2293:
108:
134:, mines dead flesh. Victivores (Latin: victus=living) gather live plant material and thus include frugivores, nectivores, graminivores, granivores and folivores as subcategories. Lectivores, such as many termites, gather dead plant material (Latin: lectus=bed which is the root of the word litter, as in leaf-litter) and thanatophages (Greek: thanatos=death), such as
116:
Another way of categorizing consumers, proposed by South
African American ecologist Wayne Getz, is based on a biomass transformation web (BTW) formulation that organizes resources into five components: live and dead animal, live and dead plant, and particulate (i.e. broken down plant and animal)
138:
mine piles of dead plant material. Carnivore and herbivore are generic multigroup categories for gathers respectively of animal and plant material, irrespective of whether live or dead. Croppers, scavengers, and detritivores are gatherers respectively of live, dead, and particulate material.
129:
larva mines live flesh and a zontanophage (Greek: zontanos=alive), such as a leaf miner, mines live plant material. A carcasivore (Latin: carcasium=carcass), such as white-backed vulture, scavenge animal carcasses while a necrophage (Greek: nekros=dead body), such as a
124:
In Getz's scheme, words for miners are of Greek etymology and words for gatherers are of Latin etymology. Thus a bestivore, such as a cat, preys on live animals (Latin: bestia=animal) while a sarcophage, such as a
111:
Wayne Getz's consumer categories are based on material eaten (plant: green live, brown dead; animal: red live, purple dead; or particulate: grey) and feeding strategy (gatherer: lighter shades; miner: darker
38:
and victim-exploiter systems. These kinds of interactions have been studied and modeled by population ecologists for nearly a century. Species at the bottom of the food chain, such as
58:) or chemical sources. Species higher up in the food chain survive by consuming other species and can be classified by what they eat and how they obtain or find their food.
1302:
555:
1446:
1516:
117:
matter. It also distinguishes between consumers that gather their resources by moving across landscapes from those that mine their resources by becoming
1053:
1526:
1254:
26:
or food webs, and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see
1531:
1088:
1719:
1472:
1295:
548:
2119:
808:
467:
442:
2664:
1551:
1264:
1131:
843:
1809:
121:
once they have located a stock of resources large enough for them to feed on during completion of a full life history stage.
1936:
1581:
1982:
1536:
1288:
541:
1414:
95:
and omnivores are meat eaters and plant eaters. An extensive classification of consumer categories based on a list of
1771:
662:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2128:
1836:
1556:
760:
657:
2659:
2638:
2017:
1629:
1521:
1379:
1364:
1359:
750:
1776:
2007:
2002:
1972:
1239:
1121:
2618:
1851:
1714:
1624:
1492:
1374:
1344:
1201:
1166:
886:
853:
828:
362:
1997:
1941:
1876:
1739:
1674:
1609:
1269:
1171:
959:
667:
647:
139:
Parasites, saprophages, and decomposers are miners respectively of live, dead, and particulate material.
2263:
2112:
1901:
1846:
1709:
1694:
1477:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1176:
1156:
1012:
1002:
944:
939:
775:
627:
2546:
2027:
1992:
1987:
1911:
1906:
1861:
1759:
1729:
1724:
1576:
1439:
1429:
974:
813:
602:
391:
118:
533:
2633:
2487:
2077:
2052:
1916:
1886:
1831:
1744:
1634:
1619:
1566:
1399:
1334:
1216:
1146:
677:
1280:
310:
300:
2628:
2278:
2088:
2037:
2032:
1841:
1804:
1502:
1467:
1324:
1249:
1151:
1083:
1073:
1007:
954:
765:
710:
672:
597:
415:
1546:
295:
2623:
2268:
1977:
1946:
1734:
1561:
1369:
1234:
1211:
1068:
949:
725:
637:
622:
607:
587:
519:
463:
438:
407:
96:
2492:
2292:
2273:
2105:
1931:
1794:
1786:
1704:
1586:
1571:
1507:
1487:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1354:
1186:
1126:
997:
798:
740:
652:
612:
509:
501:
399:
2600:
2472:
2451:
2067:
1926:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1814:
1799:
1679:
1659:
1541:
1409:
1315:
1206:
1116:
1058:
1043:
642:
568:
395:
2575:
2551:
2534:
2329:
2047:
1871:
1824:
1754:
1749:
1644:
1511:
1384:
1191:
1181:
1161:
1038:
964:
929:
868:
745:
700:
592:
514:
490:"Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer-resource modelling"
489:
2653:
2585:
2580:
2539:
2529:
2477:
2242:
2237:
2156:
2072:
1048:
1022:
979:
969:
924:
911:
891:
783:
617:
572:
505:
285:
131:
71:
Various terms have arisen to define consumers by what they eat, such as meat-eating
2605:
2482:
2370:
2191:
2181:
2057:
2042:
1699:
1669:
1614:
1497:
1462:
1339:
838:
419:
357:
260:
173:
2426:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2375:
2334:
2324:
2171:
2166:
2161:
1349:
1078:
896:
858:
833:
823:
788:
735:
715:
322:
250:
245:
218:
213:
203:
193:
168:
107:
80:
23:
2590:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2354:
2344:
2232:
2206:
2196:
2062:
1639:
1604:
1244:
1196:
1141:
1111:
1017:
934:
878:
755:
705:
342:
290:
275:
265:
235:
223:
208:
188:
92:
88:
43:
31:
2595:
2524:
2467:
2436:
2416:
2401:
2349:
2339:
2319:
2314:
2301:
2211:
2201:
2186:
2176:
2136:
1967:
1921:
1649:
1093:
1063:
863:
818:
793:
730:
720:
695:
687:
632:
403:
352:
347:
332:
305:
255:
198:
178:
163:
158:
153:
84:
76:
72:
51:
35:
27:
523:
411:
2421:
2309:
2022:
1951:
1482:
989:
901:
848:
803:
337:
327:
280:
240:
148:
135:
47:
2561:
2247:
2227:
2151:
2012:
1819:
1689:
1684:
1311:
1259:
919:
564:
270:
183:
55:
2566:
2556:
2097:
126:
382:
Bascompte, Jordi (24 July 2009). "Disentangling the Web of Life".
106:
39:
433:
Murdoch, William W.; Briggs, Cheryl J.; Nisbet, Roger M. (2013).
2101:
1284:
537:
460:
Complex
Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis
54:
of various kinds, and they derive their energy from light (
2460:
2384:
2363:
2300:
2256:
2220:
2144:
2135:
1960:
1860:
1785:
1658:
1595:
1455:
1323:
1225:
1104:
1031:
988:
910:
877:
774:
686:
580:
2113:
1296:
549:
8:
46:, consume non-biological resources, such as
2141:
2120:
2106:
2098:
1517:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
1303:
1289:
1281:
556:
542:
534:
483:
481:
479:
513:
1415:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1054:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1447:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
374:
1255:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
7:
1270:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
16:Dietary interactions between species
1720:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
1473:Ecological effects of biodiversity
14:
809:Generalist and specialist species
22:are the core motif of ecological
2291:
1532:Occupancy–abundance relationship
506:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x
488:Getz, Wayne M. (February 2011).
143:Specialist totivores (gatherers)
62:Classification of consumer types
1552:Relative abundance distribution
1265:Plant defense against herbivory
1132:Competitive exclusion principle
844:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1137:Consumer–resource interactions
462:. Princeton University Press.
437:. Princeton University Press.
20:Consumer–resource interactions
1:
1983:Biological data visualization
1810:Environmental niche modelling
1537:Population viability analysis
230:Specialist olophages (miners)
1468:Density-dependent inhibition
1937:Liebig's law of the minimum
1772:Resource selection function
663:Metabolic theory of ecology
67:The standard categorization
2681:
1837:Niche apportionment models
1557:Relative species abundance
761:Primary nutritional groups
658:List of feeding behaviours
435:Consumer-Resource Dynamics
2639:Category:Eating behaviors
2614:
2289:
2086:
2018:Ecosystem based fisheries
1630:Interspecific competition
1522:Minimum viable population
1380:Maximum sustainable yield
1365:Intraspecific competition
1360:Effective population size
1240:Anti-predator adaptations
751:Photosynthetic efficiency
2008:Ecological stoichiometry
1973:Alternative stable state
2665:Biological interactions
2619:Antipredator adaptation
1852:Ontogenetic niche shift
1715:Ideal free distribution
1625:Ecological facilitation
1375:Malthusian growth model
1345:Consumer-resource model
1202:Paradox of the plankton
1167:Energy systems language
887:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
854:Optimal foraging theory
829:Heterotrophic nutrition
458:Turchin, Peter (2013).
404:10.1126/science.1170749
363:Consumer-resource model
103:The Getz categorization
1998:Ecological forecasting
1942:Marginal value theorem
1740:Landscape epidemiology
1675:Cross-boundary subsidy
1610:Biological interaction
960:Microbial intelligence
648:Green world hypothesis
113:
30:), host-parasite (see
2003:Ecological humanities
1902:Ecological energetics
1847:Niche differentiation
1710:Habitat fragmentation
1478:Ecological extinction
1425:Small population size
1177:Feed conversion ratio
1157:Ecological succession
1089:San Francisco Estuary
1003:Ecological efficiency
945:Microbial cooperation
110:
2028:Evolutionary ecology
1993:Ecological footprint
1988:Ecological economics
1912:Ecological threshold
1907:Ecological indicator
1777:Source–sink dynamics
1730:Land change modeling
1725:Insular biogeography
1577:Species distribution
1316:Modelling ecosystems
975:Microbial metabolism
814:Intraguild predation
603:Biogeochemical cycle
569:Modelling ecosystems
2634:Carnivorous protist
2488:Intraguild predator
2078:Theoretical ecology
2053:Natural environment
1917:Ecosystem diversity
1887:Ecological collapse
1877:Bateman's principle
1832:Limiting similarity
1745:Landscape limnology
1567:Species homogeneity
1405:Population modeling
1400:Population dynamics
1217:Trophic state index
396:2009Sci...325..416B
91:, and fruit-eating
2629:Carnivorous fungus
2279:Sexual cannibalism
2264:Animal cannibalism
2129:Feeding behaviours
2089:Outline of ecology
2038:Industrial ecology
2033:Functional ecology
1897:Ecological deficit
1842:Niche construction
1805:Ecosystem engineer
1582:Species–area curve
1503:Introduced species
1318:: Other components
1250:Deimatic behaviour
1152:Ecological network
1084:North Pacific Gyre
1069:hydrothermal vents
1008:Ecological pyramid
955:Microbial food web
766:Primary production
711:Foundation species
114:
2647:
2646:
2624:Carnivorous plant
2500:Aquatic predation
2287:
2286:
2269:Human cannibalism
2095:
2094:
1978:Balance of nature
1735:Landscape ecology
1620:Community ecology
1562:Species diversity
1498:Indicator species
1493:Gradient analysis
1370:Logistic function
1278:
1277:
1235:Animal coloration
1212:Trophic mutualism
950:Microbial ecology
741:Photoheterotrophs
726:Myco-heterotrophy
638:Ecosystem ecology
623:Carrying capacity
588:Abiotic component
390:(5939): 416–419.
97:feeding behaviors
2672:
2660:Eating behaviors
2493:Pursuit predator
2295:
2274:Self-cannibalism
2142:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
1795:Ecological niche
1767:selection theory
1587:Umbrella species
1572:Species richness
1508:Invasive species
1488:Flagship species
1395:Population cycle
1390:Overexploitation
1355:Ecological yield
1305:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1187:Mesotrophic soil
1127:Climax community
1059:Marine food webs
998:Biomagnification
799:Chemoorganotroph
653:Keystone species
613:Biotic component
558:
551:
544:
535:
528:
527:
517:
485:
474:
473:
455:
449:
448:
430:
424:
423:
379:
79:, insect-eating
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2610:
2601:Surplus killing
2473:Ambush predator
2456:
2380:
2359:
2296:
2283:
2252:
2216:
2131:
2126:
2096:
2091:
2082:
2068:Systems ecology
1956:
1927:Extinction debt
1892:Ecological debt
1882:Bioluminescence
1863:
1856:
1825:marine habitats
1800:Ecological trap
1781:
1661:
1654:
1597:
1591:
1547:Rapoport's rule
1542:Priority effect
1483:Endemic species
1451:
1410:Population size
1326:
1319:
1309:
1279:
1274:
1227:
1221:
1207:Trophic cascade
1117:Bioaccumulation
1100:
1027:
984:
906:
873:
770:
682:
643:Ecosystem model
576:
562:
532:
531:
494:Ecology Letters
487:
486:
477:
470:
457:
456:
452:
445:
432:
431:
427:
381:
380:
376:
371:
319:
232:
145:
105:
83:, plant-eating
69:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Hypercarnivore
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2552:Cattle feeding
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:Feeding frenzy
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Suction feeder
2517:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Seed predation
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Microecosystem
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:Thorson's rule
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Assembly rules
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1757:
1755:Patch dynamics
1752:
1750:Metapopulation
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:Storage effect
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Neutral theory
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Native species
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:Overpopulation
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Nutrient cycle
1189:
1184:
1182:Feeding frenzy
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:Energy quality
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Cascade effect
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Microbial loop
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
930:Lithoautotroph
927:
922:
916:
914:
912:Microorganisms
908:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
883:
881:
875:
874:
872:
871:
869:Prey switching
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
746:Photosynthesis
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
701:Chemosynthesis
698:
692:
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Abiotic stress
590:
584:
582:
578:
577:
563:
561:
560:
553:
546:
538:
530:
529:
500:(2): 113–124.
475:
468:
450:
443:
425:
373:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
318:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
231:
228:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
144:
141:
104:
101:
87:, seed-eating
75:, fish-eating
68:
65:
63:
60:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Mesocarnivore
2584:
2582:
2581:Hypocarnivore
2579:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:Filter feeder
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Bottom feeder
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Apex predator
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:cannibalistic
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Breastfeeding
2241:
2239:
2238:Placentophagy
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Egg predation
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Urban ecology
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Kleiber's law
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Foster's rule
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:Trophic level
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
980:Phage ecology
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Microbial mat
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Bacteriophage
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
913:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
892:Decomposition
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
880:
876:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:Mesopredators
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Apex predator
782:
781:
779:
777:
773:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
691:
689:
685:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Biotic stress
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
539:
536:
525:
521:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:
482:
480:
476:
471:
469:9781400847280
465:
461:
454:
451:
446:
444:9781400847259
440:
436:
429:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
378:
375:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
286:Placentophagy
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
229:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
142:
140:
137:
133:
128:
122:
120:
109:
102:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
61:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2606:Trophallaxis
2510:Pivot feeder
2505:Lunge feeder
2483:Egg predator
2371:Phagocytosis
2221:reproductive
2192:Myrmecophagy
2182:Molluscivore
2058:Regime shift
2043:Macroecology
1764:
1760:
1700:Edge effects
1670:Biogeography
1615:Commensalism
1463:Biodiversity
1340:Allee effect
1136:
1079:kelp forests
1032:Example webs
897:Detritivores
736:Organotrophs
716:Kinetotrophs
668:Productivity
497:
493:
459:
453:
434:
428:
387:
383:
377:
358:Trophallaxis
311:Zontanophagy
301:Thanatophagy
261:Myrmecophagy
174:Molluscivore
123:
115:
81:insectivores
70:
19:
18:
2427:Planktivore
2412:Detritivore
2407:Coprophagia
2397:Bacterivore
2392:Microbivory
2376:Myzocytosis
2335:Nectarivore
2325:Graminivore
2172:Lepidophagy
2167:Insectivore
2162:Hematophagy
1695:Disturbance
1598:interaction
1420:Recruitment
1350:Depensation
1142:Copiotrophs
1013:Energy flow
935:Lithotrophy
879:Decomposers
859:Planktivore
834:Insectivore
824:Heterotroph
789:Bacterivore
756:Phototrophs
706:Chemotrophs
678:Restoration
628:Competition
323:Cannibalism
251:Lepidophagy
246:Hematophagy
219:Detritivore
214:Bacterivore
204:Nectarivore
194:Graminivore
169:Insectivore
24:food chains
2654:Categories
2591:Parasitism
2525:Bait balls
2515:Ram feeder
2447:Plastivore
2442:Lithotroph
2432:Saprophagy
2355:Osteophagy
2345:Palynivore
2302:Herbivores
2233:Paedophagy
2207:Spongivore
2197:Ophiophagy
2137:Carnivores
2063:Sexecology
1640:Parasitism
1605:Antibiosis
1440:Resistance
1435:Resilience
1325:Population
1245:Camouflage
1197:Oligotroph
1112:Ascendency
1074:intertidal
1064:cold seeps
1018:Food chain
819:Herbivores
794:Carnivores
721:Mixotrophs
696:Autotrophs
575:components
369:References
343:Parasitoid
296:Sarcophagy
291:Saprophagy
276:Ophiophagy
266:Osteophagy
236:Coprophagy
224:Ophiophagy
209:Palynivore
189:Spongivore
93:frugivores
89:granivores
85:herbivores
77:piscivores
73:carnivores
44:autotrophs
42:and other
32:parasitism
2596:Scavenger
2468:Predation
2437:Xenophagy
2417:Geophagia
2402:Fungivore
2350:Xylophagy
2340:Mellivory
2320:Frugivore
2315:Florivore
2212:Vermivore
2202:Piscivore
2187:Mucophagy
2177:Man-eater
1968:Allometry
1922:Emergence
1650:Symbiosis
1635:Mutualism
1430:Stability
1335:Abundance
1147:Dominance
1105:Processes
1094:tide pool
990:Food webs
864:Predation
849:Omnivores
776:Consumers
731:Mycotroph
688:Producers
633:Ecosystem
598:Behaviour
353:Scavenger
348:Predation
333:Herbivore
306:Xylophagy
256:Mucophagy
199:Granivore
179:Piscivore
164:Carnivore
159:Fungivore
154:Frugivore
52:nutrients
36:herbivore
34:), plant-
28:predation
2547:Browsing
2422:Omnivore
2364:Cellular
2310:Folivore
2023:Endolith
1952:Xerosere
1864:networks
1680:Ecocline
1226:Defense,
902:Detritus
804:Foraging
673:Resource
524:21199247
412:19628856
338:Omnivore
328:Food web
317:See also
281:Ovophagy
241:Geophagy
149:Folivore
136:pillbugs
112:shades).
99:exists.
48:minerals
2562:Grazing
2461:Methods
2248:Weaning
2228:Oophagy
2152:Avivore
2013:Ecopath
1820:Habitat
1690:Ecotype
1685:Ecotone
1662:ecology
1660:Spatial
1596:Species
1456:Species
1327:ecology
1312:Ecology
1260:Mimicry
1228:counter
1172:f-ratio
920:Archaea
608:Biomass
581:General
573:Trophic
565:Ecology
515:3032891
420:2249052
392:Bibcode
384:Science
271:Oophagy
184:Avivore
132:blowfly
119:sessile
56:photons
2567:Forage
2557:Fodder
2385:Others
1044:Rivers
940:Marine
522:
512:
466:
441:
418:
410:
127:botfly
2145:adult
1961:Other
1862:Other
1815:Guild
1787:Niche
1039:Lakes
416:S2CID
40:algae
2452:Pica
1049:Soil
520:PMID
464:ISBN
439:ISBN
408:PMID
50:and
510:PMC
502:doi
400:doi
388:325
2656::
1510:/
1314::
571::
567::
518:.
508:.
498:14
496:.
492:.
478:^
414:.
406:.
398:.
386:.
2121:e
2114:t
2107:v
1765:K
1763:/
1761:r
1304:e
1297:t
1290:v
557:e
550:t
543:v
526:.
504::
472:.
447:.
422:.
402::
394::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
