195:, noticed the way aristocratic fashions, themselves subject to periodic changes in direction, slowly filtered down through society. He pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence and manipulate the direction of the prevailing tastes and preferences to cause his goods to be accepted among the aristocracy; it was only a matter of time before his goods were being rapidly bought up by the middle classes as well. His example was followed by other producers of a wide range of products and the spread and importance of consumption fashions became steadily more important.
156:
208:"semi-luxury" goods that imitated actual luxury goods. These goods were part of a movement to create a "counterfeit culture" that gave middle-class consumers an opportunity to emulate the wealth and luxurious life that the elite class lived without paying as much. Household decorations, kitchenware, clothes, and transportation vehicles were all objects that could be used to crossover into "polite society."
212:
to compete with the Asian market. To avoid entirely copying Asian goods, English inventors imitated goods from other countries that also traded with Asia such as France, Holland, Switzerland, and Spain. The goal was not to mimic the exact product, but instead use the techniques that proved successful in other
European imitations to create a superior product.
207:
Imitation goods were also used to disguise social class. Middle-class consumers could not afford the same exotic luxury goods brought back from overseas trade that the elite class used to distinguish their elevated rank. Markets and shops whose target buyers were middle-class consumers began creating
88:
The consumer society emerged in the late seventeenth century and intensified throughout the eighteenth century, mainly due to trade deals with their extensive colonies across 4 continents. Change was propelled by the growing middle-class who embraced new ideas about luxury consumption and the growing
211:
England was concerned with the quantity products exported out of
England in comparison to the countries they traded with. England did not want to be overcome economically by countries in Asia because they did not export as much so merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers started creating their own goods
215:
Imitation and semi-luxury goods were also popular because they showed the modernization of
English production and manufacturing processes. Large-scale production required standardization, advanced mechanical replication, and an organized system of assembly. Substitutes for the indigenous materials
72:
203:
Popular culture drew aesthetic techniques, design, and technology from the goods
England gathered from trade in Asia and the Mediterranean. With the increased demand for Asian ceramics, European markets had difficulty supplying buyers so inventors started imitating Chinese porcelain. Porcelain
89:
importance of fashion as an arbiter for purchasing rather than necessity. This revolution encompassed the growth in construction of vast country estates specifically designed to cater for comfort and the increased availability of luxury goods aimed at a growing market. This included
141:
There was growth in industries like glass making and silk manufacturing, and much pamphleteering of the time was devoted to justifying private vice for luxury goods for the greater public good. This then scandalous line of thought caused great controversy with the publication of
216:
used to create the original products were seen as a show of enlightened and advanced thinking. The imitation and innovation of semi-luxury goods was a testament to the potential the
English had to impact the global economy, to be France, China and India in national exports.
117:
where the gentry and prosperous merchants took up residence and created a culture of luxury and consumption that was slowly extended across the socio-economic divide. Marketplaces expanded as shopping centres, such as the New
Exchange, opened in 1609 by
109:
during the course of the 18th century increased by a factor of 20. Moreover, the expansion of trade and markets also contributed to the burgeoning consumer revolution, by increasing the variety of goods that could be made available to affluent society.
28:
and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. The consumer revolution marked a departure from the traditional mode of life that was dominated by frugality and scarcity to one of increasingly
175:
increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption. Important shifts included the marketing of goods for individuals as opposed to items for the household, and the new status of goods as
204:
remained popular for tableware and pottery, but the style, shape and decoration of the porcelain changed to fit more
Western tastes, painting flowers and English scenes rather than Chinese ones.
297:
723:
777:
304:
135:
599:
105:; these were increasingly grown on vast slave plantations in Caribbean colonies as demand steadily rose. In particular, sugar consumption in
553:
Walsh, Claire, âSocial
Meaning and Social Space in the Shopping Galleries of Early Modern Londonâ, in: John Benson, Laura Ugolini, (eds.),
371:
Berg, Maxine, "In
Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century," Oxford University Press, 2004.
349:
McCants, Anne C."Exotic Goods, Popular
Consumption, and the Standard of Living: Thinking about Globalization in the Early Modern World,"
126:. Shops started to become important as places for Londoners to meet and socialise and became popular destinations alongside the theatre.
119:
572:
833:
362:
Berg, Maxine, "From imitation to invention: creating commodities in eighteenth-century Britain," Economic History Review, 2002.
327:
Berg, Maxine, "From imitation to invention: creating commodities in eighteenth-century Britain," Economic History Review, 2002.
770:
823:
155:
130:
London also saw the growth of luxury buildings as advertisements for social position with speculative architects like
546:
Walsh, Claire, âThe design of London goldsmithsâ shops in the early eighteenth centuryâ, in: David Mitchell, ed.,
718:
667:
592:
487:
Stobart, Jon, Hann, Andrew, âRetailing Revolution in the Eighteenth Century? Evidence from North-West Englandâ,
818:
480:âShopping streets as social space: leisure, consumerism and improvement in an eighteenth-century county townâ,
152:
in 1714, in which he argued that a country's prosperity ultimately lay in the self-interest of the consumer.
828:
698:
287:
Peck, Linda, "Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England", Cambridge Press, 2005
240:
536:
782:
255:
765:
250:
148:
80:
384:
515:
Stobart, Jon, âGentlemen and shopkeepers: supplying the country house in eighteenth-century Englandâ,
460:
585:
245:
573:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080323055407/http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/styleAndStatus/
180:, related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal, as opposed to just their utility.
672:
657:
647:
618:
127:
494:
Stobart, Jon, âLeisure and Shopping in the Small Towns of Georgian England. A Regional Approachâ,
708:
703:
477:
143:
75:
465:
The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century
71:
813:
713:
693:
677:
652:
642:
524:
The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present
235:
49:
30:
792:
550:(Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series 2), Stroud/Gloucs, 1995, pp. 96-111
192:
172:
131:
548:
Goldsmiths, Silversmiths and Bankers: Innovation and the Transfer of Skill, 1550 to 1750
749:
123:
807:
739:
441:
The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England,
274:
Fairchilds, Cissie. âReview: Consumption in Early Modern Europe. A Review Articleâ.
230:
177:
164:
106:
57:
45:
188:
171:
These trends were vastly accelerated in the 18th century, as rising prosperity and
65:
53:
25:
567:
787:
632:
608:
401:
41:
529:
Wallis, Patrick, âConsumption, retailing and medicine in early-modern Londonâ,
225:
52:
and consuming materials in excess of their basic needs is as old as the first
503:
Spaces of Consumption. Leisure and shopping in the English town, c. 1680-1830
434:
Fashionâs Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660-1800,
744:
418:
Berry, Helen, âPolite Consumption: Shopping in Eighteenth-Century Englandâ,
637:
474:(Studies in European Urban History (1100-1800) 9), Turnhout: Brepols 2006
539:, âShop Design and the Display of Goods in Eighteenth-Century Londonâ,
184:
94:
61:
24:
in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of
21:
394:
Roberts, Mary L. 1998. "Gender, Consumption, and Commodity Culture."
114:
102:
387:. âReview: Consumption in Early Modern Europe. A Review Articleâ.
154:
90:
70:
472:
Retail circuits and practices in medieval and early modern Europe
48:, but is in fact an international phenomenon. People purchasing
581:
577:
98:
555:
A Nation of Shopkeepers: Five Centuries of British Retailing
406:
Consumers and luxury: Consumer culture in Europe 1650-1850
336:
Wilson, Ross J. "'The mystical character of commodities:'
20:
refers to the period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in
427:
The complete Tradesman. A Study of Retailing, 1550-1820
758:
732:
686:
625:
448:
Shops and Shopkeeping in Eighteenth-Century England
413:
Luxury & Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain
455:The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America
724:United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
391:, Vol. 35, No. 4. (Oct., 1993), pp. 850â858.
568:http://bell.lib.umn.edu/Products/Products.html
501:Stobart, Jon, Hann, Andrew, Morgan, Victoria,
593:
439:McKendrick, Neil, Brewer, John, Plumb, J.H.,
8:
600:
586:
578:
510:Spend, Spend, Spend! A History of Shopping
389:Comparative Studies in Society and History
276:Comparative Studies in Society and History
84:, which justified conspicuous consumption.
113:This pattern was particularly visible in
278:, Vol. 35, No. 4. (Oct., 1993), pp. 851.
267:
557:, London: I.B. Tauris, 2003, pp. 52-79
298:"Coming to live in a consumer society"
7:
617:the philosophy of and activism for
512:, Stroud/Gloucs: History Press 2008
450:, Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP 1989
340:Vol. 42, No. 1 (2008) pp. 144-156.
14:
446:Mui, Hoh-Chueng, Mui, Lorna H.,
443:London: Europa Publications 1982
408:, Manchester:Manchester UP 1999
1:
470:Blondé, Bruno et al. (eds.),
159:Wedgwood pottery, featuring
850:
396:American Historical Review
161:Horse Frightened by a Lion
719:Collaborative consumption
668:Consumer welfare standard
615:
541:Journal of Design History
517:Economic History Review
429:, Aldershot: Ashgate 2000
338:Post-Medieval Archaeology
199:Semi-luxury and imitation
531:Economic History Review
505:, London: Routledge 2007
496:Journal of Urban History
467:, London: Hambledon 1984
457:, Oxford: Clarendon 1990
351:Journal of World History
44:has weak links with the
834:Socio-economic mobility
699:Consumer Bill of Rights
519:64:3, 2011, pp. 885-904
498:32:4, 2005, pp. 479-503
491:46:2, 2004, pp. 171-194
404:, Clifford, H. (eds.),
241:Conspicuous consumption
783:Ellen Swallow Richards
778:Consumers' Association
766:Consumer organizations
543:8:3, 1995, pp. 157-176
256:Industrious Revolution
168:
85:
526:, Cambridge: CUP 2008
422:12, 2002, pp. 375-394
353:Vol. 18, No. 4 (2007)
251:Industrial Revolution
158:
149:The Fable of the Bees
81:The Fable of the Bees
74:
533:61:1, 2008, pp. 6-53
484:25:1, 1998, pp. 3-21
246:Economic materialism
146:'s influential work
824:Revolutions by type
673:Ethical consumerism
663:Consumer revolution
658:Consumer protection
648:Consumer capitalism
619:consumer protection
18:consumer revolution
709:Consumer education
704:Consumer complaint
461:Spufford, Margaret
432:Lemire, Beverley,
415:, Oxford: OUP 2005
385:Fairchilds, Cissie
169:
144:Bernard Mandeville
86:
76:Bernard Mandeville
801:
800:
714:Consumer movement
694:Consumer activism
678:Informed consumer
453:Shammas, Carole,
841:
653:Consumer privacy
643:Anti-consumerism
602:
595:
588:
579:
489:Business History
436:Oxford: OUP 1991
372:
369:
363:
360:
354:
347:
341:
334:
328:
325:
319:
318:
316:
315:
309:
303:. Archived from
302:
294:
288:
285:
279:
272:
236:Consumer economy
136:Lionel Cranfield
31:mass consumption
849:
848:
844:
843:
842:
840:
839:
838:
819:Economic growth
804:
803:
802:
797:
793:Esther Peterson
754:
733:Fields of study
728:
682:
621:
611:
606:
564:
522:de Vries, Jan,
381:
376:
375:
370:
366:
361:
357:
348:
344:
335:
331:
326:
322:
313:
311:
307:
300:
296:
295:
291:
286:
282:
273:
269:
264:
222:
201:
193:Josiah Wedgwood
173:social mobility
132:Nicholas Barbon
39:
12:
11:
5:
847:
845:
837:
836:
831:
829:Social history
826:
821:
816:
806:
805:
799:
798:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
774:
773:
762:
760:
756:
755:
753:
752:
750:Home economics
747:
742:
736:
734:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
690:
688:
684:
683:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
627:
623:
622:
616:
613:
612:
607:
605:
604:
597:
590:
582:
576:
575:
570:
563:
562:External links
560:
559:
558:
551:
544:
534:
527:
520:
513:
508:Stobart, Jon,
506:
499:
492:
485:
475:
468:
458:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
411:Berg, Maxine,
409:
399:
392:
380:
377:
374:
373:
364:
355:
342:
329:
320:
289:
280:
266:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
221:
218:
200:
197:
178:status symbols
38:
35:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
846:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
763:
761:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Consumer math
738:
737:
735:
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
689:
685:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
610:
603:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
583:
580:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:
538:
537:Walsh, Claire
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
482:Urban History
479:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
420:TRHS 6thSer.
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
382:
378:
368:
365:
359:
356:
352:
346:
343:
339:
333:
330:
324:
321:
310:on 2013-08-10
306:
299:
293:
290:
284:
281:
277:
271:
268:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Commercialism
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
187:inventor and
186:
181:
179:
174:
166:
165:George Stubbs
162:
157:
153:
151:
150:
145:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
58:Ancient Egypt
55:
54:civilizations
51:
47:
46:Western world
43:
36:
34:
32:
27:
23:
19:
662:
554:
547:
540:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
478:Stobart, Jon
471:
464:
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
425:Cox, Nancy,
419:
412:
405:
402:Berg, Maxine
395:
388:
379:Bibliography
367:
358:
350:
345:
337:
332:
323:
312:. Retrieved
305:the original
292:
283:
275:
270:
214:
210:
206:
202:
189:entrepreneur
182:
170:
160:
147:
140:
120:Robert Cecil
112:
87:
79:
66:Ancient Rome
40:
33:in society.
26:luxury goods
17:
15:
788:Ralph Nader
759:Key players
633:Consumerism
609:Consumerism
398:103: 817-44
163:motif from
128:Restoration
42:Consumerism
808:Categories
314:2013-10-29
262:References
226:Capitalism
745:Euthenics
814:Consumer
687:Activism
638:Consumer
626:Concepts
220:See also
78:'s work
185:pottery
167:, 1780.
122:in the
107:Britain
95:tobacco
62:Babylon
37:History
22:England
124:Strand
115:London
103:coffee
56:(e.g.
308:(PDF)
301:(PDF)
91:sugar
50:goods
771:list
183:The
134:and
101:and
64:and
16:The
99:tea
68:).
810::
463:,
191:,
138:.
97:,
93:,
60:,
601:e
594:t
587:v
317:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
