546:. Along with three vice-presidents and two secretaries, the president of the assembly was elected from among the deputies. The assembly's limited power derived from Article 39 of the Constitution and included the formulation of broad policies on national defense, education, labor, and public administration. The assembly also had responsibility for legislating civil rights and taxation. All other legislative powers, including the implementation of specific policy decisions, fell to the president. In general, Daddah's handling of policy matters underscored the imbalance between the two branches of government. For example, although the president was required to present an annual message to the nation and might also provide supplemental statements to the assembly, he alone determined what information to share with legislators, who could not compel him to be more forthcoming. The president could also bypass the legislature completely by submitting proposed legislation to a popular referendum. Finally, the assembly's relatively short session, fixed at four months per year, limited the amount of legislation it could pass.
601:. The Permanent Committee met in ordinary session once every fifteen days and in extraordinary session when convoked by the president. The CMSN was required to meet in ordinary session every third month and in extraordinary session when convoked by the president after approval of the Permanent Committee, or upon the request of one-third of the members. If the president were temporarily absent, the president of the CMSN would nominate a member of the Permanent Committee to carry out the routine affairs of state. If the president were temporarily incapacitated, the Permanent Committee would nominate one of its members to manage affairs of state for a period not to exceed one month. In the event of the president's death or a long-term incapacitation, the Permanent Committee would designate one of its members to carry out the functions of president for one week, after which the entire CMSN would appoint a new president from among its members.
556:. Either the president or the National Assembly could propose an amendment, which would then require a two-thirds vote in the legislature in order to become law. If the proposed amendment received only a simple majority, the president could submit it as a referendum. In fact, the latter process was never necessary. Two major amendments were passed in the 1960s, one in 1965 institutionalizing one-party government, and a second in 1968 pertaining to local administration, the status of magistrates, and the designation of
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interim budget based on total receipts of the previous year. Second, if able to muster a two-thirds vote, the assembly could impeach the president or any of his ministers for treason or plotting against the state. The
Supreme Court, a body appointed by the president, would judge the charges in such cases. Finally, the assembly could, in effect, override a presidential veto if, after a second reading, the law received an absolute majority in the assembly and was declared constitutional by the Supreme Court.
632:, representing a variety of sometimes overlapping and sometimes discrete corporate and ethnic interests. Among its members, rank, status and influence varied widely. In debates, which were resolved by consensus, the opinions and positions of the acknowledged "big men" were not likely to be challenged openly by members of lower status, who instead might have engaged in surreptitious maneuvering or plotting behind the scenes. The most powerful member of the CMSN in the late 1980s was
589:(CMSN), which was promulgated on February 9, 1985, served as a de facto constitution. The charter unequivocally eliminated any of the pretenses of democracy embodied in the 1961 constitution. At the same time, it pledged adherence to the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to the charters of the United Nations (UN), the Organization of African Unity (OAU), and the League of Arab States (Arab League). The charter also proclaimed Islam the state religion and
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in cases of retributory justice and religious crimes (see Law and Crime, ch. 5). Articles 4 through 10 pertained to the internal organization of the CMSN and presidential succession. Members were nominated to the CMSN by ordinance of that body, and it alone decided the procedures by which it would conduct its business. Included within the CMSN was the
Permanent Committee, consisting of all CMSN members posted to
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charter and the committee's regulations. He also controlled debate and could suspend the session at any time. Internally, the CMSN included five advisory commissions dealing with cultural and social affairs, security affairs, public works and development, economy and financial affairs, and education and justice. The commissions monitored the implementation of policy in their respective areas.
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subordinate. Like a prime minister, the president participated in legislative processes that would otherwise reside in the domain of the
National Assembly. At the same time, the Constitution prevented the president from dissolving the National Assembly, and it also denied the assembly the right to unseat the president by means of a vote of no confidence.
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394:, either direct or indirect, and the protection of public and individual freedoms, including the right to form political parties, protection from slavery, the right to strike, and the right to property. Specifically listed protected freedoms include freedom of movement, expression, assembly, association, commerce, and intellectual creation.
639:, who was often described as hardworking and dedicated and whose achievements were the result of strength of purpose rather than political ambition. The second most powerful figure was the Minister of Interior, Information, and Telecommunications, Lieutenant-Colonel Djibril Ould Abdallah, who was often described as "Taya's strongman."
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The second article dealt with the selection and responsibilities of the president of the CMSN, who was chosen in a secret ballot by a two-thirds majority of its members and could be deposed in the same way. The president presided over debates and ensured that the
Permanent Committee complied with the
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membership and rank in the CMSN and delineated the relationship between members of the government and the CMSN. Members of the CMSN ranked higher than members of the government. Accordingly, no member of the CMSN could be sued, searched, arrested, held, or tried while carrying out official duties. No
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Articles 11 and 12 determined the manner in which the president nominated civilian and military members of government. As head of state and commander in chief of the Armed forces, the president made all nominations for civilian and military posts and for members of the government. Similarly, he could
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The
National Assembly was subordinate to the president. At independence, the assembly numbered forty deputies, all of whom were elected as a slate by universal suffrage for five-year terms. By 1971 the number had grown to fifty and by 1975 to seventy-eight, including the new deputies from the annexed
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Other presidential powers included commanding the Armed forces; appointing civil servants, military officers, judges, and ambassadors; ratifying treaties and other international agreements; initiating or amending legislation; eliciting advisory opinions on proposed legislation from the
Supreme Court;
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As soon as the
Islamic Republic of Mauritania was proclaimed in October 1958, the Territorial Assembly changed its name to the Constituent Assembly and immediately initiated work to draft a national constitution; the document was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly in March 1959 in place
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A second ordinance, promulgated at the same time as the charter, governed the internal organization of the CMSN and supplemented the charter. The preamble to this ordinance unequivocally entrusted the CMSN with national sovereignty and legitimacy, but only until replaced by democratic institutions.
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The fundamental powers and responsibilities of the CMSN, outlined in
Article 3 of the charter, included establishing the general policies of the nation, promulgating ordinances to carry out policy, monitoring actions of the government, ratifying international agreements, and granting amnesty except
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The military government operated through a cabinet whose members, both civilian and military, were appointed by the president, presumably after consultation with members of the CMSN. In 1987 approximately one-third of the fifteen cabinet ministers were also members of the CMSN, although that ratio
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Although the
Constitution did not provide for a system of checks and balances, the assembly did have three ways to limit presidential power. First, it could refuse requested budgetary appropriations, although the president could circumvent the assembly's budgetary veto by simply promulgating an
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PPM), be at least thirty-five years old, and have full exercise of their political and civil rights. In sharp contrast to its French antecedent, the
Mauritanian Constitution strengthened presidential power by combining it with the function of Prime minister, while making the National Assembly
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promulgated a new provisional constitution. That draft constitution provided for a multiparty system and freedom of association, provisions Haidalla hoped would attract support from the labor union movement. Following an abortive coup attempt in March 1981 by former members of the military
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and in response to the perceived need for strong, centralized leadership. In light of the highly fragmented polities typical of much of sub-Saharan Africa at that time, however, a system of checks and balances was thought to be overly cumbersome for the immediate tasks at hand.
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and is vested with the executive powers including supreme command of the Armed forces, right of appointment to civil and military offices, and promulgation and execution of the law. He is subject to constraints by the
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The military regime that toppled Daddah in July 1978 abolished the Constitution that had been ratified on May 20, 1961. Then in December 1980, when he unexpectedly announced a return to civilian rule,
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the only source of law. Article 14, however, presaged a return to democratic institutions and a new constitution that would bear some semblance to the 1961 Constitution.
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A High Islamic Council, an Economic and Social Council, and a National Commission of the Rights of Man are also mandated as consultative councils under the constitution.
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470:. In addition, the Constitution underscored the state's determined quest for independence and unity by proclaiming Islam the official religion. Somewhat ironically,
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dismiss an appointee at any time. The final four articles of the Constitutional Charter dealt with maintenance of public order and enforcement of CMSN ordinances.
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and exercising a temporary veto over legislation. Perhaps the president's greatest power lay in his right, in times of peril, to declare an emergency and exercise
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of the French constitution, and on November 28, 1960, Mauritania declared its Independence. The constitution was ratified on May 20, 1961.
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government, however, Haidalla reneged on his intention of returning Mauritania to civilian rule and scrapped the draft constitution.
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The constitution also provides for universal, equal, and secret suffrage in elections for President and
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Mauritania's current constitution was officially adopted on 12 July 1991. Under the Constitution,
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Title IX Of the Consultative Institutions Full Constitution with Amendments through 2012
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for a five-year term and could serve an indefinite number of terms. From 1966 until the
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Title III Of the Legislative Power Full Constitution with Amendments through 2012
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Title VII Of the Judicial Power Full Constitution with Amendments through 2012
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Title II Of the Executive Power Full Constitution with Amendments through 2012
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In reality, the CMSN in 1987 was a coterie of officers, most of whom were
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was adopted on 12 July 1991. There have been several constitutions since
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Under the Constitution, the government was composed of three branches:
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https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mauritania_2012.pdf
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https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mauritania_2012.pdf
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https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mauritania_2012.pdf
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https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mauritania_2012.pdf
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In its entirety, the Constitution came to resemble those of other
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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The 1961 Constitution clearly reflected the influence of the
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were permissible if they did not threaten the state or its
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Robert E. Handloff (June 1988). Robert E. Handloff (ed.).
406:. The Parliament under the constitution consists of a
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that were also adopted under the influence of General
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Rachel Warner (June 1988). Robert E. Handloff (ed.).
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Rachel Warner (June 1988). Robert E. Handloff (ed.).
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Under the constitution, the President is elected by
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1777:1980 in law
1660:recognition
1613:South Sudan
1503:Ivory Coast
1165:Agriculture
1058:Departments
1023:1984–
1003:Precolonial
487:legislative
466:and in the
300:Visa policy
166:Departments
1766:Categories
1715:(Portugal)
1673:Somaliland
1593:Seychelles
1558:Mozambique
1543:Mauritania
1528:Madagascar
1483:The Gambia
1418:Cape Verde
1177:(currency)
1124:Parliament
1063:Ecoregions
983:Mauritania
742:2024-08-23
719:2024-03-08
694:2024-03-08
669:2024-04-04
647:References
599:Nouakchott
448:See also:
404:Parliament
392:Parliament
127:Parliament
89:Government
1548:Mauritius
1229:Education
1188:Transport
1134:President
1104:Elections
1036:Geography
637:Ould Taya
483:executive
385:President
184:Elections
139:President
95:President
1739: /
1735: /
1728:(France)
1722: /
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1696: /
1648:Zimbabwe
1623:Tanzania
1473:Ethiopia
1468:Eswatini
1448:Djibouti
1413:Cameroon
1398:Botswana
1324:Category
1274:Religion
1269:Polygamy
1175:Ouguiya
1119:Military
1087:Politics
1073:Wildlife
1008:Colonial
987:articles
807:Archived
574:Haidalla
491:judicial
290:Passport
171:Communes
1724:RĂ©union
1720:Mayotte
1711:Madeira
1706:(Spain)
1702:Melilla
1633:Tunisia
1603:Somalia
1588:Senegal
1573:Nigeria
1563:Namibia
1553:Morocco
1518:Liberia
1513:Lesotho
1463:Eritrea
1433:Comoros
1408:Burundi
1383:Algeria
1308:Outline
1279:Slavery
1254:Leblouh
1202:Society
1183:Tourism
1153:Economy
1068:Regions
1048:Borders
1025:present
995:History
685:"Index"
614:de jure
161:Regions
75:Slavery
1743:
1726:
1713:
1643:Zambia
1638:Uganda
1578:Rwanda
1533:Malawi
1493:Guinea
1388:Angola
1329:Portal
1244:Health
1053:Cities
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630:Maures
591:sharia
544:Daddah
489:, and
412:Senate
410:and a
1698:Ceuta
1618:Sudan
1568:Niger
1523:Libya
1508:Kenya
1488:Ghana
1478:Gabon
1453:Egypt
1393:Benin
1315:Index
1289:Women
1284:Sport
1264:Music
1259:Media
1234:Films
1219:Crime
737:(PDF)
381:Islam
1628:Togo
1538:Mali
1428:Chad
1239:Flag
634:Col.
230:2023
225:2018
220:2013
208:2024
203:2019
198:2014
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