Colombian Constitution of 1991

1351:, and shall receive equal protection and treatment from the authorities, and shall enjoy the same rights, freedoms, and opportunities. Discrimination on the grounds of gender, race, national or familial origin, language, religion, political opinion, or philosophy is explicitly banned (Article 13). The State, according to the Constitution, promotes the conditions so that "equality may be real and effective" and adopts measures in favour of marginalized or discriminated groups. Furthermore, the State has special responsibility to protect individuals who are in "clearly vulnerable circumstances" on account of their economic, physical, or mental condition, and to punish abuses or ill-treatment against them. The Constitutional Court has established an equality test to evaluate when discrimination against an enunciated group may be justified: namely, if the act fostering a differential treatment has a permissible and imperative constitutional purpose, if the act is useful and necessary to achieve its intended purpose and if the act maintains proportionality between the benefit obtained and any damages or prejudice caused on other subjects. 741:

constitutional assembly on the basis of the political agreement and simultaneous elections to the constitutional assembly. Like decree 927, decree 1926 was issued as a state of siege decree under article 121 of the 1886 constitution, and justified the creation of a constitutional assembly with the need to solve the country's conflicts by reforming the country's institutions. As per the agreement/decree, the referendum for and parallel election of a constitutional assembly would be held on December 9, 1990 and the assembly would convene a period of 150 days beginning on February 5, 1991. The assembly would be composed of 70 members elected in a single multi-member national constituency, with a minimum of two additional seats reserved for non-voting delegates from demobilized guerrilla groups. Only citizens who had held high political office, had been university professors for at least three years or had worked in a field with a university degree for at least five years were eligible for election, although the decree created exceptions for those who had been undergraduate students for at least one year,

1985:. One of the aspects which makes it so popular with citizens is its simplicity and informality - any natural or juridical person may file an application which requires the action or omission which motivated it, the right considered violated or threatened, the name of the public authority responsible for the grievance and the description of other relevant circumstances, along with the name and residence of the applicant. It is not required to cite the specific constitutional rule infringed, and the application may be made through any written form of communication, with a possibility for minors and the illiterate to apply orally. In cases where the request concerns an authority, the judge's decision shall ensure to the aggrieved the full enjoyment of their right and return to the state prior to the violation (if possible). In cases where the request concerns the denial of an act or omission, the judge shall order that the adequate action be taken within 48 hours. Finally, in cases of a conduct, threat or behaviour, the ruling shall order its immediate cessation and prevent any new threat. 1728:, in sentence C-577 in July 2011, the Constitutional Court found that same sex couples are a recognized form of family that may be originated by natural ties (De Facto Unions) or by legal ties (a Solemn Contract), as there were no legal contract that same sex couples could opt, the National Congress was invoked to correct the "deficit of protection" and was exhorted to legislate on the matter of same-sex relationships. C-577 sentence included a deadline, if Congress would not correct the deficit by June 2013, then same sex couples would be able to opt for a Legal Tie before Judges and notars. Deadline was not met, and by analogy, many Judges married same-sex couples, in sentence SU-214 of April 2016 Constitutional Court ruled that the Legal Tie that corrects the deficit of protection is Marriage and that all judges and notars are obliged to perform that ceremony under the same conditions required for opposite couples. 831:. The judgement also referenced prior constitutional jurisprudence. Firstly, it mentioned a 1957 ruling on that year's plebiscite which said that the power to modify the constitution did not stem from the constitution itself but rather from 'the revolution' or the "exercise of the latent sovereignty in the people as constituent will.". Secondly, it looked at a 1987 ruling, also concerning the constitutionality of the 1957 plebiscite, in which it had declared that "when the people, exercising its sovereign and inalienable power, decides to pronounce itself on the constitutional text that will govern their destiny, it is not and cannot be subject to the legal regulations which precede its decision." The 1987 decision had also called the 'primary constituent act' "the expression of the highest political will", free from any judicial limitations. Summarizing its opinion, the majority wrote: 1746:(Article 44) - explicitly listed are life, physical integrity, health and social security, a balanced diet, their name and citizenship, to have a family and not be separated from it, care and love, instruction and culture, recreation, and the free expression of their opinions. Children are to be protected against all forms of abandonment, physical or moral violence, economic exploitation, dangerous work and sexual abuse. Families, society and the State must assist and protect children. Adolescents are entitled to protection and integral development by Article 45. In a landmark decision in November 2015, the Constitutional Court ruled that excluding same-sex parents from the universe of potential adopters was a limitation of the right of children to have a family and not be separated from it. 1966:

immediate protection of his/her fundamental constitutional rights when the individual fears the latter may be jeopardized or threatened by the action or omission of any public authority." The protection granted by the courts consists of an order enjoining others to act or refrain from acting, which may be challenged before a competent judge who shall transmit it to the Constitutional Court for possible revision. The Constitution established it as a mechanism of last recourse, when the individual has no other means of legal defence, except when it is used as a transitional mechanism to avoid irreparable harm, but it has become one of the most widely used rights protection mechanism in Colombia, likely because it guarantees speedy resolution - within 10 days, according to Article 86.

1720:

dignity and privacy are inviolable. According to the third paragraph of article 42, "family relations are based on the equality of rights and duties of the couple and on the reciprocal respect of all its members. Any form of violence in the family is considered destructive of its harmony and unity." The fourth paragraph recognizes the equal rights and duties of all children, whether they be born within or outside of marriage or adopted. Couples have the right to decide "freely and responsibly" the number of their children, and are constitutionally responsible to support and educate them while they are minors or not self-supporting. The regulation of marriage, separation and divorce are determined by the State (Article 42).

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may hold binding internal or primary elections. The 2009 political reform made political parties legally responsible for any violation of rules governing their organization as well as for having endorsed candidates for public office who had been or were sentenced for ties to illegal armed groups, drug trafficking, offences against mechanisms of democratic participation or crimes against humanity. In such cases, the sanctions may include fines, the repayment of public party financing up to the loss of legal recognition. Since 2009, a candidate who wishes to seek another party's nomination for the next election must resign his/her seat at least 12 months prior to the opening of nominations.

2165:, lit. revocation of mandate). The various other forms of political participation allowed by the Constitution besides regular elections give the 1991 Constitution its participative character. These forms of political participation are regulated by Law 134 of 1994 and Law 1757 of 2015, although articles 104 through 106 further specify that the President with the approval of all ministers and the Senate may consult the people on matters of national importance (article 104), that governors and mayors may likewise consult voters on issues falling under their jurisdiction (article 105) and detail the different forms of political participation at a local level (article 106). 1840:

technological improvement and for environmental protection. The article is complemented by articles 68 and 69. Article 68 allows individuals to create educational institutions, allows parents to choose the type of education for their children, guarantees ethnic communities an education which respect and develops their cultural identity, ensures that education is placed in the hands of people with "recognized ethical and pedagogical suitability" and establishes eradication of illiteracy and the education of individuals with physical or mental limitations or exceptional capabilities as special obligations of the State. Article 69 protects the autonomy of universities.

1320:. In the same case, the Court affirmed that "the right to life cannot be reduced to mere subsistence, but rather involves living adequately in dignity." In the same vein, the State cannot force an unwilling person suffering from major pain to prolonge his/her existence for a short period of time, and doing so would constitute cruel and inhumane treatment, which is banned by the Constitution (article 12). In the case of abortion, the Court argued that the basis for the prohibition of abortion in other cases was based on the State's duty to protect the life of the unborn rather than the status of the unborn as a human being entitled to the right to life. 2410:

public order to be reestablished; and it could be declared throughout the country or in parts thereof. Judicial and legislative oversight of the state of siege was very limited, although a 1968 amendment imposed automatic review by the Supreme Court of all decrees adopted and the President was barred from derogating laws (only entitled to suspend laws incompatible with the state of siege during its duration) or impeding the normal functioning of Congress. Article 122 of the 1886 Constitution, modified by a 1968 amendment, allowed the President to declare a state of emergency for up to 90 days a year in the event of social or economic crises. With the

785:, the source of sovereignty under article 2 of the 1886 constitution, could exercise its constituent power notwithstanding articles 218 and 13. Critics of the decree, the court's record stated, hit it from several angles - those who claimed the anticipated reforms were elitist and limited in scope; and those who claimed that the decree was unconstitutional as it violated articles 218 and 13 (they also rejected preeminence could be established between articles 2 and 218). As with decree 927, the public ministry opined that the court should either inhibit itself from ruling on the decree (as it was a 'political act') or rule it unconstitutional. 773:

indigenous peoples. These left-wing groups organized demonstrations for a "people's constituent assembly" on September 6. The FARC, who claimed to support a dialogue with the government, contended that the government's constitutional assembly would merely serve to pass reforms which had failed in Congress and reiterated their demands for an "autonomous and sovereign constituent assembly" which would draft a new constitution. Demobilized groups such as the PRT, MAQL and some fronts of the EPL cautiously welcomed some aspects of the decree but sought modifications in certain areas.

96: 2188:

signatures, 50,000 votes in a previous election or holding representation in Congress. In turn, parties lost recognition for failing to obtain representation in Congress or winning less than 50,000 votes. Given the large number of political parties which gained legal recognition following the adoption of the 1991 Constitution, the 2003 political reform limited legal recognition to parties which had obtained 2% of valid votes cast nationally in elections to either house of Congress. In 2009, this threshold for recognition was raised to 3% of valid votes cast.

2120: 2200:

communications and the electromagnetic spectrum and the right to reply. The 2015 constitutional reform has created seats in elected bodies for runner-up candidates in presidential, gubernatorial and mayoral elections; specifically, the second placed candidate for president, Vice President, governor and mayor shall have the right to hold a seat in the Senate, Chamber of Representatives, departmental assembly and municipal council respectively. This rule will be applicable beginning with the 2018 presidential and congressional elections.

4823: 2055:

not abusing one's own, striving in accordance with the principle of social solidarity, respecting and supporting the legitimately constituted democratic authorities, defending and propagating human rights, participating in political and civic life, working to achieve and maintain peace, collaborating for the proper functioning of the administration of justice, protecting the country's natural and cultural resources, ensuring the preservation of a healthy environment and contributing to the financing of public expenses.

462:, Congress passed a constitutional amendment convening a constitutional assembly to amend the constitution only as it pertained to departmental/municipal administration and the judiciary (courts, public prosecution, constitutional jurisdiction). On May 5, 1978, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled the project unconstitutional. In its verdict, the court argued that Congress' power to amend the constitution under article 218 was an exclusive power which it could not delegate. 2239:

the corresponding budget (Article 122). Public servants must swear an oath to defend and abide by the Constitution, fulfill the duties of employment and declare his/her income and earnings. 2004 and 2009 reforms ban access to public employment, elected office, electoral candidacy and participation in contracts with the State to anyone sentenced for crimes involving the State treasury, membership in illegal armed groups, drug trafficking and crimes against humanity.

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intervened in their appointments, and relatives of that person. The 2015 reform further modified article 126 to ban the reelection (or re-selection) to the judiciary, control institution and electoral organizations' highest offices and establish a cooling-off period banning those who have held one of these senior positions from being elected to public office or nominated to another of these senior positions within one year after the end of their term.

2230:(Article 115). In addition, Congress has specific judicial functions while a law may exceptionally assign jurisdictional functions in specific subject areas to specific administrative authorities (who may not judge offences). The Public Ministry and Comptroller General of the Republic are control institutions (Article 116). The electoral organization is made up of the National Electoral Council and the National Civil Registrar (Article 120). 729:

overwhelmingly voted in favour of a constitutional assembly in an officially sanctioned vote, there was no agreement on the form that constitutional change should take. Large number of politicians from both major parties preferred to see constitutional reform done through Congress rather than a constituent assembly, while more marginal political and social forces pushed for a constituent rather than constitutional assembly.

469:'s constitutional reform initiative. The reform made substantial changes to the administration of justice, public prosecutions and the process of judicial review by the Supreme Court. Following a tortuous court challenge, the Supreme Court rendered a controversial ruling on the constitutional amendments in November 1981, striking down the entire project because of procedural defects in the legislative procedure. 2004:

rights (15%), human dignity (14%) and social security (11%). In 69% of cases, the ruling favoured the citizen. However, the wide use of the recourse has led to major backlogs. In 2010, a commission of experts convened by the government for its judicial reform noted that the use of the action had "aggravated the breach of procedural terms, delays and backlogs in the processing of the ordinary cases."

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violence, their 'redesign' was clearly necessary. The court argued that constitutional judges must take heed of the social reality, and made several references to the popular movement in favour of constitutional reform. In the Supreme Court's opinion, the decree did not entail any constitutional reform, plebiscite or referendum - it merely gave the 'legal possibility' for counting votes on the

827:(or people). The court's ruling declared that the 'primary constituent' can, at any time, give itself a new constitution without being subject to the requirements imposed by the constitution in force until then. It cited as precedent the modification of the 1886 constitution by plebiscite in 1957, or the adoption of the very constitution of 1886 through other means than those set by the 749:

president, would be tasked with drawing up the final draft and submitting it to the assembly. The agreement gave the government the initiative for presenting projects to the deliberation of the assembly, although 10 members of Congress would also be allowed to present their projects. The list of topics on the agenda included reforms to Congress, the legislative process, the

1695:(Article 35). The 1991 Constituent Assembly, influenced by the demands of Colombian drug traffickers such as Pablo Escobar, had banned extradition of native-born Colombians. Following the adoption of article 35 by the Constituent Assembly in June 1991, Pablo Escobar voluntarily turned himself in. Extradition was reestablished by a constitutional amendment in 1997. 43: 979:, organized as a "decentralized unitary republic, with autonomy of its territorial units." It cites other fundamental principles defining the Colombian State - democratic; participatory; pluralistic; based on the respect of human dignity, on the work and solidarity of the individuals who belong to it, and the prevalence of the general interest. 2217:- the legislative, executive and judicial, in addition to other autonomous and independent entities (Article 113). The legislative branch (Congress, made up of the Senate and Chamber of Representatives) amends the Constitutions, makes the laws and exercises political control over the executive branch and public administration. The President is 473:

departmental governors). There was growing clamour to reform the 1886 constitution, accused of 'closing' political institutions, limiting opportunities for the political participation of minorities and not permitting the "democratic opening" which would guarantee the reincorporation to civilian life of armed rebel groups.

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independence, maintaining territorial integrity, and ensure peaceful coexistence and enforcement of a just order. The article also stipulates that the authorities of the State are established in order to protect all residents of Colombia and to ensure the fulfillment of the social duties of the State and individuals.

3005:

In its November 28, 1957 ruling on the constitutionality of the two decrees amending the constitution through the 1957 plebiscite, the Supreme Court found itself incompetent to rule on the constitutionality of constitutional amendments (a position which the Court held in successive rulings of similar

2246:

and anti-corruption rules for appointments and the conclusion of contracts. The first paragraph bans civil servants from appointing, nominating and concluding contracts with family members; furthermore, since 2015, they are not able to appoint, nominate or sign public contracts with those persons who

2225:

and supreme administrative authority; the government is made up of the President, cabinet ministers and heads of administrative departments (Article 114). The Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice, the Council of State, the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (to be replaced by the National

2054:

The fifth and final chapter of the title, made up of Article 95, lists the duties and obligations of Colombians, first and foremost the "duty to exalt and dignify" the national community and the obligation to obey the Constitution and the laws. The nine duties listed are respecting others' rights and

2045:

or constitutional/constitutionality bloc, established by Article 93, is made up of all international human rights treaties and agreements ratified by Congress. These treaties have equal constitutional validity and the constitutional rights listed by the Constitution are interpreted in accordance with

1973:

is used to ensure the immediate protection of fundamental rights, but the Constitutional Court has ruled that "the fundamental character of a right can only be determined in each (individual) case", which means that the rights protected are not limited to those listed in Chapter I of the second title

1809:

are guaranteed, but are not absolute, because property has a social and environment role which implies obligations (Article 58). In case of conflict between individual property rights and a law enacted for reasons of public utility or social interest, the public or social interest prevails. There may

1785:

is passed by Congress, but must take into fundamental principles including equality of opportunity for workers, remuneration proportional to the amount and quality of work, employment stability, the irrevocability of minimum benefits established in labour regulations, collective bargaining, the right

961:

Presidential reelection was banned completely, with an immediate re-election already forbidden in the Constitution of 1886. However, the rule was repealed in 2004 by using procedures that were declared valid by the Constitutional Court on October 19, 2005. In 2015, the Congress approved the repeal of

740:

On August 2, 1990, Gaviria oversaw the signing of a political agreement for a constitutional assembly by members of the Liberal Party, the two rival Conservative groups and the AD M-19. This agreement was the basis for Decree 1926, issued on August 24 and calling for a referendum on the creation of a

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student movement, this one largely led by students from public universities. They criticized the use of the term 'constitutional assembly' rather than 'constituent assembly', fearing that the former was a way for Liberal party 'barons' to seize control of the process. Several Conservative politicians

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This article gives the powers "strictly necessary to deal with the causes of the disruption and check the spread of its effects." The legislative decrees issued by the government suspend incompatible laws and are valid until public order is declared to have been restored, although the government may

1723:

In accordance with the 1991 Constitution's pluralist spirit, this article protects different forms of families, including those outside of wedlock forming legally recognized marital unions, distinct from marriage but sharing the "essential characteristic" of being institutions which create families.

1315:

Concerning assisted suicide, in 1997, the Court's opinion was that the State's duty to protect life must be compatible with respect for human dignity and the free development of personality (article 16), and that in the case of terminally ill patients, this duty must give way to the informed consent

840:

In few but transcending words, the primary constituent power represents a moral and political power of ultimate resort, capable, even in times of the greatest darkness, of setting the historical course of the State, rebelling with all its essence and creative vigour. For this reason, it knows how to

802:

Así pues, tanto por razones filosóficas como jurisprudenciales, para definir si el Decreto 1926 de 24 de agosto de 1990 es constitucional no basta compararlo con los artículos 218 de la Constitución y 13 del plebiscito del 1° de diciembre de 1957 si no tener en cuenta su virtualidad para alcanzar la

796:

Considering article 218, the majority opined that the judge needed to consider the social reality (an argument already made in their May ruling), specifically looking to societal values and reflecting on the usefulness of legal norms to certain purposes deemed valuable to the society. The court made

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was widely seen as delegitimizing the political system by severely limiting third parties and other movements' political participation. Although the strict application of the National Front ended with the 1974 election, the power-sharing aspects of the system were dismantled only gradually - only in

2650:

Try, upon charges brought by the Attorney General or delegates thereof, the Vice President, cabinet ministers, Inspector General, Ombudsman, agents of the public ministry, directors of administrative departments, Comptroller General, ambassadors, heads of diplomatic or consular missions, governors,

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In the decree declaring a state of emergency, the government must indicate the period within which it intends to make use of its extraordinary powers, and at the conclusion thereof, Congress shall meet or be convened. Congress shall examine the government's report on the causes justifying the state

2409:

The 1886 Constitution, in article 121, allowed the President to declare a state of siege, which gave him extraordinary lawmaking powers, in the case of foreign war or internal disturbances. The duration of the state of siege was practically unlimited, with the government determining when to declare

2238:

The second chapter concerns public administration, appointment to public employment and the roles and duties of civil servants. Public employment must have its responsibilities legally defined and that posts to be filled figure in the respective employment plan and that the salaries are provided in

2183:

The contents of articles 107 through 111 on political parties were significantly modified by the major political reforms adopted in 2003 and 2009. Since 2003, it is constitutionally forbidden to belong to more than one political party. The 2003 reform codified the possibility that political parties

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in other Spanish-speaking countries. It is established by Article 86 of the Constitution, which states that "Every individual may claim legal protection before the judge, at any time or place, through a preferential and summary proceeding, for himself/herself or by whoever acts in his/her name, the

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for all Colombians equally (Article 70). Culture, in its diverse forms, is said to be "the basis of nationality." The nation's cultural and archaeological heritage belong to the nation and are protected by the State; ethnic groups, nevertheless, may enjoy special rights when they occupy territories

1302:

expressly prohibited (Article 11). Capital punishment had been abolished in Colombia in 1910 through a constitutional amendment. The Constitutional Court has ruled that the right to life is not absolute. In sentence C-355/06, the Court's opinion said that "despite its constitutional relevance, life

866:

116 lists or candidates ran for 70 seats in the constitutional assembly. The Liberal Party alone accounted for 49 of these lists, having decided to run several separate lists - unlike the other parties - to take advantage of electoral rules. Voters cast their votes for a single/list candidate, with

845:

Based on these arguments, the court ruled that the agenda set by the political agreement was unconstitutional as it placed undue limits on the powers of the primary constituent. The court's sentence removed, from the December 9 referendum question, any reference to limits imposed on the assembly by

493:

was elected to the presidency on a platform of national reconciliation. In January 1988, Barco unexpectedly revived the idea of substantial constitutional change by proposing the organization of a plebiscite, alongside the March 1988 local elections, to repeal article 13 of the 1957 plebiscite. The

2195:

Article 109 deals with political financing. The State contributes to the financing of legally recognized parties and movements, and electoral campaigns are partially financed with public resources. The 2003 and 2009 amendments have allowed for spending limits, access to advertising and airtime for

2179:

The second and third chapters of the title concerns political parties and movements, and establishes special protection for opposition parties. The right of all citizens to establish, organize and develop parties and movements as well as their freedom to join or leave them is guaranteed. Political

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or compliance action, whereby any individual may demand from the administrative jurisdiction the effective application of a law or administrative decision, although not a constitutional norm. The legal requirement (established by Law 393 of 1997) that the law or decision challenged must not entail

1992:

was the most well-known judicial mechanism, with 83.7% of respondents being familiar with it, compared to between 20 and 25% of respondents who were familiar with the four other rights-protection mechanisms. Furthermore, the study reported that 65% had a favourable opinion of the mechanism against

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State's duty to protect the integrity of public space, and its use in the common interest. Resolution 541 of 1994 issued by the Ministry of the Environment defines 'public space' as public or private buildings or natural/architectural elements associated to them who are intended by their nature or

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is free, although school fees may be paid by those who can afford them. The State inspects and supervises education. The article also lists the main values guiding the education system; namely human rights, peace, and democracy, and the practice of work and recreation for cultural, scientific, and

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were held on December 9, simultaneously with the referendum authorizing the convening of said assembly for February 5, 1991. The elections were overshadowed by the massive abstention - of the country's 14,237,110 eligible voter, just 26% of them (or some 3.7 million) turned out. The referendum was

788:

On October 9, in sentence number 138, the Supreme Court of Justice narrowly ruled decree 1926 to be constitutional with specific exceptions. The ruling created deeper divisions between the judges than their May ruling on decree 927, ultimately being approved with 15 votes in favour and 12 dissents

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the institutional order. The legality of non-binding votes was also questioned. The Supreme Court, through sentence 59 of May 24, 1990, ruled the decree to be constitutional. Arguing that the country's political institutions had lost their effectiveness and become unsuitable in the face of greater

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supported the idea and was the first presidential contender to speak about it publicly. Former President López Michelsen supported the idea, and further proposed that the government issue a state of siege decree ordering the official counting of the seventh ballot papers. On 10 March, a day before

2435:

During the state of foreign war, the Congress continues to enjoy all its constitutional and legal powers and receives periodical reports from the presidency on the decrees adopted and the evolution of circumstances. The President may issue legislative decrees suspending laws incompatible with the

2187:

Article 108 governs the conditions for the legal recognition of political parties and movements. Legally recognized parties may run candidates for public office, although social movements or a "significant group of citizens" may also run candidates. Originally, parties and movements needed 50,000

2003:

was the most widely used judicial mechanism, with 4 million actions submitted across Colombia between 1991 and 2011. In 2013 alone, there were 454,500 actions brought forward, with the most commonly invoked rights being the right to petition (48%), right to health (23%), other economic and social

1719:

as the basic nucleus of society, "formed on the basis of natural or legal ties, through the free decision of a man and woman to contract matrimony or through the responsible resolve to comply with it." The State and society guarantee the integral protection of the family, and the family's honour,

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diversity of Colombia, while the following article obliges the State and individuals to protect the cultural and natural assets of the country. The 1991 constitution was a major break with the unitary and exclusionary view of the Nation which had existed in Colombia until that time. The Colombian

806:

Therefore, both for philosophic and jurisprudential reasons, to determine whether Decree 1926 of August 24, 1990 is constitutional, it is insufficient to compare it with the articles 218 of the Constitution and 13 of the plebiscite of December 1, 1957 without taking into account its potential for

2985:

Gaviria's July 20 proposal was for a 50-member assembly, with 9 of those members appointed by the government, working with an agenda set by the government. There had been no popular input in the design of the agenda, and the President's plan allowed for very little grassroots participation. Only

2461:

In the case of events which disrupt or threaten to disrupt in serious or imminent manner the economic, social or ecological order of the country or constitute a grave public calamity, the President may declare a state of emergency for periods of up to 30 days, in periods which altogether may not

836:

En pocas pero trascendentes palabras, el Poder Constituyente Primario, representa una potencia moral y política de última instancia, capaz, aun en las horas de mayor tiniebla, de fijar el curso histórico del Estado, insurgiendo como tal con toda su esencia y vigor creativos. Por esto mismo, sabe

702:

The decree was challenged in court, with its opponents claiming that there was no relationship between the state of siege under which the decree was proclaimed and the measures it provided and that it violated article 218 of the constitution (as well as article 13 of the 1957 plebiscite). In the

422:

ARTICULO 218. La Constitución, salvo lo que en materia de votación ella dispone en otros artículos, sólo podrá ser reformada por un Acto Legislativo, discutido primeramente y aprobado por el Congreso en sus sesiones ordinarias; publicado por el Gobierno, para su examen definitivo en la siguiente

2104:

Article 100 grants foreigners residing in Colombia the same civil rights and guarantees as those granted to citizens, but the law may, for reasons of public order, impose special conditions on or nullify the exercise of specific civil rights by aliens. Political rights are reserved to Colombian

1814:

for reasons of public utility or social interest, subject to judicial authorization and prior compensation. A 1999 constitutional amendment removed the possibility for expropriation without compensation. As a result, expropriation without prior compensation is only constitutional in case of war

1164:

encompassed not only individual rights but also the entire organizational apparatus of the State. It further added that the 'organic part' of the constitution (that establishing the organization of the State's political institutions) only acquired meaning and rationale as the implementation and

894:

During the assembly, the MSN and AD M-19 demanded that the Congress elected in March 1990 be recalled and that a new Congress be elected in 1991 following the approval of the new constitution. In a compromise between the three main forces in the assembly mediated by Gaviria and former president

512:

Meanwhile, Barco's policy of national reconciliation had been successful - four guerrilla groups demobilized between 1989 and 1990. The M-19 was the first group to accept the government's offer to dialogue in 1988, culminating in the movement surrendering their weapons in March 1990. The M-19's

472:

In 1986, faced with the urgency of presenting some tangible proof of the "democratic opening" (liberalization) that left-wing movements and guerrillas had been incessantly demanding, the Congress passed a constitutional amendment allowing for the direct election of mayors (hitherto appointed by

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or popular actions, for the protection of collective rights and interests related to property, space, public safety and health, administrative morality, the environment, free economic competition and other areas of similar nature. The article also refers to a similar mechanism - class or group

732:

Gaviria undertook dialogues with the major political parties and their leaders. In July 1990, Gaviria sent his draft proposal for a constitutional assembly to the largest political parties. His proposal planned for a small assembly, a rigid predetermined agenda and with guerrilla participation

357:

A series of assassinations and terrorist attacks in 1988 and 1989 increased popular demands for political and constitutional reform, as the country's existing political institutions were seen as broken in the face of the wave of extreme violence. 1989 witnessed the assassination of 12 judicial

1173:

Article 2 lists the essential goals of the State: "serve the community, promote the general welfare, guaranteeing the effectiveness of the principles, rights, and duties stipulated by the Constitution;" facilitating popular participation in decisions of national importance, defending national

426:

ARTICLE 218. The Constitution, may only be amended by a Legislative Act, first discussed and adopted by Congress in its regular sessions; published by the Government, for final consideration at the next regular legislative session; by it again debated, and ultimately approved by the absolute

2191:

In an effort to increase party coherence and discipline, the 2003 reform introduced rules forcing members of an elected body elected for the same party or movement to form a single caucus and act in accordance with decisions adopted by the group. Internal party by-laws may exclude matters of

1192:

Article 4 establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the country, the supremacy of the Constitution in case of incompatibility with any law and citizens' and resident foreigners' obligation to abide by the Constitution and the laws. According to Article 6, each person is individually

1216:

countries, had hitherto been defined in exclusionary terms as a Catholic, Hispanic and Spanish-speaking nation to the exclusion of indigenous peoples and racial minority groups. The 1991 constitution therefore recognized the multiethnic and multicultural composition of Colombia, and allowed

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who denounced the heavy participation of Congress in the future assembly and the limited room for citizens' input. Others - such as the pro-constituent assembly groups on the left - blasted the fairly rigid eligibility conditions and the exclusion of students, guerrillas, social leaders and

748:

The agreement/decree set an agenda to which the assembly would be limited. On the basis of the agenda, preparatory commissions made up of experts, social and political leaders would hold debates and public hearings. An advisory commission to the presidency, with six members appointed by the

689:

The contents of the decree were largely the fruit of conversations between the government, the Liberal party and the two rival factions of the Conservative party. The parliamentary left was excluded from the talks, but they nevertheless welcomed decree 927. On the other hand, the decree was

655:

was similar to the conclusions of a 1988 government report prepared by Manuel José Cepeda, the son of then-communications minister Fernando Cepeda, for President Barco. Based on a detailed analysis of the constitutional jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, Cepeda had concluded that the 1886

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and explaining the objectives of his idea. Carrillo argued that the unofficial vote would "create a political fact" and "set the record that public opinion wants a constituent assembly", while the expression of popular sovereignty would keep the courts from invalidating it. Carrillo's idea

2269:

Title VI of the Constitution, from article 132 to 188, details the legislative branch of Colombia, which is made up of the bicameral Congress with the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. Congress' main power is lawmaking and legislative regulation, which entails drafting, enacting,

2199:

Article 112 guarantees parties and movements declaring themselves in opposition to the government the right to freely criticize the government and formulate their own alternative policies, and for these purposes they have access to official information and documentation, access to public

728:

Liberal candidate César Gaviria was elected president on the same day as the vote on the constitutional assembly was held. Gaviria had served as interior minister in Barco's government, actively involved in constitutional affairs. Although Colombian voters - those who participated - had

685:

in March, stated that the popular will should be recognized and warned that thwarting the "popular movement in favour of institutional change" would weaken the country's political institutions. The government claimed that it was acting to facilitate the expression of the popular will.

940:. The new body hears challenges to the constitutionality of laws, legislative decrees, laws approving international treaties, and referendum or assembly constituency summons and hears appeals of lower judicial decisions related to the tutelage action of constitutional rights. 895:

Alfonso López Michelsen, it was agreed that the 1990 Congress would be dismissed and new elections to Congress would be held under the rules of the new constitution in October 1991, but the members of the constitutional assembly would be ineligible to run in these elections.

1740:, and women cannot be subjected to any type of discrimination (Article 43). Furthermore, the State must provide special assistance and protection to women during pregnancy and after delivery, including food subsidies if the woman should find herself unemployed or abandoned. 2607:

Judges of the three highest cours must be native-born citizens, lawyers with fifteen years of legal experience (in the courts, public ministry, as lawyer or professor) and have a clean criminal record. Judges of all these top courts serve non-renewable eight-year terms.

1378:, according to terms set by the law. For tax and legal purposes, authorities may demand making available accounting records and other private documents within the limits set by law, only for purposes of inspection, oversight and governmental intervention (Article 15). 2852:

Take possession of material evidence and ensure its safeguarding during trial. If additional measures which imply the infringement of fundamental rights are required, authorization must be obtained from the judge responsible for the control of guarantees in order to

2841:

It is the office of the Attorney General's responsibility to investigate the facts which may constitute offences and to press criminal charges. It may not, therefore, suspend, interrupt or drop a criminal investigation except where authorized by law. Its powers are:

2444:

In cases of serious disturbances to the public order which imminently threaten institutional stability, the security of the State or the peaceful coexistence of citizens, the President, with the signature of all ministers, may declare a state of internal disturbance

2270:

interpreting, amending and repealing laws. It also has additional powers - judicial (trying the President), elective (for senior officials of the State, notably judges), ceremonial (receiving foreign dignitaries) and political control (control of the executive).

716:

of convening a constitutional assembly. Therefore, the judges could not comment on the possibility of convening a constitutional assembly, and wrote that claims that the decree violated article 218 were based on false assumptions on the real scope of the decree.

501:) which included agreement on the organization of a "process of institutional readjustment" - the creation of a constituent body, originating in Congress, which would submit a proposal for constitutional reform to Congress. The process was suddenly halted by the 2741:, created by the 1991 Constitution. It is made up of nine judges or magistrates elected by the Senate to individual non-renewable eight-year terms from lists of three names each presented by the President, the Supreme Court of Justice and the Council of State. 1936:

Additionally, the final article of the second title under the fourth chapter (Article 94), clarifies that the enunciation of the rights and guarantees contained in the Constitution and in international agreements do not exclude others not expressly mentioned.

3041:

More specifically, parties are held responsible if the candidate (regardless of whether he/she was elected) was sentenced prior to the election, or if he/she was sentenced after the election while holding the office for which he/she had received the party's

2838:), headed by the Attorney General. The Attorney General is elected to a single non-renewable four-year term by the Supreme Court of Justice from a list sent by the President, with the same rules of eligibility as for judges of the Supreme Court of Justice. 505:'s ruling on April 4, 1988, which declared it to be unconstitutional. A later attempt to resuscitate the original idea of a plebiscite was rejected by the government itself in December 1988, after a group of congressmen had tried to add a question banning 423:

legislatura ordinaria; por ésta nuevamente debatido, y, últimamente, aprobado por la mayoría absoluta de los individuos que componen cada Cámara. Si el Gobierno no publicare oportunamente el proyecto de Acto Legislativo, lo hará el Presidente del Congreso.

2697:

Act as the supreme consultative body for the government on administrative matters. In cases of the transit or stationing of foreign troops, vessels or aircraft in the national territory, the government must obligatorily hear the opinion of the Council of

1762:

is a mandatory public service which shall be delivered under the administration, coordination, and control of the State subject to the principles of efficiency, universality, and solidarity (Article 48). Colombia's social security system is regulated by

2630:. It is currently made up of a total of 23 judges, subdivided into three cassation chambers: civil and agrarian (7 judges), labour (7 judges) and criminal (9 judges) – with the presidents and vice presidents of each chamber forming a governing chamber. 1663:

by law enforcement officials and takes refuge in his/her own home, the officials may enter the domicile to apprehend the accused. If the offender should be caught in someone else's home, a request from the resident shall be sought beforehand (Article

2575:

The eighth title of the Constitution, in articles 228 through 257, establishes the judicial branch of Colombia. The 1991 Constitution brought major changes to the organization of the judicial branch in Colombia, notably through the creation of an

1258:

of Colombia, as per article 10, but the constitution also recognizes the co-officiality of the languages and dialects of ethnic groups in their territories and provides for bilingual education in communities with their own linguistic traditions.

2603:

from lists sent by the Superior Council of the Judiciary. With the 2015 constitutional reform, the Superior Council of the Judiciary will be replaced by a Council of Judicial Government and the lists shall be sent following a public competition.

2498:

The President and ministers are legally responsible if they declare states of exception without the occurrence of a foreign war or internal disturbance. They are also legally responsible for any abuse committed in exercise of their extraordinary

1303:

does not have the character of a value or an absolute right and must be weighed with the other values, principles and constitutional rights." Two of the notable exceptions to the right to life ruled constitutional by the Constitutional Court are

437:

in 1957. However, the text approved by voters in the 1957 plebiscite reiterated that any future constitutional amendments could only be passed by Congress in the manner prescribed by article 218. Article 13 of the Legislative Decree 0247 of 1957

2995:

The court's decision listed three of the main criticisms of the decree it heard - the insufficient number of delegates to the assembly, the alleged undemocratic and exclusionary composition of the assembly and the limitations established by the

1364:

and to one's good reputation. Furthermore, natural and judicial persons have the right to know, update and rectify information collected about them by public and private entities in their records and databases - the constitutional foundation of

1802:

save for essential public services (Article 56). A commission made up of the government, representatives of employers and workers promotes sound labour relations, contributes to the settlement of labour disputes and coordinates wage and labour

2815:

The Constitution establishes special jurisdictions for the authorities of indigenous peoples within their territory in accordance with their customs and procedure as long as they are not contrary to the Constitution or the laws (Article 246).

494:

president hoped that a plebiscite would give legitimacy to the repeal of this article (which had also been approved by plebiscite). However, Barco was forced to shelve the idea because of the lack of political consensus around his proposal.

887:'s list for the Social Conservative Party won 236,794 votes and 5 seats. Overall, however, the Liberal Party elected the most members, at 25, with over 31% of the popular vote. The most successful of the various Liberal lists was led by 2127:

The territorial limits of the country are those established in international treaties and those defined by arbitration awards, and may be modified only by treaties approved by Congress and duly ratified by the President (Article 101).

2449:) throughout the country or part of it for a period no longer than 90 days. The state of internal disturbance may be extended for two similar periods, but the second extension requires the prior approval of the Senate (Article 213). 797:

reference to peace, a value explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the 1886 constitution. In summary, the court declared that it was insufficient to consider only article 218 (and 13) in ruling on decree 1926's constitutionality:

1311:

in case of danger to the mother's life, life-threatening fetal defects, rape, incest or non-consensual fertilization (sentence C-355/06) or at woman or pregnant person choice until week 24 of gestational term (sentence C-055/22).

321:

primarily against guerrilla groups since the 1960s, in the 1980s the list of actors involved in the armed conflict became increasingly complex and the violence took on new forms. The conflict now involved new guerrilla movements,

1724:

Similarly, constitutional jurisprudence has highlighted the 'flexible character' of the family, whereby an individual partakes in several different forms of familial relationships during his/her lifetime. Faced with the issue of

2277:. The 1991 Constitution also democratized the legislative process, by creating possibilities for a large number of citizens or local elected officials to initiate a bill or constitutional amendment project before Congress. 2429:), giving the government "the powers strictly necessary to repel the aggression, defend the country's sovereignty, meet the requirements of the war, and bring about the restoration of normal conditions" (Article 212). 2462:

exceed 90 days in the year. The government is empowered to issue legally binding decrees directed exclusively to resolving the crisis. These decrees must bear direct and specific connection to the state of emergency.

1189:. The forms of democratic participation are presented in title four of the Constitution, from article 103 onwards. In the 1886 constitution, sovereignty was said to reside "essentially and exclusively" in the Nation. 568:. In 1989, the movement had gathered over 30,000 signatures for an unsuccessful petition asking the president to convene a plebiscite to reform the constitution. Some months later, the students promoted the so-called 396:

was shot on April 26, 1990. The August 1989 assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, who was the early favourite to win the 1990 elections, shocked public opinion in Colombia and led, seven days later, to a 'silent march'

2360:, whereas he had previously been elected in a single round requiring only a plurality to win. The previous constitution had barred Presidents from seeking immediate reelection, but could serve non-consecutive terms. 1786:

to social security, training, instruction, necessary rest and the special protection of women, mothers and minors (Article 53). Nevertheless, labour rights protected by this article have yet to be regulated by law.

401:) organized by university students in Bogotá. The organizers' original objective was to express their rejection of indiscriminate violence, which had claimed the lives of an average of 11 people per day in 1988. 2436:

state of foreign war, remaining in force until they expire and/or normal conditions are deemed to have been restored. Congress may, with a two-thirds vote of members in both houses, amend or repeal the decrees.

1141:

to make the principle of equality a reality. The new definition of the Colombian State meant that the State transcended its traditional role as an administrator to serve and guarantee the country's development.

667:

would not affect the validity of votes for the six official contests. The unofficial count showed over 2.2 million votes in favour of a constituent assembly, out of over 7.6 million votes cast in the election.

316:

In the late 1980s, Colombia was facing a period of unprecedented violence. Although political violence had been commonplace in the country's history since the 19th century, and Colombia had been embroiled in

647:

came from the legal left-wing parties, the UP and the new AD M-19. The FARC, for their part, proposed an entirely new constitution written by a constituent assembly, which would be convened by a plebiscite.

676:

On May 3, 1990, President Barco issued Decree 927, ordering the electoral authorities to count the votes for an official (but non-binding) vote convening a constitutional assembly, to be held alongside the

733:

limited to those groups who had demobilized. Gaviria's draft was rejected by the guerrilla groups, smaller legal left-wing parties, the umbrella organization of pro-constituent assembly movements and even

2180:

parties and movements are democratically organized with transparency, objectivity, morality, gender equality and the duty to present and disseminate their political programs as their guiding principles.

1867:(i.e. radio and television), which is an inalienable and imprescriptible public resource managed and controlled by the State (Article 75), which may intervene to avoid monopolistic practices in its uses. 837:

abrir canales obstruidos de expresión, o establecer los que le han sido negados, o, en fin, convertir en eficaz un sistema inidoneo que, por factores diversos, ha llegado a perder vitalidad y aceptación.

2474:

The 1991 Constitution significantly increased judicial and legislative oversight of the executive's use of states of exception (articles 212 and 213), which are subject to the following provisions:

898:

The three presidents of the assembly were Alvaro Gómez Hurtado (MSN), Horacio Serpa (Liberal) and Antonio Navarro Wolff (AD M-19). The 1991 Constitution of Colombia was promulgated on July 4, 1991.

2466:

of emergency and the measures adopted, and pronounce itself on their necessity and appropriateness. Congress, in the year following the state of emergency, may amend or repeal the decrees issued.

2849:

Conduct searches, raids, seizures and interceptions of communications. The judge responsible for the control of constitutional guarantees rules on the validity of these actions within 36 hours.

1564:

Every individual is free and no one may be importuned in his/her person or family, arrested, jailed or have his/her property search except on the basis of a written court order (Article 28).

1770:

Healthcare and sanitation are public services under the responsibility of the State, and all persons are guaranteed access to services that promote, protect and restore health (Article 49).

841:

open blocked channels of expression, or establish those that had been denied, or, in the end, make efficient a system, which, for various reasons, had come to lose vitality and acceptance.

2948:

Ramírez Cleves, G. A. (2005). Límites de la reforma constitucional en Colombia: el concepto de constitución como fundamento de la restricción. Colombia: Universidad Externado de Colombia.

2939:

Boesten, J. (2022). Constitutional Origin and Norm Creation in Colombia: Discursive Institutionalism and the Empowerment of the Constitutional Court. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.

2345:. The 1991 Constitution originally limited the President to a single, non-renewable once-in-a-lifetime term, but a controversial 2004 constitutional amendment supported by then-President 522: 1411:

between 1886 and 1936 and was referenced in the former constitution until its repeal in 1991. The 1991 Constitution further declared all faiths and churches equally free before the law.

703:

opinion of the public ministry, there was no relationship between the state of siege and the measures provided by the decree, given that the state of siege only allowed for measures to

2478:

All decrees must be signed by the President and countersigned by all ministers, and be directly and specifically connected to the situation for which a state of exception was declared.

793:). The court found that the decree, taken in its entirety, had sufficient connections to the state of siege, for reasons similar to those presented in its May 24 ruling on decree 927. 548:("We can still save Colombia"), born from the August 1989 'silent march' and predominantly spearheaded by student and faculty from the most prestigious private universities of Bogotá ( 618:, Colombia's largest newspaper, enthusiastically supported the movement and later provided some of the material support necessary to print the ballots. Liberal presidential candidate 2367:

with the President. The Vice President replaces the President in the event of a temporary or permanent vacancy in the office of the President. Article 194 lists permanent vacancies (

4171: 2502:

The government must send the decrees issued to the Constitutional Court on the day following their promulgation for the Court to make a definite decision on their constitutionality.

1193:

responsible before the authorities for violations of the Constitution and the laws, with civil servants further responsible for omission and abuse in the exercise of their duties.

781:

Decree 1926 was brought to the Supreme Court by several plaintiffs. The decree's advocates argued that it pertained to the organization of an electoral event and claimed that the

2846:

Solicit guarantees from the appropriate judge for the appearance of the accused in court, the safeguarding of evidence and protection for the community and victims in particular.

1509:

are listed in Article 40. The expansion of political participation to create a more participatory democracy was one of the major aims of the 1991 Constitution. These rights are:

663:

informed students that while he could not order the counting of the votes for a constituent assembly, neither could he ban the seventh ballot from being deposited. In short, the

2546:

under the Military Penal Code. In the investigation and prosecution of crimes committed during an armed conflict, the norms of international humanitarian law are to be applied.

2074:

Article 96 establishes the basis of Colombian nationality law, acquired at birth or by naturalization. Colombia, unlike several other countries in the Americas, has restricted

1685:

are banned. Nevertheless, by court sentence, property ownership may be nullified if it is injurious to the public treasury or seriously harmful to social morality (Article 34).

1465:

Freedom of profession or occupation (Article 26). The law may require certificates of competence, and the competent authorities inspect and oversee the exercise of professions.

1428:

Right to honour, meant in the sense of protecting the esteem and respect a person acquires from others because of virtues and merits. It forms the constitutional basis of for

720:

The vote went ahead on May 27, and the affirmative option in favour of a constitutional assembly carried over 95% of the votes cast, although only 43% of voters participated.

2432:

The declaration of a state of foreign war may be made only once the Senate has declared war, except if the President judges it necessary to repel the aggression immediately.

2353:, to successfully seek second terms in 2006 and 2014 respectively. In 2015, a constitutional amendment repealed the 2004 changes and reverted to the original one-term limit. 2417:

The 1991 Constitution replaced the state of siege with three different states of exception: state of foreign war, state of internal disturbance and the state of emergency.

513:

demobilized members became a political party, known as the Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD M-19), in 1990. In 1991, the Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT), most fronts of the

2680:. It is currently made up of a total of 31 councillors or judges, subdivided into an administrative litigation chamber (27 members) and a consultative chamber (the rest). 2371:) as death, resignation, removal from office, permanent physical incapacity and abandoning the office; and temporary vacancies as illness or leave granted by the Senate. 1756:

The State shall promote a policy of planning, rehabilitation and social integration for those who are physically, emotionally or psychologically handicapped (Article 47).

891:

and won 138,662 and 3 seats. The government appointed four non-voting members from demobilized guerrilla groups - two from the EPL, and one apiece from the PRT and MAQL.

3218: 4954: 4575: 434: 3587: 2553:. Only the government may import or manufacture weapons, explosives and munitions and no one may own or carry them without the permission of the competent authority. 3448: 603:

graduate and constitutional lawyer, who at the time was teaching law in Bogotá's three main private universities. In February 1990, Carrillo published an article in

1884:. Because of the new collective and environmental rights enshrined in this chapter, the 1991 Constitution has been called a "green constitution". These rights are: 427:

majority of the individuals which compose each House. If the Government does not promptly publish the draft legislative act, the President of Congress will do so.

1381:

Free development of personality, without limitations other than those imposed by the rights of others and the legal order (Article 16). This is a broad right to

454:

Notwithstanding these legal difficulties, several presidents beginning attempted to reform parts of the constitution, but most saw their efforts rebuffed by the

5451: 2593: 2033:

Article 90 forces the State to answer materially for any extralegal damages for which it is responsible, caused by the acts or omissions of public authorities.

1032: 2273:

One of the significant changes introduced by the 1991 Constitution was the election of the Senate in a single national constituency, rather than by individual

3521: 3419: 737:. Pro-constituent assembly groups instead proposed a constituent assembly to write a new constitution, with extensive grassroots and guerrilla participation. 4949: 4394: 3190: 2973: 1462:

and social obligation, protected in all its forms by the State. Every individual is entitled to a job under dignified and equitable conditions (Article 25).

681:. The decree claimed that intensified violence had created "a popular clamour for institutions to be strengthened". It made reference to the success of the 5456: 2414:, the executive branch often used its extraordinary powers. States of siege were in place for a total of 206 months - or 17 years - between 1970 and 1991. 447:

ARTICULO 13. En adelante las reformas constitucionales sólo podrán hacerse por el Congreso, en la forma establecida por el artículo 218 de la Constitución.

1385:

and general freedom of action according to one's own beliefs, limited only by the rights of others and the law. Along with the right to a legal identity (

807:

peace. Although it is impossible to ensure that the mentioned decree would necessarily lead to the desired peace, the Court cannot close this possibility.

4864: 4230: 2411: 2951:

Uprimny, R. (2006). Libertad de prensa y derechos fundamentales: análisis de la jurisprudencia constitucional en Colombia (1992-2005). Argentina: Legis.

2334:, manages the public administration, ensures the collection and administration of public revenue and manages the country's economic and trade policies. 2318:

and the supreme administrative authority. In these capacities, the President appoints and dismisses members of cabinet and senior bureaucrats, manages

5446: 5023: 323: 2096:

at 18. According to Article 99, citizenship is the prior and indispensable condition for the right to vote, to be elected and to hold public office.

1468:

Legally recognized professions may be organized into professional associations, whose internal structures and operations are democratic (Article 26).

64: 51: 5769: 5739: 5277: 4632: 4617: 2754:

Deciding on the constitutionality of referendums on laws, national consultation or national plebiscites; the latter two only for procedural defects.

1753:

by the State, society and families (Article 46). The State must provide them with full social security and food subsidies in the case of indigence.

6028: 5716: 4944: 4204: 3032:

Law 1070 of 2006 grants local voting rights to legally resident foreigners who have lived in Colombia for five continuous and uninterrupted years.

589: 413:. Article 218 of the Constitution of 1886, as it stood in 1990, stated that the Constitution could only be amended by a law (legislative act, or 4081: 2535:. Members of the public force in active service do not have the right to vote, participate in political activities, assemble or send petitions. 994:

in Spanish, is one of the most important legal and philosophical changes associated with the 1991 constitution. The concept combines two common

5092: 4707: 2883:

Investigate and bring charges, if there are sufficient grounds, against senior officials who are subject to special constitutional protection (

2760:

Deciding on petitions of unconstitutionality brought by citizens against decrees with force of law, for material content or procedural defects.

2641: 2495:

The government will declare order to be restored and lift the state of exception as soon as the foreign war or internal disturbance has ceased.

2264: 803:

paz. Aunque es imposible asegurar que el mencionado decreto llevara necesariamente a la anhelada paz, no puede la Corte cerrar esa posibilidad.

585: 174: 4476: 5938: 5395: 5097: 4777: 3241: 2769:

Deciding on the constitutionality of bills objected to by the government for unconstitutionality, for material content or procedural defects.

2196:

major presidential campaigns and sanctions for violations of campaign spending limits. Article 110 bans contributions from public officials.

2080:, requiring that at least one of the parents of a child born in the country be a citizen or resident at time of birth. The Constitution bans 948: 678: 482: 377: 5334: 5272: 5257: 5229: 4879: 3151: 1705: 1150: 573: 455: 199: 4179: 2751:

Deciding, prior to the vote, on the constitutionality of acts convening a referendum or constituent assembly, only for procedural defects.

1815:(Article 59). Complementing property rights, article 60 enshrines the State's duty to promote access to individual or collective property. 1439:

Peace as a right and mandatory duty, understood as the right to live in a society in which conflicts are resolved peacefully (Article 22).

2453:

extend their application for up to 90 additional days. The Constitution bans civilians from being questioned or tried under martial law.

450:

ARTICLE 13. Henceforth constitutional reforms may only be passed by Congress, in the manner prescribed by Article 218 of the Constitution

4642: 2694:

Take cognizance of constitutional challenges to decrees issued by the government not under the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.

947:

was instituted as a quick and effective mechanism that allows citizens to assert their fundamental rights as stated in Article 8 of the

561: 5973: 5614: 5249: 5144: 5036: 4924: 4869: 4787: 2862:

Request from the trial judge the necessary measures to assist victims, provide legal remedy and provide reparations to those affected.

2617: 2566: 1880:

protected in the above chapters, the 1991 Constitution codified rights belonging to a new third generation of human rights, including

1835:, mandatory between the ages of 5 and 15 and including at least one year of preschool and nine years of basic education (Article 67). 1529:, movements and groups without any limits whatsoever; and the right to freely participate in them and spread their ideas and programs. 933: 660: 580:

meant to indicate that the unofficial ballot for a constituent assembly would be in addition to the six other official ballot papers (

311: 31: 2226:

Commission of Judicial Discipline), the Attorney General of the Nation, the tribunals and the judges administer justice, as does the

1503:

without interference by the State. Trade union representatives are provided jurisdiction and other necessary guarantees (Article 39).

6013: 4802: 4409: 2114: 1877: 1091: 549: 5461: 2942:

Landau, D. E., Cepeda Espinosa, M. J. (2017). Colombian Constitutional Law: Leading Cases. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

745:

leaders for at least one year, social leaders for at least one year or those who had received a pardon as part of a peace process.

521:(MAQL) all demobilized. One of the terms for their demobilization was their (limited) participation in a constituent assembly. The 2425:

In the event of a foreign armed conflict, the President, with the signature of all ministers, may declare a state of foreign war (

354:

form a single-party Liberal government, after the Conservatives had rejected his offer of three ministries in his administration.

5473: 5267: 4516: 2902:

Provide the government with information about investigations being conducted, when necessary for the maintenance of public order.

2728: 2562: 2304: 1157: 937: 859: 557: 248: 237: 203: 3105: 2748:

Deciding on petitions of unconstitutionality brought by citizens against constitutional amendments, only for procedural defects.

2030:

actions - for actions which harmed a group of individuals (20 or more). Its purpose is remedial and may allow for compensation.

1374:

Correspondence and other private communications may not be violated. They may only be intercepted or recorded on the basis of a

1266:, the 1991 constitution introduced several significant changes to the country's political system and political culture, such as 6008: 5933: 5846: 5569: 5478: 5369: 5320: 5087: 4929: 4556: 4542: 4502: 4462: 4448: 4434: 4380: 4366: 4352: 4338: 4324: 2763:

Deciding on the excuses for the absence of any natural or juridical person called before any permanent commission of Congress.

2757:

Deciding on petitions of unconstitutionality brought by citizens against any laws, for material content or procedural defects.

5916: 5706: 5619: 5352: 5108: 5067: 5057: 2482: 1894: 1334: 1204: 1130: 742: 518: 281: 4572: 1571:

shall be placed at the disposition of a competent judge within 36 hours (Article 28). This right is closely connected with

1086:

of state action. The social state denotes those who have incorporated, within their legal system and constitutional order,

5779: 5576: 5495: 5052: 5016: 4989: 2793: 2319: 2295:

The seventh title of the Constitution, in articles 188 through 227, establishes the executive branch, which is led by the

2174: 1526: 1229: 754: 409:

One of the factors which made constitutional change difficult was that the 1886 Constitution could only be amended by the

380:

headquarters on December 6 causing the death of 70 people. In 1990, two other presidential candidates were assassinated -

4797: 1421:, right to transmit and receive truthful and impartial information and the right to establish mass communications media. 497:

Instead, in February 1988, Barco signed a bipartisan agreement with leaders of the Liberal and Conservative parties (the

5824: 5653: 5596: 5581: 5468: 5234: 5154: 4939: 4610: 2829: 2581: 1115: 1059: 1040: 922: 339: 95: 1691:

may be requested, granted or offered in accordance with treaties or a relevant statute. Extradition is not granted for

656:

constitution could be reformed through a plebiscite or constituent assembly, as long as it was convened by the people.

5943: 5879: 5841: 5520: 5510: 5287: 5262: 5244: 5134: 4919: 4909: 4717: 3660: 2667: 2570: 2092:

their citizenship to reacquire it. Article 98 allows for the renunciation and suspension of nationality, and sets the

2089: 640: 631:, with the only significant Liberal opposition coming from former president Turbay and Liberal presidential candidate 502: 207: 5315: 4972: 3868: 2374:

The office of the Vice President was created in the 1991 Constitution. Previously, the President was followed in the

632: 466: 389: 4934: 2654:

Take cognizance of all contentious issues of accredited diplomatic personnel in cases provided by international law.

1822:) and the nation's archaeological heritage are inalienable, imprescriptible and not subject to seizure (Article 63). 828: 5488: 5363: 5347: 5310: 5239: 5077: 4977: 4967: 4914: 4884: 4874: 4692: 2300: 2290: 1945:

The fourth section of the fourth section establish the mechanisms through which citizens may protect their rights.

1245: 1146: 880: 636: 526: 459: 385: 56: 6023: 5533: 5528: 5166: 5124: 4889: 4812: 4782: 4757: 4727: 4652: 4647: 2945:

Rivadeneira Vargas, A. J. (1978). Historia constitucional de Colombia, 1510-1978. Colombia: Editorial Horizontes.

2532: 2069: 1902: 1119: 530: 335: 4904: 4899: 4894: 6033: 5896: 5874: 5829: 5759: 5744: 5686: 5629: 5413: 5305: 5202: 5009: 4792: 4767: 4742: 4702: 4687: 4657: 2922: 2766:

Deciding on the constitutionality of decrees issued by the government during a state of exception or emergency.

1881: 1864: 1605: 1186: 872: 4844: 4124: 2119: 2105:

nationals, but the law has granted some resident foreigners voting rights in local elections and referendums.

276:. It was promulgated in Constitutional Gazette number 114 on Thursday, July 4, 1991, and is also known as the 4859: 4854: 4722: 4256: 572:, or 'seventh ballot paper', as an unofficial plebiscite for a constituent assembly to be held alongside the 5891: 5884: 5711: 5609: 5586: 5342: 5176: 5119: 5114: 4807: 4747: 4712: 4667: 4603: 3846: 3063: 1898: 1595: 1348: 1271: 1200:

of the individual, without any discrimination, and protects the family as the basic institution of society.

884: 553: 514: 486: 381: 343: 296: 289: 4595: 4587: 3725: 3344: 2330:, provides for the external security of Colombia, promulgates laws, exercises regulatory authority through 5921: 5430: 5408: 5072: 4762: 4752: 4732: 4677: 4672: 4662: 2865:

Oversee the protection of victims, juries, witnesses and all other intervenants in the criminal procedure.

2516: 2379: 2327: 2274: 2214: 1993:

only 11% who viewed it unfavourably. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Constitution in 2011,

1493: 1070:. The most important principles underpinning this doctrine are the supremacy of a written constitution, a 761: 393: 5149: 2356:

The 1991 Constitution made several modifications to the presidency. The President is now elected using a

1455:

and residence for Colombian citizens, subject only to the limitations established by statute (Article 24)

1445:

public authorities (Article 23). Article 74 restates the right to access public documents, and adds that

5926: 5789: 5696: 5691: 5639: 5500: 5483: 5418: 5400: 5300: 5295: 5186: 4849: 4737: 4682: 3872: 2817: 2486: 2296: 2286: 1826: 1793: 1519: 1414: 1396: 1083: 876: 750: 490: 351: 348: 285: 187: 5139: 3787: 2192:

conscience from this requirement and adopt sanctions for failing to obey these rules, up to expulsion.

4158:

Por el cual se reglamenta la acción de tutela consagrada en el artículo 86 de la Constitución Política

3813: 2859:

Request the preclusion of the investigation from the trial judge when there are no merits to the case.

6018: 5794: 5774: 5701: 5669: 5624: 5591: 5505: 5383: 5062: 4772: 4697: 2705: 2688: 2627: 2256: 1743: 1651: 1568: 1552:

The authorities guarantee the adequate and effective participation of women in public administration.

1418: 1342: 1326: 1308: 1233: 1071: 605: 565: 410: 359: 299: 273: 182: 166: 154: 4141: 4106: 4039: 4008: 3996: 3953: 2856:

Present the written indictment before the trial judge to begin a public, oral and adversarial trial.

2349:

permitted a President to serve two terms. This provision allowed President Uribe and his successor,

433:

The constitutional reforms which, among other things, set-up the National Front, were approved by a

5966: 5906: 5901: 5819: 5731: 5634: 5564: 5552: 5224: 5219: 5044: 4831: 4480: 4157: 2528: 2375: 2331: 1844: 1764: 1737: 1656: 1483: 1452: 1400: 1382: 1208: 1111: 915: 816: 161: 134: 2141:

The mechanisms of popular participation established in the Constitution (Article 103) are voting,

5784: 5754: 5679: 5171: 5082: 4306: 2917: 2896:

Participate in the design of public policy on criminal matters and present bills to that respect.

2738: 2677: 2577: 2539: 2403: 2399: 2350: 2323: 2315: 2260: 2222: 2158: 1955:

Perhaps the single most important innovation in the 1991 Constitution is the introduction of the

1832: 1668: 1646:. When the accused is the sole appelant, the court may not impose a heavier penalty (Article 31). 1299: 1237: 1197: 1103: 1075: 999: 868: 600: 581: 373: 318: 170: 4068: 4056: 3107:

La gestación de la Constitución de 1991. Papel de la soberanía popular y debates en torno a ella

1581: 327: 1818:

Property in public use, national parks, communal lands of ethnic communities, Native reserves (

5982: 5911: 5856: 5814: 5799: 5764: 5721: 5212: 5207: 4298: 3349: 2927: 2492:

The normal functioning of the branches of government and state institutions cannot be impeded.

2364: 1995: 1961: 1913: 1725: 1678: 1634: 1442: 1408: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1225:

minorities - among others - to gain political, legal and cultural visibility and recognition.

1126: 224: 149: 614:

immediately received substantial support from the political and media elites of the country.

5834: 5804: 4290: 4275: 2869: 2357: 2342: 2227: 2085: 2081: 1851: 1836: 1773: 1692: 1611: 1545: 1522:, plebiscites, referendums, popular consultations and other forms of political participation 1506: 1487: 1471: 1361: 1317: 1304: 1275: 1267: 1182: 908: 863:

carried with an overwhelming majority, with nearly 98% in favour of convening the assembly.

753:, public prosecutions, public administration, human rights, local government, the status of 619: 292: 261: 2986:

university graduates with 5 years experience in their field would be eligible for election.

1035:, which in its article 20 proclaims Germany to be a "democratic and social federal state" ( 5987: 5809: 4579: 2589: 2093: 1909: 1888: 1806: 1799: 1759: 1733: 1627: 1532: 1477: 1446: 1404: 1291:

Articles 11 through 41 of the Constitution list the fundamental rights. These rights are:

1107: 1099: 1079: 929: 2346: 1974:

and requiring each judge to analyse each case to determine if it can be protected by an

1779:

Right to recreation, the practice of sports and the enjoyment of free time (Article 52).

1043:

which established Spain as a "social and democratic State, subject to the rule of law" (

846:

the August 1990 political agreement. It also struck down a requirement for a deposit of

5601: 5538: 4021: 3630: 3461: 3388: 2969: 2524: 2520: 2395: 2338: 1917: 1621: 1355: 1244:

approved by Colombia. It also states that Colombian foreign policy is oriented towards

1218: 1213: 847: 4520: 3681: 3522:

Decreto por el cual se dictan medidas tendientes al restablecimiento del orden público

3420:

Decreto por el cual se dictan medidas tendientes al restablecimiento del orden publico

2899:

Grant temporary powers to public bodies to undertake functions of the judicial police.

2784:

Since 2015, resolving jurisdictional disputes arising between different jurisdictions.

2744:

The Court safeguards the integrity and supremacy of the Constitution. Its powers are:

1181:

resides exclusively in the people, from whom public power emanates." They exercise it

6002: 5866: 5851: 5749: 5104: 4310: 3839: 2543: 2311: 2218: 1921: 1811: 1573: 1512: 1459: 1390: 1295: 1095: 1087: 1028: 1016: 911: 888: 368: 331: 131: 2781:

Deciding on the constitutionality of international treaties and laws ratifying them.

17: 5160: 2912: 2807:

Previously, the power of judicial review was held by the Supreme Court of Justice.

1750: 1682: 1500: 1020: 944: 269: 116: 4294: 4276:"Playing by the rules of the game: partisan use of recall referendums in Colombia" 2169:

Chapters II and III: Political Parties and Movements, and Status of the Opposition

1074:

with all branches bound by laws, a hierarchy of laws, the guarantee of individual

962:

a 2004 constitutional amendment that eliminated the one-term limit for presidents.

1860:

is protected to guarantee its freedom and professional independence (Article 73).

1708:

as part of the definition of Colombia as a "social state under the rule of law" (

1278:, recognition of ethnocultural diversity and a much wider scope of basic rights. 2146: 2142: 1925: 1688: 1660: 1590:

in all judicial and administrative matters (Article 29). This right stipulates:

1587: 1375: 1367: 1178: 1004: 972: 955: 812: 506: 2538:

Crimes committed by members of the public force in active service are tried by

5674: 1857: 1782: 1422: 643:(MSN), initially opposed constitutional reform. The strongest support for the 214: 126: 4302: 1544:

Hold public office, except for Colombians by birth or naturalization holding

1145:

The Colombian constitution, under its second title, lists a large variety of

883:

of the National Salvation Movement won 574,411 votes and elected 11 members.

4836: 2600: 1659:

and brought to a judge by any individual. Should the offender be subject to

1110:. The first constitution to explicitly establish social rights was the 1919 995: 194: 5357: 4205:"Cuatro millones de tutelas han sido interpuestas en 20 años de aplicación" 2834:

The Constitution created the office of the Attorney General of the Nation (

1789:

Employers and the State must offer training and qualification (Article 54).

1165:

application of the rights and principles enshrined in its 'dogmatic part'.

525:(FARC) supported a new constitution, but did not demobilize. The left-wing 42: 3968:"La Constitución de 1991 y la protección de los pueblos indígenas y afros" 2872:

carried out by the National Police and other bodies as established by law.

1137:, formulated in the 1930s in the face of the perceived limitations of the 30:"Constitution of Colombia" redirects here. For earlier constitutions, see 5129: 5032: 4822: 3967: 2792:) and any citizen may intervene to defend or challenge a legal norm. The 2550: 2243: 2076: 990:

The definition of Colombia as a "social state under the rule of law", or

372:

newspaper's offices in Bogotá on September 2, the in-flight explosion of

137: 2599:

The judges of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Council of State are

1593:

No one may be judged except in accordance with previously written laws (

958:

of Colombian citizens was banned until the article was repealed in 1996.

1429: 1338: 1330: 1067: 1013: 4107:"Artículo 53. Principios mínimos fundamentales en materia de trabajo" 3373:

Ocampo, Sergio (March 1, 1990). "Registrador: sí a la 7a. papeleta".

2017:

public spending has weakened the application of this legal recourse.

1716: 1643: 1222: 824: 782: 363: 338:

arrangement (1958–1974) between Colombia's two dominant parties, the

5001: 4087:(Press release) (in Spanish). Constitutional Court. November 4, 2015 3113:(Thesis) (in Spanish). Pontificia Universidad Javierana. p. 17. 811:

Among its other considerations, the court emphasized the notions of

592:, mayors, municipal councils and the Liberal presidential primary). 2893:

Take direct charge of investigations and cases, at whichever stage.

1712:). These rights are listed in articles 42 through 77, and include: 2242:

Article 126, significantly strengthened in 2015, establishes anti-

1674: 1541:

Undertake legal actions in defence of the constitution and the law

1433: 1403:(Article 19). The 1991 Constitution removed all references to the 757:, popular participation, the state of siege and economic matters. 3631:"Kolumbien, 9. Dezember 1990 : Wahl eines Verfassungsrates" 3590: (Sala Plena, Corte Suprema de Justicia 9 October 1990). 3219:

Acto legislativo por el cual se reforma la Constitución Nacional

2123:

Territorial limits of Colombia with its neighbours, 1810-present

2088:(banned under the 1886 Constitution) and permits those who have 5005: 4599: 2778:. The Court selects a limited number of actions to be reviewed. 1474:- freedom of teaching, research and professorship (Article 27). 971:

In Article 1, Colombia is defined as a "social state under the

875:. The single most popular list was that of the AD M-19, led by 623:

the election, President Barco gave his personal support to the

3015:

The official Spanish text of the constitution explicitly says

2879:

The special powers of the office of the Attorney General are:

2651:

judges of tribunals, general and admirals for punishable acts.

1345:

and the slave trade in all forms are prohibited by Article 17.

1118:

and, in Colombia, the 1936 constitutional reform of President

1063: 358:

officers, the assassination of Liberal presidential candidate

36: 3451: (Sala Plena, Corte Suprema de Justicia 24 May 1990). 3389:"Kolumbien, 11. März 1990 : Wahl eines Verfassungsrates" 3462:"Kolumbien, 27. Mai 1990 : Wahl eines Verfassungsrates" 3136:. Bogotá: Periódicos Asociados Ltda. 2002. pp. 241–242. 2588:), the creation of a constitutional court with the power of 1577:

rights in Article 30, which also sets a 36-hour time period.

768:

praised the agreement, it was criticized by the director of

533:'s legal political wing, also supported a new constitution. 4231:"Cada minuto se interpone una acción de tutela en Colombia" 3820:(in Spanish) (20). Universidad Externado de Colombia: 73–96 3598: 3596: 914:

with a certain autonomy for its territorial entities and a

3207:. Cali: Gobernación del Valle del Cauca. 1974. p. 71. 1843:

The State has the duty to promote and encourage access to

2788:

Any citizen may submit petitions of unconstitutionality (

1959:, or 'tutelage action', a legal remedy comparable to the 1153:, and establishes judicial mechanisms to guarantee them. 1031:. The Colombian Constitution of 1991 was inspired by the 4626:

Constitutions of states and dependencies in the Americas

3221:(Legislative Act 2, 1o) (in Spanish). December 19, 1977 2132:

Title IV: Democratic Participation and Political Parties

879:, which won 992,613 votes and 19 seats. The list led by 3661:"Elecciones y Reforma Política en Colombia (1990–1991)" 3179:. Bogotá: Periódicos Asociados Ltda. 2002. p. 242. 2701:

Prepare and submit constitutional amendments and bills.

2481:

Human and fundamental rights may not be suspended, and

936:, which had exercised it since 1910, to an independent 694:(Student Movement for the Constituent), a rival of the 4588:

Text of the Colombian Constitution of 1991, in English

3676: 3674: 2968:

The decree was issued in exercise of the exceptional

1228:

Article 9 sets the principles which should guide the

1058:

refers to a State in which the exercise of political

921:

An accusatory judicial system was established by the

458:

or political complications. In 1977, under President

4172:"Confianza y uso de la acción de tutela en Colombia" 1908:

The manufacture, importation, possession and use of

1240:

of peoples and the recognition of the principles of

5865: 5730: 5652: 5551: 5519: 5429: 5382: 5333: 5286: 5185: 5043: 4830: 4631: 4395:"Constitución Política de 1886 (Artículos 121-122)" 477:

Early attempts at reform under the Barco presidency

243: 233: 223: 213: 193: 181: 160: 148: 143: 125: 115: 107: 102: 88: 3659:Santos Pérez, Antonia; Ibeas Miguel, Juan (1995). 2394:The 1991 Constitution made significant changes to 1617:Right to a public trial without unreasonable delay 3654: 3652: 3205:Constitución Política de la República de Colombia 3093:(19 ed.). Bogotá: Planeta. pp. 356–357. 2337:The President is directly elected to a four-year 2115:Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua § Colombia 1704:The 1991 Constitution guarantees a wide range of 1349:Individuals are born free and equal under the law 1196:The fifth article establishes the primacy of the 4274:Welp, Yanina & Milanese, Juan Pablo (2018). 2890:Appoint and dismiss employees under its control. 2633:The powers of the Supreme Court of Justice are: 2485:must be respected. The measures adopted must be 1941:Chapter IV: Protection and application of rights 1872:Chapter III: Collective and environmental rights 1700:Chapter II: Social, economic and cultural rights 1393:was a valid and legitimate personal orientation. 1129:identified German legal scholar and philosopher 599:was the brainchild of Fernando Carillo, a young 4199: 4197: 4152: 4150: 4022:"La Corte se pronuncia sobre el homosexualismo" 3635:Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy 3466:Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy 3393:Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy 3243:El control judicial a la reforma constitucional 3145: 3143: 2715:Since 2009, hear and decide electoral disputes. 1389:), the Constitutional Court in 1996 found that 918:. The four-year presidential term was retained. 833: 799: 444: 419: 4557:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 241)" 4543:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 237)" 4503:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 235)" 4463:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 221)" 4449:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 214)" 4435:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 212)" 4381:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 194)" 4367:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 197)" 4353:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 188)" 4339:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 126)" 4325:"Constitución Política de 1991 (Artículo 112)" 4160:(Decree 2591) (in Spanish). November 15, 1991. 3966:Bustamante Peña, Gabriel (November 19, 2011). 3814:"Estado de derecho y Estado social de derecho" 3588:Sentencia No. 138. Expediente No. 2214 (351-E) 3191:"Constitución Política de 1886 (Artículo 218)" 2647:Investigate and prosecute members of Congress. 2064:Chapters I and II: Nationality and Citizenship 465:In December 1979, Congress approved President 5017: 4611: 4144: (Constitutional Court 10 July 1992). 4071: (Constitutional Court 26 July 2011). 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3449:Sentencia No. 59. Expediente No. 2149 (334-E) 3152:"El arduo camino de la Constituyente de 1991" 1499:Workers and employers have the right to form 1033:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 8: 4945:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3999: (Constitutional Court 10 May 2006). 3956: (Constitutional Court 5 June 1992). 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3524:(Decree 1926) (in Spanish). August 24, 1990. 3414: 3412: 3410: 1988:A 2013 poll of 5,866 people showed that the 1932:use to the satisfaction of collective needs. 326:and violent drug cartels (most famously the 4479:. Corte Suprema de Justicia. Archived from 4059: (Constitutional Court 6 May 2015). 3177:Nuestra Colombia: 200 años de vida nacional 3134:Nuestra Colombia: 200 años de vida nacional 2772:Reviewing judicial decisions related to an 819:and the idea of the 'primary constituent' ( 692:Movimiento Estudiantil por la Constituyente 627:. Most Liberal factions also supported the 5662: 5658: 5557: 5388: 5195: 5191: 5024: 5010: 5002: 4618: 4604: 4596: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3949: 3947: 3901: 3899: 2021:Popular actions and class or group actions 1848:of archaeological importance (Article 72). 1307:(decriminalized by sentence C-239/97) and 777:Ruling 138 of the Supreme Court of Justice 529:(UP), created in 1985 as the FARC and the 405:Previous attempts at constitutional reform 258:Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 94: 4011: (Constitutional Court May 1997). 3339: 3337: 2820:may be established by law (Article 247). 2626:) is the highest appellate court for the 1538:Right to take initiative in public bodies 1027:), similar to the related concept of the 266:Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991 3104:Mestizo Castillo, Carmen Alicia (2012). 3091:Colombia: Una nación a pesar de sí misma 2683:The powers of the Council of State are: 2118: 1246:Latin American and Caribbean integration 67:of all important aspects of the article. 4397:. Cámara de Representantes de Colombia. 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3422:(Decree 927) (in Spanish). May 3, 1990. 3193:. Cámara de Representantes de Colombia. 3054: 2961: 2875:Other responsibilities assigned by law. 2718:Other responsibilities assigned by law. 2704:Hear and decide cases on congressmen's 2657:Other responsibilities assigned by law. 1282:Title II: Rights, guarantees and duties 1037:demokratischer und sozialer Bundesstaat 1008:(state of law or rule of law, known as 440:Decreto Legislativo Numero 0247 de 1957 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3249:. Cali: Universidad Icesi. p. 65. 3150:Cardona Alzate, Jorge (July 3, 2011). 2972:powers granted to the president under 2868:Manage and coordinate the role of the 2265:Chamber of Representatives of Colombia 1928:into Colombian territory (Article 81). 1920:are banned, as is the introduction of 1897:(Article 79) and the State's duty for 1362:Right to personal and familial privacy 1203:Article 7 recognizes and protects the 1045:Estado social y democrático de Derecho 523:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 376:on November 27 and the bombing of the 85: 63:Please consider expanding the lead to 2774: 2676:) is the highest appellate court for 2640:Try the President and members of the 1133:as the creator of the concept of the 1094:). These rights commonly include the 949:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7: 5150:Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident) 4261:Formación Ciudadana y Constitucional 4129:Formación Ciudadana y Constitucional 4125:"Derechos colectivos y del ambiente" 4111:Formación Ciudadana y Constitucional 4044:Formación Ciudadana y Constitucional 3064:"La Asamblea Constituyente de 1.991" 2612:Chapter II: Supreme Court of Justice 1776:and to live in dignity (Article 51). 1706:social, economic and cultural rights 1151:economic, social and cultural rights 867:the seats then attributed using the 672:Decree 927 and the 27 May Referendum 388:(UP) was killed March 22, 1990, and 4519:. Consejo de Estado. Archived from 2549:Article 223 establishes Colombia's 2363:The Vice President is elected on a 2137:Chapter I: Democratic Participation 2059:Title III: Population and Territory 1863:Articles 75 through 77 address the 4176:Corporación Excelencia en Justicia 3706:Nuestra Colombia 2002, p. 246–247. 3068:La Asamblea Constituyente de 1.991 2618:Colombian Supreme Court of Justice 2567:Colombian Supreme Court of Justice 2470:Judicial and legislative oversight 2204:Title V: Organization of the State 1981:Decree 2591 of 1991 regulates the 1878:first and second generation rights 1614:picked by the accused or appointed 1535:elected officials where applicable 312:Constitutional history of Colombia 32:Constitutional history of Colombia 25: 4410:"Un país de estados de excepción" 4178:. October 4, 2013. Archived from 4040:"Artículo 21. Derecho a la honra" 3561:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 89-90. 3543:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 82-85. 3534:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 80-81. 3432:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 55–60. 3363:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 49–52. 3322:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 45–47. 3313:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 31–37. 3304:Mestizo Castillo 2012, pp. 39–40. 2594:Superior Council of the Judiciary 2234:Chapter II: Public Administration 2209:Chapter I: Structure of the State 2050:Chapter V: Duties and Obligations 735:Todavía podemos salvar a Colombia 699:likewise criticized this aspect. 696:Todavía podemos salvar a Colombia 550:Universidad Externado de Colombia 546:Todavía podemos salvar a Colombia 5093:Military career of Simón Bolívar 4821: 4788:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4559:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4545:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4505:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4465:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4451:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4437:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4383:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4369:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4355:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4341:. Secretaría General del Senado. 4327:. Secretaría General del Senado. 2811:Chapter V: Special jurisdictions 2804:) in all cases, within 30 days. 2729:Constitutional Court of Colombia 2723:Chapter IV: Constitutional Court 2563:Constitutional Court of Colombia 2386:), who was elected by Congress. 2228:Military Criminal Justice System 2084:for birthright citizens, allows 925:(Fiscalía General de la Nación). 823:), that is to say the Colombian 558:Pontificia Universidad Javeriana 249:Constituent Assembly of Colombia 238:Constituent Assembly of Colombia 41: 5847:Freedom of religion in Colombia 5172:Current internal armed conflict 5088:United Provinces of New Granada 2213:The first chapter outlines the 1734:Women and men have equal rights 1407:, which had been the country's 967:Title I: Fundamental principles 574:March 1990 legislative election 564:), proposed the formation of a 55:may be too short to adequately 27:Colombia's current Constitution 6029:Right to a healthy environment 3932:Nuestra Colombia 2002, p. 249. 3715:Mestizo Castillo 2012, p. 105. 2622:The Supreme Court of Justice ( 2483:international humanitarian law 1895:Right to a healthy environment 1335:inhuman or degrading treatment 1160:noted that the concept of the 829:Colombian Constitution of 1863 544:A student-led movement called 519:Movimiento Armado Quintin Lame 282:Political Constitution of 1886 65:provide an accessible overview 1: 4295:10.1080/13510347.2017.1421176 3893:Villar Borda 2007, pp. 77–81. 3637:(in German). December 9, 1990 3552:Mestizo Castillo 2012, p. 88. 3504:Mestizo Castillo 2012, p. 75. 3495:Mestizo Castillo 2012, p. 71. 3486:Mestizo Castillo 2012, p. 68. 3331:Mestizo Castillo 2012, p. 47. 3295:Mestizo Castillo 2012, p. 38. 3268:Cajas Sarria 2008, pp. 79–80. 2836:Fiscalía General de la Nación 2662:Chapter III: Council of State 2489:to the gravity of the events. 2440:State of internal disturbance 2175:Political parties in Colombia 1626:Right not to be tried again ( 1287:Chapter I: Fundamental rights 1002:legal thinking - that of the 907:Colombia took the shape of a 639:, leader of the conservative 4573:The Constitution of Colombia 3972:América Latina en movimiento 3682:"Terminaron los escrutinios" 3611:Cajas Sarria 2008, p. 46–49. 3345:"Los Yuppies Constituyentes" 3240:Mario, Cajas Sarria (2008). 2830:Attorney General of Colombia 2824:Chapter VI: Attorney General 2637:Act as a court of cassation. 2447:Estado de Conmoción Interior 2402:, known constitutionally as 2251:Title VI: Legislative Branch 2215:three branches of government 2161:and recall (direct recall) ( 2043:bloque de constitucionalidad 1620:Right to present and refute 1337:or punishment (Article 12). 1169:Other fundamental principles 1116:Spanish Constitution of 1931 1114:of Germany, followed by the 1066:, and where the law is also 1041:Spanish Constitution of 1978 923:Attorney General of Colombia 679:May 27 presidential election 609:, the first to use the term 499:Acuerdo de la Casa de Nariño 278:Constitution of Human Rights 5944:Colombia in popular culture 5717:Water supply and sanitation 5135:Colombian Civil War of 1895 4578:September 11, 2020, at the 4477:"Estructura Organizacional" 4408:García Villegas, Mauricio. 4263:. Universidad de Antioquia. 4257:"La Acción de Cumplimiento" 4131:. Universidad de Antioquia. 4113:. Universidad de Antioquia. 4046:. Universidad de Antioquia. 3812:Luis, Villar Borda (2007). 3788:"Colombia 1991 (rev. 2013)" 3726:"Colombia 1991 (rev. 2013)" 3667:(in Spanish) (40): 341–378. 3665:Revista de Derecho Político 3395:(in German). March 11, 1990 2737:) is the supreme court for 2668:Council of State (Colombia) 2571:Council of State (Colombia) 2557:Title VIII: Judicial branch 2281:Title VII: Executive Branch 2012:Article 87 establishes the 1012:in Spanish), borrowed from 850:5,000,000 from candidates. 641:National Salvation Movement 295:, with ideas from the also 6050: 5078:Viceroyalty of New Granada 3818:Revista Derecho del Estado 3062:Dinero (August 21, 2013). 2827: 2800:) must render an opinion ( 2733:The Constitutional Court ( 2726: 2665: 2615: 2560: 2291:Vice President of Colombia 2284: 2254: 2172: 2153:), open council meetings ( 2112: 2067: 1602:Right to lesser punishment 1156:In sentence T-406/92, the 1147:civil and political rights 309: 284:and was issued during the 175:Chamber of Representatives 29: 5960: 5939:Right-wing paramilitarism 5665: 5661: 5560: 5391: 5198: 5194: 5125:United States of Colombia 4963: 4930:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4819: 3941:Villar Borda 2007, p. 92. 3923:Villar Borda 2007, p. 88. 3914:Villar Borda 2007, p. 86. 3905:Villar Borda 2007, p. 83. 3620:Cajas Sarria 2008, p. 84. 3602:Cajas Sarria 2008, p. 90. 3468:(in German). May 27, 1990 3286:Cajas Sarria 2008, p. 86. 3259:Cajas Sarria 2008, p. 76. 2976:of the 1886 constitution. 2624:Corte Suprema de Justicia 2427:Estado de Guerra Exterior 2149:, popular consultations ( 2070:Colombian nationality law 1903:environmental degradation 1637:is null and void by right 1177:According to Article 3, " 932:was transferred from the 537:Student movement and the 93: 6014:Constitution of Colombia 4950:Turks and Caicos Islands 3840:"Article 20, Section II" 3089:Bushnell, David (2014). 3019:(Castilian) rather than 2923:Constitutional economics 2412:Colombian armed conflict 1882:environmental protection 1865:electromagnetic spectrum 1710:estado social de derecho 1635:violation of due process 1606:Presumption of innocence 1580:No arrest, detention or 1490:peacefully (Article 37). 1316:of patients who wish to 1264:estado social de derecho 1212:nation, like most other 1162:estado social de derecho 1135:estado social de derecho 1125:Colombian legal scholar 1092:second-generation rights 992:estado social de derecho 985:Estado social de derecho 977:estado social de derecho 934:Supreme Court of Justice 562:Universidad de los Andes 456:Supreme Court of Justice 89:Constitution of Colombia 5177:Colombian peace process 5120:Granadine Confederation 5115:Republic of New Granada 3847:Constitution of Germany 2320:international relations 2163:revocatoria del mandato 2157:), popular legislative 2100:Chapter III: Foreigners 2025:Article 88 establishes 1899:sustainable development 1596:nullum crimen sine lege 1584:for debts (Article 28). 1425:is banned (Article 20). 1325:Not to be subjected to 1272:participatory democracy 1217:Colombia's indigenous, 885:Misael Pastrana Borrero 860:Constitutional Assembly 854:Constitutional Assembly 760:While former President 590:departmental assemblies 554:Universidad del Rosario 515:Popular Liberation Army 460:Alfonso López Michelsen 6009:Government of Colombia 5615:Science and technology 5370:Indigenous territories 5073:Kingdom of New Granada 4865:British Virgin Islands 3869:"Article 1, Section I" 3277:Bushnell 2014, p. 365. 3123:Bushnell 2014, p. 319. 2672:The Council of State ( 2592:and the creation of a 2384:Designado Presidencial 2380:Presidential Designate 2328:Colombian Armed Forces 2124: 2014:acción de cumplimiento 1494:Freedom of association 1120:Alfonso López Pumarejo 1062:is constrained by the 843: 821:constituyente primario 809: 762:Carlos Lleras Restrepo 659:On March 1, 1990, the 452: 429: 417:) passed by Congress: 265: 4778:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3873:Constitution of Spain 2818:Justices of the peace 2297:President of Colombia 2287:President of Colombia 2122: 2109:Chapter IV: Territory 1827:intellectual property 1794:collective bargaining 1633:Evidence obtained in 1612:Assistance by counsel 1415:Freedom of expression 1397:Freedom of conscience 877:Antonio Navarro Wolff 633:Hernando Durán Dussán 366:, the bombing of the 5770:World Heritage Sites 5740:Archaeological sites 5474:Council of Ministers 5278:World Heritage Sites 5268:Environmental issues 5245:Valleys and Plateaus 5145:Separation of Panama 5130:Republic of Colombia 5098:Wars of independence 5063:Muisca Confederation 4082:"Communicado No. 50" 3353:. November 12, 1990. 2885:fuero constitucional 2735:Corte Constitucional 2689:administrative court 2642:Comisión de Aforados 2628:general jurisdiction 2515:) is made up of the 2511:The 'public force' ( 2421:State of foreign war 2332:presidential decrees 2305:Council of Ministers 2257:Congress of Colombia 1652:In flagrante delicto 1569:preventive detention 1419:freedom of the press 1327:forced disappearance 1234:National sovereignty 1158:Constitutional Court 1072:separation of powers 1000:continental European 938:Constitutional Court 881:Álvaro Gómez Hurtado 637:Álvaro Gómez Hurtado 566:constituent assembly 334:). Politically, the 274:Republic of Colombia 204:Constitutional Court 144:Government structure 111:Republic of Colombia 18:Constitution of 1991 5934:Guerrilla movements 5479:Government agencies 5452:Comptroller General 4955:U.S. Virgin Islands 4798:Trinidad and Tobago 4643:Antigua and Barbuda 3875:. December 27, 1979 3688:. December 20, 1990 3006:nature until 1978). 2687:Act as the supreme 2404:states of exception 2400:states of emergency 2390:States of exception 2376:order of succession 2037:Constitutional bloc 1999:confirmed that the 1608:until proven guilty 1484:Freedom of assembly 1453:Freedom of movement 1436:cases (Article 21). 1401:freedom of religion 1383:individual autonomy 1274:, forms of limited 1112:Weimar Constitution 916:presidential system 817:popular sovereignty 791:salvamentos de voto 435:national plebiscite 399:Marcha del silencio 324:paramilitary groups 5707:Race and ethnicity 5620:Telecommunications 5353:Metropolitan areas 5140:Thousand Days' War 5083:Foolish Fatherland 5058:Indigenous peoples 4708:Dominican Republic 4182:on August 20, 2016 4142:Sentencia T-451/92 4069:Sentencia C-577/11 4057:Sentencia C-257/15 4009:Sentencia C-239/97 3997:Sentencia C-355/06 3954:Sentencia T-406/92 3792:Constitute Project 2918:Constitutional law 2798:Procurador General 2739:constitutional law 2678:administrative law 2578:adversarial system 2540:military tribunals 2457:State of emergency 2351:Juan Manuel Santos 2343:two-round election 2324:Commander-in-chief 2316:head of government 2261:Senate of Colombia 2223:head of government 2125: 2027:acciones populares 1833:Right to education 1669:self-incrimination 1300:capital punishment 1238:self-determination 1236:, respect for the 1198:inalienable rights 1104:right to education 1076:fundamental rights 1019:; and that of the 873:largest remainders 869:electoral quotient 690:criticized by the 661:National Registrar 467:Julio César Turbay 382:Bernardo Jaramillo 374:Avianca Flight 203 280:. It replaced the 247:70 members of the 5996: 5995: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5648: 5647: 5547: 5546: 5496:Foreign relations 5457:Inspector General 5396:Political parties 5378: 5377: 5329: 5328: 5252:(Protected Areas) 4999: 4998: 4483:on August 7, 2016 4289:(25): 1379–1396. 4237:. August 26, 2014 4211:. January 5, 2011 3377:. pp. 1A/5C. 2928:Constitutionalism 2794:Inspector General 2790:acciones públicas 2674:Consejo de Estado 2310:The President is 2299:and includes the 2008:Compliance action 1962:recurso de amparo 1744:Children's rights 1726:same-sex marriage 1679:life imprisonment 1527:political parties 1443:Right to petition 1409:official religion 1399:(Article 18) and 1256:official language 1252:Castilian Spanish 1242:international law 1230:foreign relations 1185:or through their 1127:Luis Villar Borda 1056:estado de derecho 1010:estado de Derecho 858:Elections to the 755:political parties 360:Luis Carlos Galán 319:an armed conflict 300:Luis Carlos Galán 254: 253: 225:Electoral college 82: 81: 16:(Redirected from 6041: 6024:1991 in Colombia 5976: 5969: 5917:Drug trafficking 5825:National symbols 5805:Muisca mythology 5663: 5659: 5605: 5597:Mineral industry 5582:Economic history 5558: 5389: 5358:Capital District 5273:Invasive species 5258:Cities and towns 5253: 5196: 5192: 5068:Spanish conquest 5026: 5019: 5012: 5003: 4920:Saint Barthélemy 4880:Falkland Islands 4825: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4597: 4592: 4584: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4523:on June 25, 2016 4513: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4028:. April 9, 1996. 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3784: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3341: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 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570:séptima papeleta 539:séptima papeleta 503:Council of State 415:Acto Legislativo 362:on August 18 in 208:Council of State 98: 86: 77: 74: 68: 45: 37: 21: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6034:Democratization 5999: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5948: 5861: 5842:Public holidays 5810:Muisca religion 5726: 5644: 5603: 5543: 5529:Aerospace Force 5515: 5447:Auditor General 5425: 5374: 5325: 5288:Natural regions 5282: 5263:Natural hazards 5251: 5250:National parks 5181: 5039: 5030: 5000: 4995: 4973:Central America 4959: 4834: 4826: 4817: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4590: 4582: 4580:Wayback Machine 4569: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4283:Democratization 4278: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 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1765:Law 100 of 1993 1760:Social security 1702: 1628:double jeopardy 1561: 1518:Participate in 1478:Right to asylum 1447:confidentiality 1405:Catholic Church 1289: 1284: 1214:Hispanoamerican 1187:representatives 1171: 1108:right to health 1100:social security 1084:proportionality 1080:legal certainty 988: 969: 945:tutelage action 930:judicial review 904: 856: 839: 805: 779: 726: 674: 586:representatives 542: 531:Communist Party 527:Patriotic Union 479: 449: 425: 407: 386:Patriotic Union 328:Medellín Cartel 314: 308: 78: 72: 69: 62: 50:This article's 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6047: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5871: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 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May 12, 1949 3831: 3804: 3742: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3670: 3648: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3592: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3453: 3434: 3425: 3406: 3380: 3365: 3356: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3232: 3210: 3196: 3182: 3168: 3139: 3125: 3116: 3096: 3081: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3025: 3008: 2998: 2988: 2978: 2970:state of siege 2960: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2828:Main article: 2825: 2822: 2812: 2809: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2727:Main article: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2666:Main article: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2638: 2616:Main article: 2613: 2610: 2586:Fiscal General 2558: 2555: 2544:courts-martial 2513:Fuerza Pública 2508: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2479: 2471: 2468: 2458: 2455: 2441: 2438: 2422: 2419: 2391: 2388: 2307:(or cabinet). 2301:Vice President 2282: 2279: 2252: 2249: 2235: 2232: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2173:Main article: 2170: 2167: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2038: 2035: 2022: 2019: 2009: 2006: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1906: 1892: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1830: 1825:Protection of 1823: 1816: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1747: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1686: 1672: 1667:Right against 1665: 1647: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1585: 1578: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1523: 1516: 1515:and be elected 1504: 1497: 1491: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1449:is inviolable. 1440: 1437: 1426: 1412: 1394: 1379: 1372: 1359: 1356:legal identity 1352: 1346: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1219:Afro-Colombian 1170: 1167: 1131:Hermann Heller 1021:"social state" 987: 981: 968: 965: 964: 963: 959: 952: 941: 926: 919: 903: 900: 855: 852: 778: 775: 725: 722: 673: 670: 541: 535: 517:(EPL) and the 491:Virgilio Barco 478: 475: 406: 403: 390:Carlos Pizarro 352:Virgilio Barco 336:National Front 310:Main article: 307: 304: 252: 251: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 197: 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 164: 158: 157: 152: 146: 145: 141: 140: 129: 123: 122: 119: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 100: 99: 91: 90: 80: 79: 59:the key points 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6046: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Miss Colombia 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5321:Pacific/Chocó 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5109:reunification 5106: 5105:Gran Colombia 5103: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5004: 4992: 4991: 4990:South America 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4968:North America 4966: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885:French Guiana 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4803:United States 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4415: 4414:El Espectador 4411: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4236: 4235:El Espectador 4232: 4226: 4223: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3233: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3157: 3156:El Espectador 3153: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3082: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3002: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:head of State 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2219:head of state 2216: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2108: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1905:(Article 80). 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1891:(Article 78). 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854:(Article 71). 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1829:(Article 61). 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Expropriation 1808: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1796:(Article 55). 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738:opportunities 1735: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1671:(Article 33). 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1574:habeas corpus 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1513:Right to vote 1511: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1496:(Article 38). 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480:(Article 36). 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1391:homosexuality 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1371:(Article 15). 1370: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1358:(Article 14). 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1296:Right to life 1294: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:right to work 1093: 1089: 1088:social rights 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:Welfare state 1026: 1025:estado social 1022: 1018: 1017:jurisprudence 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 986: 982: 980: 978: 974: 966: 960: 957: 953: 950: 946: 942: 939: 935: 931: 928:The power of 927: 924: 920: 917: 913: 912:unitary state 910: 909:decentralized 906: 905: 901: 899: 896: 892: 890: 889:Horacio Serpa 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 864: 861: 853: 851: 849: 842: 838: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 808: 804: 798: 794: 792: 786: 784: 776: 774: 771: 770:El Espectador 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 746: 744: 738: 736: 730: 723: 721: 718: 715: 710: 706: 700: 697: 693: 687: 684: 680: 671: 669: 666: 662: 657: 654: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 620:César Gaviria 617: 612: 608: 607: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 540: 536: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 510: 508: 504: 500: 495: 492: 488: 484: 476: 474: 470: 468: 463: 461: 457: 451: 448: 443: 441: 436: 431: 428: 424: 418: 416: 412: 404: 402: 400: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 370: 369:El Espectador 365: 361: 355: 353: 350: 345: 341: 340:Conservatives 337: 333: 332:Pablo Escobar 329: 325: 320: 313: 305: 303: 301: 298: 294: 293:César Gaviria 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 250: 246: 242: 239: 236: 232: 228: 226: 222: 218: 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 198: 196: 192: 189: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 163: 159: 156: 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Retrieved 3070:(in Spanish) 3067: 3057: 3037: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3001: 2991: 2981: 2964: 2913:Constitution 2884: 2878: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2787: 2773: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2709: 2682: 2673: 2671: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2606: 2598: 2585: 2574: 2548: 2537: 2512: 2510: 2507:Public force 2487:proportional 2473: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2408: 2393: 2383: 2373: 2368: 2362: 2355: 2347:Álvaro Uribe 2336: 2322:, serves as 2309: 2294: 2272: 2268: 2241: 2237: 2212: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2126: 2103: 2075: 2073: 2053: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2013: 2011: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1935: 1875: 1819: 1751:elder rights 1709: 1703: 1683:confiscation 1650: 1594: 1582:imprisonment 1572: 1567:A person in 1559:Legal rights 1501:trade unions 1387:personalidad 1386: 1366: 1290: 1263: 1262:Besides the 1261: 1250: 1227: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1176: 1172: 1161: 1155: 1144: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1024: 1009: 1003: 991: 989: 984: 976: 970: 902:Main changes 897: 893: 865: 857: 844: 835: 834: 820: 810: 801: 800: 795: 790: 787: 780: 769: 765: 759: 747: 739: 734: 731: 727: 719: 713: 708: 704: 701: 695: 691: 688: 682: 675: 664: 658: 652: 650: 644: 628: 624: 615: 610: 604: 596: 594: 577: 569: 545: 543: 538: 511: 498: 496: 480: 471: 464: 453: 446: 445: 439: 432: 430: 421: 420: 414: 408: 398: 367: 356: 315: 277: 270:Constitution 257: 255: 135:presidential 121:July 4, 1991 108:Jurisdiction 83: 70: 54: 52:lead section 6019:1991 in law 5892:Immigration 5790:Handicrafts 5712:Health care 5587:Agriculture 5405:Ideologies 5343:Departments 4910:Puerto Rico 4837:territories 4783:Saint Lucia 4718:El Salvador 4241:January 16, 4215:January 16, 4186:January 16, 4091:January 16, 3042:nomination. 2974:article 121 2710:investidura 2147:plebiscites 2143:referendums 1926:toxic waste 1689:Extradition 1661:hot pursuit 1657:apprehended 1588:Due process 1376:court order 1368:Habeas data 1354:Right to a 1179:Sovereignty 1139:Rechtsstaat 1052:Rechtsstaat 1005:Rechtsstaat 973:rule of law 956:extradition 813:sovereignty 724:Decree 1926 714:possibility 576:. The name 507:extradition 244:Signatories 6003:Categories 5922:Corruption 5897:Emigration 5795:Literature 5675:Colombians 5604:(currency) 5431:Governance 5409:Liberalism 4905:Montserrat 4900:Martinique 4895:Guadeloupe 4693:Costa Rica 3977:January 4, 3879:January 3, 3853:January 3, 3824:January 3, 3730:Constitute 3050:References 3023:(Spanish). 3017:castellano 2531:) and the 2275:department 2159:initiative 2113:See also: 1914:biological 1858:Journalism 1820:resguardos 1783:Labour law 1458:Work as a 1423:Censorship 1039:) and the 743:indigenous 489:candidate 286:presidency 268:), is the 215:Federalism 73:March 2021 5927:Terrorism 5780:Festivals 5775:Carnivals 5697:Languages 5692:Education 5577:Companies 5501:Judiciary 5484:President 5469:Executive 5462:Ombudsman 5419:Communism 5401:Elections 5316:Orinoquía 5306:Caribbean 5230:Mountains 5187:Geography 4978:Caribbean 4890:Greenland 4813:Venezuela 4758:Nicaragua 4728:Guatemala 4648:Argentina 4633:Sovereign 4311:148682037 4303:1351-0347 4026:El Tiempo 3735:April 23, 3686:El Tiempo 3375:El Tiempo 2529:Air Force 2090:renounced 1803:policies. 1792:Right to 1642:Right to 1520:elections 1343:servitude 1333:, cruel, 996:doctrines 766:El Tiempo 751:judiciary 616:El Tiempo 606:El Tiempo 349:President 347:1986 did 234:Author(s) 195:Judiciary 188:President 183:Executive 167:Bicameral 57:summarize 5983:Category 5880:Intersex 5785:Folklore 5702:Religion 5670:Abortion 5625:Taxation 5592:Industry 5521:Military 5506:Congress 5443:Control 5384:Politics 5053:Timeline 5037:articles 5033:Colombia 4845:Anguilla 4793:Suriname 4768:Paraguay 4743:Honduras 4703:Dominica 4688:Colombia 4658:Barbados 4576:Archived 2907:See also 2853:proceed. 2802:concepto 2601:co-opted 2580:with an 2551:gun laws 2303:and the 2244:nepotism 2077:jus soli 1910:chemical 1622:evidence 1525:To form 1309:abortion 1209:cultural 1183:directly 1082:and the 951:of 1948. 705:maintain 582:senators 442:) read: 411:Congress 344:Liberals 342:and the 162:Chambers 150:Branches 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