Clock 5005:Mars Science Laboratory 4793:Spitzer Space Telescope 4382:Lunar Sample Laboratory 4325:Launch Services Program 2830:"Constellation Program" 2785:April 12, 2012, at the 1893:Budget and cancellation 1701:extravehicular activity 1379:(LEO), compared to the 998:. O'Keefe's successor, 955:" and a "return to the 716:National security space 560:Wallops Flight Facility 82:Crewed Mars exploration 6195:Human missions to Mars 6150:Mars atmospheric entry 5488:National Astronaut Day 5431:The Astronaut Monument 5253:Space Shuttle missions 4953:Mars Exploration Rover 4936:Hubble Space Telescope 4845:Kepler space telescope 4645:Earth Observing System 4619:Mars Exploration Rover 4330:Mercury Control Center 3775:Mission Control Center 3555:Official Ares web page 2938:Bergin, Chris (2007). 2915:. NASA. Archived from 2836:. NASA. Archived from 2105:public domain material 1887:National Space Society 1814:nuclear thermal rocket 1736:Orion Asteroid Mission 1723:Orion asteroid mission 1636: 1594:all-purpose spacesuits 1506:Earth orbit rendezvous 1502:lunar orbit rendezvous 1472:Space Shuttle programs 1438:Earth orbit rendezvous 1426: 1303: 1271:Earth Orbit Rendezvous 1265:method adopted by the 1263:Lunar Orbit Rendezvous 1249: 1177: 1117: 877:United Launch Alliance 130:June 8, 2009 6180:Constellation program 6140:Mars orbit rendezvous 6082:Mars Excursion Module 6039:Caves of Mars Project 5865:Constellation program 5436:Lunar sample displays 5426:Space Mirror Memorial 5368:Voyager Golden Record 5260:United States rockets 4452: (with the 4360:Launch Control Center 4094:List of NASA missions 3924:planetary exploration 3608:Constellation program 2942:. NASASpaceFlight.com 2526:on September 21, 2011 1772:Earth Departure Stage 1764:lunar landing mission 1757:human mission to Mars 1705:Trans Earth Injection 1690:lunar orbit insertion 1676:The Orion would then 1630: 1541:Earth Departure Stage 1454:Space Shuttle program 1431:Earth Departure Stage 1424:Earth Departure Stage 1422: 1415:Earth Departure Stage 1409:regeneratively-cooled 1297: 1225: 1175: 1145:Apollo command module 1115: 1087:Earth Departure Stage 939:program developed by 929:Constellation program 597:Space launch vehicles 76:Crewed orbital flight 31:Constellation program 18:Constellation Program 6145:Terraforming of Mars 6108:Colonization of Mars 5699:Man in Space Soonest 4454:Soviet space program 4372:Johnson Space Center 4340:Kennedy Space Center 4303:spinoff technologies 3842:Augustine Commission 3770:Kennedy Space Center 3506:H. W. Wilson Company 3401:on February 16, 2019 3267:on February 16, 2019 3251:Augustine, Norman R. 2975:on February 24, 2012 2815:. December 26, 2008. 1954:Obama administration 1932:Upon taking office, 1928:Obama administration 1713:Johnson Space Center 1682:translunar injection 1623:Lunar sortie flights 1571:Kennedy Space Center 1324:Solid Rocket Booster 1043:Kennedy Space Center 553:Kennedy Space Center 503:NASA Astronaut Corps 106:$ 230 billion (2004) 6113:Exploration of Mars 5818:SpaceX Mars program 5714:Orbital Space Plane 5641:Apollo Applications 5463:Apollo 17 Moon mice 5319:Pillars of Creation 5226:Space Shuttle crews 4704:(human and robotic) 4698:Individual featured 4281:Ranks and positions 3438:, October 26, 2010. 3343:on February 4, 2010 3125:on October 18, 2004 3063:Scientific American 3028:". December 4, 2006 2963:"NASA's New Target" 2919:on November 9, 2010 2840:on February 9, 2011 2735:. December 12, 2007 2592:on December 3, 2017 2562:on October 13, 2006 2484:. October 11, 2010. 2432:on February 1, 2010 2273:on November 1, 2004 2051:Space Launch System 2009:Space Launch System 1898:Bush administration 1740:near-Earth asteroid 1655:Apollo Lunar Module 1575:crawler-transporter 1312:Alliant Techsystems 1302:on October 28, 2009 1198:Centaur upper stage 1183:Apollo Lunar Module 1168:Altair (spacecraft) 1051:Space Launch System 1027:Augustine Committee 692:Space Launch System 200:Vehicle information 32: 6200:Cancelled projects 5265:NASA cancellations 5160:Deep Space Network 5150:Near Earth Network 4635:Living With a Star 4609:Project Prometheus 4589:Planetary Observer 4076:Project Prometheus 4035:Planetary Observer 3958:Planetary Missions 3496:The Next Space Age 3215:The New York Times 2641:Jim Banke (2008). 2299:on August 26, 2004 2037:Spaceflight portal 1867:Michael D. Griffin 1841:to further pursue 1789:Orion Mars mission 1637: 1488:The design of the 1462:. But unlike the 1427: 1304: 1250: 1178: 1118: 1108:Orion (spacecraft) 1085:crew capsule, the 1000:Michael D. Griffin 979:experience beyond 937:crewed spaceflight 460:Planetary Observer 438:Planetary Missions 6163: 6162: 6072:Crewed Mars rover 6013:Concordia Station 5949:The Case for Mars 5888: 5887: 5739: 5738: 5533: 5532: 5446:stolen or missing 5243:uncrewed missions 5221:Apollo astronauts 5216:Gemini astronauts 5134: 5133: 4918:2001 Mars Odyssey 4693: 4692: 4569:Mars Surveyor '98 4527: 4526: 4470: (with 4403:Human spaceflight 4397: 4396: 4355:Launch Complex 48 4350:Launch Complex 39 4102: 4101: 3993: 3992: 3887: 3886: 3791:Orion abort modes 3763:Ground facilities 3742:Launch Complex 39 3515:978-0-8242-1082-3 3286:Seth Borenstein. 2865:Technology Review 2731:(Press release). 2709:on August 1, 2020 2701:(Press release). 2614:(Press release). 2584:(Press release). 2375:National Archives 1947:propellant depots 1850:space exploration 1579:Mobile Launcher-1 1256:for crew and the 1176:Design for Altair 925: 924: 837:Firefly Aerospace 822:Bigelow Aerospace 250: 249: 230:Launch vehicle(s) 205:Crewed vehicle(s) 16:(Redirected from 6212: 5912:The Mars Project 5896: 5875:Inspiration Mars 5860:Aurora programme 5803: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5743: 5608: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5521: 5520: 5509: 5508: 5347:Fallen Astronaut 4988:Van Allen Probes 4708: 4614:Mars Exploration 4539: 4410: 4178:Space Task Group 4150: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4106: 3953:Mars Exploration 3936: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3875: 3874: 3863: 3862: 3658: 3647: 3639: 3619:List of missions 3601: 3594: 3587: 3578: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3499: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3445: 3439: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3339:. Archived from 3328: 3322: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3224: 3218: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3092:on March 3, 2016 3088:. Archived from 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3029: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2971:. Archived from 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2761:. April 29, 2009 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2679:. April 29, 2009 2674: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2458:. April 15, 2010 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2425:. Archived from 2424: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2390: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2359: 2351: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2247:on July 10, 2007 2246: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2214:on July 11, 2007 2204: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2185:on July 10, 2007 2184: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2120: 2102: 2101: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2032: 1974:Orion spacecraft 1834:to extend human 1753:asteroid impacts 1744:Orion spacecraft 1633:Orion spacecraft 1605:Orion spacecraft 1122:Orion spacecraft 1067:booster vehicles 917: 910: 903: 857:Northrop Grumman 423:Mars Exploration 296:U.S. Space Force 282: 277: 268: 252: 163: 161: 137: 135: 45:Program overview 40: 33: 21: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6096: 6059: 6053: 6027: 5974: 5966: 5903: 5897: 5884: 5848: 5822: 5798: 5792: 5779: 5770: 5740: 5735: 5719:Orion (nuclear) 5672: 5609: 5600: 5594:Commercial Crew 5572: 5564: 5534: 5529: 5497: 5397: 5388:Mission patches 5363:Pioneer plaques 5326:Mystic Mountain 5303:Family Portrait 5296:The Blue Marble 5280: 5274: 5248:Apollo missions 5189: 5141: 5130: 5097: 4902: 4896: 4733:Mercury-Atlas 6 4703: 4699: 4689: 4623: 4559:Mariner Mark II 4523: 4504:Commercial Crew 4482: 4405: 4393: 4377:Mission Control 4276:Astronaut Corps 4271:Chief Scientist 4249: 4154: 4138: 4133: 4103: 4098: 4085: 4071:Mariner Mark II 4054: 4010:Lunar Precursor 3989: 3927: 3918: 3888: 3883: 3851: 3847:Artemis program 3805: 3779: 3758: 3730: 3702: 3664:Launch vehicles 3659: 3650: 3645: 3637: 3623: 3610: 3605: 3562:Wayback Machine 3541: 3528: 3526: 3516: 3491: 3486:Further reading 3483: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3369:. March 7, 2010 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3319:Wayback Machine 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3043:Washington Post 3037: 3036: 3032: 3026:Wayback Machine 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2968:Popular Science 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2787:Wayback Machine 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2622:on July 7, 2017 2610: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2399:Washington Post 2392: 2391: 2382: 2368: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2099: 2096: 2078:Soviet Moonshot 2045:Artemis program 2035: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2017:Artemis program 1994:launch vehicles 1970: 1939:Augustine panel 1934:President Obama 1930: 1900: 1895: 1828: 1791: 1768:Low Earth orbit 1732: 1725: 1647: 1625: 1618: 1598:Mission Control 1591: 1563: 1561:Low Earth orbit 1557: 1533:low Earth orbit 1529: 1523: 1456: 1448:Main articles: 1446: 1433: 1417: 1377:low Earth orbit 1373: 1367: 1308:low Earth orbit 1292: 1286: 1231: 1228:low Earth orbit 1220: 1213: 1170: 1164: 1130:Lockheed Martin 1126:low Earth orbit 1110: 1104: 1099: 1069:to replace the 1059: 981:low Earth orbit 921: 892: 891: 882:Virgin Galactic 842:Lockheed Martin 807: 799: 798: 745: 737: 736: 717: 709: 708: 599: 589: 588: 538: 530: 529: 505: 495: 494: 413:Lunar Precursor 403:Large Strategic 383: 375: 374: 353:Commercial Crew 308: 300: 264: 246: 225: 195: 166: 159: 157: 140: 133: 131: 98:Program history 85: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6044:Mars Institute 6041: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5813:Mars Base Camp 5809: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5515: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5483:Astronauts Day 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5142:and navigation 5140:Communications 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5120:Europa Clipper 5116: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4705: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4574:New Millennium 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4416: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4147: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4081:Voyager (Mars) 4078: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4025:New Millennium 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3869: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3810:Related topics 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3539:External links 3537: 3536: 3535: 3514: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3466: 3455:. May 31, 2020 3453:blogs.nasa.gov 3440: 3424: 3412: 3380: 3354: 3323: 3304: 3278: 3242: 3219: 3202: 3190: 3161: 3136: 3103: 3076: 3048: 3030: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2953: 2930: 2903: 2877: 2851: 2818: 2804: 2791: 2772: 2746: 2720: 2690: 2661: 2633: 2603: 2573: 2537: 2511: 2496: 2487: 2469: 2443: 2411: 2380: 2341: 2310: 2284: 2258: 2225: 2196: 2160: 2137: 2114: 2113: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2075: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2040: 2024: 2021: 1969: 1966: 1929: 1926: 1904:George W. Bush 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1839: 1827: 1824: 1790: 1787: 1779:service module 1724: 1721: 1719:for analysis. 1635:in lunar orbit 1624: 1621: 1616: 1589: 1556: 1553: 1525:Main article: 1522: 1519: 1450:Apollo program 1445: 1442: 1429:Main article: 1416: 1413: 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1351:George Mueller 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1267:Apollo program 1219: 1216: 1211: 1166:Main article: 1163: 1160: 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093:lunar lander. 1058: 1055: 1018:, and then to 1014:, then to the 996:George W. Bush 994:and President 947:agency of the 923: 922: 920: 919: 912: 905: 897: 894: 893: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 817:Ball Aerospace 814: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 796: 791: 786: 785: 784: 779: 774: 764: 763: 762: 752: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 735: 734: 729: 724: 718: 715: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 704:Vulcan Centaur 701: 694: 689: 684: 679: 672: 671: 670: 665: 660: 655: 648: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 600: 595: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 585: 584: 574: 569: 568: 567: 557: 556: 555: 550: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 506: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 456: 455: 450: 445: 435: 430: 428:New Millennium 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 356: 355: 345: 344: 343: 330: 325: 320: 315: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 293: 287: 284: 283: 270: 269: 261: 260: 248: 247: 245: 244: 239: 233: 231: 227: 226: 224: 223: 216: 208: 206: 202: 201: 197: 196: 194: 193: 188: 182: 180: 179:Launch site(s) 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 154: 148: 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 128: 122: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 84: 83: 80: 77: 73: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6217: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6190:NASA programs 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6168: 6166: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5895: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773:Human mission 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684:Constellation 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5658:Space Shuttle 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567:United States 5561: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5526: 5525: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5494: 5493:Nikon NASA F4 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378:NASA insignia 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358:Lunar plaques 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5310:Pale Blue Dot 5307: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5238:NASA missions 5236: 5234: 5233:NASA aircraft 5231: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5155:Space Network 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4788:Space Shuttle 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:New Frontiers 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4579:Lunar Orbiter 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4519:Lunar Gateway 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4478:Constellation 4476: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4460:Space Shuttle 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4298:NASA research 4296: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4005:Lunar Orbiter 4003: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3968:New Frontiers 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3880: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784:Abort systems 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3436:Aviation Week 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3297:September 17, 3293: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3263: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3019:Why The Moon? 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2878: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2530:September 14, 2525: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2083:SpaceX Dragon 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1912:Space Shuttle 1909: 1905: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1810:launch window 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Space Shuttle 1455: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1432: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1391:, versus the 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:Space Shuttle 1378: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1328:Space Shuttle 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:Space Shuttle 1229: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1174: 1169: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Space Shuttle 1068: 1064: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:United States 946: 942: 938: 934: 931:(abbreviated 930: 918: 913: 911: 906: 904: 899: 898: 896: 895: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 803: 802: 795: 792: 790: 787: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 765: 761: 758: 757: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 741: 740: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 713: 712: 705: 702: 700: 699: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 677: 673: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 653: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 606: 602: 601: 598: 593: 592: 583: 580: 579: 578: 577:Western Range 575: 573: 570: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543:Eastern Range 541: 540: 534: 533: 526: 525:Space Shuttle 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 504: 499: 498: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 454: 451: 449: 448:New Frontiers 446: 444: 441: 440: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 408:Lunar Orbiter 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 379: 378: 371: 370:Lunar Gateway 368: 366: 363: 361: 360:Constellation 358: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 336: 335: 334: 333:Space Shuttle 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 304: 303: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 281: 276: 272: 271: 267: 262: 258: 254: 253: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 228: 222: 221: 217: 215: 214: 210: 209: 207: 203: 198: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 155: 153: 150: 149: 147: 143: 129: 127: 124: 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 92: 88: 81: 78: 75: 74: 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 55: 54:United States 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 19: 6167: 6165: 6067:Mars habitat 6049:Mars Society 5972:Mars analogs 5947: 5910: 5902:20th-century 5844:Mars to Stay 5797:21st-century 5729: 5683: 5664: 5651:Apollo–Soyuz 5523: 5511: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5118: 5067:Perseverance 5066: 5028: 5021: 4998: 4958: 4941: 4925:New Horizons 4923: 4916: 4909: 4882: 4874: 4850: 4838: 4831: 4818: 4806: 4798: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4477: 4466: 4450:Apollo–Soyuz 3877: 3865: 3735:Launch sites 3628:Test flights 3607: 3527:. Retrieved 3504:, New York: 3495: 3469: 3459:November 16, 3457:. Retrieved 3452: 3443: 3435: 3427: 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3396:the original 3383: 3371:. Retrieved 3366: 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3341:the original 3326: 3307: 3295:. Retrieved 3291: 3281: 3269:. Retrieved 3262:the original 3245: 3233:. Retrieved 3227:Art Chimes. 3222: 3213: 3205: 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3152:. Retrieved 3148: 3139: 3127:. Retrieved 3123:the original 3096:February 14, 3094:. Retrieved 3090:the original 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3061: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2973:the original 2966: 2956: 2944:. Retrieved 2933: 2923:November 26, 2921:. Retrieved 2917:the original 2906: 2894:. Retrieved 2890: 2880: 2868:. Retrieved 2864: 2854: 2842:. Retrieved 2838:the original 2833: 2807: 2794: 2775: 2763:. Retrieved 2749: 2737:. Retrieved 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707:the original 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2664: 2654:December 11, 2652:. Retrieved 2646: 2636: 2624:. Retrieved 2620:the original 2606: 2594:. Retrieved 2590:the original 2576: 2564:. Retrieved 2557:the original 2540: 2528:. Retrieved 2524:the original 2514: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2455: 2446: 2434:. Retrieved 2427:the original 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2398: 2373:– via 2367:. Retrieved 2361: 2332:. Retrieved 2328: 2301:. Retrieved 2297:the original 2287: 2275:. Retrieved 2271:the original 2261: 2249:. Retrieved 2242:the original 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2212:the original 2187:. Retrieved 2180:the original 2151:. Retrieved 2140: 2128:. Retrieved 2118: 2097: 2012: 2006: 1990:human-rating 1971: 1962: 1951: 1931: 1922: 1901: 1884: 1876: 1871:Solar System 1864: 1836:colonization 1829: 1803: 1792: 1776: 1761: 1735: 1733: 1709: 1698: 1694: 1692:(LOI) burn. 1686: 1675: 1648: 1641:Lunar sortie 1613: 1602: 1587: 1564: 1530: 1499: 1487: 1476: 1457: 1434: 1397: 1374: 1336: 1305: 1275: 1251: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1149: 1142: 1119: 1060: 1031:Barack Obama 1024: 1022:and beyond. 992:Sean O'Keefe 985: 932: 928: 926: 887:Virgin Orbit 696: 674: 651: 631:Falcon Heavy 604: 359: 339: 219: 212: 119:First flight 60:Organization 6135:Mars cycler 6087:Mars lander 5943:Mars Direct 5933:Ride Report 5353:Deep fields 5281:and artwork 5279:NASA images 4851:Opportunity 4320:NASA Social 4146:and history 3347:January 31, 3271:October 23, 3183:February 3, 3154:February 7, 3069:October 23, 2979:December 5, 2404:February 1, 2189:October 23, 2130:October 13, 1982:Crew Dragon 1490:J-2X engine 827:Blue Origin 744:Civil space 682:New Shepard 636:LauncherOne 191:White Sands 145:Last flight 6174:Categories 6155:Mars flyby 6101:Miscellany 6092:Mars rover 5441:Moon rocks 5201:Astronauts 5194:NASA lists 5051:OSIRIS-REx 4885:helicopter 4753:Pioneer 11 4746:Pioneer 10 4549:Hitchhiker 4424:suborbital 4261:Space Race 4066:Grand Tour 3707:Spacecraft 3646:(Oct 2009) 3638:(Jul 2009) 3524:2008036936 3231:. VOA News 2303:August 16, 2277:August 16, 2149:. NBC News 2094:References 1924:estimate. 1917:lunar soil 1678:rendezvous 1639:See also: 1559:See also: 1316:Rocketdyne 1218:Propulsion 1207:hypergolic 1156:Artemis II 1063:spacecraft 852:Rocket Lab 537:Spaceports 160:2009-10-28 134:2009-06-08 6077:Mars suit 5904:proposals 5799:proposals 5689:Dyna-Soar 5614:Completed 5468:Moon tree 5289:Earthrise 5164:Goldstone 5061:Mars 2020 5030:Voyager 2 5023:Voyager 1 4959:Curiosity 4903:operating 4901:Currently 4883:Ingenuity 4820:MESSENGER 4799:Sojourner 4728:Mercury 3 4718:Apollo 11 4665:Discovery 4655:Explorers 4244:Augustine 4208:Augustine 4059:Cancelled 3998:Completed 3963:Discovery 3292:USA Today 3235:April 19, 3149:space.com 2946:August 5, 2896:April 30, 2891:USA Today 2870:August 7, 2739:August 5, 2683:August 5, 2648:Space.com 2218:August 7, 2019:in 2017. 1986:Starliner 1852:missions, 1783:Apollo 13 1715:'s (JSC) 1581:, out to 1343:Saturn IB 1276:The name 1152:Artemis I 977:astronaut 676:New Glenn 443:Discovery 393:Explorers 171:Successes 114:2004–2010 93:Cancelled 6060:concepts 6058:Hardware 6032:Advocacy 5986:MARS-500 5870:Mars One 5677:Canceled 5663:Shuttle- 5512:Category 5174:Canberra 5086:timeline 5074:timeline 5010:timeline 4966:timeline 4863:observed 4858:timeline 4826:Aquarius 4766:timeline 4739:Magellan 4701:missions 4599:Surveyor 4535:programs 4465:Shuttle– 4406:programs 4238:Aldridge 4157:creation 4045:Surveyor 3926:programs 3866:Category 3643:Ares I-X 3558:Archived 3367:NBC News 3315:Archived 3129:June 17, 3022:Archived 2783:Archived 2713:July 17, 2482:BBC News 2456:ucsb.edu 2436:March 7, 2369:March 7, 2334:March 7, 2329:BBC News 2089:program. 2023:See also 1992:for the 1659:Saturn V 1653:and the 1521:Missions 1393:Saturn V 1385:Saturn V 1359:Ares I-X 1355:Saturn V 1347:Saturn I 1300:Ares I-X 1242:Saturn V 1097:Vehicles 935:) was a 847:Raytheon 698:Starship 641:Minotaur 626:Falcon 9 621:Electron 475:Vanguard 470:Surveyor 338:Shuttle– 257:a series 255:Part of 152:Ares I-X 111:Duration 6118:Fiction 6018:HI-SEAS 5827:Passive 5730:Freedom 5626:Mercury 5584:Artemis 5524:Commons 5402:Related 5211:by year 5206:by name 4983:GOES 15 4973:GOES 14 4890:flights 4876:InSight 4832:Cassini 4760:Galileo 4685:SIMPLEx 4660:Voyager 4628:Current 4584:Pioneer 4554:Mariner 4533:Robotic 4514:Artemis 4487:Current 4430:Mercury 4422: ( 4315:NASA TV 4254:General 4153:History 4030:Pioneer 4015:Mariner 3985:Voyager 3878:Commons 3698:Jupiter 3676:Ares IV 3529:July 4, 3405:July 7, 3373:May 18, 2844:July 4, 2802:. NASA. 2765:May 13, 2626:July 6, 2596:July 6, 2566:July 6, 2251:July 6, 2071:NASA's 1569:at the 1202:Atlas V 1200:of the 1057:Designs 687:Pegasus 616:Atlas V 611:Antares 510:Mercury 485:Voyager 433:Pioneer 418:Mariner 365:Artemis 313:Mercury 158: ( 132: ( 70:Purpose 50:Country 6128:novels 5923:Aelita 5853:Former 5806:Active 5646:Skylab 5636:Apollo 5631:Gemini 5577:Active 5169:Madrid 5102:Future 5017:NuSTAR 4948:THEMIS 4870:RHESSI 4807:Spirit 4604:Viking 4594:Ranger 4445:Skylab 4440:Apollo 4435:Gemini 4293:Budget 4246:(2009) 4240:(2004) 4234:(2004) 4228:(2003) 4222:(2002) 4220:CFUSAI 4216:(1996) 4210:(1990) 4204:(1989) 4198:(1987) 4192:(1986) 4190:Rogers 4186:(1986) 4180:(1958) 4174:(1958) 4168:(1915) 4144:Policy 4050:Viking 4040:Ranger 3932:Active 3827:DIRECT 3726:Altair 3681:Ares V 3671:Ares I 3522: 3512: 3008:. NASA 2996:. NASA 2462:May 6, 2153:May 6, 2011:, and 1748:Altair 1671:LC-39A 1583:LC-39B 1537:Altair 1514:Ares V 1510:Altair 1483:Ares I 1468:Apollo 1371:Ares V 1365:Ares V 1339:Ares I 1320:Boeing 1318:, and 1290:Ares I 1284:Ares I 1258:Ares V 1254:Ares I 1246:Ares V 1238:Ares I 1210:LOX/CH 1162:Altair 1134:Boeing 1091:Altair 1079:Ares V 1075:Ares I 943:, the 867:SpaceX 832:Boeing 520:Apollo 515:Gemini 480:Viking 465:Ranger 328:Skylab 323:Apollo 318:Gemini 259:on the 242:Ares V 237:Ares I 213:Altair 90:Status 6123:films 6023:NEEMO 5996:FMARS 5114:NISAR 5069:rover 5041:MAVEN 4961:rover 4942:Swift 4853:rover 4814:LADEE 4809:rover 4801:rover 4778:GRAIL 4773:GALEX 4564:MESUR 4509:Orion 4310:NASA+ 4286:Chief 4184:Paine 4020:MESUR 3719:Orion 3502:Bronx 3399:(PDF) 3392:(PDF) 3265:(PDF) 3258:(PDF) 3200:. BBC 3177:(PDF) 3172:GAO. 2673:(PDF) 2560:(PDF) 2549:(PDF) 2430:(PDF) 2423:(PDF) 2358:(PDF) 2245:(PDF) 2238:(PDF) 2183:(PDF) 2176:(PDF) 1404:RS-25 1400:RS-68 1194:RL-10 1102:Orion 1083:Orion 945:space 812:Astra 605:Alpha 220:Orion 6001:MDRS 5977:list 5777:Mars 5724:NASP 5709:Nova 5621:X-15 5093:PACE 5036:WISE 4999:Juno 4839:Dawn 4783:WMAP 4723:COBE 4711:Past 4542:Past 4420:X-15 4413:Past 4226:CAIB 4196:Ride 4166:NACA 4136:NASA 3921:NASA 3686:Lite 3635:MLAS 3531:2013 3520:LCCN 3510:ISBN 3461:2021 3407:2010 3375:2010 3349:2010 3299:2009 3273:2014 3237:2011 3185:2010 3156:2008 3131:2009 3119:NASA 3098:2010 3071:2014 2981:2007 2948:2007 2925:2014 2898:2010 2872:2011 2846:2013 2767:2009 2759:NASA 2741:2009 2733:NASA 2715:2007 2703:NASA 2685:2009 2656:2008 2628:2009 2616:NASA 2598:2009 2586:NASA 2568:2009 2553:NASA 2532:2011 2464:2023 2438:2010 2406:2010 2371:2010 2336:2010 2305:2011 2279:2011 2253:2009 2220:2011 2191:2014 2155:2023 2132:2021 1885:The 1795:Mars 1734:The 1643:and 1545:Mars 1539:and 1470:and 1464:X-33 1452:and 1389:Moon 1332:J-2X 1278:Ares 1120:The 1077:and 1065:and 1020:Mars 1016:Moon 973:Mars 969:Ares 965:logo 961:Mars 957:Moon 941:NASA 927:The 490:X-37 291:NASA 126:MLAS 103:Cost 64:NASA 5960:3.0 5928:TMK 5775:to 5665:Mir 5046:MMS 4467:Mir 3337:AFP 2013:the 1663:EDS 1494:J-2 1232:1. 1041:at 933:CxP 872:SSL 652:III 398:GLS 388:CRS 340:Mir 6176:: 3518:. 3508:. 3451:. 3434:. 3365:. 3335:. 3290:. 3164:^ 3147:. 3117:. 3106:^ 3060:. 3041:. 2965:. 2889:. 2863:. 2832:. 2821:^ 2757:. 2675:. 2645:. 2551:. 2499:^ 2480:. 2454:. 2397:. 2383:^ 2360:. 2344:^ 2327:. 2313:^ 2199:^ 2163:^ 2111:. 1949:. 1759:. 1474:. 1440:. 1411:. 1314:, 1128:. 1053:. 658:IV 5979:) 5975:( 5765:e 5758:t 5751:v 5559:e 5552:t 5545:v 5412:" 5408:" 5181:) 5162:( 4474:) 4456:) 4426:) 4159:) 4155:( 4128:e 4121:t 4114:v 3913:e 3906:t 3899:v 3752:B 3747:A 3600:e 3593:t 3586:v 3533:. 3477:. 3463:. 3409:. 3377:. 3351:. 3301:. 3275:. 3239:. 3187:. 3158:. 3133:. 3100:. 3073:. 3017:" 2983:. 2950:. 2927:. 2900:. 2874:. 2848:. 2769:. 2743:. 2717:. 2687:. 2658:. 2630:. 2600:. 2570:. 2534:. 2466:. 2440:. 2408:. 2377:. 2338:. 2307:. 2281:. 2255:. 2222:. 2193:. 2157:. 2134:. 1845:, 1838:, 1731:. 1617:2 1590:2 1230:. 1212:4 916:e 909:t 902:v 668:C 663:V 646:I 174:2 162:) 136:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Constellation program

Index