904:. Gone was the language of federation found in the 1947 constitution. In its place, the 1974 constitution codified a unitary, centralized state, under the complete control of the military, through the BSPP. "Even the modest autonomy previously granted the minorities was rescinded. The periphery was without effective voice. Although 'elected' representatives were obligated to return to their constituencies to learn the problems of their electorate, the system did not work, as fear fear prevented criticism of the military hierarchy and its policies and programs."
1087:) reserved for military representatives. Proposed changes to most parts of the constitution must be approved by more than 75% of both houses of the Assembly of the Union. For some others it must do so then go to a referendum. When the referendum is held, the changes must be approved by at least 50% of the registered voters, rather than 50% of those voting. A 194-page booklet containing the text in Burmese and English is available to download.
95:
3280:
2854:
778:. This constitution was developed in consultation with different ethnic groups including the Chin, Kachin, and Shan people. In return, these groups were to receive full autonomy in internal matters. The constitution also granted the right for ethnic states to secede from the new Union of Burma if so desired after ten years following independence in 1948. The national government consisted of three branches:
3290:
2878:
626:
2866:
1043:, which is led by Aung San Suu Kyi, was not allowed to participate in the creation of the constitution, and urged citizens to reject the constitution which it labelled as a "sham." The referendum itself passed the 2008 Constitution, but was generally regarded as fraudulent by the opposition party and those outside of Burma.
916:
suspended the 1974 constitution. In 1990 they issued a declaration that a new constitution should be drawn up. However, many viewed their abuse of the constitution-making process as simply a delaying tactic to remain in power. The SLORC called a constitutional convention in 1993, but it was suspended
1733:
Liddell, Zunetta (1997) "No Room to Move: Legal
Constraints on Civil Society in Burma" (conference paper) 'Strengthening Civil Society in Burma. Possibilities and Dilemmas for International NGOs', Transnational Institute and the Burma Centrum Nederland, Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam, from
755:
Before independence, Myanmar had two quasi-constitutions, The government of Burma Act, 1935 and
Constitution of Burma under Japanese occupation, 1943. After independence, Myanmar adopted three constitutions in 1947, 1974 and 2008. The 2008 constitution is the present constitution of Myanmar.
1047:
The SPDC reported a heavy turnout on both dates, with few voting irregularities. Opposition groups say the turnout was comparatively light, with many reported cases of voting irregularities, such as premarked ballots, voter intimidation, and other techniques to influence the outcome of the
1078:
The
Myanmar Constitution has 15 chapters. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 concern the separation of powers between the legislature, judiciary, and executive. Due to over 50 years of military rule, the Constitution of Myanmar is dominated by the military, with 25% of the seats in both houses of the
1069:
The ruling party and opposition parties have acknowledged that amendments are needed. The 2008 constitution reserves 25% of seats in parliament for members of the military, with the most powerful posts given to active-duty or retired generals.
1407:
1650:
DASMIP, PA, 1947, f-124, 425154, Zabeleska o razgovoru druga Price sa predstavnikom burmanske vlade Maung Ohn, dana 5 decembra 1947 godine . F. S. V. Donnison, Burma (London: Ernest Benn
Limited, 1970), p.
1215:"Online Burma Library > Main Library > Law and Constitution > Constitutional and parliamentary processes > National constitutions, draft constitutions, amendments and announcements (texts)"
1377:
984:) member delegates are reserved a maximum of 56 of 224 seats in the National Assembly and 110 seats of 440 in the People's Assembly. This is similar to former Indonesian and Thai constitution.
1960:
1283:
987:
The revisions in state structure, including the creation of self-administering areas were not implemented until August 2010. The constitution itself came into force on 31 January 2011.
1529:
1497:
1467:
1437:
1169:
1024:
In drafting the constitution, the commission adhered strictly to the six objectives, including giving the
Tatmadaw (the military) the leading political role in the future state.
774:), was drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly of Burma in 1947, and was used from the country's independence in 1948 until the military seizure of power during the
3245:
312:
183:
1399:
1339:
1842:
1317:
844:, in practice. Other influences of the socialist Yugoslav constitution were the sections establishing a welfare state and codifying a heavily centralised government.
2921:
2101:
490:
1260:ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်များနှင့်အညီ ၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေသည် ပထမအကြိမ် ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်စတင်ကျင်းပသည့် ၃၁-၁-၂၀၁၁ ရက်နေ့တွင် စတင်အာဏာတည်ခဲ့သည်။
1002:, under the disqualification of those who have a spouse or children who are foreign citizens. There is no similar disqualification for any other public office.
663:
1990:
1704:
Steinberg, David I. (2006). "Burma-Myanmar: The U.S.-Burmese
Relationship and Its Vicissitudes". In Birdsall, Nancy; Vaishnav, Milan; Ayres, Robert L. (eds.).
2081:
3019:
174:
2106:
3255:
829:
1369:
546:
2056:
Martin, Michael F. (29 April 2010) United States
Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, page 4, citing Watson, Roland (26 March 2010)
3169:
2313:
2164:
833:
605:
2333:
1952:
3194:
1275:
1193:
3214:
2793:
2520:
1684:
1011:
874:
740:
523:
510:
506:
1819:
1870:
1222:
477:
300:
133:
2348:
1255:
2539:
1523:
1489:
1459:
1429:
1161:
732:
551:
422:
2343:
824:), whose seat numbers were determined by the population size of respective constituencies. The 1947 constitution was largely based on the
1758:
2914:
2458:
2323:
913:
447:
442:
435:
1561:
2561:
2412:
2023:
973:
728:
409:
404:
350:
307:
218:
120:
1061:
for 46 seats and won a landslide victory, with Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of parliament, alongside 42 others from her party.
3329:
3004:
1718:
656:
272:
2047:
Martin, Michael F. (29 April 2010) United States
Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, last accessed 5 October 2010
1629:
715:, was published in September 2008 after a referendum, and came into force on 31 January 2011. Under this current constitution, the
1609:
3250:
2670:
1930:
1791:
233:
3209:
3114:
2665:
886:
2308:
2907:
2427:
1900:
1347:
2338:
2060:
1839:
775:
720:
697:
17:
3219:
2604:
2549:
2392:
1309:
1040:
922:
918:
812:
736:
390:
385:
380:
155:
955:
as heralding a return to democracy, but the opposition sees it as a tool for continuing military control of the country.
3164:
3129:
3084:
2680:
2624:
2532:
2493:
2478:
2432:
2407:
2303:
2278:
2157:
934:
882:
708:
649:
636:
470:
343:
169:
115:
3054:
3049:
2944:
2813:
2738:
2638:
2599:
2397:
2372:
2111:
848:
921:(NLD) boycotted it, calling it undemocratic. The constitutional convention was again called in 2004, but without the
1982:
3174:
3149:
3064:
3044:
2994:
2964:
2954:
2818:
2705:
2078:
1519:
1016:
On 10 May 2008 a referendum was held to outline the political framework of the country. According to Chief
Justice
825:
3260:
3139:
3134:
3014:
2556:
2417:
2402:
2377:
1705:
1058:
744:
214:
196:
3204:
3154:
3109:
3089:
3079:
2979:
2936:
2515:
2387:
799:
337:
3324:
3179:
3074:
2959:
2949:
2828:
2700:
2655:
2594:
2483:
2150:
600:
3224:
3159:
3124:
3059:
3039:
3029:
2989:
2974:
2969:
2589:
2488:
977:
528:
295:
3265:
3184:
3144:
3119:
3099:
3034:
3009:
2999:
2984:
2753:
2733:
2468:
2298:
2211:
2136:
1080:
959:
791:
724:
595:
3319:
3314:
3104:
3069:
3024:
2823:
2685:
2660:
2619:
2544:
2505:
2473:
2360:
2271:
2126:
1661:
1190:
999:
948:
564:
457:
452:
369:
319:
151:
1681:
3234:
2870:
2833:
2690:
2446:
2422:
2256:
1816:
1033:
518:
483:
258:
85:
3289:
2877:
1862:
1214:
2888:
2798:
2715:
2614:
2577:
2527:
2382:
2328:
2261:
2203:
2177:
1589:
1247:
990:
At the time of its release, foreign media often incorrectly alleged that the constitution barred
897:
783:
287:
267:
2137:
FIDH/BLC Seminar
Advancing Human Rights and ending impunity in Burma: which external leverages?
1755:
747:. Hence, the country's civilian leaders have little influence over the security establishment.
126:
2783:
2758:
2675:
2231:
1714:
1637:
1581:
238:
187:
2858:
2808:
2803:
2778:
2763:
2743:
2695:
2650:
2500:
2283:
1573:
991:
795:
787:
681:
590:
2012:
2788:
2768:
2266:
2241:
2216:
2121:
2116:
2085:
2064:
1846:
1823:
1762:
1688:
1613:
1197:
847:
The 1947 constitution was suspended when the Myanmar military seized power and formed the
836:, so was Burma under the 1947 constitution. Despite this, the country was governed like a
779:
612:
224:
178:
161:
1057:
In spite of its earlier opposition to the 2008 constitution, the NLD participated in the
947:
for the country to be put to a vote in public referendum on 10 May 2008, as part of its
2882:
2748:
2723:
2293:
2246:
2221:
1606:
1029:
719:(Myanmar Armed Forces) retain significant control of the government, even before their
701:
630:
62:
2117:
The 1974 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (Burma Library)
1922:
1781:
94:
3308:
3283:
2773:
2318:
2251:
2236:
2226:
2057:
837:
570:
557:
2728:
2609:
995:
944:
901:
712:
692:. Myanmar's first constitution adopted by constituent assembly was enacted for the
496:
248:
52:
1892:
3293:
2288:
75:
To replace the 1974 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
1983:"JURIST - Paper Chase: Upcoming Myanmar constitutional referendum 'sham': HRW"
878:
841:
243:
1585:
253:
202:
700:, a second constitution was enacted in 1974. The country has been ruled by
912:
Upon taking power in September 1988, the military, under the guise of the
2510:
1786:
1017:
952:
716:
2899:
1400:"Constitution of 1943 (under Japanese occupation) - Myanmar Law Library"
2173:
1840:"Paper Chase Newsburst: Myanmar constitution referendum set for May 10"
1593:
940:
693:
689:
1817:"Myanmar re-designates areas under new constitution ahead of election"
1528:. Published by Supdt., Govt. Printing and Stantionery Burma, Rangoon.
1713:. Washington D. C.: Center for Global Development. pp. 209–244.
890:
852:
1577:
1032:
to delay the referendum which took place as scheduled except in the
2142:
1707:
Short of the goal : U.S. policy and poorly performing states
870:ပြည်ထောင်စုဆိုရှယ်လစ်သမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ
1682:
The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
1562:"Constitutional Reform in a Repressive State: The Case of Burma"
900:, this constitution was modelled after the constitutions of the
873:), was the second constitution to be written, was approved in a
2903:
2146:
727:
were reserved for serving military officers. The ministries of
972:, which is a bicameral legislature consisting of the 440-seat
27:
Supreme legal document of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
2127:"Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008)"
1191:"Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008)"
2102:"Booklet of 194 pages (in Burmese & English Language) "
865:
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
18:
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
771:ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းအုပ်ချုပ်ပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ
2112:"1947 Constitution of the Union of Burma (Burma Library)"
832:
earlier that year. Just as Yugoslavia at that time was a
2135:
A Brief Analysis on the Constitution of Burma (2008) //
994:
from holding public office because of her marriage to a
2079:
No Constitutional Amendments Before Election: Shwe Mann
1756:"Myanmar Constitution Guidelines Ensure Military Power"
1137:
State Flag, State Seal, National Anthem and the Capital
889:(BSPP) as the only legal party. Each term was 4 years.
743:. The military also appointed one of the country's two
686:ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ
1863:"New Myanmar constitution gives military leading role"
1630:"TIMELINE - Myanmar's slow road to a new constitution"
1122:
Citizen, Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Citizens
925:. Myanmar remained without a constitution until 2008.
1370:"Government of Burma Act, 1935 - Myanmar Law Library"
678:
Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
3233:
3193:
2935:
2714:
2637:
2576:
2445:
2359:
2202:
2139:
Paris: Imprimerie de la FIDH, 2010 – pp. 53–58
71:
61:
51:
43:
34:
1953:"Dissidents line up to fight Myanmar constitution"
1310:"Can Aung San Suu Kyi control Myanmar's military?"
877:, and was adopted on 3 January 1974. It created a
1624:
1622:
1776:
1774:
885:(Pyithu Hluttaw), represented by members of the
1252:Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar
1045:
1022:
914:State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)
1662:"Chronology of Burma's Constitutional Process"
2915:
2158:
998:; in fact, she would only be barred from the
963:
868:
816:
803:
769:
657:
8:
1490:"Constitution of 2008 - Myanmar Law Library"
1460:"Constitution of 1974 - Myanmar Law Library"
1430:"Constitution of 1947 - Myanmar Law Library"
1162:"Constitution of 1947 - Myanmar Law Library"
939:On 9 April 2008, the military government of
1340:"Managing the defence and security council"
849:Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma
798:, consisting of two chambers, the 125-seat
2922:
2908:
2900:
2643:
2582:
2451:
2365:
2185:
2165:
2151:
2143:
2107:"1947 Constitution of Burma (Web Archive)"
1276:"Why is army still in Myanmar parliament?"
664:
650:
80:
2058:"Intelligence from Burma Police Defector"
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1270:
1268:
547:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
1153:
1020:, chairman of the drafting commission,
828:, as several Burmese officials visited
83:
1607:The Constitution of the Union of Burma
1525:THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION OF BURMA
1303:
1301:
1012:2008 Myanmar constitutional referendum
863:The 1974 constitution, officially the
764:The 1947 constitution, officially the
31:
1699:
1697:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
491:Ministry of International Cooperation
448:Self-Administered Zones and Divisions
443:States, Regions and Union Territories
134:National Defence and Security Council
7:
2865:
1963:from the original on 17 January 2018
1873:from the original on 18 January 2021
1500:from the original on 20 October 2018
1470:from the original on 20 October 2018
1440:from the original on 20 October 2018
1410:from the original on 20 October 2018
1380:from the original on 20 October 2018
1286:from the original on 28 October 2017
1258:from the original on 22 April 2022.
1242:
1240:
1172:from the original on 20 October 2018
951:. The constitution is hailed by the
35:Constitution of the Republic of the
2324:State Peace and Development Council
1993:from the original on 7 January 2014
1560:Diller, Janelle M. (1 April 1993).
1308:Phil Robertson (12 November 2015).
893:became the president at this time.
1933:from the original on 14 April 2010
1838:Ossenova, Katerina (9 April 2008)
1794:from the original on 21 April 2021
1782:"New Burma constitution published"
1691:(1974), Chapter IV: Pyithu Hluttaw
1532:from the original on 15 March 2022
1225:from the original on 19 March 2021
766:Constitution of the Union of Burma
25:
2029:from the original on 3 March 2016
2013:"Myanmar Announcement No. 7/2008"
1923:"Burmese voice anger on poll day"
1636:. 9 February 2008. Archived from
1320:from the original on 4 March 2018
3288:
3279:
3278:
2876:
2864:
2853:
2852:
1903:from the original on 11 May 2011
1754:Mydans, Seth (4 September 2007)
1131:Provisions on State of Emergency
624:
606:National Human Rights Commission
93:
2088:The Irrawaddy, 18 November 2014
1850:Jurist: Legal News and Research
1346:. 28 March 2016. Archived from
1036:areas affected by the cyclone.
887:Burma Socialist Programme Party
790:. The legislative branch was a
3246:British Indian Ocean Territory
1852:, last accessed 5 October 2010
1829:, last accessed 5 October 2010
1768:, last accessed 5 October 2010
1738:, last accessed 5 October 2010
1616:(1947), Chapter VI: Parliament
1204:, last accessed 5 October 2010
1006:2008 constitutional referendum
958:The legislative branch is the
943:(Burma) released its proposed
1:
1893:"Burma referendum goes ahead"
1520:Constituent Assembly of Burma
1250:[2008 Constitution].
1134:Amendment of the Constitution
1101:Basic Principles of the Union
1041:National League for Democracy
1028:The government did not allow
919:National League for Democracy
2533:State Administration Council
2279:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2122:"1974 Constitution of Burma"
1248:"၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ"
935:2008 Constitution of Myanmar
170:State Administration Council
2334:2011–2015 political reforms
1494:www.myanmar-law-library.org
1464:www.myanmar-law-library.org
1434:www.myanmar-law-library.org
1404:www.myanmar-law-library.org
1374:www.myanmar-law-library.org
1166:www.myanmar-law-library.org
478:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3346:
1254:(in Burmese). March 2018.
1200:full text in English from
1009:
932:
826:1946 Yugoslav Constitution
3274:
2848:
2646:
2585:
2454:
2368:
2190:Myanmar is also known as
2188:
2184:
2063:26 September 2010 at the
964:
869:
817:
804:
770:
739:were headed by a serving
704:for most of its history.
685:
552:National Unity Government
3330:Constitutions by country
2995:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2459:Administrative divisions
2129:Official English version
2084:30 December 2014 at the
974:House of Representatives
800:Chamber of Nationalities
698:1962 Burmese coup d'état
688:) is the supreme law of
436:Administrative divisions
308:House of Representatives
3256:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2829:Twelve Auspicious Rites
2610:Myanmar kyat (currency)
1074:Content of Constitution
881:legislature called the
351:Constitutional Tribunal
121:Constitutional Tribunal
1815:Staff(21 August 2010)
1761:24 August 2017 at the
1196:16 August 2019 at the
1050:
1026:
978:House of Nationalities
723:. 25% of seats in the
711:, the country's third
507:Diplomatic missions of
296:House of Nationalities
273:Provisional Government
2930:Constitutions of Asia
1845:11 April 2008 at the
1827:People's Daily Online
1140:Transitory Provisions
1081:Assembly of the Union
1010:Further information:
960:Assembly of the Union
792:bicameral legislature
725:Parliament of Myanmar
234:Deputy Prime Minister
3170:United Arab Emirates
2666:Environmental issues
2625:Units of measurement
2272:First Toungoo Empire
1959:. 11 February 2008.
1869:. 19 February 2008.
1687:27 July 2011 at the
1612:30 June 2015 at the
1350:on 13 September 2017
965:ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်
949:roadmap to democracy
565:Mahn Win Khaing Than
3197:limited recognition
2304:Japanese occupation
2257:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1987:Jurist.law.pitt.edu
1822:28 May 2013 at the
1000:office of President
813:Chamber of Deputies
696:in 1947. After the
355:Chairman: Than Kyaw
86:Politics of Myanmar
63:Date effective
2889:Outline of Myanmar
2605:Telecommunications
2521:commander-in-chief
2314:Socialist Republic
2262:Kingdom of Mrauk U
1766:The New York Times
1669:Human Rights Watch
1143:General Provisions
1085:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
970:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
898:David I. Steinberg
805:လူမျိုးစုလွှတ်တော်
776:1962 military coup
631:Myanmar portal
3302:
3301:
3239:other territories
2897:
2896:
2844:
2843:
2681:Human trafficking
2633:
2632:
2572:
2571:
2540:Political parties
2479:Foreign relations
2441:
2440:
2232:Myinsaing Kingdom
2198:
2197:
1128:Political Parties
1053:2012 by-elections
976:and the 224-seat
929:2008 constitution
917:in 1996 when the
883:People's Assembly
859:1974 constitution
851:, led by general
760:1947 constitution
709:2008 Constitution
674:
673:
541:Exiled government
524:Visa requirements
471:Foreign relations
423:Political parties
116:2008 Constitution
79:
78:
37:Union of Myanmar
16:(Redirected from
3337:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3251:Christmas Island
2937:Sovereign states
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2814:National symbols
2644:
2600:Opium production
2583:
2452:
2366:
2284:Konbaung dynasty
2186:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2020:Burmalibrary.org
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1836:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1790:. 9 April 2008.
1778:
1769:
1752:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1701:
1692:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1219:Burmalibrary.org
1211:
1205:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1158:
1119:Defence Services
1065:Amending process
1059:2012 by-election
992:Aung San Suu Kyi
967:
966:
872:
871:
820:
819:
818:ပြည်သူ့လွှတ်တော်
807:
806:
796:Union Parliament
773:
772:
741:military officer
687:
666:
659:
652:
629:
628:
627:
569:Vice President:
563:Prime Minister:
97:
81:
32:
21:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3270:
3238:
3229:
3210:Northern Cyprus
3196:
3189:
2931:
2928:
2898:
2893:
2840:
2819:Public holidays
2710:
2706:Sex trafficking
2629:
2568:
2506:Law enforcement
2437:
2413:Protected areas
2355:
2267:Toungoo dynasty
2242:Sagaing Kingdom
2217:Pyu city-states
2194:
2180:
2171:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2086:Wayback Machine
2077:
2073:
2065:Wayback Machine
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1929:. 10 May 2008.
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1899:. 10 May 2008.
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:Wayback Machine
1837:
1833:
1824:Wayback Machine
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1763:Wayback Machine
1753:
1742:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1689:Wayback Machine
1680:
1676:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1640:on 4 June 2012.
1628:
1627:
1620:
1614:Wayback Machine
1605:
1601:
1578:10.2307/2645105
1559:
1558:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:Wayback Machine
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1104:State Structure
1093:
1091:Type of content
1076:
1067:
1055:
1014:
1008:
996:British citizen
937:
931:
910:
908:1988–2008
875:1973 referendum
861:
809:Lumyozu Hluttaw
762:
753:
745:vice presidents
702:military juntas
670:
641:
637:Other countries
625:
623:
618:
617:
586:
578:
577:
542:
534:
533:
515:
503:
473:
463:
462:
438:
428:
427:
419:
397:
372:
361:
360:
342:Chief Justice:
333:
325:
324:
291:
280:
279:
225:Min Aung Hlaing
179:Min Aung Hlaing
162:Min Aung Hlaing
147:
139:
138:
111:
88:
67:31 January 2011
38:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3325:Law of Myanmar
3322:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:Transportation
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2557:Prime Minister
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2494:Women's rights
2491:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Union of Burma
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Karenni States
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Kingdom of Ava
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Thaton Kingdom
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2096:External links
2094:
2091:
2090:
2071:
2068:Dictator Watch
2049:
2040:
2004:
1974:
1944:
1914:
1884:
1854:
1831:
1805:
1770:
1740:
1726:
1719:
1693:
1674:
1653:
1643:
1618:
1599:
1572:(4): 393–407.
1543:
1511:
1481:
1451:
1421:
1391:
1361:
1331:
1297:
1264:
1236:
1206:
1183:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1030:Cyclone Nargis
1007:
1004:
933:Main article:
930:
927:
909:
906:
860:
857:
822:Pyithu Hluttaw
761:
758:
752:
749:
733:border affairs
694:Union of Burma
672:
671:
669:
668:
661:
654:
646:
643:
642:
640:
639:
633:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
609:
608:
598:
593:
587:
585:Related topics
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
574:
573:
567:
561:
549:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
521:
514:
513:
502:
501:
500:
499:
488:
487:
486:
474:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
418:
417:
412:
407:
403:Presidential:
400:
398:
396:
395:
388:
383:
376:
373:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
348:
347:
346:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
305:
304:
303:
292:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
230:
229:
228:
227:
215:Prime Minister
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:Second: Vacant
205:
197:Vice-President
193:
192:
191:
190:
181:
167:
166:
165:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
130:
129:
118:
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:South Ossetia
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Ethnic groups
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:military rule
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Deforestation
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:2007 protests
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:8888 Uprising
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Prome Kingdom
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Pinya Kingdom
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Pagan Kingdom
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Burma Library
1730:
1727:
1722:
1720:9781933286051
1716:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1499:
1496:(in French).
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1469:
1466:(in French).
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1439:
1436:(in French).
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1406:(in French).
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1379:
1376:(in French).
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:Burma Library
1199:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1171:
1168:(in French).
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:Head of State
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
928:
926:
924:
920:
915:
907:
905:
903:
899:
896:According to
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
838:unitary state
835:
831:
827:
823:
814:
810:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
767:
759:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
679:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
647:
645:
644:
638:
635:
634:
632:
622:
621:
614:
613:Naming issues
611:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
582:
581:
572:
571:Duwa Lashi La
568:
566:
562:
559:
558:Duwa Lashi La
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
538:
537:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
508:
505:
504:
498:
494:
493:
492:
489:
485:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
437:
432:
431:
424:
421:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
402:
401:
399:
394:
393:
389:
387:
384:
382:
378:
377:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
354:
353:
352:
349:
345:
341:
340:
339:
338:Supreme Court
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
293:
289:
284:
283:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
226:
223:
222:
220:
216:
213:
212:
206:
204:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:Vice Chairman
182:
180:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
163:
160:
159:
157:
153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
135:
132:
128:
124:
123:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
110:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
92:
91:
87:
82:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
3235:Dependencies
3165:Turkmenistan
3130:Saudi Arabia
3094:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2701:Prostitution
2656:Demographics
2595:Central bank
2484:Human rights
2464:Constitution
2463:
2299:British rule
2191:
2132:
2074:
2067:
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2019:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1849:
1834:
1826:
1812:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1785:
1765:
1735:
1729:
1706:
1677:
1668:
1656:
1646:
1638:the original
1633:
1602:
1569:
1566:Asian Survey
1565:
1534:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1313:
1288:. Retrieved
1279:
1259:
1251:
1227:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1201:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1056:
1046:
1038:
1027:
1023:
1015:
989:
986:
981:
980:. Military (
969:
957:
945:constitution
938:
911:
902:Eastern Bloc
895:
864:
862:
846:
840:, and not a
821:
808:
765:
763:
754:
721:coup of 2021
713:constitution
706:
677:
675:
601:Human rights
497:Ko Ko Hlaing
414:
391:
344:Htun Htun Oo
249:Tin Aung San
109:Constitution
108:
47:9 April 2008
29:
3320:2008 in law
3315:1974 in law
3294:Asia portal
3195:States with
3115:Philippines
3055:South Korea
3050:North Korea
2945:Afghanistan
2590:Agriculture
2428:Earthquakes
2289:Shan States
1957:Reuters.com
1344:Mmtimes.com
1110:Legislature
1048:referendum.
794:called the
784:legislative
556:President:
529:Visa policy
290:(dissolved)
288:Legislature
57:29 May 2008
3309:Categories
3175:Uzbekistan
3150:Tajikistan
3065:Kyrgyzstan
3045:Kazakhstan
2965:Bangladesh
2955:Azerbaijan
2799:Literature
2754:Censorship
2734:State Seal
2528:Parliament
2469:Corruption
2393:Ecoregions
2212:Prehistory
2033:16 January
1997:16 January
1967:16 January
1504:20 October
1474:20 October
1444:20 October
1414:20 October
1384:20 October
1354:16 January
1324:16 January
1290:16 January
1229:16 January
1176:20 October
1148:References
879:unicameral
842:federation
834:federation
830:Yugoslavia
811:) and the
596:Federalism
511:in Myanmar
495:Minister:
482:Minister:
320:Opposition
244:Mya Tun Oo
146:Government
125:Chairman:
3261:Hong Kong
3215:Palestine
3140:Sri Lanka
3135:Singapore
3015:Indonesia
2824:Tattooing
2784:Festivals
2779:Etymology
2686:Languages
2661:Education
2545:President
2474:Elections
2433:Volcanoes
2408:Mountains
2361:Geography
2349:Civil war
2339:2021 coup
2133:Aung Htoo
1586:0004-4687
1116:Judiciary
1113:Executive
788:executive
458:Townships
453:Districts
379:General:
370:elections
332:Judiciary
254:Win Shein
203:Myint Swe
152:President
127:Than Kyaw
3284:Category
3205:Abkhazia
3155:Thailand
3110:Pakistan
3090:Mongolia
3085:Maldives
3080:Malaysia
2980:Cambodia
2859:Category
2834:Weddings
2794:Folklore
2764:Clothing
2744:Calendar
2739:Capitals
2691:Religion
2511:Military
2501:Conflict
2447:Politics
2423:Wildlife
2344:Protests
2178:articles
2082:Archived
2061:Archived
2024:Archived
1991:Archived
1961:Archived
1937:30 April
1931:Archived
1927:BBC News
1907:30 April
1901:Archived
1897:BBC News
1871:Archived
1843:Archived
1820:Archived
1792:Archived
1787:BBC News
1759:Archived
1685:Archived
1610:Archived
1536:15 March
1530:Archived
1522:(1948).
1498:Archived
1468:Archived
1438:Archived
1408:Archived
1378:Archived
1318:Archived
1284:Archived
1280:BBC News
1256:Archived
1223:Archived
1194:Archived
1170:Archived
1125:Election
1096:Preamble
1018:Aung Toe
982:Tatmadaw
953:military
780:judicial
717:Tatmadaw
591:Conflict
560:(acting)
519:Passport
484:Than Swe
259:Than Swe
175:Chairman
164:(acting)
53:Ratified
3180:Vietnam
3095:Myanmar
3075:Lebanon
3005:Georgia
2960:Bahrain
2950:Armenia
2871:Commons
2769:Cuisine
2716:Culture
2639:Society
2615:Tourism
2578:Economy
2398:Islands
2383:Climate
2373:Borders
2204:History
2174:Myanmar
1867:Reuters
1671:. 2008.
1634:Reuters
1594:2645105
941:Myanmar
751:History
737:defense
690:Myanmar
682:Burmese
368:Recent
313:Speaker
301:Speaker
268:Cabinet
239:Soe Win
201:First:
188:Soe Win
72:Purpose
44:Created
3225:Taiwan
3160:Turkey
3125:Russia
3060:Kuwait
3040:Jordan
3030:Israel
2990:Cyprus
2975:Brunei
2970:Bhutan
2883:Portal
2759:Cinema
2749:Zodiac
2729:Anthem
2676:Health
2418:Rivers
2378:Cities
2176:
1877:2 July
1813:Xinhua
1798:10 May
1717:
1592:
1584:
891:Ne Win
853:Ne Win
39:(2008)
3266:Macau
3185:Yemen
3145:Syria
3120:Qatar
3100:Nepal
3035:Japan
3010:India
3000:Egypt
2985:China
2809:Music
2804:Media
2774:Dance
2696:Women
2651:Crime
2403:Lakes
2192:Burma
2027:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1711:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1590:JSTOR
1034:delta
3105:Oman
3070:Laos
3025:Iraq
3020:Iran
2789:Flag
2562:list
2550:list
2489:LGBT
2035:2018
1999:2018
1969:2018
1939:2010
1909:2010
1879:2017
1800:2008
1715:ISBN
1651:141.
1582:ISSN
1538:2022
1506:2018
1476:2018
1446:2018
1416:2018
1386:2018
1356:2018
1326:2018
1292:2018
1231:2018
1178:2018
1039:The
786:and
735:and
729:home
707:The
676:The
415:Next
410:2018
405:2016
392:Next
386:2020
381:2015
219:list
156:list
3237:and
2724:Art
1574:doi
1314:CNN
923:NLD
3311::
2022:.
2018:.
1989:.
1985:.
1955:.
1925:.
1895:.
1865:.
1784:.
1773:^
1743:^
1696:^
1667:.
1632:.
1621:^
1588:.
1580:.
1570:33
1568:.
1564:.
1546:^
1492:.
1462:.
1432:.
1402:.
1372:.
1342:.
1316:.
1312:.
1300:^
1282:.
1278:.
1267:^
1239:^
1221:.
1217:.
1164:.
968:)
855:.
782:,
731:,
684::
509:/
221:)
186::
177::
158:)
2923:e
2916:t
2909:v
2166:e
2159:t
2152:v
2037:.
2001:.
1971:.
1941:.
1911:.
1881:.
1802:.
1723:.
1596:.
1576::
1540:.
1508:.
1478:.
1448:.
1418:.
1388:.
1358:.
1328:.
1294:.
1233:.
1180:.
1083:(
962:(
867:(
815:(
802:(
768:(
680:(
665:e
658:t
651:v
217:(
154:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
