24:
2016:
2030:
329:: The Court will not upon a constitutional question, although properly presented by the record, if there is also present some other ground upon which the case may be disposed of. ... f a case can be decided on either of two grounds, one involving a constitutional question, the other a question of statutory construction or general law, the Court will decide only the latter.
387:
361:
and is intertwined with the debate over the proper scope of federal judicial review and the allocation of power among the three branches of the federal government and the states. It is also premised on the "delicacy" and the "finality" of judicial review of legislation for constitutionality, concerns
310:
rule: The Court will not upon the constitutionality of legislation in a friendly, nonadversary, proceeding, declining because to decide such questions "is legitimate only in the last resort, and as a necessity in the determination of real, earnest and vital controversy between individuals. It never
416:
is the primary case for the modern formulation of the avoidance doctrine, Marshall had cautioned that no questions of "greater delicacy" may be presented to the federal judiciary than those involving a constitutional challenge to a legislative act. He instructed that if such questions "become
504:
wrote the dissent in which he argued that if the constitutional issue is not plainly clear in the argument, courts should avoid making the decision based on constitutional questions. In such instances, he argued that courts should decide if a particular interpretation is "fairly possible."
353:: "When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question, and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is raised, it is a cardinal principle that this Court will first ascertain whether a construction of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be avoided."
603:(Judicial self-restraint is premised on an "awareness of the limits of human capacity, the fallibility of judgment, the need for diffusion of power and responsibility, the indispensability of husbanding what powers one has, of keeping within bounds if action is not to outrun wisdom.").
467:
concurrence "one of the most respected opinions ever written by a Member of this Court". Brandeis, a leader of the progressive movement prior to his judicial appointment, offered a broad framing of the avoidance doctrine. The doctrine was adopted heartily by
Justice
417:
indispensably necessary to the case", they must be decided, but "if the case may be determined on other points, a just respect for the legislature requires, that the obligation of its laws should not be unnecessarily and wantonly assailed." In
476:
programs. That tool of judicial restraint espoused by "liberals" was largely inspired by the response of
Brandeis and Frankfurter to the activist "conservative" Supreme Court in the 1930s, which struck down legislation as infringing on
362:
regarding the credibility of the federal courts, and the "paramount importance of constitutional adjudication in our system." Those elements demonstrate a significant overlap between the avoidance doctrine and other
437:. The court concluded that the terms of the act did not apply to an officer temporarily acting as the ship's purser because of the death of the regularly-commissioned purser and granted his petition for
257:
566:
311:
was the thought that, by means of a friendly suit, a party beaten in the legislature could transfer to the courts an inquiry as to the constitutionality of the legislative act."
250:
820:
448:
provides the most significant formulation of the avoidance doctrine, but his formulation had no effect on the outcome of the case because the
Justice concurred in the
243:
817:"Washington University Law Review: NLRB Has No Jurisdiction Over Lay Teachers in Parochial Schools, NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 440 U.S. 490 (1979)"
585:
Rescue Army v. Municipal Court of L.A., 331 U.S. 549, 571 (1947) (reciting a nonexhaustive list of grounds supporting the avoidance doctrine); see also
1997:
434:
561:
291:
210:
31:
229:
278:
88:
323:: The Court will not "formulate a rule of constitutional law broader than is required by the precise facts to which it is to be applied."
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701:
670:
596:
395:
296:
2070:
1423:
981:
880:
133:
539:
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1406:
339:: The Court will not upon the validity of a statute upon complaint of one who fails to show that he is injured by its operation.
282:
1992:
1339:
1240:
816:
182:
1499:
1133:
488:
In recent years, doctrines of judicial restraint have more often been criticized when they are used by conservative jurists.
346:: The Court will not upon the constitutionality of a statute at the instance of one who has availed himself of its benefits.
803:(referring to the Ginsburg nomination and noting surprise at a "liberal" jurist espousing techniques of judicial restraint).
852:
794:
108:
1659:
1138:
286:
767:
Steven M. Kahaner (1988). "Separation of Powers and the
Standing Doctrine: The Unwarranted Use of Judicial Restraint".
220:
1654:
99:
754:
Gerald M. Gallivan (1985). "Supreme Court
Jurisdiction and the Wyoming Constitution: Justice v. Judicial Restraint".
289:
should refuse to rule on a constitutional issue if the case can be resolved without involving constitutionality. In
1629:
1128:
1712:
780:
Christopher A. Crain (1990). "Note, Judicial
Restraint and the Non-Decision in Webster v. Reprod. Health Servs".
168:
123:
1507:
1489:
1158:
317:: The Court will not "anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of the necessity of deciding it."
23:
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113:
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when he considered a challenge to a congressional act that provided that
Treasury agents could issue
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472:, who was attacked as too "liberal" while he was a Harvard scholar and actively supported the
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barriers. The avoidance doctrine reflects such other justiciability doctrines as standing and
307:
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charged with disbursing public funds who failed to pay and to settle their accounts at the
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35:
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The avoidance of unnecessary constitutional decisions has been urged as early as 1833 by
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452:, which considered and decided the properly-presented constitutional issues. In
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456:, Justice Brandeis identified seven components of the avoidance doctrine.
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1961:
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1549:
1346:
890:
692:. Twayne's Twentieth-Century American Biography Series. Twayne. pp.
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587:
Paul A. Freund (1957). "Introduction". In
Alexander M. Bickel (ed.).
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abstention and the adequate and independent state ground doctrine.
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1851:
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861:
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Felix
Frankfurter: Judicial Restraint and Individual Liberties
536:
The
Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance: A Legal Overview
830:
665:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 19–20.
405:, 20 F. Cas. 242, 254 (C.C.D. Va. 1833) (No. 11,558).
303:
of controversies presenting constitutional questions:
651:, 475 U.S. 673, 693 (1986) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
615:, 20 F. Cas. 242, 254 (C.C.D. Va. 1833) (No. 11,558).
538:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 9.
1985:
1875:
1698:
1607:
1498:
1377:
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1000:
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815:Washington University Law Review (January 1980).
627:, 20 F. Cas. 242 (C.C.D. Va. 1833) (No. 11,558).
589:The Unpublished Opinions of Mr. Justice Brandeis
795:"The Supreme Court: A Sense of Judicial Limits"
357:The avoidance doctrine flows from the canon of
374:, and permeates jurisdictional doctrines like
846:
591:. University of Chicago Press. p. xvii.
251:
8:
853:
839:
831:
782:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
258:
244:
95:
18:
444:Justice Brandeis's concurring opinion in
1998:History of the American legal profession
435:United States Department of the Treasury
663:Felix Frankfurter: Scholar on the Bench
637:Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
562:Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
526:
292:Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
181:
143:
98:
87:
42:
30:
542:from the original on December 30, 2023
299:established a seven-rule test for the
723:From the Diaries of Felix Frankfurter
230:Adequate and independent state ground
7:
534:Nolan, Andrew (September 2, 2014).
793:Linda Greenhouse (July 22, 1993).
726:. W. W. Norton & Co. pp.
498:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
396:Chief Justice of the United States
297:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
982:Restitution and unjust enrichment
135:Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
2029:
2028:
2014:
823:from the original on 2015-02-22.
283:United States constitutional law
22:
1993:History of the legal profession
16:United States judicial doctrine
661:Thomas, Helen Shirley (1960).
639:, 297 U.S. 298, 346–48 (1936).
1:
769:George Washington Law Review
481:and other doctrines such as
287:United States federal courts
686:Urofsky, Melvin I. (1991).
2087:
1660:International legal theory
1139:International slavery laws
1134:International human rights
1129:International criminal law
2008:
1713:Administration of justice
756:Land and Water Law Review
412:'s concurring opinion in
390:Justice Louis D. Brandeis
349:Constitutional avoidance
2071:Law of the United States
1490:Basic structure doctrine
1340:Natural and legal rights
1221:Public international law
720:(1975). "Introduction".
271:Constitutional avoidance
79:Constitutional avoidance
1670:Principle of typicality
1144:International trade law
649:Delaware v. Van Arsdall
483:substantive due process
502:William J. Brennan Jr.
391:
1665:Principle of legality
1424:Delegated legislation
1124:Intellectual property
389:
119:Amount in controversy
32:United States federal
1883:Barristers' chambers
1825:Legal representation
1763:Justice of the peace
1109:Financial regulation
1918:Election commission
1630:Expressive function
1159:Landlord–tenant law
1058:Consumer protection
479:freedom of contract
285:that dictates that
206:Anti-Injunction Act
74:Political questions
1876:Legal institutions
1743:Lawsuit/Litigation
1733:Dispute resolution
1538:Catholic canon law
1246:State of emergency
1209:Will and testament
933:Law of obligations
886:Constitutional law
876:Administrative law
799:The New York Times
392:
359:judicial restraint
211:Sovereign immunity
2058:
2057:
1718:Constitutionalism
1640:Law and economics
1478:Act of parliament
1216:Product liability
1169:Legal archaeology
1094:Environmental law
1088:Entertainment law
928:International law
625:Ex parte Randolph
613:Ex parte Randolph
496:In the 1979 case
470:Felix Frankfurter
461:John Paul Stevens
450:plurality opinion
431:military officers
419:Ex parte Randolph
408:Although Justice
403:Ex parte Randolph
308:Collusive lawsuit
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54:Advisory opinions
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2019:
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1013:Agricultural law
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1945:Legal education
1933:Law enforcement
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1847:Question of law
1800:Practice of law
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1645:Legal formalism
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1620:Contract theory
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1523:Legal pluralism
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421:, Marshall was
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342:Constitutional
279:judicial review
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36:civil procedure
34:
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1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:Statutory law
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Statutory law
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Transport law
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Legal fiction
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Financial law
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Corporate law
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
988:
987:Statutory law
985:
983:
980:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
871:
869:Core subjects
867:
863:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
836:
833:
822:
818:
811:
808:
801:. p. A1.
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
752:
751:
747:
744:
739:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
713:
710:
705:
699:
695:
691:
690:
682:
679:
674:
668:
664:
657:
654:
650:
645:
642:
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
600:
594:
590:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
563:
557:
554:
541:
537:
530:
527:
520:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
499:
491:
489:
486:
484:
480:
475:
471:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
439:habeas corpus
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
399:John Marshall
397:
388:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
352:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
305:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
242:
241:
239:
238:
231:
227:
225:
223:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
195:
191:
190:
188:
187:
184:
180:
171:
170:
166:
164:
163:
159:
157:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
146:
142:
137:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
101:
97:
94:
93:
90:
86:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
49:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2012:
1785:Jurisdiction
1753:Legal remedy
1708:Adjudication
1608:Legal theory
1446:Ratification
1441:Promulgation
1412:Proclamation
1392:Codification
1325:Human rights
1313:Divine right
1303:Constitution
1271:Women in law
1189:Military law
1184:Marriage law
1179:Maritime law
1078:Election law
1018:Aviation law
1008:Abortion law
960:Property law
896:Criminal law
810:
798:
785:
781:
772:
768:
759:
755:
746:
722:
712:
688:
681:
662:
656:
648:
644:
636:
632:
624:
620:
612:
608:
588:
581:
574:288, 346–348
560:
556:
546:December 27,
544:. Retrieved
529:
497:
495:
487:
464:
458:
453:
445:
443:
418:
413:
407:
402:
393:
375:
356:
295:(1936), the
290:
270:
269:
221:
193:
169:Quasi in rem
167:
160:
153:
124:Supplemental
89:Jurisdiction
78:
1957:Legislature
1888:Bureaucracy
1685:Rule of man
1680:Rule of law
1655:Libertarian
1518:Chinese law
1419:Legislation
1369:Regulations
1357:Law reports
1335:Natural law
1231:Reparations
1226:Refugee law
1149:Jurimetrics
1090:(Media law)
1028:Banking law
1023:Amnesty law
1001:Disciplines
938:Private law
750:See, e.g.:
576: (1936)
463:called the
155:In personam
1950:Law school
1830:Prosecutor
1768:Magistrate
1555:Jewish law
1513:Common law
1434:Rulemaking
1429:Regulation
1379:Law making
1318:Divine law
1294:Legal code
1241:Sports law
1164:Law of war
1114:Health law
1099:Family law
1083:Energy law
1033:Bankruptcy
970:Punishment
965:Public law
521:References
500:, Justice
321:Minimalism
216:Abrogation
201:Abstention
183:Federalism
1928:Judiciary
1923:Executive
1898:The bench
1835:Solicitor
1810:Barrister
1690:Sociology
1675:Pseudolaw
1615:Anarchist
1572:Roman law
1560:Parsi law
1545:Hindu law
1533:Canon law
1508:Civil law
1461:Concordat
1352:Precedent
1261:Trust law
1236:Space law
1073:Drugs law
943:Procedure
881:Civil law
465:Ashwander
454:Ashwander
446:Ashwander
414:Ashwander
114:Diversity
38:doctrines
2065:Category
2035:Category
1977:Tribunal
1962:Military
1805:Attorney
1775:Judgment
1635:Feminist
1550:Jain law
1347:Case law
1068:Cyberlaw
975:Corporal
953:Criminal
923:Evidence
913:Doctrine
891:Contract
821:Archived
540:Archived
509:See also
474:New Deal
459:Justice
427:warrants
372:ripeness
344:estoppel
337:Mootness
333:Standing
315:Ripeness
224:doctrine
196:doctrine
145:Personal
69:Mootness
64:Ripeness
59:Standing
2049:Outline
1986:History
1893:The bar
1867:Verdict
1815:Counsel
1795:Justice
1650:History
1473:Statute
1289:Charter
1251:Tax law
1199:Probate
492:Dissent
382:History
376:Pullman
129:Removal
1967:Police
1938:Agency
1820:Lawyer
1565:Sharia
1456:Treaty
1451:Repeal
1397:Decree
1308:Custom
1204:Estate
1154:Labour
918:Equity
788:: 263.
775:: 104.
762:: 159.
734:
700:
669:
595:
565:,
162:In rem
2042:Index
1908:Court
1852:Trial
1758:Judge
1599:Yassa
1402:Edict
948:Civil
901:Crime
728:57–58
694:20–22
569:
351:canon
273:is a
1790:Jury
1738:Fiqh
1594:Xeer
992:Tort
908:Deed
732:ISBN
698:ISBN
667:ISBN
593:ISBN
571:U.S.
548:2023
429:for
194:Erie
862:Law
567:297
401:in
366:or
281:in
277:of
2067::
1296:/
819:.
797:.
786:13
784:.
773:56
771:.
760:20
758:.
730:.
696:.
485:.
441:.
335:;
854:e
847:t
840:v
740:.
706:.
675:.
601:.
550:.
259:e
252:t
245:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
